Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 10
Smart Home Energy
Management
David Lillis Conor Muldoon
University College Dublin, Ireland University College Dublin, Ireland
ABSTRACT
Autonomically managing energy within the home is a formidable challenge, as any solution needs to
interoperate with a decidedly heterogeneous network of sensors and appliances, not just in terms of
technologies and protocols but also by managing smart as well as dumb appliances. Furthermore, as
studies have shown that simply providing energy usage feedback to homeowners is inadequate in realis-
ing long-term behavioural change, autonomic energy management has the potential to deliver concrete
and lasting energy savings without the need for user interventions. However, this necessitates that such
interventions be performed in an intelligent and context-aware fashion, all the while taking into account
system as well as user constraints and preferences. Thus, this chapter proposes the augmentation of
home area networks with autonomic computing capabilities. Such networks seek to support opportu-
nistic decision-making pertaining to the effective energy management within the home by seamlessly
integrating a range of off-the-shelf sensor technologies with a software infrastructure for deliberation,
activation, and visualisation.
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-7284-0.ch010
Copyright 2015, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.
Smart Home Energy Management
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mand and get/set state variables) issued to devices sensor data gathered from the communications
within the HAN are similarly translated from JSON layer and to transform said information into a
into the native format and protocol of the target machine-readable format to be used by the de-
device. The module currently supports commu- ductive module. The Web Ontology Language
nication via WiFi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, 6LoWPAN (OWL) (McGuinness & Van Harmelen, 2004) is
and X10. The use of JSON as a common message used to automate logical reasoning in order to infer
format means that this communications module new contextual knowledge from the information
can operate in a distributed fashion, for example gathered. Examples of context inference include
in situations where remote monitoring of the whether a room is occupied (e.g. based on data
HAN is desired. from a passive infrared sensor) or what activity
an inhabitant is currently engaged in (e.g. that the
Semantic Module inhabitant is making tea based on the kettle being
switched on). Once an inference has been made,
The semantic reasoning module aims to infer it is then passed on to the semantic adaptor in the
contextual information by classifying low-level deductive module.
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allows devices to be enabled or disabled, or for commands but do not report on their own status.
their behaviour to be changed (e.g. to change the An additional challenge is that commands are
sensing frequency). available to increase or reduce the light intensity
For the purposes of the AUTHENTIC archi- level by a set delta amount, rather than setting
tecture, a number of adaptors were developed in the light to a particular level (using bright and
order to interact with the various architectural dim commands respectively). Thus in order to set
components of the system (as outlined in Figure lights to a specific desired level, it is necessary to
1). These include: a communications adaptor (to record the current light level in software, since the
interact with physical devices) and a semantic device cannot report its current level. The com-
adaptor (to gain semantically-enhanced data from munications adaptor provides an abstraction that
the semantic module). Both adaptors are outlined allows agents (or other applications) to change
in the following sections. light levels to specific values, translating these to
the appropriate bright or dim commands, based
Communications Adaptor on previously recorded light levels, to pass to the
communications module.
The communications adaptor acts as the gateway
between the SIXTH middleware and the commu- Semantic Adaptor
nications module. This adaptor allows sensor and
status data to be injected into the architecture in a The semantic adaptor offers a service similar to
consistent manner. It also allows devices to be ac- the communications adaptor, feeding data from the
tuated through a uniform interface that is agnostic semantic layer through the SIXTH middleware.
of device type or the underlying communications This also allows the agents and other applications
protocols used. This is done through the SIXTH to gain access to semantic data by registering their
retasking service. In a typical SIXTH deployment interest with the data broker. Unlike the com-
(e.g. those envisaged in Carr et al., 2012; OGrady munications adaptor, this is a one-way process,
et al., 2013), a separate SIXTH adaptor is devel- since no additional configuration or retasking of
oped for each type of device desired. However, the semantic module is required.
the architecture illustrated in Figure 1 is intended
to demonstrate that the additional features of Data Broker
SIXTH (e.g. the data broker, described below)
are equally applicable when some existing effort The data broker is the conduit through which
has been invested in developing a module that is data is routed through the SIXTH middleware.
capable of interacting with devices. All data from the communications and semantic
In the present architecture, the communica- adaptors are sent via the SIXTH core to the data
tions module exposes a number of APIs relating broker for further dissemination. The task of the
to HAN devices and sensors using a variety of data broker is to forward only relevant data to
communications protocols. In addition to allow- interested parties, rather than flooding the system
ing agents and other components to invoke these with superfluous and irrelevant data notifications.
APIs, the communications adaptor also adds a Rather than subscribing to a type of message,
level of abstraction to facilitate the reasoning SIXTH supports the registration of queries with
process. For example, one commonly-used home the data broker through a simple Java interface.
automation device is a dimmer switch. Dimmer The registration of a query is associated with the
switches based on the X10 protocol are typically component that created it, so that data received by
one-way devices, in that they can receive actuation the data broker that is a match to any registered
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queries is forwarded to the component associated measured value and measurement timestamp).
with a particular query. There is no restriction to This is then displayed in a dynamic (in the case
the number of queries that an individual compo- of real-time data) or static graph, as illustrated in
nent may register. Figure 2. Through the AUTHENTIC GUI, users
For example, a heating agent may register a can also request an energy report, which is also
query whereby it receives a notification only if provided by the database manager. It presents the
a rooms temperature falls below (or exceeds) a user with the energy usage and cost of devices
threshold temperature, in which case it can switch within the system between time periods specified
the heating on (or off). Under the simpler publish/ by the user. Both of these features allow users to
subscribe mechanism, the agent would get con- better understand how energy is being used within
stant updates from the rooms temperature sensor their home environment and better manage both
rather than only when it is actually relevant to the their energy consumption and energy cost (Eer,
agents decision-making process. Kamper, Franke, Mst, & Rentz, 2007).
This approach ensures the extensibility of the
SIXTH middleware, allowing a diverse range of Multi-Agent Reasoning
applications to be deployed on the HAN. Within
the architecture outlined in Figure 1, the database The multi-agent reasoning functionality with the
manager registers to receive all data flowing HAN has been implemented using the Agent Fac-
through the system so that it can be recorded. tory Micro Edition (AFME) agent platform. AFME
Agents within the deliberative module can reg- is a minimised-footprint intelligent agent platform
ister to receive only data that is relevant to their based on the Agent Factory agent development
particular tasks. Further applications that reside framework (Collier et al. 2003), but designed for
outside the architecture itself are facilitated in use with the Java Micro Edition (JME) Constrained
the same way. Limited Device Configuration (CLDC). Although,
primarily intended for highly constrained devices,
Database Manager applications developed for JME CLDC can also be
used on desktop machines running Java Standard
A MySQL database is used to store information or Enterprise Edition. The agents developed for
relevant to the HAN. This includes descriptions the HAN, at present, are deployed on the HAN
of all devices and appliances in the network, any Gateway, but it is envisaged that some of these
data associated with said devices and appliances will in future be deployed directly on the sensor
(e.g. location, sensor readings, state), semantic or actuation devices to enable inter-device col-
information and user preferences set through the laboration.
GUI. The database manager is an OSGi service AFME is concerned with the development of
that acts as a database front-end for a number of computationally reflective agents. Computational
components within the HAN that require database reflection is a technique that enables a system to
access. maintain meta-information about itself and to use
One of the more interesting features of the this information to determine its behaviour. In the
database manager from a users perspective is agent community parlance, this meta-information
the ability to provide dynamic real-time and his- is commonly referred to as an agents belief set or
torical data from devices within the HAN. Users an agents model of the world. Many intelligent
can specify devices they wish to monitor and the agent platforms, including AFME, draw from folk
relevant information is extracted from the HAN psychological concepts, such as those identified
database (e.g. device type, measurement type, by the philosopher Daniel Dennett (Dennett,
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1987). Specifically, those types of agent platforms lar purpose and our predictions are based on the
employ the notion of the intentional stance as a idea that the entity will behave as designed. When
tool for modelling complex systems through the someone turns on an electric fan, they predict that
attribution of mental attitudes, such as beliefs it will behave in a certain manner i.e. the fan will
and goals, to agents so as to explain and predict cool down the room. They do not need to know
behaviour. According to Dennett, there are three anything about the physical constitution of the fan
different strategies we use when confronted with to make the prediction. Predictions made from the
an object or system, namely the physical stance, design stance are based on two assumptions that
the design stance, and the intentional stance. the entity is designed for the purpose that the user
To predict the behaviour of an entity according thinks it to be designed for and that it will perform
to the physical stance, we use information about as designed without malfunctioning. This does
its physical constitution along with information not mean that the design stance is always used
about the laws of physics. The physical stance, for for entities that have been designed. The physical
example, is employed when we predict the path stance could be used to predict what would happen
of a ball in flight. to the fan if it were knocked onto the floor or if it
With the design stance, we assume that the malfunctioned, but in most cases there is no need
entity in question has been designed for a particu- to go to a lower level of granularity.
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We can often improve our predictions of the ensures that temperature levels in the room match
design stance by adopting the intentional stance. the user preferences. The Luminosity Comfort
When making predictions from this stance, we Agent acts in a similar manner, but with regard to
interpret the behaviour of an entity by treating it light. The Security Agent informs the user when a
as a rational agent whose behaviour is governed security event is triggered, while the Entertainment
by mental attitudes. The intentional stance is Agent controls the application behaviour when
adopted where it is useful to do so. This is often the user is sitting down and watching television.
the case in situations whereby we do not fully The Energy Management Agent proactively heats
understand the design of the system, for example, water in anticipation of user behaviour, while the
when considering living organisms. It is less use- Schedule Agent informs the user when water has
ful when we do understand the inner workings been wasted and asks the user to change their
of a particular system. Suppose, for instance, we scheduling preferences.
apply the intentional stance to a doorbell, i.e. we Perceptors were developed to enable agents to
imagine that it is a rational agent that reasons receive information in relation to sensor data, user
about its beliefs and desires and intends to alert preferences, deductions arising from the semantic
us when someone is at the door. This is not par- module, and the users schedule. This information
ticularly useful because we can understand the is obtained through the AUTHENTIC service,
functionality of a doorbell in simpler physical or which is a SIXTH receiver that registers with the
mechanical terms. In contrast, suppose we wish SIXTH data broker and preference manager when
to explain or predict the behaviour of a person the application begins to operate. Actuators were
or complex computer system. In such cases, it is developed to enable agents to send commands to
necessary to form a higher level of abstraction if control devices in the HAN. The actuators also
we do not fully understand their inner workings use the AUTHENTIC service in delivering this
or design. The intentional stance can be applied functionality. In particular, the actuators make
to anything, but it is more practical to use when it use of the SIXTH retasking service.
leads to simpler descriptions than would otherwise
be available. Use Case Scenario
The behaviour of agents in AFME is represent-
ed using declarative antecedent-consequence rules In order to demonstrate the functionality of the
that determine the conditions under which com- HAN, the system was deployed in a physical en-
mitments are adopted and actions are performed. vironment and a use case scenario was envisioned
To facilitate this, the conditions are matched to illustrate the effectiveness of the HAN system
against belief sets (meta-information maintained in regards to internal stimuli. A number of appli-
by agents) at periodic points throughout execution. ances, sensors and actuators were deployed in room
The HAN multi-agent architecture comprises a (see Figure 3) in order to simulate a living room.
set of agents, a set of actuators, a set of perceptors, When an individual enters the room, the pas-
and the HAN service, which is a class that enables sive infrared (PIR) sensor fires and an occupancy
agents to interact with the SIXTH middleware. At message is sent to the deductive module. The
present, within the HAN, there are six agents: the middleware then retrieves the user-set light and
Luminosity Comfort Agent, the Thermal Comfort temperature levels from the preference manager.
Agent, the Security Agent, the Entertainment The lights in the room are turned on and set to the
Agent, the Energy Management Agent, and the preferred level. If the current temperature of the
Schedule Agent. The Thermal Comfort Agent room is below the users preferred level, the heat-
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Figure 3. Sensors involved in the use case scenario: (1) HAN, (2) PIR sensor, (3) temperature & lumi-
nescence sensor, (4) radiator, (5) smart TV with smart plug, (6) couch with pressure sensor, (7) lamp
with dimmer switch and (8) window with contact sensor
ing is also turned on until the room temperature WiFi (e.g. Gill et al., 2009; Han & Lim, 2010),
reaches said level. If the heating is turned on, the or power line communication (Cook et al., 2006,
user is notified of this through the GUI. Son et al., 2010). However, as Parikh and col-
If the user sits on the couch, the pressure sen- leagues (2010, see also Gngr et al. 2011) note,
sor sends a message through the communications different technologies offer different benefits
module and the smart TV is turned on. At the and drawbacks. Therefore, heterogeneity must
same time, the lights in the room are dimmed to be assumed to be inherent to any HAN, which
the users preferred level for this activity. If the is why AUTHENTIC was deliberately designed
user stands, the smart TV turns off and the lights to handle a multitude of technologies, protocols
return to their previous luminescence levels. and data formats by abstracting from these details
When the window in the room is opened or and providing a unified interface to higher-level
closed, the contact sensor fires and sends a stated services.
changed message through the communications Furthermore, most research on home energy
module to the deductive module. If the state of management is focused on providing feedback
the sensor is open then the user is notified through about energy usage to consumers rather than
the GUI that the window has been opened. proactively managing energy consumption. Jahn
and colleagues (2010), for example, developed a
smart home system on top of the OSGi-based Hy-
RELATED WORK dra middleware (Eisenhauer et al., 2010). Similar
to the communications module in AUTHENTIC,
Current HAN automation research is often limited Hydra provides a unified interface to heteroge-
to one type of technology, most often ZigBee or neous networks of embedded devices irrespec-
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tive of communication protocol. The developed a very high-level approach to the problem, for
system harnesses smart plugs to measure energy example by assuming [a]n underlying layer of
consumption on a per-device basis and displays communication infrastructure [...] to be in place
this information in situ via an augmented reality that interconnects the control systems with the
app on the home owners smart phone whenever controlled entities. This layer forms an integral
its camera is pointed at a device. Apart from the part of AUTHENTIC in the shape of the com-
restriction to smart plugs as the sole type of sensor munications module. Furthermore, Zhao and
deployed, the only example of home automation colleagues assume the individual agents to be in
within the system involves the home owner set- charge of collecting data as well as controlling
ting a maximum energy price, below which the appliances. AUTHENTIC, instead, amalgamates
(virtual) washing machine is switched on. In stark all the data, including contextual information
contrast, AUTHENTIC incorporates a range of provided by the semantic module, in one place
sensors (e.g. occupancy, temperature, luminosity (the SIXTH data broker) and then disperses only
and humidity sensors) and controllable devices information directly relevant to a specific agent.
(e.g. smart plugs, controllable thermostats and Similar to AUTHENTICs appliance schedul-
dimmer switches) to allow autonomic energy ing facility, Abras and colleagues (2010) present
management of the whole home. a multi-agent home automation system that has
Zhang and colleagues (2005) employ OSGi individual agents negotiate execution schedules
and agents to develop a so-called control sys- on behalf of the appliances they represent (e.g.
tem architecture for smart homes, but treat an heater, washing machine) in order to minimise
individual home as the smallest unit of interest overall energy consumption. Agents take into
within the wider smart grid rather than actually account predicted power consumption as well as
specifying the internal operation an individual user comfort and are mapped one to one onto an
smart home. Further, Zhang and colleagues assert appliance. By contrast, scheduling of appliances
that [t]he Home Gateway should be designed in AUTHENTIC is handled by a constraint-based
to have a high availability and deliver services reasoning system, whereas agents, rather than
with a specified level of determinism. These controlling access to a singular appliance, deliver
requirements necessitate remote management services that include potentially multiple appli-
and monitoring Home Gateway services and ances and, more importantly, are based on intel-
home devices. AUTHENTIC, instead, puts full ligent decisions borne out of sensor data gathered
control of the internal HAN management in the from within and outside the home. This approach
hands of the user. All data remains local and all also allows for the easy integration of additional
autonomic decision-making is carried out in line services not related to energy management but
with user-specified preferences and constraints. still dependent on the HAN infrastructure (e.g.
We believe this degree of user control to be vital security, assisted living and entertainment).
in alleviating legitimate privacy concerns and Closest to the spirit of AUTHENTIC is prob-
engender trust within the user (Lui et al., 2010; ably MavHome (Cook et al., 2006), an agent-
Krishnamurti et al., 2011). based smart home. MavHome exhibits a similar
Zhao and colleagues (2010) present a concep- architecture to AUTHENTIC, with a decision
tual framework for energy management in both layer (the equivalent of the deductive module),
residential and commercial buildings, which also an information layer (semantic module), a com-
takes a multi-agent approach. However, while their munication layer (communications module) and
proposed framework shows obvious parallels to a physical layer (home entities). However, rather
the AUTHENTIC architecture, it also takes only than constituting an overall architecture for the
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tiple applications. These may consist of a variety Cook, D. J., Youngblood, M., & Das, S. K. (2006).
of services, for example, ambient assisted living A multi-agent approach to controlling a smart
(Korhonen et al., 2013), home security and home environment. In Designing smart homes (pp.
entertainment (Messer et al., 2006), alongside the 165182). Springer.
presented energy management functions.
Dennett, D. C. (1987). The intentional stance.
AUTHENTIC thus seeks to future-proof such
The MIT Press.
requirements within its design by framing it within
the key drivers of cost, ease of deployment, ease Eisenhauer, M., Rosengren, P., & Antolin, P.
of use, adherence to standards and the need for it (2010). Hydra: A development platform for inte-
to be an ambient technology offering. grating wireless devices and sensors into ambient
intelligence systems. In The Internet of Things (pp.
367373). Springer.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Eer, A., Kamper, A., Franke, M., Mst, D., &
Rentz, O. (2007). Scheduling of electrical house-
The support of Enterprise Ireland under grant
hold appliances with price signals. In Opera-
TC20121002A is gratefully acknowledged. In
tions Research Proceedings 2006 (pp. 253258).
addition this work is supported by Science Foun-
Springer.
dation Ireland under grant 07/CE/11147.
Faruqui, A., Sergici, S., & Sharif, A. (2010).
The impact of informational feedback on energy
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