i : ‘ Standard Practice for the Design and Construction of Cast-in-Place Reinforced Concrete Chimneys (ACI 307-88) Reported by ACI Committee 307 ‘Wai $. Raman ‘Onirnan rte. Bales ‘Alan Fellows Michael R. Roney Raymond Blanchard Samuel A. Fletcher Philip G. Sikes Vier A. Bochicchio Sigmund A. Freeman Randolph W. Soook Henry P. Bonnet Miton Hansein| le C. Thorton Ariat Cusidy® Iagadiah R. Joshi Bary 1. Vikery Khost R. Chugh Dataeay K. Mabajan ‘Winston Wen- Foo Yau Philp B Davidson (Oscar A. Rocha Esward L. Yond ‘Shetin Fang ‘Thi standard gies material, consiruction. and design requirements for 3.3—Strengih tent ‘rain carn place reinforced concrete chimneys 112s oth minimum 34—Fome loadings forthe design of reinforced concrete chimneys and contains meth ods for devermining the concrete and relafrcement required asa result of thes loadings. The method of enayts applies primerily to chimneys ‘This stnderd is wriven in explicit, mandairy language and ex such it mended for reference In projet specfeations. Equations ore provided for determining the temperature gradient ‘trough the concreeresaing from the dierence in temperature of the {20 Ine the chimney ond the surrounding atmosphere. Methods for combining the ets of ead ond wind (or earthquake lads with em ‘perature bok ericall and circumferential are included nthe standard There methods permit the derigner to extblsh minimum concrete and infrcenentreulrement. This standard refers exiensvely to "Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete” (ACI 318) constuction requirements are generally ‘meccordance with ACI-318; and notation tm accordance with ACI 108. eyrct: himnes compressive sen, once comsroctos cp sit urs ormwer comtrcinh oudaions: High temper, Uing ‘mad oresh meen: opening: ut Con: enered cone efor ng tel seicaions: te lds: seg: acta nalyab areal dem, Semen hema grt wind pee CONTENTS Chapter 1—General, p. 307-2 LisSeape 12 Drawings and computations Lickel Reference andar Chapter 2—Materiats, p. 307-2 I —Geneal 23—Cement 23—Aaarepas 24 Reinforcement a 907-1 Chapter 3—Construction requirements, p. 307-2 Bacar quality or 3.5--Reinforcng placement 3.6—Conerete placement, 3.7—Concrete euing 3.8 Constrction tolerances Chapter 4—Service loads and general design ceriteria, p. 307-3 ‘41—Gerent 42—Wind loads 43—Eargunke loads 4.4—Specal design consideration ad reuiements 4.5—Detlecon ertera Chapter 5—Design of chimney shell—Strength method, p. 307-9 5.1—Genera 5.2--Applied forces 5.3—Requred steagh 54—Design strength 5.5—Nominel moment strength 5.6—Derign for circumferential! bending Chapter 6—Thermal stresses, p. 307-12 6.1 Genera {6.2-—Vercal temperature stresses 63—Circumferetal temperate seeses Appendix A—Notation, p. 307-14 8 aad ofthe Amasicen Conte Init November 144. sepgande ACIO0 99. scronce wih te ate’ nandaaon poresre Sopra 8, Anca Cec tA ocr cag ‘gh of medion nd sen ny frm a by my meas dng he meio. Sar tal sing fr nt aspen we way ‘owiigeorieasyaemer gece vie permision mwaing rch er (ie copyteh provtionCHAPTER 1—GENERAL 1.1—Scope This standard covers the design and construction of cir cular castin-place reinforced concrete chimney shells, If ‘other shapes are used. their design shall be substantiated in accordance with the principles used herein, The standard ‘does fot include the design of linings but includes the ef- {ects of linings on the concrete shell, 1.2—Drawings and computations Drawings of the chimney shall be prepared showing all features of the work, including the design strength of the ‘concrete, the thickness of the concrete chimney shell, the size and position of reinforcing steel, details and dimen sions of the chimney lining, and information on chimney accessories. 1.3—Regulations 1.3.4 The design and construction ofthe chimney shall meet the requirements of all ordinances and regulations of authorities having jurisdiction, except that where such re- quirements are less conservative than the comparable fe- quirements of this standard, this standard shall govern. 1.3.2 Consideration shall be given to the recommenda- tions of the Federal Aviation Agency with respect to chimney heights and aviation obstruction lighting and mark- ing, and the standards of the Underwriters Laboratories re- ‘garding lighting protection and grou 1.4—Reterence standards ‘Standards of the American Concrete Institute the Ameri- ‘can National Standards Institute, and the American Society for Testing and Materials referred to in this standard are listed below with their serial designations, including the year of adoption or revision, and are declared to be a part of ‘his standard as if fully set forth herein. ACH 318-83 Building Code Requirements for Rein- (Revised 1986) forced Concrete ACH 104-71 Preparation of Notation for Concrete (Revised 1982) ANSI AS8.1-82 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures ‘Standard Specification for Deformed ‘and Plain Billet Steel Bars for Con- ‘rete Reinforcement ASTM A 615-85 ‘ASTM A 617-84 Standard Specification for Axle‘Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A706-842 Standard Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformed Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM © 33-86 Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates ASTM C 150-85 Standard Specification for Portland ‘Cement ASTM C 309-81 Standard Specification for Liquid ‘Membrane-Forming Compounds for Curing Concrete (MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE, ASTM C 595-85 Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cement CHAPTER 2—MATERIALS 2:1—General All materials and material tests shall conform to ACI 318, ‘except as otherwise specified herein. 2.2—Coment ‘The same brand and type of cement shall be used throughout the construction of the chimney. The cement used shall conform to the requirements for Type 1. Type Hl. ‘Type Ill, or Type V of ASTM C 150, oF Type IS of Type IP of ASTM C595. 2.3-—Aggregates 2.3.1 Concrete aggregates shall conform to ASTM C 33, 2.3.2. The maximum size of coarse aggregate shall be not larger than 14 ofthe narrowest dimension between forms nor larger than “4 the minimum clear distance between reinfore- ing bars, 2.4—Reintorcement Reinforcement shall conform to ASTM A 615, A 617, or A 706, of grade or grades referred to in the job specifications. i CHAPTER 3—CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS 3.1—Generat Concrete quality, methods of determining strength of ‘concrete, field tests, concrete proportions and consistency, mixing and placing, and formwork and details of reinforce- ‘ment shall be in accordance with ACI 318, except as stated 3.2—Conerete quality “The specified concrete compressive strength shall not be fess than 3000 psi at 28 days, 3.3-—Strength tests “The 28 day compressive strength of the concrete shall be determined from a minimum of two sets of cylinders (con. sisting of two specimens each) per 8 hr shift (slipform) or per lift Gump form). 34—Forms ‘3.4.1 Forms for the chimney shell shall be made of metal wood, oF other suitable materials. IF unlined wood forms are used, they shall be of selected material with tongue and groove joints and shall be Kept continuously wet to prevent shrinking and warping due to exposure to the elements. A nonstaining form oil may be used. Form oil shall ot be used unless itis & nonstaining type and it has been estab- lished that specified protective coatings or paint can be ap- plied to conerete exposed t0 form oil ‘3.4.2 Forms shall be sufficiently tight to prevent leakage of mortar.eee ee a Rn mm r REINFORCED CONCRETE CHIMNEYS 3.4.3 No construction loads exceeding the structural de sign foads shall be supported upon any unshored portion of the structure under construction. No construction load shall be supported upon, nor any shoring removed from, any part ofthe siructure under construction, untit that portion of the structure has attained sufficient strength to safely support weight and the loads placed thereon, 3.4.4 Forms shall be removed in such manner as to insure the complete safety of the structure. Forms may be removed after concrete has hardened to sufficient strength to main- taints shape without damage and to safely support all loads ‘on it, including temporary construction loads. ‘34.5 Ties between inner and outer chimney shell forms shall not be permitted 3.5—Raintorcing placement 3.5.1 Circumferential reinforcement shall be placed around the exterior of, and secured to, the vertical bars. All reinforcing bars shall be tied at intervals of not more than 2 {i Porticular attention shall be pid to placing and securing the cireumferential reinforcement so that it cannot bulge o be displaced during the placing and working ofthe concrete s0 as to result in less than the requted concrete cover over is circumferential reinforcement, 3.5.2 Vertical reinforcement projecting above the forms forthe chimney shell shal beso supporied as to prevent the breaking of the bond between the freshly placed concrete, 3.5.3 Not more than 50 percent of bars shall be spliced along any plane uniess specifically permitted on drawings or approved by the responsible engineer. 354 The concrete cover over the circumferential rein- forcement shall be 2 in 3.8—Concrete placement In the chimney shell no vertical construction joints shall be used. Horizontal construction joints for jump form con- struction shall be maintained at approximately uniform spacing throughout the height of the chimney. Concrete shall be deposited in approximately level layers no greater than 16 in. deep. Particular care shall be exercised when Placing concrete in thin wall sections where two layers of Feinforcng steel are present. 3.7—Conerate curing 3.7.1 Immediately after the forms have been raised, all Pecessary finishing of concrete shall be done 3.7.2 As soon as finishing has been completed for each lift, both faces of concrete shall be coated with a membrane ‘uring compound. The curing compound shall comply with ASTM C 309 and shall be applied in strict accordance with the manufacturers’ recommendations. If coatings are to be ‘spplied to the conerete, the curing compound shall be of a ‘ype compatible with these coatings. 3.8—Construction tolerances 3.8.1 The chimney shell shall be constructed within the {tolerance limits set forth herein 3.8.1.1 Vertical alignment of centerpoini—The center- Pint of the shell shall not vary from its vertical axis by ‘more than 0.001 of the height of the shell at the time of ors measurement, or 1 in., whichever is greater. Locally, the Centerpoint ofthe shell sha not be changed by more than 1 in. per 10 ft 3.8.1.2 Diameter-—The measured outside shell diame- ter at any section shall not vary from the specified diameter bby more than 1 in, plus 0.01 of the specified or theoretical diameter. 3.8.1.3 Wall thickness—The measured wall thickness shall not vary from the specified wall thickness ‘xy more than =Ysin., +% in, for walls 10 in. thick or less, of by more than ~" in., +1 in. for walls greater than 10 in. thick. A single wall thickness measurement is defined as the average of atleast four measurements taken over a 60 deg are 3.8.2 Openings and embedments—Tolerances on the size ‘and location of openings and embedments in the shell can- ot be uniformly established due to the varying degrees of ‘accuracy required depending on the nature of their use. Appropriate tolerances for opening and embedment sizes ‘nd locations shall be established for each chimney. CHAPTER 4—SERVICE LOADS AND GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA A—General 1 The chimney shell shall be designed forthe effecis temperature, wind, and earthquake in accordance with ACI 318, except as siated otherwise herein. 4.1.2 The chimney shell shall be designed for load com- binations in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 5, Design of chimney shell—Strength method. 443 4.1.3.1 For chimney shells 300 ft or less in height, and ‘only a sections where the inside diameter isles than 20 ft, 186 in, minimum all thickness and a single layer of re forcing in walls & in. thick or less shall be permitted, pro- vided the chimney shell complies with all remaining provisions of the standard. 4.1.3.2 For chimney shells greater than 300 ft in height, the minimum wall thickness shall be 8 in. thick and two layers of reinforcement shall be provided. 4.1.3.3 When the internal diameter of the shell exceeds 28 ft the minimum thickness shall be increased 14 in. for cach It inerease in internal diameter. 4.1.4 A chimney shel! which supports lining loads shall comply with the requirements of this standard with the lin- ing in place. The interaction of the liner with the shell shall be considered. 4.1.5 Consideration shal be given to loadings during the consiniction phase. 4.1.6 If required during construction, temporary access ‘openings may be provided in the concrete shell. For the design of the shell, these openings shall be designed as Permanent openings. 4.1.7 Consideration shall be given to the effects of radi- antheat of gases on any part ofthe foundation, including the foundation floor area which is exposed within the liner and also concrete floors supporied from the concrete shell. 4.2—Wind loads 4.2.1 General—Reinforced concrete chimneys shall be2074 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE designed to resist the wid forces in bth the along-wind ‘and across-wind directions. In addition, the hollow circular ar ection shall be designed 10 resist the Toads eaused by the circumferential pressure distribution “the reference design wind speed in mph, which will be denued as Vy_ shall be the "fastest mile” wind speed a 33 frever open terrain having 2 minimum return period of $0 ears, This speed shall be as specified by ANSI AS8.1 Freluding the Importance Factor, 1 “Ata height # ft above ground, the mean hourly design peed V(=) in {usec shall be computed from Eq. (4-1). os aanon(Myru(ay” NOTE: Eq, (4-1) includes a conversion from mph to fusec “The provisions with respect to wind load take account of dynamic action but are simplified and lead to equivalent ‘atic loads. A properly substantiated dynamic analysis may ‘be used in tie of these provisions. \ 4.2.2 Along-wind load—The along-wind load, wiz) per uni length. a any height (shal be the sum of the mean toad Wt) and the Auctuating toad" () “The mean fond (2) in Ibft shall be computed from 84, 42), wr) = Cy (2d) © dz) + Pe) (4-2) where C,,(2) = 0.65 for 2 10, C, is unaltered (0) if 4 < sidz,,) < 10, C, shall be multiplied by [2 — s/104K:, 1 (0) if 3 < stds.) <4, C, shall be multiplied by 1.6 where ccenterto-center spacing of chimneys, ft outside diameter of the chimney at crit height, =, ft de) For chimneys that are not identical and for idemtcal chim- rneys where s/d(z,) <3, the value of C, shall be established by reference to model tests or observations or tests reports of similar arrangements. 4.2.3.4 Combination of across-wind and along-wind loads—Across-wind loads shall be combined with the co- ‘existing along-wind loads. the combined design moment ‘M,(2) at any section shall be taken as, M2) = fIMCor + Morte (419) where ‘M{a) = moment induced by across-wind loads M{z)_ = moment induced by the mean slong-wind load w(2) where v2) = a) (4.20 [ee . A ‘except that w/(2) shall not exceed (2). 4.2.4 Circumferential bending—The maximum circum: ferential bending moments due to the radial wind pressure. distribution shall be computed by Eq. (4-21) and (4-22), ‘M{2) = 0.31pr(z) {r(2)P., felbift tension on inside) (4-21) M.(2) = O.27pr(2) [r2)P. fLtbif (tension on outside) (422) where rz) = mean radius at height 2, ft riz) = 0.0013{¥G)P + G2), Ibif® (4-23) GG) = 4.0 ~ O.8loga, except G.te) = 4 for 251.0 42) ‘The pressure pr(2) shall be increased by 50 percent for distance 1.Sd{h) from the top. 4.3—Earthquake toads 4.3.1 General—Reinforced concrete chimneys in earth- quake areas shall be designed and constructed to resist theY Wornalizer MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE Heasonse Spectra Values Critical Oanping Ratio = 5% Shane Bound Probability Level Frequency son (edian) Horizontal Component fon (a) 9.324 23a 21007 1,000) Froquney, €p Fig. 4.3.2—Normalized horizontal elastic seismic response spectra Table 4.3.2(a)—Spectral values for maximum. ground acceleration of 1.0g (damping ratio= 0.05) Discemeat | Veloaiy” | Accson Freeney, | Penn | agecrum, | “Sperm “i Tver A fsoas sices | sn67 ons =25 6526 | osaromm ri anaes asayes 11 za qtr 95/533 $338 $i sos 100 ‘Table 4.3.2(b)—Scaling ratios versus seismic risk zones Selig rt 0.04 0.06 on 025 033 earthquake effects in accordance with the requirements of this section. Applicable earthquake zones shall be in accor. ‘ance with the ANSI AS8.1 maps for seismic zones ‘Chimneys shal be designed for earthquakes by means of the dynamic response spectrum analysis method given in Section 4.3.2 or the equivalent static lateral force analysis method given in Section 4.3.3. In lieu of the dynamic spec- trum analysis method, time history analysis based on ac celograms representative of the locality may be used. ‘The effects due tothe vertical component of earthquakes are generally small and can be ignored in carthquake design of chimneys. Whether the dynamic response spectrum anal- ysis or the equivalent static Isteral force analysis is used, the horizontal earthquake force shall be assumed to act alone in any lateral direction, 4.3.2 Dynamic response spectrum analysis method —The shears, moments, and deflections ofa chimney due to earth- (quake shall be determined by using a site-specific response Spectrum and the elastic modal method. The site-specific response spectrum shall be on the basis of an 80 percent probability not being exceeded in 50 years with 5 percent damping. Ifa site-specific response spectrum is unavailable. the design response spectrum for the site shall be obtained by scaling down the normalized 1.0 peak ground accelera- tion spectrum for 5 percent damping shown in Fig. 4.3.2 oFno nine cre Peeeeeteeeeeeeee eee [REINFORCED CONCRETE CHIMNEYS ‘table 4,3.2(a) by the effective peak acceleration ratios given in Table 4.3.2(b) forthe seismic risk zone of the si ‘The normalized design response spectrum given in Fig. 4.3.2 oF Table 4.3.2(a) is suitable for firm chiraney sites, ‘The response spectrum shall be modified for soft and shal- Jow soil conditions by any method that is properly substanti- ‘ted and complies with the basic principles herein “The analytical model of a chimney used in the dynamic response spectrum analysis shall be sufficiently refined to variations of chimney and liner masses, variations of stiffness, and the foundation support condition. A mi ‘mum of ten elements shall be included, The total dynamic response of the chimneys in terms of shears and moments shall be computed using the SRSS over @ minimum of five ‘normal modal responses. SRSS means taking the square ‘oot of the sum of the squares of modal maxima. 4.3.3 Equivalent staic lateral force analysis method — ‘The analytical mode! of a chimney using equivalent static lateral force method shall consist of a minimum of ten seg ments. Lateral forces due to earthquake shall be assumed to act at the center of each segment (see Fig. 4.3.3). The determination of base shears, lateral forces, and moments due 10 earthquake shall be in accordance with the require- iments ofthis section. 4.3.3.1 Notation—The following shall apply to this © = numerical coefficient for base shear. lateral force applied to a level designated sn Ib. > 1 hoe ‘of chimney above base, ft Ia a t above base 10 the level designated as 1.2..0n, fh fh, = height above base to the level designated as r ft fh, = height above base t0 the initial segment above the level where the shear or mo- ‘ment is being computed. M,——-= moment at any level z, ft-lb. T, = fundamental period of vibration of the chimney, sec/eycle. U = use factor taken as 2.0 (see Commen- tary). V_—— = toa shear atthe base, Ib. wr total weight of chimney without lining, by. WT, = total weight of chimney including sup- ported lining, Ib. WT... = that portion of WT or WT, which is as- igned to the level designated as Udon Ub Z = zone coefficient: & for Zone 0, Ye for Zone 1, ¥ for Zone 2, % for Zone 3, and 1 for Zone 4: applicable zones in accor- dance with ANSI ASB.1 4.3.3.2 Buse shear—The base shear or total lateral force shall be computed by Eq. (4-25). V = ZUCUWT)orV = ZUCWT) — (4-25) or ff 4 ++ TT Fig. 4.3.3—Definition of symbols ‘The value of C shall be computed by Eq. (4-26) C= O.1/VT, 5 0.26 (4-26) ‘The value of the fundamental period of vibration of unlined chimneys shall be as determined in Section 4.2.2. 4.3.3.3 Distribution of laseral forces—The total base shear V shall be distributed over the height of chimney in accordance with Eq. (4-27). hy Fa aes EMT an (4-27) “The design shear at any level ofthe chimney h, shall be computed by Eq. (4-28). Vie OR, des: (4-28) where EF, is the summation of lateral force above the level h, and J is the shear multiplier as defined by Eq. (4.292) or (4-290). For 0.55 hyjh = 1.0, = 8 (der = JOM) [hSh) ~ 0.5) + J9% (4-298)78 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE For 0s hyn s 0.5, Beat 2d— semen 4296) where tne = 0.96 + 0.237, 4:30) sm = 0.43 + 05 3p 4.3.3.4 Moments —The design moment at any level h, of the chimney shall be computed by Eq, (4-32). M, = JSF, hg - AD (4-32) mere $F, 0h, ~ A) aplios for ll moments shove the level h, and J:is the moment multiplier at the chimney tevel h, and shall be determined from Eq. (4-338) or 4-330), For 0.3 < Ayh = 1.0, Hs 2. TRUS" — JY) (ash ~ 0.39 + (4-33) For 05 hh = 0.3, = tum = 2900.3 = Adin? + I (4330) where J0it = 115 + 0.0257} (434) yy = 0.3-+0.0046~ 7)" 435) “= 0.4 + (6 = 7/300 (4-36) For T, > 6 sec, use J" = 0.3 and J" = 0.4 4.3.3.5 For tapered chimneys in which the top diame ter is less than one-half of the base diameter, the J: ad J;, values as determined from Eq. (4-29) and (4-33) shall be multiplied by the following factors. huh. 0.95, 0.85, 0.75, 0.65, 0.55, 0.45, 0.35, 0.25, 0.15, 0.5 factors for Js... 1.01, 0.94, 0.86, 0.92, 0.97, 0.88, 0.83, 0.89, 0.99, 1.03 hgh 0.90, 0.80, 0.70. 0.60, 0.50, 0.40, 0.30, 0.20, 0.10, 0.0 factors for J. 0.97, 0.87, 0.78, 0.76, 0.82, 0.90, 0.92, 0.89, 0.91, 0.94 44—Special design considerations and requirements 4.4.1 The total vertical reinforcement shall be not less than 0.25 percent of the concrete area. When two layers of reinforcement are required, the outside vertical reinforce- rent shall be not less than $0 percent ofthe otal reinforce tment. Vertical bars in walls with one layer of reinforcement land outside face vertical bars in walls with (wo layers of reinforcement shall nt be smaller than #4 and spaced not ‘ver 12 in, on centers. When required, inside face vertical reinforcement shall consist of vertical bars not smaller then #4 and spaced not over 24 in, on centers. “4.4.2 The total circumferential reinforcement shall not Jess than 0.20 percent of the concrete area. When two layers ‘of reinforcement are required, the circumferential reinforce- tment in each face shall be not less than 0.1 percent of the concrete area atthe section. ‘Circumferentiat reinforcement in walls with one layer of reinforcement and outside face circumferential reinforee- rent in walls with two layers of reinforcement shall be placed no further apart than the shel thickness and, in any Event, not more than 12 in, The minimum size of circum- ferential reinforcing bars shall be #3. “4.4.3 The circumferential reinforcement for a distance of (0.2d{h) from the top of the chimney or 7.5 ft, whichever is treater, shall be atleast vice the amount required by See- tion 5.6. “444 Where a segment between openings is critical as related to the height ofthe openings. this segment shall be westigated as abeam-column. Where more than two open- ings occur at the same elevation, appropriate design meth- ods consistent with the cases shown by Fig, 5.5.1(@),(b). and (¢) shall be used. 14.45 In addition tothe reinforcement determined by de- sign, extra reinforcement shal be provided atthe sides, top, bottom, and comers of these openings as hereinafter spec- ied. This extra reinforcement shall be placed near the out- ‘side surface of the chimney shell as close to the opening as proper spacing of bars will permit. Unless otherwise spee- Tted, all extra reinforcement shall extend past the opening & sufficient distance to develop the bars in bond. 4.46 At each side of the opening, the addtional vertical reinforcement shall have an area atleast equal tothe estab- lished design reinforcement for one-half ofthe width of the opening, “4.4:7 At both the top and botiom of each opening, addi tional reinforcement shall be placed having an arca at least ‘equal to one-half the established design circumferential re- inforcement interrupted by the opening, but the area A, of this additional stel atthe top and also atthe bottom shall be not less than that given by Eq. (4-37), unless otherwise determined by a detailed analysis. oot aan specified compressive strength of concrete, psi concrete thickness at opening, in width of opening. in specified yield strength of reinforcing steel, psi noon atth : One-half of this extra reinforcement shall extend com- pletely around the circumference of the chimney. and the vite Wine shb iirbctest saREINFORCED CONCRETE CHIMNEYS, ‘ther half shall extend beyond the opening a sufficient dis- {ance to develop the bas in bond, This stet shal be placed ts close to the opening as practicable, but within a height pot to exceed twice the thickness .8 For openings larger than 2 ft wide, diagonal rein- forcing bars with a total cross-sectional area in square inches of not less than ¥ of the shell thickness in inches shall be placed at each comer of the opening. For openings 2 ft wide or smaller, a minimum of two #5 reinforcing bars shall be placed diagonally at each comer of the opening, 4.5—Detlection criteria “The maximum lateral deflection ofthe top of a chimney under all service conditions, prior to the application of load fectrs, shall nol exceed the limits set forth bythe following ‘equation: Yo = 0.04h (4.38) Yug = maximum lateral deflection, in, n= chimney height, ft CHAPTER 5—DESIGN OF CHIMNEY SHELL— STRENGTH METHOD 5.1—General ‘5.1.1 Except as modified herein, design assumptions shall be in accordance with ACI 318, Chapter 10. The chimney shell shall be designed by the strength method. $.1.2 The equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribu- tion described in Section 10.2.7 of ACI 318 and as modified herein shall be used. For vertical strength the maximum Strain on the concrete is assumed to be 0,003 and the max- imum strain in the steel is assumed to be 0.07. Whichever ‘value is reached first shall be taken as the limiting value In lieu of the equivalent rectangular concrete compressive stress distribution, used in this chapter, any other rela- tionship between concrete compressive stress and strain may be assumed that results in prediction of the strength of hollow circular sections in substantial agreement with re- sults of comprehensive tests 5.2—Applied forces 5.2.1 Dead loads and wind or earthquake forces at ser- vice conditions prior to the application of load Fators, shall be in accordance with Chapter 4 of this standard. Thermal effects at service conditions shall be in accordance with Chapter 6 5.3—Required strength 45.3.1 Required vertical strength U, to resist dead load D, or wind load W, and normal temperature, T shall be the ‘reaer of the following: U,= 1.40 Slay U, = 1D + Lar + Two (Seb) U, = 0.90 + LAT + 17H (Ste) 5.3.2 For earthquake loads or forces E, the load combina. tions of Section 5.3.1 shall apply except that 1.1E shall be substituted for W. 8.3.3 Required circumferential strength U, to resist wind Joad W and normal temperature load 7 shall be = LOST + 1.30 (S-1d) 5.4—Design strength 5.4.1 Design strength of a section in terms of moment shall be taken as the nominal moment strength calculated in accordance with the requirements of this standard mult plied by a strength reduction factor equal to 0.80 for vertical strength and 0.90 for circumferentia strength. 5.5—Nominal vertical moment strength 5.8.1 The following equations apply [refer to Fig. 5.5.1(a), $.5.1(b), and 5.5.1): 7 Pint! = Ky = 170A + 2¢,KanQ, + 2wA, (5-2) where ’, factored vertical load r average radius of section 1 = thickness of section A= 1 mB (radians) 6-3) a= = tins (b= wdcose 5.4) 1 = cose Avs H+ = ar (tadians) 65) 1.1. = angles shown on Fig. 5.5.1(2) cosr = 1 = Bi ~ cosa) 6-6) cos = cosa ~ [= c08] [L] = — 3 sv [ ] [4] B10 (57) - ‘La cosa] [L" z cose = cosa + : ] [E]= 1° (5-8) where a = one-half the central angle subtended by the neutral axis 8 ‘one-half opening angle A 0.85, for f: = 4000 psi 0.85 ~ 0.0514: ~ 4000)/1000 = 0.65. for f.' > 4000 psiFig. 5.5.Ma) Fig. $.5.1(0) Fig. 55.He)reece re REINFORCED CONCRETE CHMENEYS 07-41 x, = Ell, sion zone, m, = 1, 7 = 0; for two o = Bhi, openings in compression zone, n, = 2 re ‘= ratio of total vertical reinforcement to {otal area of concrete 8.5.2 Two symmetric openings partly in compression 1 = number of openings entirely in com- zone—This condition exists when y + B > randy —B < pression zone (maximum 2) +. For this case, et 8 = + ~ B. Then in Eq. (5-2), A = 8. ‘And in Eq. (5-11), 6, = 0.07(1 ~ cosaVit + cosa) 50.003 (5-9) R= sind ~ Scosa (5-156) MJPr = K, = cosa + K/K,, 2. M, = Prk, (5-10) §.8.3 Openings in the tension 2one—Openings in the tension zone are ignored since the tensile strength of the Ky = L7QR + ¢,K,o,0, + 2K (5-11) concrete is neglected and the bars cut by the openings are replaced at the sides of the openings. For a 5 5 deg, 5.5.4 Openings in the compression zone—In calculations ofthe forces in the compression reinforcement only, open- Q~ (-0.523 + 0.181a — 0.01540) + ings in the compression zone are ignored since the cut bars (41.3 13.20 + L320) (uir) (5-123) are replaced atthe sides of the openings. 5.5 Limitation—The one-half opening angle, 8. shall For 5 deg 35 deg, Q= 0.89 120 where M, = nominal moment strength of section Qe = (Ow) + 2eosta) + (1/2) (4sinda + sind — sin2y2) ~ dcose (sina + siny — sinu)V(1 = cose) 6-13) K = sings + sing + (@ — Y — p) cosa 6-14) R ~ (= mB) cosa ~ (0/2) [sin + B) ~ sin¢y ~ B)) G-15a) Ys angle between center lines of two and for no openings, m, = = B = 0; for one opening in compres- tively), use the following procedure: Step |. Assume a value for the total vertical stee! ratio, 4 By trial and ror, find the value of @ which satisfies Eq. (5-2) Substitute this value of a in Eq. (5-10) and cal- culate M, 16M, M,, de- Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 crease’, ‘Step 5. Repeat Step 2 through Step 4 until 6M, = Mf,. 5.8.7 For load combined with temperature effects, mod- ity f and f! using Eq. (5-16a) and (5-172), replace witb f300) = fy ~ 1A Cay — rifin) (Sa) replace f! with{"W) =f? — L.A0/Sy (5-173) where 71, fin and fy are as defined in Chapter 6. 5.6—Design for circumferential bending 5.6.1 Any horizontal stip ofthe concrete column shall be designed in accordance with ACI 318 as 2 horizontal bea resisting cicumferentat bending moments as given in Sec- tion 4.2.4 and thermal effects described in Section 6.3. $.6.2 For loads combined with temperature effects, mod- ify and fusing Eq. (5-160) and (5-176). replace f, with f:(c) = f, — L.05fere (5-16) (5-170) replace f; with £"(c) = f{ ~ 1.05fe4e where fir and fere are as defined in Chapter 6.sors2 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE CHAPTER 6—THERMAL STRESSES 6.1—General ‘6.1.1 The equations for temperature stresses given in this ‘chapter are based on working stress procedures and shall be ‘considered in the calculation of the nominal moment sirength in Chapter 5. 6.2—Vertical temperature stresses 6.2.1 The maximum vertical stresses in the concrete and steel, in psi, occurring at the inside ofthe chimney shell due to temperature, fey and fy tespectvely, shall be computed bby Eq. (6-La) and (6-10) fov= ater, +E 1a) Sine = afe- Vy) + Tene, (61D) where = thermal coefficient of expansion of the concrete ‘and of the reinforcing steel, to be taken as 0.000065 per deg F modulus of elasticity of the concrete, psi em pny + + Vint, + DF + Qonly, +0 = (6-2) p= ratio of total area of vertical outside face rein forcement to total area of concrete chimney shell at section under consideration +h = ratio of inside face vertical reinforcement area to outside face vertical reinforcement area th = ratio of distance between inner surface of ‘chimney shell and center line of outer face ver- tical reinforcement to total shell thickness n= BE, T, shall be computed by Eq. (6-32), (6-36), (6-3), and 634) 4. For alae chimneys a a 1 anit z ) (630) Ko Cd, Kd '. For lined chimneys with insulation completely fill ing the space between the lining and shell: Th + had 4 Aide 4 td 4 dn (6-30) Gd, Ca, Ca," Ky ¢. For lined chimneys wit tunventilated air space be- ‘te (——b=_ Ca Ly ide y dey te de (63) ONG Cds Rds * Cd. * Ra 4, For Fined chimneys with a ventilated air space be- tween the lining and shel: —___L=h___ aL + tide + ty ey te HK Cd, Kd, Cd, Kd! (6-34) 1 = tatio of heat transmission through chimney shell to heat transmission through lining for chimneys with ventilated air spaces 1 = thickness of concrete shell, in. 1, = thickness of air space or insulation filling the space between the lining and shell, in, = thickness of uninsulated lining or insul around steet Liner, in. T, = maximum specified design temperature of gas inside chimney, deg F T, = minimum temperature of outside sir surrounding chimney, deg F C, = coefficient of thermal conductivity of the con- crete of chimney shell, Btu/ft?/in. of thickness/hr/deg F difference in temperature (12 for normal weight concrete) Cy = coefficient of thermal conductivity of chimney uninsulated lining or insulation around steel liner, Btu/ftin. of thickness/hr/deg F dif- ference in temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity of insulation fi space between lining and shell, Buu/ftin, of thickness/hr/deg F difference in temperature (3 for lightweight concrete) ‘coefficient of heat transmission from gas to inner surface of chimney lining when chimney is lined, of to inner surface of chimney shell when chimney is unlined, Bwft4/he/deg F difference in temperature K, = coefficient of heat transmission from outside sur face of chimney shell to surrounding air, Brwfhideg F difference in temperature K, = coefficient of heat transfer by radiation between outside surface of lining and inside surface of concrete chimney shell, Btwft’/hrideg F differ- ence in temperature coefficient of heat transfer between outside sur- face of lining, and inside surface of shell for chimneys with ventilated air spaces, Btu/ft/in of thickness/he/deg F difference in temperature d, = inside diameter of uningulated lining or insula- tion around liner, ft 4, = mesn diameter of uninsulated lining or insula- tion around liner, f d, = mean diameter of space between lining and shell, ft 4, = inside diameter of concrete chimney shell, ft d= mean diameter of concrete chimney shell, ft d., = outside diameter of concrete chimney shell, fte : | | | [REINFORCED CONCRETE CHMNEYS 307-43 co ” i ek wy ks rewenaTune *F Flue gas film coefficients Fig. 6.2.2—Curves for determining K, 6.2.2 Unless complete heat balance studies are made for the pantcular chimney, itis permissible to use constants as determined or stated below. These constants when entered into equations for temperature differential through the chimney shell T, will give values of accuracy in keeping. With the basic design assumptions. os é 2 C to be obtained from the manufacturer of the materials used x = to be determined from curves in Fig, 622 K, - 2 x = 7,120 K = T1150 ‘The value of r, = 0.5 shall apply only where the distance between the lining and the chimney shall is not less than 4 in, throughout the entire height ofthe lining and air inlet and outlet openings are provided at the bottom and top of ‘the chimney shell. The area of the inlet and outlet openings in square feet shall numerically equal two-thirds the inside diameter in feet of the chimney shell at the top of the lining. Local obstructions on the air space between the lining an the ‘chimney shell shall not restrict the area of the air 5 ‘ny horizontal section to less than that specified for air inlet oF outlet. 3 The maximum stress inthe vertical see yin si, ‘occurring at the outside face of the chimney shell due to temperature, shall be computed by Eq.(6-4), Gov = Oe OTE, 64) where E, = modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement. psi 6.3—Circumferential temperature stresses 6.3.1 The maximum circumferential siress in psi in the concrete due to temperature fie occurring at the inside of the chimney shel! shall be computed by Eq. (6-5). Sere = 0,0 97,7 E 65) where cep tt Viens + DF + Boral ys + YH yDD 66) T, = value determined for vertical temperature stresses ratio of the cross-sectional area of the circum- ferential outside face reinforcing steeper unit ofsorte MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE height tothe cross-sectional area ofthe chimney shell per unit of height {= tao of inside face circumferential reinforcing ‘eel ares to the outside circumferential reinfore- ing stel area 4 = ratio of distance between the inner surface of the chimney shell and circumferential outside face reinforcing steel to the total thickness ¢ [All other notations are the same as for vertical tem- perature stresses. ‘6.3.2 The maximum stress in psi in the outside circum- ferential reinforcement for. due to temperature shall be com- puted by Eq. (6-7) fore = HCV TB 6-7) APPENDIX A—-NOTATION = ares of reinforcing steel at top and bot- tom of an opening, in (Chapter 4) © = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis for vertical stresses, in. (Chapter 6) e = ¢ for circumferential stresses. (Chapler 6 c = coefficient for base shear due to earth- {quake load, (Chapter 4) coefficient of thermal conductivity of chimney uninsulated lining of insulation around steel liner, Btw/ftin. of thick- nesshr/deg F difference in temperature. (Chapter 6) « = coefficient of thermal conductivity of the concrete of chimney shell, Btu/ft/in. of thickness/hrideg F difference in tem- perature (12 for normal weight concrete). (Chapter 6) Ce = drag coefficient for along-wind load. (Chapter 4 and Commentary Chapter 4) “, = coefficient of thermal conductivity of in- sulation filling in space between lining and shell, Btu/f/in. of thickness/ha/deg F difference in temperature (3 for light- weight concrete). (Chapter 6) CC, = coefficients for across-wind load. (Chap- ter 4) a = diameter of chimney. (Commentary Chapter 4) 4, = mean diameter of uninsulated lining or insulation around liner, ft. (Chapter 6) 4 = inside diameter of uninsulated lining oF insulation around finer, ft. (Chapter 6) = mean diameter of concrete chimney shell, ft. (Chapter 6) inside diameter of concrete chimney shell, ft. (Chapter 6) = outside diameter of concrete chimney shell, ft. (Chapter 6) 4, 4) a an) an) dw, do) dte,) mmo = Soe Saw Son f fo £0) Fao ou) mean diameter of space between lining and shel, ft, (Chapter 6) bottom outside diameter of chimney. (Chapter 4) ‘mean diameter at bottom of chimney. ft (Chapter 4) top outside diameter of chimney, ft (Chapter 4 and Commentary Chapter 4) ‘mean diameter at top of chimney. ft ‘(Chapter 4) ‘mean outside diameter of upper third of chimney, t. (Chapter 4) ‘outside diameter of chimney at height z. ft, (Chapter 4 and Commentary Chapter 4 ‘outside diameter of chimney at critical height z,. fl. (Chapter 4) ead load. (Chapter 5) earthquake loads or forces, (Chapter 5) modulus of elasticity of concrete. psi. (Chapter 6) ‘modulus of elasticity of concrete, kip ‘(Chapter 4) modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, psi. (Chapters 5 and 6) effective peak velocity. (Commentary Chapier 4) frequency, Hz. (Chapter 4) ‘compressive strength of con- . (Chapter 4) J, modified for temperature effects, cir- ‘cumferental, psi. (Chapter 5) J, modified for temperature effects, ver tical, psi. (Chapter 5) maximum circumferential stress in con- crete due to temperature at inside of ‘chimney shell, psi. (Chapters 5 and 6) maximum vertical stress in concrete at inside of chimney shell due to tem- perature. psi. (Chapters 5 and 6) maximum stress in outside circumferen- ‘reinforcement due to temperature, pai. (Chapters 5 and 6) maximum stress in outside vertical rein- forcement due to temperature. psi (Chapters 5 and 6) maximum stress in inside vertical rein- forcement due to temperature. psi (Chipters 5 and 6) specified yield strength of reinforcing steel, psi. (Chapters 4 and 5) 4, modified for temperature effects, ci- ‘cumferential, psi. (Chapter 5) 4, modified for temperature effects, ver tical, psi. (Chapter 5) lateral force applied to a level designated a 12. Ib. (Chapter 4) acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 fUsec* (Chapter 4 and Commentary Chapter 4) gust factor for radial wind pressure atREMFORCED CONCRETE CHMMNEYS. height z. (Chapter 4 and Commentary Chapter 4) gust factor for along-wind fluctuating Joad. (Chapter 4 and Commentary Chap- ter 4) bight of chimney above base, ft. (Chap- ter 4 and Commentary Chapter 4) height above base to the initial segment above the level where the shear or mo- ‘ment is being computed, ft. (Chapter 4) height above base 10 level designated 2, fi (Chapter 4) height above base to level designated 2ynvots ft. (Chapter 4) importance factor for wind design in ‘Chapter 4 or occupancy importance fac- tor for earthquake design in Commentary Chapter 4. moment multiplier for equivalent station lateral force earthquake design. (Chapler 4 shear multiplier for equivalent static Iat- ral force earthquake design. (Chapter 4) equivalent sand grained surface rough- ness factor, (Commentary Chapter 4) parameter for nominal moment strength jn Chapter 5 or horizontal force factor for ‘earthquake design in the Commentary Introduction, Eyff, (Chapter 5) ‘coefficient of heat transmission from gas (0 inner surface of chimney lining when ‘chimney is lined, oF to inner surface of chimney thell when chimney is unlined, Biustiuideg F difference in tempera ture. (Chapter 6) ‘coefficient of heat transmission from out- side surface of chimney shell to surrounding sir, Btu/fi/hr/deg F dif- ference in temperature. (Chapter 6) coefficient of heat transfer by radiation between outside surface of lining and inside surface of concrete chimney shell, Buf incideg F difference in tempera: ture. (Chapter 6) ‘coefficient of heat transfer between out- side surface of lining, and inside surface ‘of shell for chimneys with ventilated air spaces, Btu/{t/hr/deg F difference in temperature. (Chapter 6) parameters for nominal moment strength. (Chapter 5) width of opening in concrete chimney shell, in, (Chapter 4) moment induced at height z by scross- wind loads, ft-lb. (Chapter 4) maximum citcursferential bending. mo- tment dve to radial wind pressure, atheight 2, tension on inside, f-lbit. (Chapter 4) moment induced at height z by mean My My) M2) 307-45 along-wind load, fi-tb. (Chapter 4) ‘nominal moment strength at section. (Chapter 5) ‘maximum circumferential bending mo- ‘ment due to radial wind pressure, at height z, tension on outside, ft-Ib/f. (Chapter 4) factored moment at section. (Chapter 5) bending moment at base due to mean along-wind load, fi-b. (Chapter 4) ‘combined design moment at height 2 or across-wind and along-wind loads. (Chapter 4) ‘moment at any level z, ft-lb. (Chapter 4) ‘modular ratio of elasticity, E,/E,. (Chap- ter 6) ‘number of openings entirely in compres- sion zone. (Chapter 5) pressure duc to mean hourly design wind speed at height 2, bvft?. (Chapter 4) radial wind pressure at height 1, Ib/f?. (Chapter 4 and Commentary Chapter 4) pressure due to wind at critical speed. (Chapter 4) factored vertical load. (Chapter 5) stress level correction parameter. (Chap- ter 5 and Commentary Chapter 5) Parameters for nomina! moment strength. (Chapter 5) ‘average radius of section. (Chapter 5) of heat transmission through ney shell to heat transmission ‘through lining for chimneys with venti- lated air spaces. (Chapter 6) ‘mean radius at height 2, ft, (Chapter 4) ‘parameter for nominal moment strength. (Chapter 5) ‘center to center spacing of chimneys, ft (Chapter 4 and Commentary Chapter 4) factor for site-structure resonance. (Commentary Chapter 4) thickness of concrete shell. (Chapters 5 and 6) thickness of uninsulated fining of insu tion around stee! liner, in. (Chapter 6) thickness of air space or insulation filling the space between lining and shell, in (Chapier 6) thickness of concrete shell at botiom, ft. (Chapter 4) thickness of concrete shell at top, ft (Chapter 4) ‘normal temperature effect. (Chapter 6) maximum specified design temperature of gas inside chimney. deg F (Chapter 6) rrinimum temperature of outside air Sut rounding chimney, deg F. (Chapter 6) temperature drop across concrete shell. (Chapter fundamental period of vibration for un-30718 wm Ve) ve) ¥a3) “a mt) wit) we wh) wie) wntu) wed wr, MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE lined shell, seconds per cycle. (Chapter 4 ‘and Commentary Chapter 4) second mode period of vibration for un- lined shell, seconds per cycle. (Chapter 4 and Commentary Chapter 4) use factor for earthquake loads. (Chapter 4, Commentary Introduction, and Com- mentary Chapter 4) required circumferential strength. (Chap- ter 5) required vertical strength. (Chapter 5) total shear at base of chimney due to earthquake load, Ib. (Chapter 4) critical wind speed for across-wind loads, fvsec. (Chapter 4) design shear at height z due to earthquake Joad, Ib. (Chapter 4) reference design wind speed, mph. (Chapter 6) mean hourly wind speed at top of ‘chimney, fusec. (Chapter 4) sean hourly design wind speed at height 1 fsec. (Chapter 4) smean hourly wind speed at height 7,0 sec. (Chapter 4) seen hourly wind speed ata height of 33, ft, fusec, (Chapter 4) total along-wind load per unit length at height z, Ibvft. (Chapter 4) mean along-wind load per unit length at height z, Ibe. (Chapter 4 and Commen- tary Chapter 4) fluctuating along-wind load per unit length at top of chimney, Ibft. (Com- mentary Chapter 4) fluctuating along-wind load per unit Aength at height 2. Ib/ft. (Chapter 4) scross-wind load per unit length at top of chimney, Ibft. (Chapter 4) across-wind load per unit length at height 2, Ibvft. (Chapter 4) average weight per unit length for top third of chimney, Ibft. (Chapter 4) ‘mean along-wind load per unit length as given by Eq, (4-20), Ibift. (Chapter 4) wind load. (Chapter 5) total weight of chimney without fining. (Chapter 4) : total weight of chimney including sup- ported lining. (Chapter 4) that portion of WT or WT, which is as- signed to the level designated as V2sonsts Ib. (Chapter 4) maximum lateral deflection of top of chimney, in, (Chapter 4) height above ground, ft. (Chapter 4 and ‘Commentary Chapter 4) height corresponding to V,,. (Chapter 4) zone coefficient for earthquake loads. (Chapter 4 and Commentary Chapter 4) talpha) (gamma) % % a Pa a (phi (omega) ‘on the chitmney cross section, one-half the central angle subtended by the neutral axis. (Chapter 5 and Commentary Chap- ter 5) thermal coefficient of expansion of con- crete and of reinforcing steel, 0.000065 per deg F (Chapter 6) ‘on the chimney cross section, one-half the central angle sublended by an open- ing. (Chapter 5 and Commentary Chap- ter 5) fraction of critical damping for across- wind load. (Chapter 4) factor defined in Section 10.2.7.3 of ACI 318. (Chapter 6) ‘on the chimney cross section, one-half ‘the central angle subtended by the center lines of two openings. (Chapter 5) ‘ihyatb). (Chapter 4) ratio of inside face vertical reinforcement area, (Chapter 6) ratio of distance between inner surface of chimney shell and outside face vertical reinforcement to total shell thickness. (Chapter 6) ratio of inside face circumferential rein- forcement area to outside face circum- ferential reinforcement area. (Chapter 6) ratio of distance between inner surface of chimney shell and outside face circum- ferential reinforcement to total shell thickness. (Chapter 6) ¥ ~ B. for (wo symmetric openings partly in compression zone. (Chapter 5) ‘maximum concrete compressive strain (Chapter 5 and Commentary Chapter 5) 1 ~ mB. (Chapter 5) w+ dm (radians). (Chapter 5) ‘angles shown on Fig. 5.5.1(a). (Chapter ° 3.1416. (Chapter 5) ratio of area of vertical outside face rein- forcement to total area of concrete shell (Chapter 6) ratio of area of circumferential outside face reinforcement per unit of height 10 total area of concrete shell per unit of height. (Chapter 6) density of air, 0.08 lb/ft. (Chapter 4) mass density of concrete, kip-sec'It (Chapter 4) ratio of total area of vertical reinforce- ‘ment to total aea of concrete shel cross section. (Chapter 5) strength reduction factor, (Chapter 5 and ‘Commentary Chapter 5) PLU. (Chapter 5)