Professional Documents
Culture Documents
*HQHUDOLGDGHV,PSRUWDQFLD=RQDVKRUWtFRODVGH$UJHQWLQD&ODVLILFDFLyQ
+257,&8/785$<2/(5,&8/785$6LJQLILFDGR
6HGHILQH+257,&8/785$FRPRODGLVFLSOLQDTXHDEDUFDHOHVWXGLR\DSURYHFKDPLHQWRGH
ODV SODQWDV KRUWtFRODV 6HJ~Q HO 'LFFLRQDULR GH OD 5HDO $FDGHPLD (VSDxROD HO WHUPLQR
+257,&8/785$VHGHILQHFRPRHOFXOWLYRGHKXHUWDVyKXHUWRV\ODVKRUWDOL]DVFRPRODV
YHUGXUDV \ GHPiV SODQWDV FRPHVWLEOHV TXH VH FXOWLYDQ HQ KXHUWRV 'H DFXHUGR D HVWR
HVSHFLHV FRPR WRPDWH SLPLHQWR SDSD HWF HVWDUtDQ GHQWUR GH ODV GHPiV SODQWDV TXH VH
FXOWLYDQHQODKXHUWD\QRWHQGUtDQXQDGHQRPLQDFLyQSURSLD
'XUDQWH DOJ~Q WLHPSR VH SHQVy UHHPSOD]DU HO WpUPLQR +RUWLFXOWXUD SRU HO GH 2OHULFXOWXUD
WHUPLQRLQJOpVTXHWDPELpQWLHQHVXVUDtFHVHQHOODWtQ ROXVSODQWDSDUDODFRFLQDySDUDVHU
FRFLQDGDSHURHVWHWpUPLQRQRSURVSHUySRUVHUDMHQRDODGHQRPLQDFLyQWUDGLFLRQDOGHORV
SDtVHVGHKDEODKLVSDQDSDUWLFXODUPHQWHGHOD$UJHQWLQD
1RVRWURV SRGHPRV GHILQLHU +257,&8/785$ FRPR HO FRQMXQWR GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV
DJURQyPLFRVDSOLFDGRVDODSURGXFFLyQGHKRUWDOL]DV
< GHILQLUHPRV +RUWDOL]DV D XQD DJUXSDFLyQ FRQYHQFLRQDO GH SODQWDV KHUEiFHDV y
VXEOHxRVDVTXHVHXWLOL]DQHQODDOLPHQWDFLyQKXPDQDVLQVXIULUSURIXQGRVSURFHVRVSUHYLRV
GH WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ SHUR TXH SXHGHQ VHU LQGXVWULDOL]DGDV SDSDV IULWDV FKLSV FRQJHODGRV
DUYHMDVHQODWDGDVSXUpGHWRPDWHVGXOFHVFRQVHUYDVHWF
8QDGHILQLFLyQPiVDSOLFDGDGH+257,&8/785$VHUtDHOHVWXGLR\PDQHMRGHODHPSUHVD
SDUDSURGXFFLyQGHKRUWDOL]DVGHQWURGHOPDUFRVRFLDOTXHODURGHD\QRVyORWRPDPRVHQ
FXHQWD HO FLFOR YHJHWDWLYR GH ODV HVSHFLHV VLQR DVSHFWRV TXH JUDYLWDQ DQWHV GH OD VLHPEUD
RUJDQL]DFLyQLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDIDFWRUVRFLDOHWF\GHVSXpVGHODFRVHFKDFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ
LQGXVWULDOL]DFLyQHWF
,03257$1&,$'(/$+257,&8/785$
/DVKRUWDOL]DVWLHQHQVXPDLPSRUWDQFLD HQODDOLPHQWDFLyQ SUHVHQWH\IXWXUDVREUHWRGRVL
FRQVLGHUDPRVTXHODSREODFLyQPXQGLDOVHLQFUHPHQWDXQSRUDxRGXSOLFDVXQ~PHUR
FDGDDxRVPLHQWUDVTXHODVWLHUUDVDSWDVSDUDORVFXOWLYRVVHUHGXFHQ
/RV FLQFR SULQFLSLRV EiVLFRV GH OD DOLPHQWDFLyQ KXPDQD VRQ SURWHtQDV YLWDPLQDV VDOHV
PLQHUDOHVKLGUDWRVGHFDUERQR\OtSLGRV
3URWHtQDV
6RQ FRPSXHVWRV HVWUXFWXUDOHV LQKHUHQWHV D OD FRQIRUPDFLyQ GH ORV RUJDQLVPRV
UHTXLULpQGRVHXQPtQLPRGHJNJGHSHVRYLYRSRUGtD
6HJ~QODVHFXHQFLDGHDPLQRiFLGRVVHGHWHUPLQDODFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHODSURWHtQD'HORV
DPLQRiFLGRVHVFHQFLDOHVWULSWRIDQRFLVWLQDKLVWLGLQDIHQLODODQLQDOLVLQDWUHRQLQDPHWLRQLQD
\ OHXFLQD ODV KRUWDOL]DV FRQWLHQHQ DOJXQRV SRU OR TXH OD GLHWD GLDULD TXH UHTXLHUH XQ
GHFRQWHQLGRSURWHLFRGHEHVHUVXSOHPHQWDGDFRQSURWHtQDVGHRULJHQDQLPDOSRUOR
PHQRVHQXQ(QWUHODVHVSHFLHVFRQPD\RUSRUFHQWDMHGHSURWHtQDVVHFLWDQSRURWR
KDEDDUYHMDOHQWHMDJDUEDQ]R
9LWDPLQDV
&RPSXHVWRV LPSUHVFLQGLEOHV HQ PtQLPDV FDQWLGDGHV FDWDOL]DQ WRGDV ODV UHDFFLRQHV
TXtPLFDVGHORUJDQLVPR
9LWDPLQD$DEXQGDQWHHQ]DQDKRULDEDWDWDVDQDUDQMDGDVWRPDWH\YHUGXUDVGHKRMD
&iWHGUDGH+RUWLFXOWXUD)$$816(
*HQHUDOLGDGHV,PSRUWDQFLD=RQDVKRUWtFRODVGH$UJHQWLQD&ODVLILFDFLyQ
% WLDPLQD HQ DUYHMD WLHUQD OHJXPEUHV VHFDV % ULERIODYLQD HQ ODV KRUWDOL]DV GH KRMD
% iFLGR SDQWRWpQLFR HQ EUyFROL % iFLGR IyOLFR HQ KRUWDOL]DV GH KRMD % SLULGR[LQD
KRUWDOL]DVGHKRMD
9LWDPLQD & iFLGR DVFyUELFR HQ FDVL WRGDV ODV KRUWDOL]DV (Q JUDQ FDQWLGDG HQ SLPLHQWR
WDPELpQHQFUXFtIHUDVUHSROOREUyFROLFROLIORUWRPDWHHWF
6DOHVPLQHUDOHV
,PSUHVFLQGLEOHV SDUD XQD VHULH GH PHFDQLVPRV ItVLFRTXtPLFRV UHJXODFLyQ iFLGREDVH
SUHVLyQRVPyWLFDLRQHVWUDQVPLVRUHVGHOLPSXOVRQHXURPXVFXODU\HODJXDFRPRVROYHQWH
GHODVVXVWDQFLDVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQORVWHMLGRVYLYRV
(VSHFLHVULFDVHQVDOHVHVSLQDFDPHOyQ]DSDOORDSLREDWDWDEUyFROL(QDJXDYHUGXUDV
GHKRMDOHFKXJDHVSLQDFDUHSROOR\GHIUXWRWRPDWHVDQGtDPHOyQ
+LGUDWRVGHFDUERQR
$]~FDUHV \ DOPLGRQHV FX\D IXQFLyQ HV HVSHFtILFDPHQWH HQHUJpWLFD SRU SURFHVRV GH
R[LGDFLyQSURYHHQHQHUJtDSDUDHOUHVWRGHODVIXQFLRQHVELROyJLFDV
6RQ ULFDV HQ D]~FDUHV IUXWLOOD PDt] GXOFH HQ DOPLGyQ SDSD EDWDWD xDPH EHUHQMHQD
]DSDOORV
/tSLGRV
/DVKRUWDOL]DVVRQSREUHVHQJUDVDVyDFHLWHVTXHDSDUWHGHVXVIXQFLRQHVHQHUJpWLFDV\
HVWUXFWXUDOHVFRQVWLWX\HQODVVXVWDQFLDVGHUHVHUYDGHORUJDQLVPR
)LEUDyFHOXORVD
(OHPHQWRV LPSRUWDQWHV TXH LQIOX\HQ HQ OD GLJHVWLyQ (M UHSROOR FROHV HQ JHQHUDO
HVSiUUDJRDOFDXFLOHVSiUUDJR
$FHLWHVHVFHQFLDOHV
&RPSXHVWRV TXH OHV GDQ DURPD \ VDERU D ODV FRPLGDV /RV SRVHHQ DMR FHEROOD KLQRMR
SHUHMLODSLR
/DFRPSRVLFLyQTXtPLFDGHODVKRUWDOL]DVQRHVFRQVWDQWHSUHVHQWDQGRYDULDFLRQHVFRQHO
FXOWLYDU pSRFD GH FRVHFKD yUJDQR GH FRQVXPR IRUPD GH FRQVXPR FUXGD y FRFLGD 3RU
HMHPSOR
(Q ]DSDOOR HO FRQWHQLGR GH YLWDPLQD & YDUtD HQWUH ORV FXOWLYDUHV (O FY %XWWHUQXW SRVHH
PJJPLHQWUDVTXHHOFY+XEEDUGWLHQHPJJ\HO&Y3LQNEDQDQDSRVHH
PJJ
(OSLPLHQWRDOHVWDGRYHUGHSRVHHHOGH9LWDPLQD$\HOGHYLWDPLQD&TXHHQ
HOHVWDGRURMRPDGXUR
/DFHEROODPDGXUDWLHQH8,GH9LWDPLQD$PLHQWUDVTXHVLFRQVLGHUDPRVDODGHYHUGHR
HVWDGRYHJHWDWLYRLQPDGXURFRQKRMDVLQFOXLGDVSRVHH8,GH9LWDPLQD$
/D FRFFLyQ FDPELD OD FRPSRVLFLyQ LQWHUQD ORV DOPLGRQHV SDVDQ D D]~FDUHV PDV
GLJHVWLEOHV ODV YLWDPLQDV $ \ % VH UHGXFHQ FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH PLHQWUDV TXH OD & VH
GHVWUX\HFDVLSRUFRPSOHWR
/DVOHJXPEUHVYDUtDQPDUFDGDPHQWHHQVXFRQWHQLGRVHJ~QVHFRQVXPDQDOHVWDGRVHFR
yYHUGH(QJHQHUDOODVOHJXPEUHVVHFDVVRQPiVULFDVHQSURWHtQDVJUDVDVHKLGUDWRVGH
FDUERQR
&iWHGUDGH+RUWLFXOWXUD)$$816(
*HQHUDOLGDGHV,PSRUWDQFLD=RQDVKRUWtFRODVGH$UJHQWLQD&ODVLILFDFLyQ
(QHOPXQGRVHSUHVHQWDQGRVWLSRVGH KRUWLFXOWXUDVFRQFDUDFWHUHVELHQGLIHUHQFLDGRV
+RUWLFXOWXUD GH ODV UHJLRQHV WURSLFDOHV FRQ HVSHFLHV ULFDV HQ DOPLGyQ U~VWLFDV FRPR
PDQGLRFDEDWDWDxDPHDOJRGHVRMD\SRURWRVTXHQRVLHPSUHFRPSOHWDQODVQHFHVLGDGHV
SURWHLFDV
+RUWLFXOWXUDGHODVUHJLRQHVWHPSODGDV ODPD\RUtDGHODVKRUWtFRODVVHDGDSWDQPHMRUD
HVWDVFRQGLFLRQHVHFROyJLFDVKD\YDULHGDGGHHVSHFLHVULFDVHQSURWHtQDVYLWDPLQDVVDOHV
PLQHUDOHVHKLGUDWRVGHFDUERQRTXHJHQHUDQXQDDOLPHQWDFLyQPiVYDULDGD\HTXLOLEUDGD
$QLYHOSDtVSRGHPRVDQDOL]DUYDULRVDVSHFWRV
'LHWpWLFR GHO TXH \D KHPRV KDEODGR (O DUJHQWLQR FRQVXPH HQ SURPHGLR NJ
KDELWDQWHDxRGHORVFXDOHVODPLWDGFRUUHVSRQGHDODSDSDORTXHKDEODGHODLPSRUWDQFLD
GHODVKRUWDOL]DVHQODGLHWDGHODSREODFLyQ
$JURQyPLFR
6H FXOWLYDQ FRPHUFLDOPHQWH DOUHGHGRU GH HVSHFLHV FRQ VXV IRUPDV \ YDULHGDGHV GH
DOUHGHGRUGHIDPLOLDVERWiQLFDV$TXtFRQVLGHUDPRVODFRPSOHMLGDGTXHLPSOLFDHOPDQHMR
GH FXOWLYRV GLVWLQWRV GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD FXOWXUDO VDQLWDULR GH FRQVHUYDFLyQ
FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQHWF
3RURWURODGRVHSURGXFHKRUWDOL]DVDORODUJRGH$UJHQWLQDFRQXQDDPSOLDGLYHUVLGDGGH
FOLPDV OR TXH LPSOLFD SUiFWLFDV HVSHFtILFDV GH PDQHMR SDUD DGHFXDU ORV UHTXHULPLHQWRV GH
ODVHVSHFLHVDODVGLVWLQWDVFRQGLFLRQHV
(FRQyPLFR
'HDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHPLOORQHVGHKHFWiUHDVRFXSDGDVFRQDJULFXOWXUDVHGHVWLQDQDOD
KRUWLFXOWXUDPLOTXHJHQHUDQXQYROXPHQGHSURGXFFLyQGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHPLOORQHV
GHWRQHODGDV
6LFRPSDUDPRVHVWDVFLIUDVFRQODVTXHJHQHUDQORVFHUHDOHVJLUDVRO\OLQRODVKRUWDOL]DV
RFXSDQYHFHVPHQRVVXSHUILFLHSHURVXSURGXFWLYLGDGHVYHFHVPD\RU
/DSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHODVOHJXPEUHV\KRUWDOL]DVHQHO3URGXFWR%UXWR$JUtFRODHVGHO
FRQXQDWHQGHQFLDGHFUHFLHQWHHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVUHVXOWDQWHGHODFDtGDGHORVQLYHOHVGH
VDODULRUHDO\GHOHVWDQFDPLHQWRUHODWLYRGHOVHFWRUFRQUHODFLyQDRWURVFRPRHOGHFHUHDOHV\
ROHDJLQRVDVIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHVRMD6LQHPEDUJRHO9DORUGHOD3URGXFFLyQFRQVLGHUDGR
FRPRHOSUHFLRPHGLRTXHVHSDJDDOSURGXFWRUHVXQRGHORVPiVDOWRVGHOVHFWRUDJUtFROD
8QGHOYROXPHQSURGXFLGRVHH[SRUWDVLHQGRODV PiV LPSRUWDQWHV ODV H[SRUWDFLRQHV
GH SRURWR VHFR DMR FHEROOD \ HVSiUUDJR IUHVFR (Q ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV VH LQFUHPHQWDURQ ODV
H[SRUWDFLRQHVHQYDULRVUXEURVKRUWtFRODVSHURGHHVFDVDVLJQLILFDFLyQ
/DSURGXFFLyQGHKRUWDOL]DVVHGHVDUUROODHQODPD\RUtDGHODVSURYLQFLDVGHOSDtV\SRUOD
VLWXDFLyQJHRJUiILFDGHHOODVODRIHUWDGHORVSULQFLSDOHVSURGXFWRVHVSHUPDQHQWHDORODUJR
GHODxRH[LVWHXQDEDVWHFLPLHQWRWRWDOGHOFRQVXPRQDFLRQDO
6RFLDO
&RQVLGHUDQGRTXHHQWUHORVGLVWLQWRVWLSRVGHH[SORWDFLRQHVKRUWtFRODVRFXSDQXQSURPHGLR
GHSHUVRQDVKDH[LVWLUtDQPLOSHUVRQDVWUDEDMDQGRHQHOVHFWRU
&iWHGUDGH+RUWLFXOWXUD)$$816(
*HQHUDOLGDGHV,PSRUWDQFLD=RQDVKRUWtFRODVGH$UJHQWLQD&ODVLILFDFLyQ
6L VXPDPRV HO SHUVRQDO TXH JLUD DOUHGHGRU GH ODV FDGHQDV GH FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ
LQWHUPHGLDULRV PD\RULVWDV PLQRULVWDV IHULDQWHV WUDQVSRUWLVWDV FKDQJDGRUHV \ GH
LQGXVWULDOL]DFLyQHVWDDFWLYLGDGRFXSDHQ$UJHQWLQDDOUHGHGRUGHPLOORQHVGHSHUVRQDV
/D GLVWULEXFLyQ GH OD DFWLYLGDG KRUWtFROD D OR ODUJR GHO SDtV JUDYLWD DGHPiV HQ IRUPD
LPSRUWDQWHHQODVHFRQRPtDVUHJLRQDOHV
5(*,21(6+257,&2/$6$5*(17,1$6
/D DPSOLD GLYHUVLGDG FOLPiWLFDTXHUHJLVWUD HO SDtV SRVLELOLWDTXH ORV SURGXFWRV KRUWtFRODV
WHQJDQXQDSUHVHQFLDFDVLFRQVWDQWHHQHOPHUFDGRGXUDQWHWRGRHODxR
(OPHMRUDPLHQWRGHODVUXWDV\GHPHGLRVGHWUDQVSRUWHHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVSHUPLWHTXHODV
KRUWDOL]DVDUULEHQDORVPHUFDGRVHQSRFDVKRUDVGHVGHSXQWRVGLVWDQWHVGHOWHUULWRULR
(Q FDVL WRGDV ODV SURYLQFLDV H[LVWH XQD SURGXFFLyQ KRUWtFROD SDUD HO PHUFDGR ORFDO y GH
HVWDFLyQ \y SDUD HQYLDU D ORV JUDQGHV FHQWURV FRQVXPLGRUHV GHO SDtV FRPR VRQ &DSLWDO
)HGHUDOPLOORQHVGHKDELWDQWHV\DOUHGHGRUHV5RVDULR&yUGRED0HQGR]DTXHDVXYH]
DFW~DQFRPRFHQWURVGHGLVWULEXFLyQHQVXiUHDGHLQIOXHQFLD
6REUH OD EDVH GH VX ORFDOL]DFLyQ JHRJUiILFD \ D ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SURGXFWLYDV SRGHPRV
FODVLILFDUODVVLJXLHQWHV5HJLRQHV+RUWtFRODV
5(*,21'(/1252(67(
$EDUFDODVSURYLQFLDVGH-XMX\ 6DOWD7XFXPiQ \ 6DQWLDJR GHO (VWHUR (Q HVWD UHJLyQ VH
SURGXFHQFXOWLYRVGHSULPLFLDOHJXPLQRVDVSDUDJUDQRVHFR\FXOWLYRVGHHVWDFLyQ
=21$7(035$1$
&RPSUHQGH HO QRUWH GH 6DOWD \ VXGHVWH GH -XMX\ )LWRJHRJUiILFDPHQWH FRUUHVSRQGH D OD
VHOYD7XFXPDQR%ROLYLDQDFRQXQQHWRFOLPDVXEWURSLFDOWHPSHUDWXUDVPHGLDVDQXDOHVGH
D&HVFDVDVKHODGDVVXDYHVD&GHFRUWDGXUDFLyQ\PLFURFOLPDVSURWHJLGRV
GRQGH QRUPDOPHQWH QR RFXUUHQ KHODGDV HO UpJLPHQ GH OOXYLDV HV SULPDYHUR HVWLYDO D
PP SRU OR TXH ORV FXOWLYRV SULPLFLD FRQ FRVHFKDV HQWUH 0DU]R \ 6HWLHPEUH VH
UHDOL]DQEDMRULHJR(VODSULQFLSDO]RQDSURGXFWRUDGHSULPLFLDVGHOSDtV
6RQLPSRUWDQWHVODVORFDOLGDGHVXELFDGDVHQHOUDPDO*HPHV2UiQ6DQ3HGUR&RORQLD
6DQWD &ODUD &DOLOHJXD <XWR 3HULFR )UDLOH 3LQWDGR -XMX\ \ 8UXQGHO &RORQLD 6WD 5RVD
6DX]DOLWR(PEDUFDFLyQ3LFKDQDO2UiQ6DOWD6HFXOWLYDQSULQFLSDOPHQWHWRPDWHSLPLHQWR
EHUHQMHQD]DSDOOLWRSDSDDUYHMDSDUDIUHVFRSRURWRFKDXFKDSHSLQRHWF(VWDVXE]RQDVH
KDGHVDUUROODGRLQWHQVDPHQWHHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVLQFRUSRUDQGRWHFQRORJtDVREUHODEDVH
GH FDUSDV SOiVWLFDV FXOWLYDUHV KtEULGRV PHMRU XVR GH ULHJR \ IHUWLOL]DQWHV 6H XVDQ HQ
JHQHUDOVXSHUILFLHVGHDKD
(QWUDGDDO0HUFDGR1DFLRQDOGHVGH PDU]RDEULO KDVWDVHWLHPEUHRFWXEUH
=21$6(0,7(035$1$
&RPSUHQGH HO VXU GH 6DOWD 9DOOHV &DOFKDTXtHV 1( GH &DWDPDUFD 6DQWD 0DUtD \
7XFXPiQ
(Q 6DOWD \ &DWDPDUFD VH SURGXFH SLPLHQWR SDUD SLPHQWyQ GH OD SURGXFFLyQ
QDFLRQDOHVXQDUHJLyQGHHVFDVDVSUHFLSLWDFLRQHVPP\KHODGDVLQWHQVDV$OWRV
9DOOHV6HFXOWLYDHQSULPDYHUDYHUDQRFRQULHJR
&iWHGUDGH+RUWLFXOWXUD)$$816(
*HQHUDOLGDGHV,PSRUWDQFLD=RQDVKRUWtFRODVGH$UJHQWLQD&ODVLILFDFLyQ
(Q 7XFXPiQ VH SXHGH GLIHUHQFLDU UHJLRQHV DO 2HVWH OD ]RQD GHO 9DOOH GH 7UDQFDV HV
VHPLOOHUD WUDGLFLRQDO GH DUYHMD OHFKXJD \ SRURWR \ VH FXOWLYD WRPDWH SLPLHQWR ]DQDKRULD
SDSD HQ ORV DOWRV YDOOHV GH7DIt \ $PDLFKD VH SURGXFH KRUWDOL]DV GXUDQWH HO YHUDQR \ 7DIt
SURGXFH SDSD SDUD VHPLOOD \ HQ 6DQ -DYLHU \ 5DFR VH SURGXFH HQ SULPDYHUD YHUDQR
KRUWDOL]DVGHKRMD\UDt]OHFKXJD\]DQDKRULDSDUDHOPHUFDGRORFDO
$O FHQWUR XQD ]RQD VXEWURSLFDO /XOHV %HOOD 9LVWD )DPDLOOi 0RQWHURV $JXLODUHV 9LOOD
$OEHUGL VH SURGXFH DUYHMD SDUD IUHVFR GH OD 31 SRURWR FKDXFKD GH OD 31
SDSDWRPDWHSLPLHQWREHUHQMHQD]DSDOOLWRGHWURQFRIUXWLOODDOFDXFLOVHFXOWLYDQGXUDQWHHO
RWRxR LQYLHUQR \ SULPDYHUD FRQ FRVHFKDV KDVWD ILQHV GH QRYLHPEUH FRQ GHVWLQR ORFDO \
QDFLRQDO
$OHVWHOD]RQDGHOODQXUDFRQKHODGDVLQWHQVDVD&SUHFLSLWDFLRQHVGHD
PP GH ( D 2 /RV FXOWLYRV SULQFLSDOHV VRQ EDWDWD ]DSDOOR VDQGtD PHOyQ PDt] GXOFH
FHEROODDMR\SRURWRSDUDJUDQRVHFR6HSURGXFHGXUDQWHYHUDQR\RWRxR
=21$7$5',$
&RPSUHQGHHOFHQWURVXUGH6DOWD\1GH6JRGHO(VWHUR\FHQWURRHVWHGH6DQWLDJRGHO
(VWHUR
/D SULPHUD 5RVDULR GH OD )URQWHUD 0HWiQ -RDTXtQ 9 *RQ]DOHV *DRQD (O *DOSyQ
4XHEUDFKDO HQ 6DOWD \ 3HOOHJULQL HQ 6JR HV HO FHQWUR SURGXFWRU GH OHJXPEUHV VHFDV PiV
LPSRUWDQWHGHOSDtVVHFXOWLYDQOHJXPLQRVDVSDUDJUDQRVHFRSRURWRHOGHOD31HQ
YHUDQR\RWRxRJDUEDQ]RHQ$QWD\0HWiQHOGHOD31HQRWRxRLQYLHUQR\SULPDYHUD
FRQULHJRDUYHMDVRMD\HQORV~OWLPRVDxRVKD\XQDIXHUWHH[SDQVLyQGHOHQWHMD\KDED
(Q HO $UHD GH 5LHJR GH 6JR GHO (VWHUR XELFDGD HQ HO 3DUTXH &KDTXHxR FRQ
WHPSHUDWXUDV PHGLDV DQXDOHV HQWUH \ & \ Pi[LPDV \ PtQLPDV DEVROXWDV GH D
& UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH VH FXOWLYDQ KRUWDOL]DV SDUD IUHVFR H LQGXVWULD WRPDWH PDt] GXOFH
EDWDWD ]DSDOORV PHOyQ VDQGtD OHFKXJD WHPSUDQD HQYtRV GH PD\R D MXOLR FHEROOD
WHPSUDQD VDOLGD HQ VHWLHPEUH QRYLHPEUH ]DQDKRULD DUYHMD SRURWR FKDXFKD HWF EDMR
ULHJR
5(*,21'(/125(67(
/D]RQDTXHFRPSUHQGHHO(GH)RUPRVD&ORULQGD)RUPRVD&\(GH&KDFR5RTXH
6DHQ] 3HxD 9LOOD $QJHOD 5HVLVWHQFLD %DUUDQTXHUDV 1 \ 2 GH 6DQWD )p 5HFRQTXLVWD
9HUDTXHVHUtDODUHJLyQGHO3DUTXH&KDTXHxRFRQWHPSHUDWXUDVPHGLDVDQXDOHVGHD
& Pi[LPDV \ PtQLPDV DEVROXWDV GH \ & UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH KHODGDV GH PD\R D
VHWLHPEUH OOXYLDV GH D PPDxR HQ SULPDYHUD D RWRxR 6H FXOWLYD ]DSDOOR EDWDWD
PDQGLRFDFHEROOD\DMR
5(*,21$1',1$
&iWHGUDGH+RUWLFXOWXUD)$$816(
*HQHUDOLGDGHV,PSRUWDQFLD=RQDVKRUWtFRODVGH$UJHQWLQD&ODVLILFDFLyQ
$EDUFD ORV 9DOOHV GH &DWDPDUFD /D 5LRMD 6DQ -XDQ \ 0HQGR]D 8ELFDGD HQ HO 0RQWH
2FFLGHQWDO HV XQD UHJLyQ WHPSODGRFiOLGD \ VHFD FRQ KRUWLFXOWXUD EDMR ULHJR /DV
WHPSHUDWXUDVPHGLDVDQXDOHVYDUtDQHQWUH\&\VHUHJLVWUDQPtQLPDVDEVROXWDVGH
D &FRQKHODGDVWHPSUDQDVGHVGHPHGLDGRVGHPDU]R\WDUGtDVKDVWDPHGLDGRV GH
RFWXEUH /DV SUHFLSLWDFLRQHV QR VXSHUDQ ORV PP DQXDOHV 6H HQFXHQWUDQ ODV VLJXLHQWH
]RQDV
=21$7(035$1$
$EDUFDHO&(\12GH&DWDPDUFD$QGDOJDOi$PEDWR3RPiQ3DFOtQ(VTXL~9DOOH6DQ
)HUQDQGR /DV (VWDQFLDV \ &1 GH /D 5LRMD$LPRJDVWD )DPDWLQD &KLOHFLWR /D 5LRMD (Q
ORV YDOOHV FRQ ULHJR VH FXOWLYD SLPLHQWR SDUD SLPHQWyQ WRPDWH SDUD IUHVFR SDSD SDUD
FRQVXPR\VHPLOODHQ/DV(VWDQFLDV\RWUDVKRUWDOL]DVVyORSDUDFRQVXPRORFDO/DHVFDVD
SUHFLSLWDFLyQ \ EDMD KXPHGDG DPELHQWH SHUPLWHQ HO FXOWLYR GH KRUWDOL]DV SDUD VHPLOOD \
HVSHFLHVFRQGLPHQWLFLDV\DURPiWLFDV6DQ)HUQDQGRGHO9DOOHGH&DWDPDUFD
=21$,17(50(',$
&RPSUHQGHHO&\6GH6DQ-XDQ-DFKDO9DOOH)pUWLO9LOOD.UDXVH&DXFHWH\$EHUDVWDLQ
\&1\(GH0HQGR]D*UDO/DYDOOH/DV+HUDV*RGR\&UX]*XD\PDOOHQ 0DLS~ -XQtQ
5LYDGDYLD6WD5RVD/D3D]
(V XQD UHJLyQ DOWDPHQWH WHFQLILFDGD FRQ XQ EXHQ PDQHMR GHO ULHJR FRQ FXOWLYRV
HVSHFLDOL]DGRV GH WRPDWH SLPLHQWR FHEROOD DMR PHOyQ DUYHMD \ KRUWDOL]DV HQ JHQHUDO
GHVWLQDGDVDODLQGXVWULDGHOGHVKLGUDWDGRHQFXUWLGR\HQYDVDGRDOQDWXUDO
6H SURGXFH FRQ PX\ EXHQRV UHQGLPLHQWRV DSLR DOFDXFLO HVSiUUDJR VDQGtD PHOyQ
]DSDOORSDSDVHPLWHPSUDQDGHPX\EXHQDFDOLGDG\SRURWR
=21$7$5',$
(VWiQ LQFOXLGRV HO 2 GH 6DQ -XDQ 5RGHR ,JOHVLDV &DOLQJDVWD 2 \ 6( GH 0HQGR]D
/XMiQ6DQ&DUORV7XQX\iQ7XSXQJDWR6DQ5DIDHO*UDO$OYHDU
$EDUFDXQDVXSHUILFLHGHKDGHO HV GH 0HQGR]D FXOWLYDGDV FRQ WRPDWH
SLPLHQWR DUYHMD SDUD LQGXVWULD DMR FHEROOD SDSD VHPLWDUGtD ]DSDOOR EDWDWD \ PHOyQ (V
LPSRUWDQWHODSURGXFFLyQGHDMRSDUDFRQVXPRQDFLRQDO\H[SRUWDFLyQ
6H GHVWDFD OD DOWD WHFQRORJtD XWLOL]DGD HVSHFLDOPHQWH OD PHFDQL]DFLyQ GH VLHPEUD \
FRVHFKD HO XVR GH IHUWLOL]DQWHV HO PDQHMR GHO ULHJR FRQWURO GH SODJDV \ HQIHUPHGDGHV \
GHVDUUROORGHODVLQGXVWULDV
(VWDHVXQD]RQDGHSURGXFFLyQGHVHPLOODVKRUWtFRODVOHFKXJDHQ,JOHVLDVFHEROODHQ/D
&RQVXOWD\SDSDVHPLOODHQ0DODUJXH
5(*,21/,725$/
(VXQDH[WHQVDIUDQMDGHVGH6DQWD)pKDVWDHOSDUWLGR3DWDJRQHVHQHOVXUGH%V$V
=21$%8(126$,5(61257(
&RPSUHQGHODVPiUJHQHVGHO5tR3DUDQiGHVGH6DQ-DYLHU6DQWD)HKDVWD5DPDOOR%V
$V&RQWHPSHUDWXUDVPHGLDVDQXDOHVGHD&Pi[LPDV\PtQLPDVDEVROXWDVGH
\&KHODGDVGHVGHDEULODVHWLHPEUHOOXYLDVGHDPPSULQFLSDOPHQWH
HQSULPDYHUD\RWRxR
6HGHVWDFDQOD]RQDKRUWtFRODGHODFRVWD +HOYHFLD&D\DVWi6DQWD5RVDFRQHOFXOWLYRGH
]DQDKRULD XQD GH ODV SULQFLSDOHV IXHQWHV GH LQJUHVR SDUD SURGXFWRUHV \ HQ PHQRU PHGLGD
&iWHGUDGH+RUWLFXOWXUD)$$816(
*HQHUDOLGDGHV,PSRUWDQFLD=RQDVKRUWtFRODVGH$UJHQWLQD&ODVLILFDFLyQ
5(*,21&(175$/
$EDUFDHO12\&GH&yUGRED\12GH6DQ/XLV8ELFDGDHQHO3DUTXH&KDTXHxRWLHQH
WHPSHUDWXUDV PHGLDV DQXDOHV GH D & Pi[LPDV \ PLQLPDV DEVROXWDV GH & \
& \ KHODGDV WHPSUDQDV D SDUWLU GH PHGLDGRV GH DEULO \ WDUGtDV KDVWD PHGLDGRV GH
VHWLHPEUH//XYLDVDQXDOHVGHPPGHVGHRFWXEUHDPD\R
(Q &yUGRED DOUHGHGRUHV GH OD FDSLWDO &UX] GHO (MH 9LOOD 'RORUHV &RORQLDV &DUR\D \
7LUROHVD 5tR 3ULPHUR SUHGRPLQDQ ORV FXOWLYRV GH SDSD EDWDWD DMR FHEROOD KRUWDOL]DV GH
KRMD FXFXUELWiFHDV JDUEDQ]R (Q HO FXOWLYR GH SDSD &yUGRED KD H[SHULPHQWDGR XQ
FUHFLPLHQWRPX\LPSRUWDQWH$FWXDOPHQWHWLHQHHOGHODVXSHUILFLHVHPEUDGDHQHOSDtV
DWUDYpVGHGRVSODQWDFLRQHVDQXDOHVVHPLWHPSUDQDMXOLRDJRVWR\WDUGtDIHEUHUR
(Q 6DQ /XLV &DQGHODULD 0HUOR 6DQWD 5RVD &RQFDUiQ /D 7RPD 9LOOD 0HUFHGHV ORV
FXOWLYRVVRQPHQRVLPSRUWDQWHVSDUDHODEDVWHFLPLHQWRQDFLRQDO
+D\ FRORQLDV EDMR ULHJR HQ WRGDV ODV SURYLQFLDV SDUD OD SURGXFFLyQ KRUWtFROD DXQTXH VH
HQFXHQWUDQ]RQDVGHVHFDQRSDUDSRURWRVHFRHQODSURYLQFLDGH&yUGRED'HVSHxDGHURV
&iWHGUDGH+RUWLFXOWXUD)$$816(
*HQHUDOLGDGHV,PSRUWDQFLD=RQDVKRUWtFRODVGH$UJHQWLQD&ODVLILFDFLyQ
5(*,213$03($1$
&RPSUHQGHHO1\(GH/D3DPSD\1GH5tR1HJUR
=21$/$3$03$
8ELFDGD ILWRJHRJUiILFDPHQWH HQ OD (VWHSD 3DPSHDQD FRQ WHPSHUDWXUDV PHGLDV DQXDOHV
\&\Pi[LPDV\PtQLPDVDEVROXWDVGH&\D&FRQKHODGDVWHPSUDQDV
GHVGHILQHVGHPDU]R\WDUGtDVKDVWDILQHVGH6HWLHPEUH/OXYLDVGHDPPTXHVH
UHJLVWUDQHQSULPDYHUD\RWRxR(VWDVXEUHJLyQSURGXFHVRORSDUDHODEDVWHFLPLHQWRORFDO
SULQFLSDOPHQWH]DSDOORSDSDFHEROODDMR\KRUWDOL]DVGHKRMD
=21$5,21(*52
&RPSUHQGH HO 1 GH 5tR 1HJUR \ 62 GH /D 3DPSD &RORQLD GH 0D\R ,QFOXLGD HQ HO
0RQWH 2FFLGHQWDO FRQ WHPSHUDWXUDV PHGLDV DQXDOHV \ & \ Pi[LPDV \ PtQLPDV
DEVROXWDVGH&\&FRQKHODGDVWHPSUDQDVGHVGHPHGLDGRVGHPDU]R\WDUGtDV
KDVWDILQHVGHQRYLHPEUHSRUORTXHHOSHUtRGROLEUHGHKHODGDVHVPX\FRUWR/OXHYHD
PPGXUDQWHHOYHUDQR\HORWRxRSRUORTXHORVFXOWLYRVUHTXLHUHQULHJR$ODVPiUJHQHV
GHO5tR1HJURHQHOYDOOHVXSHULRU&LQFR6DOWRV&LSROHWWL$OOHQ9LOOD5HJLD&KRHOH&KRHO
*UDO 5RFD ,QJ +XHUJR 9LOOD 5HJLQD \ HQ HO YDOOH LQIHULRU 9LHGPD VH FXOWLYDQ WRPDWH \
SLPLHQWRSDUDLQGXVWULD\IUHVFRSDSDVHPLWDUGtDDMR]DQDKRULDKRUWDOL]DVGHKRMD]DSDOOLWR
HWF/DSDSDWRPDWH\DMRVHHQYtDQDPHUFDGRVFRQVXPLGRUHVIXHUDGHODUHJLyQ
5(*,213$7$*21,&$
&RPSUHQGH FHQWURV SHTXHxRV \ DLVODGRV XELFDGRV DO VXU GH 5tR 1HJUR GRQGH VH
HQFXHQWUDQ-XQtQ\6DQ0DUWtQGH/RV$QGHV1HXTXpQ%DULORFKH(O%REDU\9DOFKHWD5tR
1HJUR(VTXHO7UHOHZ&KXEXW\&DxDGD/HyQ6WD&UX]
(VWD UHJLyQ HV GH HVFDVD LPSRUWDQFLD HQ HO SDQRUDPD KRUWtFROD QDFLRQDO (QWUH OD
SURGXFFLyQ SDUD HO FRQVXPR ORFDO VH FLWDQ SDSD SRURWR VHFR KRUWDOL]DV GH KRMD FHEROOD
]DQDKRULDUHPRODFKDDUYHMDHWF
'DGD ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH DOJXQRV PLFURFOLPDV VH KDQ UHJLVWUDGR HQ DOJXQDV HVSHFLHV
DOWRVUHQGLPLHQWRVGHELGRDODDPSOLWXGIRWRSHULyGLFDTXHVHUHJLVWUDHQYHUDQR
&iWHGUDGH+RUWLFXOWXUD)$$816(
*HQHUDOLGDGHV,PSRUWDQFLD=RQDVKRUWtFRODVGH$UJHQWLQD&ODVLILFDFLyQ
&/$6,),&$&,21'(/$6+257$/,=$6
6HJ~QODGXUDFLyQGHODSODQWD
$QXDOHV
/DSODQWDFRPSOHWDVXFLFORYHJHWDWLYR\UHSURGXFWLYRHQHOPLVPRDxRGHODVLHPEUD(M
PDt]GXOFHSRURWRHWF
%LHQDOHV
/DSODQWDHQVXSULPHUFLFORGHVDUUROODVXVLVWHPDYHJHWDWLYR\HQXQVHJXQGRDxRHPLWH
VXVLVWHPDUHSURGXFWLYR(MFHEROOD]DQDKRULDHWF
(Q FOLPDV WHPSODGRV FRQ LQYLHUQRV VXDYHV GHVDUUROOD VX VLVWHPD YHJHWDWLYR \
UHSURGXFWLYRHOPLVPRDxR
3HUHQQHV
'HVDUUROODQ VX VLVWHPD YHJHWDWLYR \ UHSURGXFWLYR HQ HO PLVPR DxR SHUR GHELGR D TXH
FXHQWDQ FRQ yUJDQRV GH UHVHUYD VXEWHUUiQHRV DXQTXH VX VLVWHPD DpUHR GHFDH OD SODQWD
YXHOYHDYHJHWDUHQDxRVVXFHVLYRV(MSDSDHVSiUUDJR
9LYDFHV
3ODQWDV FX\R VLVWHPD YHJHWDWLYR \ U HSURGXFWLYR SHUPDQHFHQ YLYRV GXUDQWH DxRV VDOYR
TXHWHPSHUDWXUDVH[WUHPDVyHQIHUPHGDGHVODVHOLPLQHQ(MIUXWLOOD
&LHUWDV HVSHFLHV FRPR SRURWR WRPDWH SLPLHQWR EHUHQMHQD HWF SXHGHQ FRPSRUWDUVH
FRPRSHUHQQHVFXDQGRFXOWLYDUHVGHFUHFLPLHQWRLQGHWHUPLQDGRVHGHVDUUROODQHQFOLPDVVLQ
KHODGDV HV GHFLU TXH ODV SODQWDV FRQWLQ~DQ LQLQWHUUXPSLGDPHQWH VX FUHFLPLHQWR SRU YDULRV
DxRV
3RUVXIRUPDGHUHSURGXFFLyQ
'H DFXHUGR D ORV yUJDQRV FRP~QPHQWH XVDGRV SDUD VX UHSURGXFFLyQ SXHGHQ
HQFRQWUDUVHORVVLJXLHQWHVFDVRV
3RUVHPLOOD OHJXPEUHVWRPDWHEHUHQMHQDSLPLHQWRPHOyQVDQGtDFHEROODYHUGXUDV
GHKRMDSXHUUR]DQDKRULDHVSiUUDJR
3RUEXOERVDMRGLHQWHVFKDORWD
3RUUL]RPDVHVSiUUDJRWDUR
3RUWXEpUFXORV SDSD
3RUUDtFHVWXEHURVDV EDWDWD
3RUSODQWLQHV IUXWLOODEDWDWD
3RUFXOWLYRGHWHMLGRVyPHULVWHPDV
0pWRGR GH SURSDJDFLyQ SDUD REWHQHU PDWHULDOHV OLEUHV GH HQIHUPHGDGHV KRQJRV YLUXV
7HFQRORJtD GHVDUUROODGD SDUD DVHJXUDU PDWHULDO GH DOWD XQLIRUPLGDG \ VDQLGDG HQ GLYHUVDV
HVSHFLHVFRPRSDSDEDWDWDIUXWLOODHWF
6HJ~QVXFRPSRUWDPLHQWRDWHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWH
&iWHGUDGH+RUWLFXOWXUD)$$816(
*HQHUDOLGDGHV,PSRUWDQFLD=RQDVKRUWtFRODVGH$UJHQWLQD&ODVLILFDFLyQ
6HQVLEOHVDOIUtR
6RQHVSHFLHVFX\RGHVDUUROORYHJHWDWLYR\UHSURGXFWLYRUHTXLHUHQWHPSHUDWXUDVPHGLDV
HQWUH \ & HV GHFLU TXH QR VH GHVDUUROODQ FRQ WHPSHUDWXUDV EDMDV &
TXHGDQGR HOLPLQDGDV SRU KHODGDV GH FRUWD GXUDFLyQ (M WRPDWH SLPLHQWR EHUHQMHQD PDt]
GXOFH]DSDOORVPHOyQVDQGtDSRURWRFKDXFKDEDWDWDHWF
0HGLDQDPHQWHUHVLVWHQWHVDOIUtR
(VSHFLHVTXHVHGHVDUUROODQ ELHQ FRQ WHPSHUDWXUDVPHGLDV HQWUH \ & \ QR VRQ
HOLPLQDGDVSRUKHODGDV VXDYHV D & \ FRUWDGXUDFLyQ (M OHFKXJD DUYHMD HVSLQDFD
UHSROORUHSROOLWRGHEUXVHODVFROLIORUDSLRDMRFHEROODHVSLQDFD]DQDKRULD
&DEHDFODUDUTXHKHODGDVGHD&GHFLHUWDGXUDFLyQPiVGHKVDIHFWDUiQODV
IORUHV\YDLQDVWLHUQDVGHFXOWLYRVFRPRIUXWLOODDUYHMDQRDVtVXVKRMDVyWDOORV
&ODVLILFDFLyQERWiQLFD
6HFXOWLYDQDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHHVSHFLHVFRQVXVIRUPDV\ YDULHGDGHVGHDOUHGHGRUGH
IDPLOLDVERWiQLFDV(QHOFXDGURVHHQFXHQWUDQDOJXQDVGHHOODVFRQHOQRPEUHYXOJDU\
FLHQWtILFRGHODHVSHFLHERWiQLFD
6HJ~QHOyUJDQRFRPHVWLEOH
'HKRMD OHFKXJDDFHOJDHVSLQDFDDFKLFRULDUHSROORDSLR
'HUDt]FDUQRVD ]DQDKRULDEDWDWDQDER
7XEpUFXORSDSD
'HEXOER FHEROODDMR
'HSHFtROR DSLRKLQRMR
'HEURWHVMyYHQHVy\HPDVD[LODUHVHVSiUUDJRUHSROOLWRGH%UXVHODV
'H,QIORUHVFHQFLDV FROLIORUDOFDXFLOEUyFROL
'HIUXWR
ED\D WRPDWHSLPLHQWREHUHQMHQD
SHSyQLGH PHOyQVDQGtD]DSDOOR]DSDOOLWRGHWURQFRSHSLQR
OHJXPEUH SRURWRFKDXFKD
FDULRSVH PDt]GXOFH
IUXWRP~OWLSOH IUXWLOOD