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h r u
r y
x
The precipitation rate in millimetres can be expressed as
p ( x, y , y ) = c z
where c is an appropriate constant.
R = p( x, y, z ) dS
H
M y
x
u
To define exactly the surface integral of f(x,y,z) with respect to ,
let us first introduce a partition P with a norm N(P) (the area of
the largest rectangle.
z C
P
v
Si
S
Mi
M y
f (x, y, z ) dS = lim I (M , P, , Q, f )
N ( P )0
To calculate a surface integral, we replace each Si by the
parallelogram S i defined by the tangent vectors t u , t v at the
bottom left corner of Si
C
z
u u
A=
tu
Si v v
Si
tv u u
B=
v v
y
u u
C=
v v
We have Si S i = A2 + B 2 + C 2 where
x
Then we can write
= lim f ( xi , yi , zi ) S i = lim f ( xi , y i , z i ) A 2 + B 2 + C 2 =
N ( P ) 0 N ( P ) 0
S i C S i Q
= f ( (u , v ), (u , v ), (u , v )) A2 + B 2 + C 2 du dv
M
f ( x, y, z ) dS = f ( (u , v ), (u , v ), (u , v )) A2 + B 2 + C 2 du dv
M
Example
u 2 + v2
H c z dS where H: x = u, y = v, z = h r , [u, v] M
M : x = cos , y = sin , [ , ] [0, r ] [0,2 ]
and so we have:
u v
A= , B= , C =1
r u +v
2 2
r u +v
2 2
This yields
u 2
v 2
1 + r 2
A2 + B 2 + C 2 = 2 2 + 2 2 +1 =
r (u + v ) r (u + v )
2 2
r
1+ r2
R=
1
h du dv (u + v ) du dv
2 2
r M rM
Calculating, we obtain
2
1+ r2
r
1
R= hr d d
2 2
r r 0 0
1+ r2 1 r3 2 r
R= hr 2 = 1 + r hr 2 =
2
r r 3 3
3h 2r
= r 1 + r 2
3
Surface integral in a vector field
What is the force of wind blowing at an angle of 45o with force con-
stantly increasing as we rise from the sea level driving a raft with a sail
that has the form of one eighth of a cylindrical surface?
Mathematical model
M y
t u = 'u i + ' u j + 'u k
u
x t v = 'v i + 'v j + 'v k
n = Ai + B j + C k
Let us again introduce a partition P with a norm N(P) with the
resulting curvilinear partition C of .
z C
P
v
Si
S
Mi
M y
x
u
On each SiQ let us select an arbitrary point [xi, yi, zi] and
calculate n f at this point.
We can now define the integral sum
I ( , Q, f ) = f ( x , y , z )A + f ( x , y , z )B + f ( x , y , z )C
1 i i i 2 i i i 1 i i i
S i Q
f ( x, y, z ) dS = f ( , , )A + f ( , , )B + f ( , , )C dudv
M
1 2 3
w = c zi + 0 j + 0k
Let us first calculate n
n = ( r sin u i + r cos u j + 0 k ) (0i + 0 j + 1 k ) =
= r cos u i + r sin u j + 0 k
We see that, for v[0,/2], z[0,h] we have w n czr cos u 0
and so, for practical reasons, we will orientate the sail in correspon-
dence with the parametric equations since we want the force of the
wind to be positive. Then we can write:
2 h
crh 2
= cr cos u du v dv =
0 0
2