You are on page 1of 8

OpenStack

OpenStack is a free and open-source cloud comput-


ing software platform.[2] Users primarily deploy it as an
infrastructure as a service (IaaS) solution. The technol-
ogy consists of a series of interrelated projects that control
pools of processing, storage, and networking resources
throughout a data centerwhich users manage through a
web-based dashboard, command-line tools, or a RESTful
API. OpenStack.org released it under the terms of the
Apache License.
OpenStack began in 2010 as a joint project of Rackspace
Hosting and NASA. Currently, it is managed by the
OpenStack Foundation, a non-prot corporate entity
established in September 2012[3] to promote Open-
Stack software and its community.[4] More than 200
companies have joined the project, including Acelio, NASAs Nebula platform
Arista Networks, AT&T, AMD, Avaya, Canonical,
Cisco, Citrix, Dell, Dreamhost, EMC, Ericsson, Go
Daddy, Hewlett-Packard, Huawei, IBM, Intel, Internap,
Juniper Networks, Mellanox, Mirantis, NEC, NetApp,
Nexenta, Oracle, PLUMgrid, Pure Storage, Qosmos, Red
Hat, SolidFire, SUSE Linux, VMware, VMTurbo and
Yahoo!.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] preview of the OpenStack Bexar release for Ubuntu
[19]
The OpenStack community collaborates around a six- 11.04 "Natty Narwhal". Ubuntus sponsor Canonical
month, time-based release cycle with frequent develop- then introduced full support for OpenStack clouds, start-
ment milestones. [13]
During the planning phase of each ing with OpenStacks Cactus release.
release, the community gathers for the OpenStack De- OpenStack became available in Debian Sid from the
sign Summit to facilitate developer working-sessions and Openstack Cactus release in 2011, and the rst release
to assemble plans.[14] of Debian including OpenStack was Debian 7.0 (code
The most recent OpenStack Summit was held in Paris in name Wheezy), including OpenStack 2012.1 (code
[20][21]
November 2014. [15]
The previous summit in May 2014 name: Essex).
in Atlanta drew 4,500 attendees a 50% increase from In 2012, Red Hat announced a preview of their Open-
the Hong Kong Summit six months earlier.[16][17] Stack distribution,[22] beginning with the Essex release.
After another preview release, Red Hat introduced com-
mercial support for OpenStack with the Grizzly release,
in July 2013.[23]
1 History
In July 2013, NASA released an internal audit citing lack
In July 2010, Rackspace Hosting and NASA jointly of technical progress and other factors as the agencys pri-
launched an open-source cloud-software initiative known mary reason for dropping out as an active developer of the
as OpenStack. The OpenStack project intended to help project and instead focus on the use of public clouds.[24]
organizations oer cloud-computing services running on This report is contradicted in part by remarks made by
standard hardware. The communitys rst ocial re- Ames Research Center CIO, Ray Obrien.[25]
lease, code-named Austin, appeared four months later, As of March 2015, NASA still makes use of OpenStack
with plans to release regular updates of the software every private cloud[26] and has RFQs out for OpenStack public
few months. The early code came from NASAs Nebula cloud support.[27]
platform as well as from Rackspaces Cloud Files plat-
In May 2014, HP announced HP Helion and released a
form. preview of HP Helion OpenStack Community, beginning
In 2011, developers of the Ubuntu Linux distribution with the IceHouse release. HP has operated HP Helion
adopted OpenStack[18] with an unsupported technology Public Cloud on OpenStack since 2012.[28]

1
2 2 COMPONENTS

In August 2009, Rackspace started the development of


the precursor to OpenStack Object Storage, as a com-
plete replacement for the Cloud Files product. The initial
development team consisted of nine developers.[33] Swift-
Stack, an object storage software company, is currently
the leading developer for Swift.

2.3 Block Storage (Cinder)


OpenStack Block Storage (Cinder) provides persistent
block-level storage devices for use with OpenStack com-
pute instances. The block storage system manages the
Cisco Cloud Computing CTO, Cloud Computing on OpenStack creation, attaching and detaching of the block devices
and network-as-a-Service to servers. Block storage volumes are fully integrated
into OpenStack Compute and the Dashboard allowing
2 Components for cloud users to manage their own storage needs. In
addition to local Linux server storage, it can use stor-
age platforms including Ceph, CloudByte, Coraid, EMC
OpenStack has a modular architecture with various code (ScaleIO, VMAX and VNX), GlusterFS, Hitachi Data
names for its components.[29] Systems, IBM Storage (Storwize family, SAN Volume
Controller, XIV Storage System, and GPFS), Linux LIO,
NetApp, Nexenta, Scality, SolidFire, HP (StoreVirtual
2.1 Compute (Nova) and 3PAR StoreServ families) and Pure Storage. Block
storage is appropriate for performance sensitive scenar-
OpenStack Compute (Nova) is a cloud computing fab- ios such as database storage, expandable le systems, or
ric controller, which is the main part of an IaaS system. providing a server with access to raw block level stor-
It is designed to manage and automate pools of com- age. Snapshot management provides powerful function-
puter resources and can work with widely available vir- ality for backing up data stored on block storage volumes.
tualization technologies, as well as bare metal and high- Snapshots can be restored or used to create a new block
performance computing (HPC) congurations. KVM, storage volume.
VMware, and Xen are available choices for hypervisor
technology, together with Hyper-V and Linux container
technology such as LXC.[30][31] 2.4 Networking (Neutron)
It is written in Python and uses many external libraries
OpenStack Networking (Neutron, formerly Quantum[34] )
such as Eventlet (for concurrent programming), Kombu
is a system for managing networks and IP addresses.
(for AMQP communication), and SQLAlchemy (for
OpenStack Networking ensures the network is not a bot-
database access).[32] Computes architecture is designed
tleneck or limiting factor in a cloud deployment, and gives
to scale horizontally on standard hardware with no pro-
users self-service ability, even over network congura-
prietary hardware or software requirements and provide
tions.
the ability to integrate with legacy systems and third-party
technologies. OpenStack Networking provides networking models for
dierent applications or user groups. Standard models
include at networks or VLANs that separate servers and
2.2 Object Storage (Swift) trac. OpenStack Networking manages IP addresses,
allowing for dedicated static IP addresses or DHCP.
OpenStack Object Storage (Swift) is a scalable redundant Floating IP addresses let trac be dynamically rerouted
storage system. Objects and les are written to multi- to any resources in the IT infrastructure, so users can redi-
ple disk drives spread throughout servers in the data cen- rect trac during maintenance or in case of a failure.
ter, with the OpenStack software responsible for ensuring Users can create their own networks, control trac, and
data replication and integrity across the cluster. Storage connect servers and devices to one or more networks. Ad-
clusters scale horizontally simply by adding new servers. ministrators can use software-dened networking (SDN)
Should a server or hard drive fail, OpenStack replicates technology like OpenFlow to support high levels of multi-
its content from other active nodes to new locations in the tenancy and massive scale. OpenStack Networking pro-
cluster. Because OpenStack uses software logic to ensure vides an extension framework that can deploy and manage
data replication and distribution across dierent devices, additional network servicessuch as intrusion detection
inexpensive commodity hard drives and servers can be systems (IDS), load balancing, rewalls, and virtual pri-
used. vate networks (VPN).
2.8 Telemetry (Ceilometer) 3

2.5 Dashboard (Horizon) of that image. Subsequently, that instance is an image


that developers can add more variations to.
OpenStack Dashboard (Horizon) provides administrators
GlanceOpenStacks image service moduleis a
and users a graphical interface to access, provision, and
compute module, as it does not store images, variations,
automate cloud-based resources. The design accommo-
or instancesbut rather catalogs them and holds their
dates third party products and services, such as billing,
metadata from Swift or a storage backend datastore.
monitoring, and additional management tools. The dash-
Other modules must communicate with the images
board is also brandable for service providers and other
metadata through Glancefor example, Heat. Also,
commercial vendors who want to make use of it. The
Nova can present information about the images, and
dashboard is one of several ways users can interact with
congure a variation on an image to produce an instance.
OpenStack resources. Developers can automate access
However, Glance is the only module that can add, delete,
or build tools to manage resources using the native Open-
share, or duplicate images.[37]
Stack API or the EC2 compatibility API.

2.8 Telemetry (Ceilometer)


2.6 Identity Service (Keystone)
OpenStack Telemetry Service (Ceilometer) provides a
OpenStack Identity (Keystone) provides a central direc- Single Point Of Contact for billing systems, providing
tory of users mapped to the OpenStack services they can all the counters they need to establish customer billing,
access. It acts as a common authentication system across across all current and future OpenStack components. The
the cloud operating system and can integrate with exist- delivery of counters is traceable and auditable, the coun-
ing backend directory services like LDAP. It supports ters must be easily extensible to support new projects, and
multiple forms of authentication including standard user- agents doing data collections should be independent of
name and password credentials, token-based systems and the overall system.
AWS-style (i.e. Amazon Web Services) logins. Addi-
tionally, the catalog provides a queryable list of all of the
services deployed in an OpenStack cloud in a single reg- 2.9 Orchestration (Heat)
istry. Users and third-party tools can programmatically
determine which resources they can access. Heat is a service to orchestrate multiple composite cloud
applications using templates, through both an OpenStack-
native REST API and a CloudFormation-compatible
2.7 Image Service (Glance) Query API.[38]

OpenStack Image Service (Glance) provides discovery,


registration, and delivery services for disk and server im- 2.10 Database (Trove)
ages. Stored images can be used as a template. It can
also be used to store and catalog an unlimited number of Trove is a database-as-a-service provisioning relational
backups. The Image Service can store disk and server and non-relational database engines.[39]
images in a variety of back-ends, including OpenStack
Object Storage. The Image Service API provides a stan-
dard REST interface for querying information about disk 2.11 Bare Metal Provisioning (Ironic)
images and lets clients stream the images to new servers.
Ironic is an incubated OpenStack project that aims to pro-
OpenStack.org updates Glance every six months, along
vision bare metal machines instead of virtual machines.
with other OpenStack modules. Some of the updates are
It was initially forked from the Nova Baremetal driver and
to catch-up with existing cloud infrastructure services, as
has evolved into a separate program. It is best thought of
OpenStack is comparatively new. Glance adds many en-
as a bare-metal hypervisor API and a set of plugins that
hancements to existing legacy infrastructures. For exam-
interact with the bare-metal hypervisors. By default, it
ple, if integrated with VMware, Glance introduces ad-
will use PXE and IPMI in concert to provision and turn
vanced features to the vSphere family such as, vMotion,
on and o machines, but Ironic supports and can be ex-
high availability and dynamic resource scheduling (DRS).
tended with vendor-specic plugins to implement addi-
vMotion is the live migration of a running VM, from one
tional functionality.[40][41]
physical server to another, without service interruption.
Thus, it enables a dynamic and automated self-optimizing
datacenter, allowing hardware maintenance for the un- 2.12 Multiple Tenant Cloud Messaging
derperforming servers without downtimes.[35][36]
(Zaqar)
OpenStacks image is an operating system installed on a
virtual machine (VM). If a developer adds a variation to Zaqar is a multi-tenant cloud messaging service for Web
an image (as a conguration job) the result is an instance developers. It combines the ideas pioneered by Amazons
4 5 USERS

SQS product with additional semantics to support event 5 Users


broadcasting. The service features a fully RESTful API,
which developers can use to send messages between vari- OpenStack has a wide variety of users, from a number of
ous components of their SaaS and mobile applications by dierent sectors.[53] Notable users include:
using a variety of communication patterns. Underlying
this API is an ecient messaging engine designed with
scalability and security in mind. Other OpenStack com- AT&T joined OpenStack in January 2012[54]
ponents can integrate with Zaqar to surface events to end
Alcatel-Lucent
users and to communicate with guest agents that run in
the over-cloud layer. Cloud operators can leverage Za- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre has a private cloud
qar to provide equivalents of SQS and SNS to their cus- to cater to in house employees requirements.
tomers. Zaqar was formerly known as Marconi.[42][43]
CERN

BMW
2.13 Elastic Map Reduce (Sahara)
Deutsche Telekom has created a Business
Sahara aims to provide users with simple means to pro- Marketplace, whose functionality is based on
vision Hadoop clusters by specifying several parame- OpenStack[55]
ters like Hadoop version, cluster topology, nodes hard-
ware details and a few more. After a user lls all the DreamHost - oers public cloud computing.[56]
parameters, Sahara deploys the cluster in a few min-
eBay
utes. Sahara also provides means to scale an already-
provisioned cluster by adding and removing worker nodes HP Converged Cloud, which combines software and
on demand.[44][45] cloud services into a unied set of packages and un-
der a single unied architecture.[57]

HP Public Cloud runs a variant of Ubuntu


3 Amazon Web Services compati- Linux[58]
bility Intel

OpenStack APIs are compatible with Amazon EC2 and Internap


Amazon S3 and thus client applications written for
Amazon Web Services can be used with OpenStack with iQIYI[59]
minimal porting eort.[46][47]
KT (formerly Korea Telecom) - for object storage
only[60]

MercadoLibre.com MercadoLibre has over 6,000


4 Governance VMs managed by OpenStack[61]

OpenStack is governed by a non-prot foundation and NASA


its board of directors, a technical committee and a user
NSA[62]
committee. The board of directors is made up of eight
members from each of the eight platinum sponsors, eight OVH/RunAbove[63]
members from the 24 dened maximum allowed Gold
sponsors, and eight members elected by the Foundation PayPal[64]
individual members.[48]
Rackspace Cloud[65]
The current sitting board of directors is:[49]
The Foundations stated mission is [by] providing shared Sony - online games for PlayStation 4[66]
resources to help achieve the OpenStack Mission by Pro-
tecting, Empowering, and Promoting OpenStack software SUSE Cloud solution. See SUSE Cloud product de-
and the community around it, including users, developers scription.
and the entire ecosystem. Though, it has little to do with
Wikimedia Labs[67]
the development of the software, which is managed by the
technical committee - an elected group that represents the Yahoo!
contributors to the project, and has oversight on all techni-
cal matters.[52] Walmart[68]
5

6 Deployment models [6] HP Announces Support for OpenStack.


H30507.www3.hp.com. 27 July 2011. Retrieved
23 October 2012.
As the OpenStack project has matured, vendors have pio-
neered multiple ways for customers to deploy OpenStack: [7] IBM supports OpenStack (Computerworld)". Comput-
erworlduk.com. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
OpenStack-based Public Cloud: A vendor provides [8] Dell OpenStack-Powered Cloud Solution. Con-
a public cloud computing system based on the Open- tent.dell.com. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
Stack project.
[9] Oracle Sponsors OpenStack Foundation; Oers Cus-
On-premises distribution: In this model, a customer tomers Ability to Use OpenStack to Manage Oracle Cloud
downloads and installs an OpenStack distribution Products and Services. morningstar.com. 2013-12-10.
within their internal network. See Distributions. Retrieved 2013-12-11.

Hosted OpenStack Private Cloud: A vendor hosts an [10] GoDaddy Embraces Open-Source OpenStack Cloud.
eweek.com. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
OpenStack-based private cloud: including the un-
derlying hardware and the OpenStack software. [11] Sean Michael Kerner. Avaya Looks to OpenStack Hori-
zon for the Software Dened Data Center. Enterprise
OpenStack-as-a-Service: A vendor hosts Open- Networking Planet.
Stack management software (without any hardware)
as a service. Customers sign up for the service and [12] Hamilton, David. How OpenStack is Giving DreamHost
pair it with their internal servers, storage and net- a Competitive Edge. The Whir. thewhir.com. Retrieved
works to get a fully operational private cloud. 2 April 2015.

[13] OpenStack Release Cycle. OpenStack Foundation. Re-


Known vendors at this time include Platform9.
trieved 7 January 2013.
See Platform9 Managed OpenStack.
[14] OpenStack Design Summit. OpenStack Foundation.
Retrieved 7 January 2013.
7 Distributions [15] OpenStack Paris Summit 2014.

[16] Taking Stock of OpenStacks Rapid Growth.


Cloudscaling[69]
[17] OpenStack Design Summit Fall 2013.

[18] Vaughan, Steven J. (10 May 2011). Canonical switches


8 Release history to OpenStack for Ubuntu Linux cloud. ZDNet. Re-
trieved 23 October 2012.
9 See also [19] Vaughan, Steven J. (3 February 2011). Canonical brings
Ubuntu to the OpenStack Cloud. ZDNet. Retrieved 11
Cloud computing comparison January 2014.

[20] Openstack Folsom fully uploaded to Experimental.


OpenShift
Thomas Goirand. 6 February 2013. Retrieved 29 Novem-
ber 2013.

10 References [21] OpenStack Havana 2013.2 Debian packages available.


Thomas Goirand. 17 October 2013. Retrieved 29
November 2013.
[1] ReleaseNotes/Juno - OpenStack. Wiki.openstack.org.
Retrieved 2014-11-13. [22] Red Hat Announces Preview Version of Enterprise-
Ready OpenStack Distribution. Linux Weekly News. 15
[2] OpenStack Open Source Cloud Computing Software. August 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Retrieved 29 November 2013.
[23] Red Hat Announces OpenStack-powered Product Oer-
[3] OpenStack Launches as Independent Foundation, Be- ings to Deliver on Open Hybrid Cloud Vision. Red Hat
gins Work Protecting, Empowering and Promoting Open- Press Release. 12 June 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
Stack. BusinessWire. 19 September 2012. Retrieved 7
January 2013. [24] NASAs Progress in Adopting Cloud Computing Tech-
nologies (PDF). NASA. 2013-07-29. Retrieved 2014-
[4] OpenStack Foundation Mission. Retrieved 7 January 03-14.
2013.
[25] https://open.nasa.gov/blog/2012/06/04/
[5] Companies OpenStack Open Source Cloud Computing nebula-nasa-and-openstack/. Missing or empty |ti-
Software. Openstack.org. Retrieved 7 January 2013. tle= (help)
6 10 REFERENCES

[26] Jet Propulsion Laboratory Streamlines Cloud Manage- [50] OpenStack TC. OpenStack Foundation. Retrieved 20
ment for Europa Mission Study with Scalr. December 2013.

[27] RFP No.LL-2623-879754. NASA. 14 April 2015. Re- [51] OpenStack UC. OpenStack Foundation. Retrieved 18
trieved 21 April 2015. December 2013.

[28] Press Release HP Launches HP Helion Portfolio of [52] Bylaws of the OpenStack Foundation. OpenStack
Cloud Products and Services. 7 May 2014. Retrieved Foundation. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
7 May 2014.
[53] OpenStack User Stories. openstack.org. Retrieved 29
[29] OpenStack Roadmap OpenStack Open Source Cloud November 2013.
Computing Software. Openstack.org. Retrieved 17
April 2014. [54] Is AT&T Building the Ultimate Walled Garden?".
News.slashdot.org. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
[30] OpenStack Compute: An Overview (PDF). open-
stack.org. 2010. Retrieved 2014-03-31. [55] Marketplace Business: Telecom opens new cloud market-
place (german)
[31] HypervisorSupportMatrix. Retrieved 29 November
2013. [56] DreamCompute. Retrieved 17 November 2014.

[32] OpenStack more than just software. Retrieved 29 [57] Craft, Valentina. OpenStack an Underlying Theme in
November 2013. HPs Converged Cloud Strategy, June 12, 2013. Silico-
nAngle.com
[33] Cloud Files (Swift) Origin on YouTube
[58] Ubuntu Powers HP Public Cloud. Blog.canonical.com.
[34] McClain, Mark (19 June 2013). Quantums new name Retrieved 23 October 2012.
is.. openstack-dev mailing list. OpenStack.org. Re-
trieved 16 July 2013. [59] " - , , ". Iqiyi.com. 2013-
12-29. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
[35] GlanceFeatureMatrix - OpenStack. openstack.org. Re-
trieved 2014-08-10. [60] KT ucloud storage. KT. August 2010. Retrieved 12 July
2013.
[36] ReleaseNotes/Icehouse - OpenStack. openstack.org.
Retrieved 2014-08-10. [61] OpenStack: Enabling the Open Cloud Era on YouTube

[37] Chapter 6. Image Service - OpenStack Conguration [62] Keynote: OpenStack at the National Security Agency
Reference - juno. openstack.org. Retrieved 2014-08-10. (NSA)". Openstack.org. Retrieved 2014-04-09.

[38] Heat - OpenStack. Wiki.openstack.org. Retrieved [63] OVH taps open source Power8 architecture, OpenStack
2014-05-06. for cloud platform. 2014-10-20. Retrieved 2014-11-23.

[39] Trove - OpenStack. Wiki.openstack.org. Retrieved [64] Cowan, Paris (2013-08-30). Why PayPal chose Open-
2014-05-06. Stack - Strategy - Business - News. Itnews.com.au. Re-
trieved 2014-02-13.
[40] Welcome to Ironics developer documentation!".
docs.openstack.org. Retrieved 2014-09-24. [65] Rackspace Launches Global OpenStack Expansion. In-
formationWeek. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
[41] Ironic. wiki.openstack.org. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
[66] http://www.openstack.org/rate/Presentation/
[42] Welcome to Zaqars developer documentation!". rackspace-featuring-sony-how-openstack-will-power-sony-s-online-games-f
docs.openstack.org. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
[67] OpenStack User Committee Update and Survey Re-
[43] Zaqar. wiki.openstack.org. Retrieved 2014-09-24. sults. YouTube. Retrieved 2014-04-09.

[44] Welcome to Saharas developer documentation!". [68] Report: Wal-Marts Big Data Moves Will Boost
docs.openstack.org. Retrieved 2014-09-24. Rackspace. Retrieved 11 September 2014.

[45] Sahara. wiki.openstack.org. Retrieved 2014-09-24. [69] Cloudscaling, HP update their OpenStack clouds
Tech News and Analysis. Gigaom.com. 2013-04-15.
[46] EC2 API Comparison Matrix. Retrieved 7 January Retrieved 2014-02-13.
2013.
[70] Software OpenStack Open Source Cloud Computing
[47] S3 API Comparison Matrix. Retrieved 7 January 2013. Software. Openstack.org. Retrieved 23 October 2012.

[48] Foundation. OpenStack Foundation. Retrieved 15 Jan- [71] Open Stack history summary on p.6-8 (PDF). Retrieved
uary 2013. 23 October 2012.

[49] OpenStack BoD. OpenStack Foundation. Retrieved 3 [72] BexarReleaseSchedule - Wiki. Wiki.openstack.org. 20
February 2014. January 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
7

[73] CactusReleaseSchedule - Wiki. Wiki.openstack.org.


12 April 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2012.

[74] DiabloReleaseSchedule - Wiki. Wiki.openstack.org. 6


September 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2012.

[75] EssexReleaseSchedule - Wiki. Wiki.openstack.org. 7


March 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.

[76] FolsomReleaseSchedule - Wiki. Wiki.openstack.org.


14 May 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2012.

[77] GrizzlyReleaseSchedule - Wiki. Wiki.openstack.org.


Retrieved 4 April 2013.

[78] Havana_Release_Schedule - Wiki.


Wiki.openstack.org. Retrieved 19 June 2013.

[79] Icehouse Release Schedule - Wiki. Wiki.openstack.org.


Retrieved 17 April 2014.

[80] Juno Release Schedule - Wiki. Wiki.openstack.org.


Retrieved 23 September 2014.

[81] Kilo Release Schedule - Wiki. Wiki.openstack.org. Re-


trieved 23 September 2014.

11 External links
Ocial website

OpenStack: Building a Free Massively Scalable


Cloud Computing Platform on YouTube

OpenStack: High Availability Guide (PDF)


8 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses


12.1 Text
OpenStack Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStack?oldid=658138098 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Lousyd, Yaronf, Chuunen Baka,
Filceolaire, Adamnelson, Xinconnu, Thorwald, Mike Schwartz, Shnout, Giraedata, Mrzaius, Ush, Mindmatrix, Vivekvc, Gyrae,
Colinn, Intgr, Wgfcrafty, Bgwhite, SamJohnston, Mikeblas, Hux, Amux, Thumperward, Frap, Randybias, KUdtiHaEX, IronGargoyle,
Malyadri, Bschoeni, Hu12, Raysonho, Meowsqueak, Cydebot, Resker, Hcobb, Widefox, Smaulli, NapoliRoma, Wilee, Bp102371, Tatem,
CrizCraig, Pulander, Yaron K., Sdirector, Vertigo-1, Mprobst, R'n'B, Galstrom21, McSly, Kozka, Adavidow, Abasher, Dodeeric, Mvineet-
menon, MorganHaggis, LittleBenW, Jsli, Blamar, Nnahum, Jasonfward, Wrpscott, Cajunbill, Unbob, Kuyper, Grantbow, SeanDague,
Niceguyedc, Eeekster, Jroovers, XLinkBot, Lloydde, Dsimic, Addbot, Mortense, Mabdul, Robert.Harker, Jan Luca, Fale, Luckas-bot,
Yobot, Ronaldbradford, AnomieBOT, CeciliaPang, Citation bot, Xqbot, PabloCastellano, Aphades, Noggin143, FrescoBot, W Nowicki,
Hexauoride, Ivoras, Winterst, Avishay.t, Jonesey95, Pmokeefe, Captchad, Windatheels, Onel5969, Sallamar, SorenHansen, Emaus-
Bot, Santamoly, WikitanvirBot, Dewritech, Philippe.petrinko, ZroBot, Marc, AManWithNoPlan, Mimi.vx, Matthewlsmith, ClueBot
NG, Robin Mathew Rajan, Opnstk, Precipi, Kasirbot, Helpful Pixie Bot, BG19bot, JinwooSuh, Steditor, Northamerica1000, Jobin
RV, Hannes1983, Jay like 2011, Priteau, Zabolzadeh, Knodir, BattyBot, Currymonster01, Robertcathey, Thebenshaw, Rezabakh, Righ-
teousskills, Nozomimous, Numbermaniac, MartinMichlmayr, Red trela, Cglynn13, Phnicolas, Lemnaminor, Eyesnore, Eric.e.frank, Jo-
dosma, RaphaelQS, Fvanoers, ChrisSBarbara, Sdeaton2, Pbunyasrie, ScotXW, Drhopontopofus, Pbgalvin, CLeaR Oracle, Dcinovation,
Yasser.zamani, Diesel-C12, Stewdapew, Ravichalaka, Billy.harvey, Csteinbeck, Hkpress, GenBelfr, KyleMonkey, Idrajeev, Sirishkr, Open-
nerd, Pritam chandru and Anonymous: 160

12.2 Images
File:CiscoOpenStack.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/CiscoOpenStack.JPG License: CC0 Contrib-
utors: Own work Original artist: Raysonho @ Open Grid Scheduler / Grid Engine
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by-
sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Free_Software_Portal_Logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Free_and_open-source_
software_logo_%282009%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: FOSS Logo.svg Original artist: Free Software Portal Logo.svg
(FOSS Logo.svg): ViperSnake151
File:Internet_map_1024.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg License: CC BY
2.5 Contributors: Originally from the English Wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original artist: The Opte Project
File:NASA.Nebula.cloud.container.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/NASA.Nebula.cloud.
container.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gretchen Curtis
File:OpenStack.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/OpenStack.png License: Fair use Contributors:
http://www.openstack.org/brand/openstack-logo/ Original artist: ?
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007

12.3 Content license


Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

You might also like