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ACI 313-91 Standard Practice for Design and Construction of Concrete Silos and Stacking Tubes for Storing Granular Materials* Reported by ACI Committee 313 John E. Sadler ‘Vahe A. Aprahamian William D. Arockissamy Peter J. Balles Leon Bialkowski Alfred G. Bishars William H. Bothoven. Joseph F. Camellerie George D. Carhart William L. Clack James M, Ebmeier Stephen G, Frankosky This ACI standard practice gies mataiah dyn and contnicion ‘giants for concitl, neve sion and tacking mbes for werng ranulas atrial I include dain and conancion recommendations fot ‘aan pce pace and conveninaly reinforced or po tensioned los ‘Sioa, and seeking bes ae spacial oucrres psing special problems not enceunared In naneal building dagn. While ths standard nfs 1a ‘Building Code Regiranets for Ranfrced Concrete (ACI 318) for many aguironis itp o peil requirements or tha unig caas of ai ‘and shramic Loading from funnl flow, mass flow, concent flow, and ‘epmimucic flow ince and tha special loadings on slacking tuber The standard incldas require fo aan design and hoppar atom design. Appendice provide ven for overuse and impact fcr from sed ‘mato. Keyronde: ssynumcivic flow; bas; decunfereniat bending: cance ‘xmcrtecomsrucle; deed lode; dyoamic loads: earthquake resin ructures; formwork (conection); funnel Rows granular teil, ‘KCI Commitee Revers, Guide, Sisndard Fractions, and Conmentarcn ut intended for guidance i designing, pening, eteculing or iapecing ‘onsvaction, aad in preparing apecfealons. Reference. to. thete h/2 -d’"), (see Fig. 4-4). Determine code limit for’ ratio yid from Table 4.1 ‘Compute limiting depth, y;, of compression block. Assuming compressive reinforcement to be needed, compute f,’ (effective compressive reinforcement nit width oF unit height Fig. 43—Tension with small eccentricity (Case 1) I the above gives a negative value for j;', compre reinforcement will be ineffective. In that case, if a reinforced member would not be adequate, either 4 aust be increased or A,’ moved to a position where’ be effective. If the value solved for f,' is positive, the required’ F,(e)-085 ff by, [a7 ig @-d') q ‘Compressive reinforcement is required if 4,’ is po In that case, the required tensile reinforcement area’ Fld +0856. by, +A Day 4 If Eq. (4-23) gives a negative A,', no compressive forcement is needed. Then (regardless of whether o ‘compression-side reinforcement is provided) the designed as singly reinforced. In this case, the reqt tensile reinforcement area is: Fuld + 085f. by 4 A, Fig 44-Tension with large eccentricity (Case 2) me? yod-|ar~ he «. 85 Of.b 4.54 Thermal stresses -- The required strength which includes the thermal effects of hot (or cold) stored materials shall be computed from Us14D+17L aan in whieb in which the term D includes the forces and moments due to such thermal load, as well as 10 dead load. ‘The area of additional reinforcement, if required for thermal stresses. due 10 stored materials, may be determined as follows for circular walls or wall areas with ‘olal restraint to warping (as at corners of rectangular silos): (2) Determine temperature difference AT between inside ‘nd outside of the wall (©) Thermal bending moment per unit of wall height or width M.-M,, 14 Eh? a, AT/(I-v) (4.28) E, may be reduced to reflect the effects of creep and the ment of a cracked section moment of inertia if fuch assumptions are compatible with the planned Performance of the silo wal at service loads. (© The required vertical and horizontal thermal {eiaforcement per unit width (or height) shall be computed ‘specified in Sect, 4.53 after thermal moments have been ‘added to other service load moments in Eq. (4.27). 485 Circular walls in pressure zone 4.5.8.1 For cates of concentric flow which cause no horizontal bending moments, the circular silo walls shall be DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE SILOS AND STACKING TUBES aot PAs (ida: Sr Ale Lycian sig ie snide cron high uniform rail materia pressures only, shall be calculated by Eq. (6-28) and (4-30) (see also Sections 4.32, 43.3, and 434), F, Pay D2) 42 A,=FIOS) (430) ‘The area of hoop reinforcement furnished must in all cases equal or exceed the area of hoop reinforcement ‘required unless it can be shown that the vertical bending capacity of the wall is adequate to distribute excess pressures inthe oversiressed region to hoop reinforcem that has extra capacity above and below the region question, 4552 Additional horizontal reinforcement beyond that required by Section 455.1 shall be provided for temperature effects, for wall opening effects, and forall bending moments thot exit. 4533 The vertical reinforcement for silos other than stave silos shall be not less than that prescribed in Sectic 4 ‘TABLE 4.1 —CODE-IMIT VALUES OF pid ‘Stel eld seni, f, Conerce srensth [40,0 pi | $0,000 psi | 6,000 pe L @remrn | cas MPa) | (ala MPa) Up dio pi | 0a | ons ome (Up 1028 Pay 3000 pt | Oa oer 0335 GaMPa 1 00 mi | 0386 | 0387 os arse) considered in direct tension due to radial pressure f ored material. The hoop tensile strength required and the equired reinforcement area per unit height of wall, for aie [MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE 48.5.4 Wall thickness in pressure zone of circular silos, ‘other than stave silas (see also Section 4.2.3; for stave slot see Chapter 5) (@) Vertical compressive axial-load strength per unit area {for walls in which buckling (including local buckling) does ‘not control shall be computed by: Loven * 0558fe eo in which ¢ is 0.70. For walls ia which buckling controls, see discussion in Commentary. (b) Wall thickness shall be checked for crack width. ‘The design ceack width in walls shall be checked for stress levels resuliing from service load tension and bending load factor = 1.0). The design crack width shall not exceed 0.008 in. (0.2. mm) for silos containing material sensitive to moisture. In.no case shall the maximum design crack width exceed 0.012 in. (0.3 mm). The actual crack ‘width wall, in all probability, be different than the design crack width, 4.5.6 Circular walls below pressure zone ‘456.1 The wall below the pressure zone shall be designed as a bearing wall subjected to vertical load and applicable lateral loads, 48.6.2 Vertical compressive axiab-oad computed as prescribed in Sect. 4.5.5 457 Walls in pressure zone of square, rectangular, or al silos ‘457.1 Walls in the pressure zone of square, rectangular, or polygonal silos shall be designed for combined direct tension, bending moment and shear, 43.72 The required horizontal tensile strength per unit height due to lateral pressure from the stored mat shall be calculated by the following formulas: For rectangular silos F247 3 Pus (432) (Fesin wall is computed using pressure p on wall 5.) Fy 7 ATS Paw 433) (Fas in wall is computed using pressure p on wal 2) For square silos Foe 17 3 Pus (434) For polygonal silos F, = 1.7 (0.8660) Pax (for hexagonal silos) (435) FL = 1.7 (12078) Pua for octagonal silos) (636) {la Eq, (4-35) and (4-36), a = length of one side.) 452.3 Wall thickness for square, rectangular, ond ‘polygonal silos -- Wall thickness shall not be less thao that required by Section 4.2.3 and shall satisfy the following: (a) The vertical compressive axial-load strength shall be computed by: Seven = 955 Of [1-Ch/40K)?] 37) in which ¢ is equal to 0.7. If, > ly. use fin place of, in Eq, (437). The terms h, and, are the lear vertical and horizontal spans, between supports. (b) The nominal shear strength provided shall be such that OY,2Y, 438) where V,=2bd(1-0.002 F,/A) YF +39) in which b is width of cross section 4.5.74 Crack width limits for square, rectangular, and polygonal silos shall be the same as for circular silos. 45:78 The temperature effect due to stored material in square, rectangular, and polygonal silos shall be calculated as given in Section 4.5.4. 4.5. Walls below pressure zone in square, rectangular, and polygonal silos. 458.1 Walls below the pressure zone shall be designed as bearing walls subjected to vertical load and to any applicable Iateral loads (see ACI 318). Inward lateral forces applied by inclined walls of hoppers shall be considered 4.88.2 Vertical compressive axial-load strength shall be computed by Eq. (4-37). 459 Continuity of interconnected walls in silo groups ~- 5 ‘Allowance shall be made for continuity and the walls shall 4 be reinforced for teusion in combination with shear and ‘bending moment. The effects of load patterns containing both full and empty cells shall be considered. et nn {ee pee 46-Botiom desiga 46.1 Loads -- Silo bottoms shall be designed to with. stand vertical loading from stored materials (a8 prescribed in Section 44) and other loads. Earthquake loads, if any, shall be determined using provisions of Sect. 445. ‘Thermal stresses, if any, due to stored material shall also be considered. : Conical hoppers “4421 Conieal hopper shells ae subject to circum fereatial and meridional (parallel 0 hopper slope) tensile brane forces. For 8 symmetrical conical hopper, the mquied meridional strength F,, per unit length of Spoumference, parallel 10 a generator line of the oone is: lacs? Wy, 21.7] tae 7m dog 4sina xDsina nDsing (4-40) hic which dua is the vertical design pressure at the top of te whopper and D is the diameter of the hopper si tne level being considered, ‘The required meridional reinforcement f, (4-41) --§ required tangential (or hoop) strength F,, per unit ih of wal inthe plane of the shell and hordaontal) is: ‘ D F217 eee? 2 sin @ oe food the required tangential reinforcement is: A, Fa (4-43) . ey +43) 1.4622 The ring beam, a thickened portion of the ical shell, shall have strength to resist the computed tal forces, bending moments and shears. “4423 Crack width in the conical shell shall conform Sect. 4.5.5.4, 46.24 Wall thickness shall not be less than 5 in. (130 53 Pyramidat hoppers 463.1 Pyramidal hopper walls are subject to bending, ear and direct tensile forces. Provisions in this section pre for symmetrical or nestly symmetrical pyramidal 7 fePeers with uniformly distributed filling. Unsymmetrical 1S require an analysis which is not given by this Suandard, 4632 Pyramidal hopper walls are subject to ‘zontal and slanted tensile membrane forces and ~ay (plate-type) bending as well as in-plane bending ‘The required meridional tensile strengths (parallel to =) per unit width of walls a and b a rea ee per and } are, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE SILOS AND STACKING TUBES Saale etait s1343 1.106, Wy + Aas) * 1.40, W, a en A Mees) * ACM Fue 3 (44) asin a, Fg AMMA asd? 146M 45) b sin a, and c, are factors (to be determined by the designer) for proportioning the division of the vertical hopper loading between walls a and b. For a pyramidal hopper of square plan, both are equal to 0.25, ‘The required horizontal membrane strength per unit (stant) width of walls @ and 6 are respectively Fue 11(3) tea sina, (4-46) Fat 1(5 essa sina, (4-47) 4633 In the design of hopper walls, combined bonding, shear and direct tension in both’ meridional (stant) and horizontal directions must be considered. 4.6.3.4 The wall thickness shall satisfy the bending, shear and limiting crack width requirements, but shall not be less than 6 in. (150 mm). 4.64 Flat bottoms 4.64.1 For horizontal slab bottoms (without hopper {forming fil) the design loads are dead load, design vertical pressure (from stored material) computed at the top of the slab, and the thermal loading (if any) {rom stored material. Seismic loading shall be considered insofar as it affects ‘the vertical pressure from stored materials. 4.7—Column design The area of vertical reinforcement in columns supporting silos or silo bottoms shall not exceed 2 percent of the column gross area, 4.8—Foundation design 48.1 — Except as prescribed below, silo foundations shall, in general, be designed in accordance with ACI 318. 48.2 — The effect of overpressure from stored material ‘may be neglected in the design of silo foundations. Impact {if any) should be considered, however. 4.8.3 — Unsymmetrical loading of silo groups and the aio6 ‘ACI STANDARD effect of lateral loads shall be considered in foundation design, CHAPTER S—CONCRETE STAVE INDUSTRIAL SILOS ‘5.1—Notation Consistent units must be used in all equations. Except where noted, units may be either all U.S. Customary of all metric (SI). A, = area of hoop reinforcement, per unit height A, = effective cross-sectional area (horizontal projection) of an individual stave = required hoop or horizontal tensile strength, per unit height of wall = positive (tension inside face) and negative (tension outside face) circumferential bending moments, respectively, caused by asymmetric filling or emptying under service load conditions cular bending strength for an assembled circular group of silo staves, per unit height; the statical moment or sum of absolute values of Mg pox 314 Moe the measured or computed bending strengths in the positive moment zone and negative moment zone, respectively = tension force per stave from wind over- ‘turning moment ‘= strongth of the concrete as limited by the stave joint = strength of the concrete as limited by the «shape of the stave = strength of the concrete as limited by buckling of the wall = yield strength of hoop reinforcement = stave wall thickness = lateral wind pressure = height of stave specimen for compression test ‘only to precast concrete stave silos which are used for storing granular bulk material. It not apply to farm silos for storage of "silage." $3—Coatings 53.1 — Interior coatings where specified shall con 4 single operation, three-coat plaster (parge) applicat fine sand and cement worked into the stave surface joints to become an integral part of the wall. Final shall be steel troweled smooth. 53.2 — Exterior coatings, where specified, shall co ‘of thick cement slurry brushed or otherwise worked i the surface and joints of the staves to provide maxig joint rigidity and watertightness. $.4—Erection tolerances 5.4.1 — Translation of silo centerline or rotation (spi of vertical stave joints: Per 10 ft (3 m) of height ..... 54.2 — Bulging of stave wall: For any 10 ft (3 m) of height For entire height... $43 — Inside di Per 10 ft 3 m) of diameter... 5.4.4 — Hoops: Number of hoop . Spacing of hoop .... 5.S—Wall design 5.5.1 Londs, design pressures, and forces — Loads, pressures, and vertical forces for stave silo design sh determined as specified in Chapter 4. Ov pact (whichever controls), and the effects of ecct discharge openings, wind, thermal stress (it any) 4 seismic action shall all be considered. 582 Wall thickness — The required stave silo thickness shall be determined considering circular ben ‘compression, tension, and buckling, but shall in no ea less than given in Section 4.2.3. ‘5.53 Circular bending — Unless a more detailed ati is performed, the circular bending strength Mg for a stave design shall satisfy the follo 4) In the case of wind acting on an unbraced wall Mg = 0.75(1.7)D*w/8 where the product 0.75 (1.7) is the load factor. ) In the case of unequal interi asymmetric filling or emptying: Mg > 1.7(M, bros * Mad) pressures from Me pos = 1.0 M,,, bere 1.7 and 1.0 are load factors (see Commentary), od My + Macy ate determined from the methods of Chapter 4 oF other published methods, is af pee following strength relationships shall be satisfied also: Ting) 2575 AS Fudk = Mg (5-4) in oF 0375 (OAS Full = Meroe, (55) asi Hino ypless Eq. (5-4) and Eq. (5-5) are satisfied, a complete areolar assembly of staves (Commentary Fig, 5-D) shall be eaed to prove satisfactory strength. ‘$54 Compression and buckling — The compressive ver- teal design strength per unit area, f, ,., shall be taken as (5-6) 6-7) Fig. 5-C) of stave as- the maximum eccen- ‘ticities from out-of-plane deviations allowed in Section SA. ‘The wall thickness shall be such that f,.., is not jeaceeded by any of the following combinati sig] allte] 075 (14D + 1.7L + LTWVI6 6-9) re a] entre (14D + 1.7M + LIL) G-10) O95 (LAD + 1.7M + 1.7x LIE G1) dit vhere Dis dead load siress, Lis live load stress, Wis wind wselBlud stress, M is stored materiat load stress, E is ake load stess and ¢ is 0.7. yeh $55 Tension and shear — ‘The empiy silo shall have a give lctor of safety not less that 1.33 against wind overturning. #4 tions shall be based on a shape factor for rough oylinders and not more than 0.9 times the com- puted dead load of structure. If anchorage is necessary, the shall be satistfed where anchors attach 10" the ave wall, 94,5 Poon, 2 1.7 (2) (5-12) ‘[i%4 unless results of tests (Commentary Fig. 5-A) indicate “‘fieater strength, O01 (AS - F,) lap & 1.7 (26) (5-13) In the above, @ is 0.65, the force (A,f, - F,) is per foot vil height, lap is the amount of vertical stagger in feet ‘een horizontal stave joints and 1.7 is the load factor. ness Wall openings — Wall openings in stave silos shall famed in such a way that the vertical and horizontal DESIGN ANO CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE SILOS AND STACKING TUBES 3128 bending and tensile strengths of the wall are not reduced by the opening. 5.6—Hoops for stave sitos 56.1 Size and spacing — Except as noted below, the size and spacing of external hoops for stave silos ‘shall be computed in the same manner as for horizontal reinforcing of circular, cast-in-place silos. In computing the hoop re- inforcing, an average design pressure over a wall height equaling 30 times the effective thickness may be used, Hoops shall be not less than % in, (12.7 mm) in diameter. Spacing shall be not more than the stave height nor ten times the effective wall thickness. 5.6.2 Calculating steel area — When calculating the required size and spacing of stave silo hoops, the hoop net area shall be used and shall be taken as the smaller of: (a) the area of the rod, of (b) the root area of the thread. Appropriate restrictions in the available strength of the hhoop-lug assembly shall be considered if lugs or mech- anical fasteners induce bending deformations or strains in the hoop which reduce the yield strength of the hoop. 5.63 Tensioning — Stave sito hoops shall be tensioned such that enough stress remains after all losses from shrinkage, creep, elastic shortening, and temperature changes to maintain the required vertical and circular strength and stiffness of the stave assembly. 5.7—Conerete stave testing The following procedure shall be used for testing concrete staves to determine compressive strengths: 5.7.1 — A given test section shall consist of the full ‘width of a solid stave with the height of this section being twice the thickness of the stave (see Fig. 5-1). The stave shall be tested in @ conventional compression testing ‘machine, being loaded by the machine in the same manner as itis loaded in the silo wall. Fig. $-1—Solid stave 5.72 — When testing a cored\stave, a section shall be cut with a height twice the thickness of the stave (Fig, 5-2). ‘The maximum depth, however, shall include only one com- plete core and no portion of a core shall be present on either top or bottom of the test specimen. 5.73 — The selection and required number of test sections and the procedures for capping and testing the test sections shall conform to ASTM C 140, 5.7.4 — The average minimum compressive strength on ae Fig. 5-2-Hollow stave the net area shall be at least 4000 psi (28 MPa) at 28 days. ‘The average of any five consecutive stave strength tests shall be equal fo oF greater than the specified ultimate sirength of the conerete and not more than 20 percent of the tests shall have a value less than the specified strength, CHAPTER 6 -- POST-TENSIONED ‘CONCRETE SILOS 6.1-Notation Consistent units must be used in all equations. Except where noted, units may be either all U.S, Customary or all, metric (SI) D = diameter of the silo E = modulus of elasticity {<= specified compressive strength of concrete fu = compressive strength of concrete at time of inal stressing Jp © Specified tensile strength of post-tensioning tendons or wires Jy = specified yield strengths of post-tensioning reinforcing (after allowance for all losses) L = specified yield strength of mild steel reinforcing h = wall thickness, including protective cover, if any, over post-tensioning stec! hy = core wall thickness 62--Seope 6.2.1 - Provisions in this chapter apply to castin-place concrete silo walls fully oF partiolly post-tensioned with high-strength steel meeting the requirements of Sect. 35.5 MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE ‘of ACI 318. Prestressed systems, where the reinforcemeai is stressed before the concrete is cast, ACI318. 622 ~- Provisions of other chapters ofthis ‘of ACI 318 which do not confict with provisions of thi chapter shall apply 63-Posttensloning systems G31 ~The two most widely used pos-tensiontg {or sls are tendon systems and wrapped systems" (63.2 -- Tendon systems use strands, wires, or bars inside ‘of ducts, The tendons can be either left unbonded or cu be bonded after tensioning by pressure grouting the o space inside the duct. The duets can be either embedde inthe concrete wall or placed on the exterior of the wal Exterior ducts can be left exposed if constructed of sua materials, Duets that cannol be left exposed are protete ‘sually with shoterete. ‘633 — Wrapped systems use high strength wires of strands which ate tensioned as they are installed ‘wrapped around the completed core wal. The wires of strands are protected, usually with shotcrete, Wies and amy Strands for wrapped systems shall conform to ASTM a. ’ 64-Tendon systems 6.4.1 -- Wall thickness, A, for silos embedded dus shall be not ss than 10% less than the sum of h, (as determined from Sect. 6.81) the duct diameter, and he concrete cover. ‘4a The cenertocenter spacing of tendons shall cxeced thre times the wal hicknessh Or hy or, tase of horaontal tendons, 4 in. (1.07 m), 63 ~The car spacing between embedded ten acs aha be ot Tes than twice the duct damiter( cluding protective coating) or 6 in. (150 mm), whichever, Inger Te clea spaciag between non-embedded tend does sal be nt less than the duet diameter or ¥% in ti), whiebver sarge GAA -- Horizontal enbedded tendons shall be p do the outside face vertal wall enforcement 64.5 ~ Stressing points may be located at vertica plasters onthe ovtide ofthe walls a wal br at Boekouts In determining the number pont, conieration sall be given indesign to ft Iooand focal concentrations ofthe pos-tensioning for Bockoat snes an ocatons shal be such thay tthe I stressing, the stress in the net concrete wall area hall not eiceed 0.55 J, during the post blackout stressing points are shown in Fig. 6-1 . 6.4.6 Reinforcing shall be provided at vertical pilaster as required to resist forces created by the post-tensioning] system during and after the siressing operation. Fig. 64 shows one possible arrangement. ‘64.7 -- Embedded tendon ducts shall have a concrete cover of not less than 1% in. (40 mm). Tendon ducts shall (a) SPLICES COINCIDING IN VERTICAL ARRAY ‘EVERY SECOND TENDON PILASTER TENOONS: TIES, -NONPRESTRESSED HORIZ. REINFORCEMENT 'NONPRESTRESSED VERT. REINFORCEMENT (6) Post-TENSTONING AGAINST PILASTERS Fig. 6-1--Circumferential prestresing details DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE SILOB AND STACKING TUBES. ANCHORAGE aie7 SPLICE OF ‘SPLICE OP TENDON B SPLICE OF TENDON C SPLICE OP ‘TENDON A (b) SPLICES coINcIDING IN VERTICAL ARRAY EVERY THIRD TENDON NONPRESTRESSED HORIZ. REINFORCEMENT ‘NONPRESTRESSED VERT. REINFORCEMENT (4) Post~reNs TONING WITHOUT PILASTERS a0 [MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE bbe supported to maintain location within vertical and horizontal tolerances. 6.48 .- Tendon anchor locations shall be staggered such that stressing points do not coincide in vertical array more often than every second tendon. 64.9 ~ Alter stressing is completed, anchorage and end. fittings shall be permanently protected against corrosion. Blockouts and pockets shall be filled with a non-shrink ‘material which will bond to and develop the strength of the adjacent concrete. 6.5~-Bonded tendons 65.1 -- Anchorages and couplers for bonded tendons shall develop (without exceeding the anticipated set) at least 100 percent of f., if they are to be located in zones of, maximum stress, and at least 95 percent of f, if they are to be located away from zones of maximum stress ia the structure. Tests of anchorages and couplers shall be performed on unbonded specimens. 652 = Grout for bonded tendons shall consist of portland cement and water, or portland cement, fine aggregate and water. Admixtures containing chlorides, fMuorides, sulfides or nitrates shall not be used unless they are known to have no injarious effects on the steel, grout, or concrete. 633 -- Grout shall have at least 2500 psi (17 MPa) compressive strength at 7 days based on 2 in. (50mm) cubes, molded, cured, and tested in accordance with ASTM C 1019. 654 ~ Proportions of grouting materials shall be based on results of fresh and hardened grout tests made prior to beginning work. Water content shall be the minimum necessary for proper placement but in no case more than (045 times the content of cement by weight. 655 -- Grout shall be mixed and placed by equipment capatle of providing 2 continuous flow of grout at a rate and pressure that will uniformly distribute the grout and fil the voids in the duct. Grout shall be continuously agitated and placed as quickly as possible after mixing. Grout shall be filtered through a screen to remove lumps and coarse material which would plug the grout tubes and ducts, Grout shall be allowed to flow from the vents to ‘ensure that free water is expelled from the duct. After full flow i obtained, vents shall be closed, pumping stopped, and the system checked for leaks while pressure is maintained. 6.5.6 ~The temperature of the members at the tine of ‘outing shall be above 35 F (2 C) and shall be maintained above this temperature until job-cured 2 in. (50 mm) cubes of grout tested as defined by ASTM C 1019 reach a min- imum compressive strength of 800 psi (5.5 MPa). Grout temperature shall be not greater than 90 F (32 C) during king and injection. Grout shall be cooled during hot er to avoid quick seiting and blockage, Inbonded tendons 5.1 - Anchorages and couplers for unbonded tendons shall develop 100 percent of f,, without exceeding the anticipated set. Cyclic loading aed unloading of the sito ‘which might lead to fatigue failure of anchorages or ‘couplers shall be considered in the selection of anchorages. 66.2 -- External and internal unbonded tendons shall be ‘coated with a protective lubricant and encased in a pro- fective duct oF wrapping to provide long-term corrosion fotecion. The tendon duct or wrapping shall be con- finuous over the entire 2one to be unbonded. It shall pre- ‘vent intrusion of cement paste or water (or both) and the toss of coating materials during concrete placement. The anchorage and end fittings shall be protected as specified in Sect. 649. 6.7-Post-tensloning ducts {62.1 ~- Duets for grouted or unbonded tendons shall be smortar-tight and nonreactive with concrete, tendons, or the grout, Metal duct walls shall be no thinner than 0.012 in, (03 mm). Duct splices shall be staggered. 62.2 ~ Ducts for grouted single wire, strand, of bar tendons shall have an inside diameter at least in. (6 mm) larger than tendon diameter. 673 -- Duets for grouted multiple wire, strand, or bar tendons shall have an inside crosssectionat area at least ‘wo times the net area of tendons. 6.1.4 ~ In addition to meeting the requirements of 6.72 and 6:73, duet diameter shall be compatible with tendon installation requirements, taking into consideration cur- vature of wal, duct length, potential blockage, and silo configuration. 675 ~ Ducts shall be kept clean and free of water. Grouting shall be performed 8s soon after post-tensioning as possible, When grouting is delayed the exposed cle ‘ments of the system shal be protected against intrusion of water of any foreign material which may be detrimental to the system, {62.6 ~- Ducts for grovied tendons shall be capable of transfering bond between tendons and grout to the sur- rounding concrete. 68-Wrapped systems 68.1 Core wall thickness, hy, for silos with wites or strands wound around the outside face of the core wall shall be not less than 6 in. (150 mm) nor less than that requited to prevent the stress on the core wall from ‘exceeding 0.55 fat the time of initial stressing, (68.2 -- Large voids or other defects inthe core wal shall be chipped down to sound concrete and repaired before posttensioning commences. Dust, efforescence, oil, and other foreign material shall be removed. Concrete’ core walls shall have a bondable surface and may require sandblasting, ‘68.3 ~ Procedures used for post-tensioning by wrapping shal be as approved by the engineer of record 684 ~ Pitch of high-tensile wire in spiral wrapping and simultaneous stressing i to be determined by requirements fof the tensile forces caused by stored material lateral pressures. A clear distance of atleast Yin. (6 mm) but not fess than one wire diameter shall be left between successive Gs vitae eh Absa ok Kitaheminivan 8° DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE SLO8 AND STACKING TUBES. site turns of wire. {68.5 ~ IC multiple layer wrapping is used, the layers shall be separated by shoterete, conforming to ACI $06.2. “686 -- The outside post-teusioning wires or strand shall be costed by two or more layers of shotcrete, The total ‘coating thickness over the wires or strand shall be not less than 1 in. (25 mm). Shoterete coating shall conform to requirements of ACI 5062. 69-Detalls and placement of mild ste? reinforcement 69:1 ~ Vertical mild steel reinforcement shall be fided to withstand bending moments resulting {rom post-tensioning, banding of post-tensioning reinforcement at openings, stored material loads (partially full and ful), temperature, and other loading conditions to which the walls are subjected. The area of vertical mild steel re- inforcement provided shall be not less than that required by Chapter 4. 69.2 -- Horizontal mild steel reinforcement shall be provided to mttnd bending womeats rad to conta shrinkage and temperature-induced cracking during the period between completion of wall construction and start of post-tensioning. In any case, the total arca of such forcement shall be not less than 0.0025 times the atea of the wall. The spacing of horizontal mild steel reinforce- meat provided shall be not more than 18 in. (450 mm), 6.10--Wall openings 6.10.1 -- For wall openings not within pressure zone, see Sect. 43.82 6.10.2 -- For wall openings in pressure zones, post- tensioning ciements which would cross an opening shall be fared to pass immediately above and below the opening. The length of flare, measured from the center of the ‘opening, shal be not more than the silo diameter nor less than six times the opening height. Horizontal and vertical slress concentrations resulting. {rom flaring of tendons around openings shall be considered for cases of both full and empty silos, Minimum spacing requirements shal be observed at all locations. 6103 ~ Vertical reinforcement at each side of the ‘opening shall be not Jess than the minimum required by Sect. 4.3.8 nor less than that calculated for the vertial bending moments or forces due to fa tensioning elements 6.L1-Stressing records 6.11.1 -- Stressing procedures shall be documented and the records preserved for the period specified on the design documents but not less than 2 years. Records shall include type, size and source of wire or strand, date of Sressing, jacking pressures, sequence of stressing, elon- tation before and after anchor set, and name of inspector. 6.12-Design 6.12.1 ~~ Design shall be based on the strength method ‘and on behavior at service conditions at all load stages that ‘may be critical during the life of the structure from the time posi-tensioning stress is first applied. 6.122 Silo walls shall be designed to resist all applicable loads as specified in Chapter 4, plus the effect ‘of posi-teasioning forces during and after tensioning, ‘cluding stress concentration and conditions of edge re- straint at wall junctions with silo roof, bottom, and wall intersections. 6.123 ~- Stresses in concrete shall not exceed the values provided in Chapter 4 and in Sect. 18.4 of ACT 318 except {8 provided ia Table 6.1. 6.124 -- Tensile stresses in strands, wires, or bars of tendon systems shall not exceed the following: (2), During jacking . 0.85 f,, oF 0.94 f, Whichever is smaller, but not more than maximum value recommended by manufacturer of tendons or anchorages. (b) Immediately after anchoring... 0.70, Average stresses in wires or strands used in wrapped systems shall not exceed the following: (2) Immediately after stressing 0.704, (b) Afterall losses oy 038 f, 6.12.5-Required area of past-tensioning reinforcement Sitos may be either fully pos-tensioned or partially post- tensioned depending upon the performance desired at service loads. In fully posttensioned silos the primary {orees shall be taken by post-tensioned reinforcement. In partially post-tensioned silos the primary forces shall be {taken by 2 combination of post-tensioned reinforcement and mild stec! reinforcement, When post-tensioned reinforcement and mild steel inforcement are considered to act together to provide the required resistance to axial tension or to combined axial tension and bending in the wall, the assumed stresses in each type of reinforcement shall be determined based on siresssirain compatibility relationships. 6.12.6 -- The modulus of elasticity, , of post-tensioning reinforcement shal be based on data supplied by the ‘manufacturer or shall be determined by independent tests, Unless more accurate information i available, the following values shall be used: Bars 29. 10" psi (200 x 10° MPa) Strands 27 x 10° psi (186 x 1 MPs) Wires 211.2115 29 10° pat 200 x 10° MPa) 6:12. ~ Mild Stel reinforcement 6.12.71 -- Requirements for mild steel reinforcement shall be determined ty the strength design method as specifed in ACI 318, The amount of mild stect rei forcement provided, however, shall be not less than re. aquired ty Sect. 69 and Sect. 6.10. 61272 ~ Yield steength (j) of mild steel rei forcement shall not be taken in excess of 60,000 psi (414 MPa). 31920 {at servi MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE ‘TABLE 6.1--MAXIMUM PERMISSABLE STRESSES IN CONCRETE, Toads, after allowance for all losses) Fully Post-tensioned Partially Post-tensioned ‘Axial compression 030, 0225 t. Combined axial & bending 04s f oust, ‘compression-extreme fiber e ‘Axial tension 0 @ fT, psi ‘Combined axial & bending tension-extreme fiber 6.12.73 ~ The modulus of elasticity of mild steel re- \rforcement sha be taken at 29x 10" ps (200 1° MPa), 6.128 ~ Where a cirevlar wall is fully posttensioned \in a distance of 10 wall thicknesses of a roof, silo bottom, foundation or other intersecting structural mem- ‘ber, the minimum initial concrete circumferential com- pression sires, for» height of wall extending from 0.4V Dh to 1.1VDB, shall be not less than: ‘edges unrestrained edges restrained 280 psi (2.0 MPa) 140 psi (1.0 MPa) 6.12.9 Losses ~ Stress losses which are used to establish the effective stress, fy, shall be determined using the provisions of ACI 318, Section 18.6. 6.13-Vertical bending moment and shear due to post- tensioning Vertical bending moments and shear due to post tensioning forces shall be provided to resist such moments and shears. Tolerances for placement of ducts at support points, relative o position shown bythe drawings, shall not exceed 1 in. (25 nim) vertically or horizontal! 6.142 ~ The vertical sag or horizontal displacement between support points shall be not greater than Ys in. (13 am). PROPOSED CHAPTER 7 ~- STACKING TUBES ‘TScope ‘This chapter covers the design and construction of reinforced concrete stacking tubes. Unless. specifically stated otherwise, all general requirements in Chapters 1, 2, (OST, MPa) 3, and 4 (where not in conflict with this chapter), are applicable to stacking tubes. 72--General layout “The inside dimension shall be large enough to prevent arching across the tube, Wall discharge openings shall be large enough to prevent arching across the openings a low free flow of material from the stacking tube, The ischarge openings shal be symmetrically arranged in sels ‘of two and 180 deg apart with alternate sets located at 90 ‘deg to each other. “The distance between the foundation and the bottom of the first set of openings shall be sufficient to provide the necessary strength to resist the internal pressures as well as the external uneven pile loads. Discharge openings shall be located over the height of the tube in such a way as 10 imize the effects of ring bending from uneven toads. If 1 concentric discharge is provided inside the tube through reclaim tunnel roof af the bottom of the stacking tube, #3 in shall be large enough to prevent arching across the ‘opening and prevent the formation of a stable rathole in 7 the tube. a 73-Londs “The following loads shall be considered for the design of stacking tubes: a ‘73.1 Vertical loads at top of tube 4) The vertical reaction from the weight ofthe conveyor and headhouse structure, naan ) The vertical reaction from the walkway live load, headhouse floor live load, and the weight of material carried by the conveyor. 132 Horizontal loods at top of ube TSK Acting perpendicular lo the conveyor DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE SILOS AND STACKING TUBES 18) The horizontal reaction from wind on the conveyor and headhouse. 'b) The horizontal reaction ftom seismic force on the conveyor and headhouse, 13.22 Acting parallel tothe conveyor: 8) The horizontal reaction due to the belt pull, ia- cluding tension from start-up. ') The horizontal reaction due to thermal expansion ‘or contraction of the conveyor support structure. Such force shall be taken as not less than 10 percent of the total (dead plus live) vertical reaction of the conveyor system on the top of the tube unless provision is made to reduce the loads with rollers or rockers. 733 Vertical loads over the height of the tube 4) The weight of the tube, b)_ The vertical drag force from the material stored inside the tube, ©) The vertical drag force from a complete pile of material stored outside the tube. 4) The vertical drag force from a partial pile of material stored outside the tube. 1.34 Horizontal loads over the height of the wibe 8) Wind action on the exposed portion of the tube. ) Seismic action on the mass of the tube. ©} Unbalanced forces acting on the tube as 0 result of 4 partial pile of material stored around the tube. Such forces shall be computed assuming that the conical pile is missing a radial sector and that the tube has reduced Interal support from stored material on the open side. 4) Seismic action on the material stored inside the tube. ©) Seismic action on the partial pile stored on the Outside of the tube. 74--Load combinations Unless it can be shown that a particular specified load combination does not apply, the required strength of the Sacking tube shall be not less than that indicated for each ‘of the loading cases of Table 7.1. The required strength is ‘obtained by summing the loads in each column and ‘mukiplying by the multiplier atthe bottom of the column, Each of the loading eases in Table 7.1 shall be investigated to determine the critical design force at the base of the tube. 1. Maximum downward considering vertical loads only. aoa 2. Maximum downward considering vertical and hor- ‘zontal loads. 3. Maximum downward considering vertical, horizontal, ‘and wind loads. 4. Maximum downward considering vertical, horizontal, and seismic loads. ‘5. Maximum upward considering vertical and horizontal loads, 6. Maximam upward considering vertical, horizontal, ‘and wind loads. 7. Maximum upward considering vertical, horizontal, aad seismic loads. Where tubes are in close proximity 10 each other, between tubes. 75.-Tube wal design 75. ~The stacking tube shall be designed as a canti- levered beam fixed at the top of the foundation or reclaien wanel roof. The concrete wall thickness and ir shall be such that its strength will not be less than required bby the most severe combination of loads of Table 7.1 at the base of the tube and at each level of discharge opening, above, 752 » The stacking tube wall shall be reinforced ver- tically and horizontally, For wall thicknesses of 9 in, (225 mum) or more, reinforcing shall be provided on each face. ‘The vertical reinforcement shall be designed to resist the maximum tensile siresses resulting from the combination of vertical loads and overturning moments. In addition, the vertical reinforcing adjacent to the openings shall be de- signed to resist the bending and shear stresses resulting from the bending action of the wall between the openings. ‘The ratio of vertical reinforcement to gross concrete area shall not be less than 0.0025. 7.83 -- Horizontal reinforcement shall be designed 10 resist hoop and circumferential bending stresses and hor- izontal tension caused by the redistribution of vertical foads around the openings. Horizontal reinforcement which is discontinuous at openings shall be replaced by adding not less than 60 percent of the interrupted reinforcement above the top and 60 percent below the botiom of the ‘opening. The ratio of horizontal reinforcement to gross ‘concrete area shall not be less than 0.0025. 7.6~Feundstion or reclaim tunnel ‘The foundation or reclaim tunnel shall be desi support all horizontal and ve be stable against the overturning moments. In addition, the foundation or reclaim tunnel shall be designed to support the material above and adjacent 10 the tube and the “Types of load acting on tube ] Vertical load (73.1) eaused by: ‘TABLE 7.--LOAD COMBINATIONS Landing caves 4 3 6 2 b) Seismic on conveyor & headhouse oad (7.32.2) caused by: 18) Conveyor & headhoute dead load +1 41d tte He 40409409 b) Conveyor & headhoute live load a7 ys Moraontel Youd (73.21) caused by 1) Wind on conveyor & headhouse 7 a7 4) Belt pull of conveyor 4744 a7 by Thermal changes of conveyor +4 te tte aa ‘Tube vertical load (73.3) caused by: 4) Dead load of tube 416 414 HL 409 09409 by Material inside tube, if any +7 74409409409, ©) Complete pile outside tube +17 4) Partial ple ouside tube th7 7 +7 09 09s ‘Tube horizontal load (7.34) caused by: 2) Wind on exposed portion of tube +7 7 ) Seismic on tube mast +187 +187 M, 6) Unbalanced loads from pai pile apna a | gE 4) Seismic on material in tube, if any +187 187 «) Seismic on panial ple outside +187 “137 Multiplier] tunnel, APPENDIXES \Y Appendix A--Notation Consistent units must be used ia all equations. Except where noted, units may be either all U.S. Customary or all mee (S). area, oF gross area of wall per unit width or height gross area of section area of hoop or tension reinforcement, usually per unit height of wall ‘compression steel area effective cross-sectional area (horizontal projection) of an individual stave characteristic abscissas for Reimber’s formula ‘overpressure factor, used to consi increases of pressure occurring during ‘material withdrawal, converting from static pressures to design pressures impact factor, used to consider pressure inerease due to sudden filling, converting from static pressure to design pressure DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE SILOS AND STACKING TUBLS 3198.23 diameter (inside, unless noted); dead load modulus of elasticity for steel and concrete, respectively required meridional membrane strength, per unit length of circumference of hopper wall required tangential membrane unit width of hopper wall rength, per required hoop or horizontal teusile strength, usually per unit height of wal height of silo above top of hopper or transition (see Fig. 4-1 and Fig. 4-2) effective height of material above top of hopper assuming top of stored material is leveled (see Table C.1) height from top of silo to bottom of topmost overpressure zone perimeter of horizontal (inside) cross section; live load positive (tension inside face) and negative (tension outside face) _cireumferential bending moments, respectively, caused by asymmetric filling or emptying under service oad conditions required thermal bending strength, per unit width of wall, in the x-direction and y- direction, respectively required bending strength, per unit height of wall circular bending strength for an assembled

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