Running Head: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUPER BOWL SECURITY

Growth and Development of Super Bowl Security in an World of Security Nightmares

Morgan Long

High Point University

Running Head: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUPER BOWL SECURITY

Growth and Development of Super Bowl Security in a

World of Security Nightmares

Over the past 51 years, the Super Bowl has grown in popularity and accessibility to the

public. During the first Super Bowl in 1967, the United States was fighting in the Vietnam war

and peace rallies were a common happening. The Space Race was still in full swing and Green

Bay defeated Kansas City in Los Angeles (Football Database, 2017). From that time, attendance

at the game has stayed fairly consistent, but commercialism and television have made the Super

Bowl and semi-global event with popularity on an unprecedented scale, with the past Super

Bowl boasting 172 million viewers the most in Super Bowl history and that only accounts for

the United States. With such high numbers and ratings, there are many exciting and highly

anticipated facets to the game which draws the country together, even if their teams are rivals.

However, in more recent times, the climate of the world has been slightly off kilter, and no event

can feel secure, big or small, without heavy security measures. Terrorist groups are getting

smarter and slyer than ever and are using large events, including sporting events, to make their

platforms known. The United States and the National Football League have a duty to the people

they serve to create safe and secure areas for people to come together in large crowds to enjoy

the classic American game of football. This literature review will attempt to explain the different

avenues that security organizations are taking to combat terrorism and crime in the Super Bowl

as well as different views on security drawn from interviews, news outlets, and academic articles.

In a world as polarized and unsure as this, it is important to understand the facts that lead to a

safer tomorrow at events like the Super Bowl so, differences aside, major issues are addressed

and people are protected. The three main risks at a sporting event like the Super Bowl are

physical, social, and electronic. Physical risks refer to the facility and building in which the event
Running Head: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUPER BOWL SECURITY

and related smaller events are being hosted, as well as physical threats made against the large and

small gatherings of people. Social risks are all to do with people and politics, and how those

people are screened for entry, but also how the political climate can affect a game. Lastly,

electronic refers to all things to do with cyber security, from social media to phone tapping and

everything in between. Reviewed will be sources ranging from academia in the field of

cyber/mega-event security to news sources covering the Super Bowl to investigation reports on

previous security breaches. All points show a continually complicated dynamic which is truly a

race against good and evil and which sides intelligence with prevail.

The first matter of business is to consider the physical threats facing the Super Bowl and

what major agencies and researchers are doing to try and combat the threat. In 2012, the Super

Bowl was held in Indianapolis. The TSA trained over 8,000 vendors and officials on ways to spot

terrorism in a program called First Observer (Watson, 2012). The program trained people from

all aspects of the stadium parking lot attendants, bus drivers, and even hot dog vendors to

recognized strange behavior that might indicate planning of terrorist attacks. The first indicator

could be something as simple as a large group of people all doing some typical activity at the

same time, like talking to officers or video recording. These special groups of people became

known as VIRP, or Visible Intermodal Prevention and Response. Since 2012, there has not only

been an increase in threats from foreign invasion, but also an increase in security needs by those

in attendance and those charged with protecting them. According to an article from the SMART

Journal entitled Spectator Perception of Security at the Super Bowl After 9/11: Implications for

Sport Facility Managers (Miller et al, 2008), the reason the Super Bowl is often seen as a

threatened by foreign invasion is due to the glorification of football as being wholly American.

According to the government, terrorist attacks are characterized as being politically motivated,
Running Head: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUPER BOWL SECURITY

therefore anti-American. The authors clearly outline the parallels between sports and American

culture at large. Football is a mecca of American culture because it is a unifier among everyone

who attends to experience authentic America, a rare occasion coming from a melting pot nation.

It also exemplifies commercialization, a huge aspect of current American culture which can be

frustratingly inauthentic to other nations. The chapter even explains that materialism and

commercialism are characteristics learned to be hated by terrorist groups like those in the Middle

East. Lastly, the facility itself holds huge quantities of people and attracts thousands more to the

surrounding area for other events based around the game. These events are referred to as soft

targets because they are less protected but still offer a substantial amount of people still

exemplifying patriotism all the same things that terrorists hate about the Super Bowl itself.

According to the journal, a major terrorist attack at the Super Bowl, besides just the causalities of

the spectators, would also affect the nation economically because of the large corporate buy in.

This would leave our country hurting in more ways than one. This research clearly addressed

what terrorism is and why it would find a target like the Super Bowl so appealing, but more

information could be added to address topics like those discussed in Security Games:

Surveillance and Control at Mega-Events (Bennett, 2011), like the publicity of the Super Bowl.

It is important for terrorists that their statement, whatever it may be, is made loudly and heard

across the globe. That means that targeting an event the whole world is fixated on watching is the

best way to ensure the message is being received globally. Now, the Super Bowl is not

technically followed all over the world, but of the 111 million viewers at this years Super Bowl,

millions of them being from outside the United States. In addition, there were millions of social

media interactions that spanned the world over during the 2017 game. The Olympics and World

Cup draw different crowds internationally, but viewership tends to be spread more thinly over the
Running Head: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUPER BOWL SECURITY

course of many days, whereas the Super Bowl is a concentrated few hours shown semi-globally.

Bennett explains that all mega-events in sports draw crowds from all over the world, not just on

the television but also in the seats. Security now must face the reality of foreign fans entering

their stadiums and accommodate for a mix of culture with high security. An effective way

security departments and leaders plan for their own events is to attend and observe others that

draw similar crowds and difficulties. Every new event leads to a new standard of security, and

the presence of underground terrorist groups working around the clock to get ahead calls for

every event to up the ante even further. Adaption of the security, however, is more complicated

than simply transferring information it needs to be transformed to adjust to the various

political, cultural, economic, and administrative conditions. Lastly, Bennett reminds us that we

live currently in a world of concern and fear in our own boarders more than possibly ever before,

which affects not only the way that security personnel handle safety, but also the way consumers

view and make decisions about attending large-scale sporting events, like the Super Bowl.

Understanding the basics as elaborated on by Bennett gives a greater knowledge of why we

study the security and why it is such a big deal. Now that the reason of attacks is identified, it is

easier to understand the threats facing the facility.

A year after the Boston Bombings in 2013, journalist J Dawsey (2014) wrote an article in

the Wall Street Journal entitled Super Bowl Security Efforts Outlined about the security efforts

taken for the Super Bowl being held in New Jersey at the MetLife Stadium, just 200 miles

southwest of the terrorized location. As all current mega events, the security planning began

years in advance for Super Bowl 48, but no one could have predicted the terror in Boston to

come in April of 2013. In terms of the physical setting up of systems and operations, security

started weeks before the game. All scenarios that could be thought of were planned and
Running Head: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUPER BOWL SECURITY

addressed to try to counteract any form of threat before it even happens. Beyond the borders of

the East Coast, precautions were carried out all over the globe to try to find and prevent all

threats that could be linked to the Super Bowl. Starting days before the game itself, the buses and

trains that headed to Northern New Jersey were secured with strict rules about what the

passengers could and could not bring on. In total, according to Dawsey, the cost of security at

this event was over $11 million and fortunately, that was enough to keep the spectators and those

in the surrounding area safe. Hosting a Super Bowl in the North East is no easy task, especially

since the attacks on 9/11 and the Boston bombings. It is no longer ample to just check bags of

attendees the area must be scanned relentlessly for weeks and security must be in tune to all

chances of threat worldwide. Two years after the MetLife Super Bowl, Santa Clara, California,

held the 50th Super Bowl with the veteran league Broncos facing the rookie league Panthers.

Once again, the game was on a global stage, providing the entertainment everyone loves about

the Super Bowl. Fitchburg identified the different strategies used for this game in particular in

Officials Beef Up Super Bowl Security (2016). The timing of the 2016 Super Bowl, according to

Fitchburg, was complicated. Earlier in the year, a married couple in San Bernardino created fear

by bringing terrorism to California. Just a few months before the Super Bowl, suicide bombers in

France terrorized an international soccer match both in the stadium and in surrounding areas.

Coordinating events in San Francisco with the Super Bowl in Santa Clara 45 miles away created

a more dynamic need for security that fights on two separate fronts. For this particular game,

over 60 agencies, both federal and local, are working in and around the Super Bowl to create

protection. Six miles from the stadium was a staffed FBI multi-agency post to monitor the

locations and protect from suspicious activity both on the internet and on site. According to

Fitchburg, the number one goal of law enforcement agencies was to prevent terrorist attacks, but
Running Head: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUPER BOWL SECURITY

the most difficult to protect against are lone wolf attackers who are not officially affiliated with

larger groups like ISIS, but are inspired by their ideals. In addition to the FBI post off site, the

local police in Santa Clara ran a command center inside the venue that utilized different things

like cameras and advanced surveillance through technology. Beyond the typical forms of bombs

expected at a game, the San Francisco Bay Area was monitored with special forces testing for

radiation spikes that could lead to chemical and biological attacks with air sniffers. Even to

enter into the downtown area of San Francisco, visitors went through metal detectors run by

military personnel in fatigues, adding another level of intimidation. In February of 2016, the

Secretary of Homeland Security met with the police in San Francisco to go over special security

for game day operations. A campaign was launched called If You See Something, Say

Something. The messages were displayed at local airports and other public transportation, road

signs, and other pieces of media around the area before the game. Even smartphones were

implemented as a form of protection, as fans were given reminders on how to stay safe and

report suspicious activity through messages on their apps. The campaign is run through the

Department of Homeland Security, who also sent hundreds of employees to assist local agencies

in protecting the game. For this particular game, the U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Customs and Border

Protection, and Immigration and Customs Enforcement were vital, as the location was just a

short distance from the West Coast of California. As with every Super Bowl, the specifics vary

depending on location. From New Jersey to California to Texas, new complications come with

new territory.

This year held more complications than any year prior with increased terror throughout

the globe and new threats like rouge trucks and more advanced computer hackers than ever

before. Perhaps the newest addition to the threat of safety at the game, however, is personal
Running Head: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUPER BOWL SECURITY

drones as a common toy as of 2016. According to the Super Bowl 51 Flight Restrictions listed by

the United States Department of Transportations Federal Aviation Administration, 21 different

airports were affected by the regulations listed to protect the air during the Super Bowl.

Restrictions went from the Thursday before the game to the Monday after and required all

aircrafts that wanted to take flight be screened by the TSA through special reservations made

ahead of time. Certain routes were blocked and all unmanned aircrafts, including independently

owned drones, were banned in a 34.5-mile radius around the stadium for the entire span of the

event, referred to as a no drone zone (FAA, 2017). The air was not the only concern of

security, however. The Houstons NGR Stadium was surrounded by a strict security perimeter of

5 blocks on all sides and thousands of concrete barriers to stop any chance of large vehicles

breaching the perimeter, similar to how Boston uses plow trucks to block the borders of the

Boston Marathon (Simmons, 2017). This years security worked as a culmination of over 40

federal agencies, all headed under the new Super Bowl head of security Lanier, a retired police

chief from Washington D.C. who has plenty of experience when it comes to protecting against

foreign crimes. She holds the responsibility of protecting the 71,795 people in the stadium, plus

the thousands gathered around in the city. According to Simmons, Lanier finds this job to be a

much bigger task than even protecting the inauguration. Her job is never done, as immediately

after this years Super Bowl, she will travel to Minnesota to start planning security for next

years game.

Beyond large scale threat, the Super Bowl also faces the same types of law-breaking that

all games experience. There is still a need to prevent scalpers and fake tickets as well as petty

crimes (Fitchburg, 2016). Perhaps the worst case of harmless crime to ever be committed at a

Super Bowl came with the theft of Tom Bradys jersey after the 51st Super Bowl in Houston.
Running Head: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUPER BOWL SECURITY

Klemko and Vrentas (2017) recap the tale of an average journalist who pulled off possibly the

best breach of security that anyone could have ever dreamt of in The Great Super Bowl Jersey

Caper. According to the source, Tom Bradys winning Super Bowl jersey, valued at half a

million dollars, was stolen from the locker room, one of the most sensitive areas of the arena,

after the post-game celebration. The sponsoring network, Fox, had three cameras recording in the

locker room to capture the special moments there, and there was one camera filming for the

Patriots in-house recording crew. These cameras just barely caught the perpetrator snagging

Tom Bradys bag from behind him as he washed his face. After a couple months, the security

personnel were able to narrow down the theft to be one of the 20,000 reporters, players, security

team members, volunteers, vendors, and everyone else with credentials allowing them to access

secure places in the stadium. The FBI then got a lead from an 18-year-old memorabilia collector

in Chicago, which gave the investigators more relevance and certainty. After narrowing the

description down to male, possibly Latino, the security agents were able to find a man named

Martin Ortega, a citizen of Mexico and a journalist who obtained entry through a special press

pass. Retrieving the missing jersey took cooperation between the Mexican and American law

enforcement amongst a few very large drug cartel investigations that involved the brutal murders

of dozens of people. Still, this case took priority. Once the two governments located the suspect,

the Mexican government arrived at Ortegas door step and requested he hand over the stolen

property, at which point he handed over two Tom Brady jerseys one from two years ago and

one from this year and a helmet from the Broncos win in 2016 (Klemko et al, 2017). At the

end of the investigation, Ortega was not arrested, and probably never will be because the crime

occurred across borders during a sporting event not many people in Mexico care very much

about. The positive outcome of the investigation was that international crime could be resolved
Running Head: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUPER BOWL SECURITY

with cooperating governments even amongst political tension, reports Klemko. The unfortunate

outcome was the blatant inability to protect one of the most sensitive areas of the Super Bowl for

3 years in a row without even knowing it. From next year and for every Super Bowl to come, the

level of security in the venerable underbelly of the stadium must be increased and clearances

must be given out with more caution (Kemko et al, 2017).

The second front which the war of security is fought on is the social front. As any sport

sociologist knows, sports are not just a game, and consequences from sport result in real world

attention, and the other way around. The world as it is in 2017 is the most divided yet the most

connected weve ever seen it, especially when looking domestically at America. After the 2016

election and the presidential race leading up to it, different areas of the country faced different

challenges. According to the 2010 census (City of Houston, 2017), Latinos and Hispanics make

up the majority of the citizens in Houston, and amongst high racial tensions from the Trump

campaign, extra security was taken to be especially cautious. Reuters writes in the New York

Times about super bowl security [being] tight amidst tension over Trump orders (2017). Not

only had Trump just ordered a ban on all people from the majority of Muslim countries from

entering our borders, but he also put forward legislation on building the wall to block illegal

immigrants after outwardly making negative broad generalizations about Hispanics. The country

was in political turmoil right around the time of the Super Bowl, and Houston was feeling the

impact. Peaceful protests were organized near the game site, which, according to Reuters, was

accepted and supported by many officers. However, pulling police away from the major site of

interest brought fear to the security leaders. FBI and SWAT teams were deployed to the protest

area to ensure safety, both dressed as law enforcement and as civilians. Bomb dogs sniffed the
Running Head: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUPER BOWL SECURITY

area around the stadium for a full 7-mile radius and all major areas around the stadium were

heavily policed. Even things like peaceful protests can change the dynamic of the security game.

Large scale political tensions were not the only threat to security. On a smaller scale, as

earlier discussed, there were changes in the position of Super Bowl security leadership as Cathy

Lanier moved into the role of Head of Security for the NFL (Johnson, 2016). She stepped down

from being the Police Chief of Washington D.C. after 10 years of faithful service to her city,

longer than anyone had previously held that position. According to an interview with Candice

Carter, a cyber security official for the government and a security trainer for the FBI, the timing

of the change is suspicious and points to a deeper meaning than just a simple change of

employment. The job position should have been filled, according to Carter, in the NFL off

season, immediately after the Super Bowl the year prior, so that she was involved with every part

of the process. Instead, she was brought in just as the league was starting pre-season and with

only 6 months to prepare for the Super Bowl. This leads Carter to speculation that threats were

not being handled properly and a new direction had to be taken immediately. Whether the issue

was political or personal, no answer is black and white, and a major change like this was surely

not taken lightly or without notice from other parties interested in Super Bowl security.

Perhaps the most important social issue surrounding the Super Bowl, however, happens

outside the stadium and in the hotels human trafficking. The Department of Homeland Security

launched a campaign called the Blue Campaign to help combat Human trafficking and works

closely with Super Bowl officials and the public in Super Bowl host cities. Unfortunately, the

Super Bowl still faces major issues in this way. Although the governing authorities in place

specifically for the Super Bowl might not be directly held accountable for the sex industry the

event brings, local agencies need to know what to look for to prevent damage happening on
Running Head: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUPER BOWL SECURITY

behalf of the game. Even worse, according to a local anti-trafficking agency in Houston, the

Super Bowl does more damage than just the weekend of the game. Once pimps bring girls to the

area, like they did in the 2004 Houston Super Bowl, they tend to stick around and grow the

industry there (Degollado, 2017). The city of Houston in 2017 laid down a zero-tolerance policy

for sex traffickers caught and publicly acknowledged the issue. The NFL on the other hand has

continued to deny a correlation between the game and the rise of sex-trafficking in the area the

game is held (Withers, 2017). Other influential sporting outlets, like Sports Illustrated, also claim

that the statistics on sex trafficking during the Super Bowl are unrealistic and blown out of

proportion with not enough evidence to prove a correlation. This can bring sports fans to ignore

the obvious signs of illegal trafficking and let their guard down when suspicious activity is

occurring. With the intensity of the game protection, law enforcement officials are already spread

thin, and there isnt a huge ability for investigation to be done in to trafficking rings or get the

attention it deserves by media and activists. Withers suggests that the only way for change to

occur is for the NFL to officially recognize the issue and raise awareness through their already

large platform. She also suggests that the best thing to do is educate those in positions of high

visibility to tourism hotel clerks, airline attendants, and other in the hospitality industry on

the signs of trafficking so what the police dont catch can be caught by everyday citizens paying

closer attention to their work places. This article not only addressed a very serious topic in the

realm of all mega sporting events, but also called to action the governing bodies to take a stand

and further protection for those in slavery. When profits are such a huge topic of discussion and a

drive force in the actions of those in power, it is important to voice the public opinion that a

stance should be taken for the good of all people, and this article clearly outlined that need and

drew attention to the NFLs complacency. Although trafficking is an underground market that is
Running Head: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUPER BOWL SECURITY

difficult to spot and difficult to catch, there is a type of danger that is even more hidden from the

public eye and possibly even more dangerous.

The last front in which security is fighting is against the great unknown and constantly-

advancing world of the internet cyber security. Of course, there are many ways that cyber

security is always on the move and many ways it can affect not just mega-events, but also

everyday life. Since the boom of the internet, government officials have needed to stay one step

ahead of hackers and coders who are trying to do harm, to protect privacy and personal

information. In the face of events such as the Super Bowl, however, cyber security is quite

literally a matter of life or death. In 2015, ElendilTech released information on how they see the

future of cyber security changing the way police find potential threats. According to this article,

Super Bowl security is even more secure than the White House from a cyber standpoint, and

boasts the best technology in the US. When preparing for the Super Bowl, ElendilTech, a private

company contracted by the government, starts screening social media weeks before the event to

find potential leads. Security must ask why someone would post information you see on social

media. Just reading something at face value does not give the full picture of what a tweet or

Instagram post means. Secondly, they must see if the person behind the post is a legitimate threat

or if it is just an empty threat. The government and local law enforcement contract out the work

they need done to ensure they are getting the best in the game. Coding and computer hacking are

often done best by those who do it as a passion and are specialized in certain fields of cyber

security. These people need to be able to perform very specific tasks like digging up real times or

locations from which the threats are being posted. There should be diverse tracks to work

through for each type of cyber search, making sure nothing slips through the cracks. More than

one person should always be searching for the same information through different avenues and
Running Head: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUPER BOWL SECURITY

bringing in new eyes instead of expecting someone to work consistently for long periods of time,

to gives a better chance of information being caught instead of missed.

Even with all of the valiant efforts for a safe game, there are always holes that need to be

filled. According to the FBI division of the Super Bowl, the 10 days leading up to the Super

Bowl hold many events where security will be top notch, although civilians might not be able to

recognize it (2017). Apart from the many local, state, and federal forces that will be present to

protect people, private companies (over a dozen) like ElendilTech will also be contracted in as

extra specialized help. The FBI alone will be implementing SWAT, cyber security, intelligence

analysts, and surveillance specialists. Security presence will be different than expected by the

general public, however, as many officers will be undercover or behind a desk at a computer in a

post far from the event site. Most importantly the FBI urged locals in the Houston area, tourists

in town for the game, and people all over the world on social media to be the eyes and ears of the

police department, reporting any suspicious activity that could be classified as abnormal or

threatening. Listed as examples were things like a woman, angry that she could not bring her gun

into the game, posting a picture of it stuffed in her boots captioned try and catch me now.

Police on site could communicate with security monitoring social media many miles away and

apprehend the woman. This article, apart from being reliable because of its government backing,

was also helpful in giving an overview of who was responsible for what and how that can affect

the visible security presence at the game.

As time continues to move forward and the world advances in every which way, many

positive outcomes arise and flow out into the world to create a better society. Unfortunately, the

good comes with the bad in many cases and the current climate of world security is

unpredictable. There is no clear way to determine what the next wave of terror will bring or
Running Head: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUPER BOWL SECURITY

where it will hit. From large-scale, premeditated attacks to small-scale petty theft and

trespassing, the Super Bowl should continue to prevent all danger for the stakeholders, both

attendees and sponsors, by hiring the best and brightest in terms of facility, social, and electronic

security. Local security owns the burden of securing the game, but there is no shortage of help

from state and federal agencies who step in to help for the betterment of the country. There is

also no doubt, as proven by security success at so many large scale American sporting events,

that American security is topnotch, which should bring a sense of peace and calmness to the

American people. Football is a continually growing sport not just in America, but worldwide,

and the NFL is the largest league in the world for professional football players. Joining soccer

and other international sports, football is making its way to the global stage. American sports

fans are also not dwindling in excitement over their favorite teams and are just willing as they

were in 1967 to follow their heroes to the Super Bowl. And if football truly does embody

American ideals on a global scale, people will be all the more willing to attend these games and

present their pride (Miller et al, 2008). America is not slowing down in the face of fear of

terrorist groups like ISIS, and as American has shown in the past, we come back stronger and

more dedicated than ever before in the face of adversity. To keep up with the pride and

enthusiasm for our beloved sports, security needs to continue to supply a safe environment as to

not hinder patriotism from making its way into our countries forefront. Whether the answer is to

embrace diversity and immigration more, or to close our borders to potential threats, the main

goal that everyone is trying to achieve is safety from threats we cannot yet understand. With the

incredible precautions taken to protect the Super Bowl, however, national borders seem to be

irrelevant, because the game creates its own mini-country borders and practically employs its

own national security. A war against terror is fought on more fronts during the Super Bowl than
Running Head: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUPER BOWL SECURITY

possibly anywhere else in the world. Even countries like Mexico pay attention when Super Bowl

security issues come their way. Perhaps next year instead of preventing just large-scale terrorism,

the NFL will be able to also prevent sneaky reporters from committing petty theft. When

analyzing different literature and government statements, a new appreciation for the planning it

takes to secure a venue like a football stadium blooms. As event managers, it is important to

recognize that even while knowing as much as possible about security and your facility, there are

certain things that are better left to the professionals, including security management. Ultimately,

the beloved sports in American culture can only be enjoyed if everyone at the game and the

events around the game get to stay safe. Fortunately, it does not look like terror will win the war

against the safety of the Super Bowl any time soon, and it most certainly will not stop Americans

from enjoying their favorite sport in the biggest game of the year.
Running Head: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUPER BOWL SECURITY

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Routledge.

Dawsey, J. (2014, January 16). Super Bowl Security Efforts Outlined. Wall Street Journal.

Degollado, J. (2017, February 02). Super Bowl Known as Largest Human Trafficking Event.

KSTAT12 - ABC

Demographic Data. (2017). Retrieved April 17, 2017, from

http://www.houstontx.gov/planning/Demographics/

Fitchburg, & Mass. (2016, February 3). Officials Beef Up Super Bowl Security. Sentinel &

Enterprise.

Johnson, B. (2016, October 28). D.C. Police Chief Cathy Lanier Opens Up Before Heading to

NFL. WUSA9 News.

Klemko, R., & Vrentas, J. (2017, April 17). The Great Super Bowl Jersey Caper. Sports

Illustrated, 126(11), 98-105. doi:17 April 2017

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Miller, J., Veltri, F., & Gillentine, A. (Summer 2008). Spectator Perception of Security at the

Super Bowl After 9/11: Implications for Sport Facility Managers. The SMART

Journal, 4(2), 16-22.

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Simmons, D. (2017, February 03). Super Bowl Safety and Security. Washington Times.

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Super Bowl 51 Flight Restrictions. (2017, February 05). The Federal Aviation Administration
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Watson, P. (2012, February 03). TSA Trains Super Bowl Hot Dog Sellers to Spot Terrorists.

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Withers, M. (2017, February 03). The Super Bowl and Sex Trafficking. Psychology Today.