Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 221233

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Electrical Power and Energy Systems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

Volt/var/THD control in distribution networks considering reactive

power capability of solar energy conversion
Sajad Jashfar a, Saeid Esmaeili b,
a
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
b
Department of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Voltage and reactive power (volt/var) control have been widely employed to reduce power losses and sat-
Received 17 February 2013 isfy the main distribution system operational constraints. In the proposed volt/var/THD control the reac-
Received in revised form 19 January 2014 tive power capability from PV solar is considered as additional control variable in presence of non-linear
Accepted 27 February 2014
loads. So, the limitations on deliverable power for each operation point affect inverter reactive power
scheduling. Therefore, the main aim is to nd proper dispatch schedules for the substation capacitors
(SCs), along feeder capacitors (FCs), on-load tap changer (OLTC) tap positions, and photovoltaic systems
Keywords:
(PVs) inverter reactive power considering power quality constraints. In order to reduce effect of uncer-
Distribution networks
Voltage and reactive power control
tainty in the forecast plan and to reduce switching operations for OLTC, a new load and generation
Solar energy system time-interval division (over 24-h period) is introduced based on both load curve and solar power output
Harmonic distortions curve. Optimization problem is formulated for minimizing fuzzy membership functions values based on a
multi-objective genetic algorithm solution method. For improving the search ability by multi-objective
approach a method which guarantees the suppression of maximum allowable daily SCs switching and
effectively corrects the convergence process is utilized. For more practical application of the proposed
method, simulation is carried out in the large distorted distribution system with a number of non-linear
loads and solar energy generation system.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction optimal operation scheduling of these networks. Signicant

Currently, PV solar panels are used to generate electric power as
clean and sustainable energy resources which can mitigate the
load on the transmission lines [1]. The DC/AC inverter is able to lo-
cally balance reactive power on network with faster response time
than shunt capacitors. So, modifying PV inverters as static synchro-
nous compensators (STATCOMs) [2] makes it possible to operate
them in non-sunny conditions to increase distribution and trans-
mission capacity as well as stability of the system. On the other
hand, considering the intermittent output power of PVs, the idle
capacity can be utilized to reactive power control of the system.
Daily volt/var control at distribution system level has been
widely employed to reduce energy losses and maintain voltage
proles within permissible limits. Control variables planning of
the system depend on various factors, such as harmonics and types
of renewable energy sources (RESs). High penetration of non-linear
loads and RESs in distribution networks lead to more complexity of
Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +98 341 3235900.
E-mail addresses: s.jashfar@student.kgut.ac.ir (S. Jashfar), s_esmaeili@uk.ac.ir
(S. Esmaeili).
improvement in the efciency and quality of power system opera-
tion achieve by coordinated operation [3]. Daily off-line volt/var
control is a tool to coordinate the centralized and local controllers
in distribution management networks [4]. Different volt/var con-
trol methods have been proposed to improve network conditions
up to now. The daily optimal volt/var control integrating distrib-
uted generators (DGs) under steady-state sinusoidal operation
condition has been investigated in previous research. Viawan and
Karlsson [5] suggested a coordination strategy to voltage and reac-
tive power control in presence of DG and conventional control
equipment such as OLTC and capacitors. The authors in [6], pre-
sented application of automatic voltage regulators (AVRs) banks
and capacitors to volt/var control. Fuzzy logic is utilized to improve
the multi-objective optimization procedure. Dynamic program-
ming method under sinusoidal operating system conditions across
the real medium-voltage distribution system by Liang and Cheng
presented in [7]. However, in large systems dynamic programming
method is not appropriate due to the computational burden in-
volved with it. Niknam et al. [812] present a cost-based method-
ology for daily volt/var control without harmonic consideration in
distribution systems including DGs. They used evolutionary

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.02.038
0142-0615/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
222 S. Jashfar, S. Esmaeili / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 221233

Nomenclature

C tn state of capacitor nth at hour t QPV,R rated reactive power value from PV
CSC on/off states of substation capacitors Q tv ;PV PV system reactive power constraint due to converter
D number of optimization parameters voltage at hour t
dFC on time duration of feeder capacitors TAPt OLTC tap position at hour t
dSC on/off state time duration for substation capacitors t index which represents time in a 24-h period
Fi ith objective function tFC start time of switching feeder capacitors to on state
F i;max maximum limit of ith objective function t ss start time of th time-interval
hmax highest harmonic order of interest THDtV i total harmonic distortion factor at bus i and hour t
h0 smallest harmonic order of interest THDV,max maximum value of total harmonic distortion
IC converter output current UB upper bound
IC,max maximum value of converter output current VC converter output voltage
J junction of ith intervals end to start of (i + 1)th interval VC,max maximum value of converter voltage
k number of objective functions Vdc,max maximum value of converter voltage
index of a non-dominated front DV ti the voltage deviation at bus i and hour t
LB lower bound V ti fh a component of voltage in frequency fh for bus ith and
Loss energy losses of compensated system hour t
Loss0 energy losses of uncompensated system DVmax maximum allowable voltage deviation value
m number of iterations VPV voltage at the PV system connection point
MKC the maximum limit of capacitor switching VPV,max maximum value of voltage at the PV system connection
MKSC the maximum limit of substation capacitor switching point
MKT maximum allowable number of OLTC daily switching VPV,min minimum value of voltage at the PV system connection
operations point
n number of intervals for the entire load period Vref the reference value for voltage
Nb total number of buses XC the total equivalent reactance from the PV system low-
NC total number of capacitors voltage terminal to the grid connection point
NFC total number of feeder capacitors # start time vector
NL total number of lines hR the rated power factor angle of the PV node
NP population size k total crowding distance
NPV number of PVs kj crowding distances with respect to kth objective func-
NSC number of substation capacitors tion
oi ith offspring lj the kth objective function
PtL active load at hour t lj,max maximum value of the kth objective function
PtLoss fh a component of real power loss in frequency fh at hour t lj,min minimum value of the kth objective function
PtLoss;L fh a component of line real power loss in frequency fh at n non-dominated fronts
hour t qi ith parent
PtLoss;T fh a component of transformer real power loss in fre- s index of time-interval
quency fh at hour t v parent population
PtPV active power output of PV solar inverter at hour t ! offspring population
PPV,R rated active power value from PV ,ij ith solution in the sorted list with respect to the objec-
Q tc;PV PV system reactive power constraint due to converter tive function k
current at hour t W point of active power or reactive power at th time-
Q tL reactive load at hour t interval
Q tPV hourly PV inverter reactive power W average of active power or reactive power at th time-
Q tPV;max maximum possible PV inverter reactive power at hour t interval
Q tPV;min minimum possible PV inverter reactive power at hour t

methods such as ant colony optimization (ACO) [8], honey-bee
mating optimization (HBMO) [9], particle swarm optimization
(PSO) [10], gravitational search algorithm (GSA) [11], and bacterial
forging algorithm (BFA) [12] to determine solution of the problem.
Liang and Wang in [13] proposed a fuzzy-simulated annealing
method for volt/var control strategy in distribution systems to nd
the combinatorial operation control of devices. The authors in [13]
proposed a dispatching schedule in real distribution network
regardless of harmonic. Propagation of harmonics through the sys-
tem causes damage to devices and consequently more losses.
Capacitors may have an important role in the propagation of har-
monics in the networks. The on/off capacitor switching does not
introduce new harmonics into the network, but may lead to ampli-
fy already present currents and voltages harmonic due to possible
resonance at one or more harmonic frequencies [1417]. Harmon-
ics put power quality greatly at risk and lead to undesirable solu-
tions at the operational level. Volt/var control with harmonic
consideration is discussed in a few papers [18,19]. In these papers,
OLTC tap positions planning and shunt capacitors on/off switching
states have been done based on optimal time-interval division for
the forecasted daily load to decrease energy losses and improve
power quality.
This paper proposes precise mutual impact of power quality
constraints and PVs in volt/var planning which has not been con-
sidered in previous research. Considering active power output of
PV as well as active and reactive power demand of load, leads to
procurement of optimal time-interval division. Based on the ob-
tained time-interval division, a novel method for considering PVs
for volt/var/total harmonic distortion (THD) control in distribution
networks is achieved. PVs inverters can provide necessary reactive
power for the grid. In the proposed method, injection of harmonic
currents to the system caused by PVs inverters operation is also
considered. The control possibility should be performed in switch-
able capacitor banks, transformer load tap changers, and reactive
power outputs of specic embedded generators. The active power
outputs often specied by characteristics of energy resource or by
 S. Jashfar, S. Esmaeili / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 221233 223

 
market decisions [20]. In addition to conventional control, vari-  
DV ti 1  V ti;rms  i 1; . . . ; Nb ; t 1; . . . ; 24 6
ables such as OLTC tap positions and capacitors on/off switching
states, reactive power of PVs are also scheduled and considered A well-designed distribution system must keep the voltages at
as additional control variables. In order to perform precise calcula- all nodes within the allowed limits:
tions, a hybrid joint programming (HJP) to volt/var/THD control is
developed and implemented utilizing integration of MATLAB and DV ti %  DV max 7
DIgSILENT software. The paper is outlined as follows: Section 2
presents problem formulation. PV solar systems consideration in 2.1.3. Total harmonic distortion at each bus
distribution systems to propose a novel control scheme is intro- The third objective function is the voltage-THD at bus i at hour t,
duced in Section 3. Implementation of a HJP method to determine which is expressed as
the optimal dispatch schedules for all capacitors, OLTC tap position q
2
and PVs inverters reactive power scheduling is proposed in Sec- V ti;rms  jV ti f1 j2
tion 4. Section 5 describes multi-objective optimization fundamen- THDtV i i 1 . . . ; Nb ; t 1; . . . ; 24 8
V ref
tal and method to nd the best decision space in the proposed
control scheme. Simulation results of applying the suggested con- The amount of rms voltage improvement not only relies on fun-
trol scheme to 5 test cases is demonstrated in Section 6, while de- damental voltage but also harmonic components play an impor-
tailed discussion of these obtained results are presented in tant role in the improvement.
Section 7. Finally, the major contributions and conclusions are r
   2
summarized in Section 8. V ti;rms V ti f1   1 THDtV i 9

2. Problem formulation Therefore, THDtV i is limited to a maximum value as follows

Volt/var/THD control optimization problem is a discrete prob-
lem with inequality constraints. The values of objective functions
are determined through harmonic load ow calculation (HLFC)
based on the provided control variables. These control variables in-
clude tap positions of OLTC, SCs and FCs on/off switching states,
and PVs hourly reactive power schedule. The aim is to nd the
minimum value of objective functions while satisfying the con-
straints. The objectives of the coordinated schedule include system
losses reduction, distribution system and customer voltage varia-
tion as well as THD restriction.
THDtV i %  THDV;max 10
THDV,max should be within acceptable operating limits through
optimization process. The steady state voltage deviation (6) and
voltage THD (8) are restricted according to IEEE-519 standard [21].
2.2. Operational constraints
Practical constraints such as maximum allowable number of
switching operation in a day for OLTC, SCs and FCs are dened as
follows [22]:

2.1. Objective functions 2.2.1. Maximum switching operations of OLTC

2.1.1. Energy losses over a 24-h period

The active power losses at hour t can be dened as the sum of X
24
jTAPt  TAPt1 j  MKT 11
losses in each line and transformer. The rst objective function in
t1
volt/var/THD control problem is total real power losses at all fre-
quency components over a 24-h period which has to be minimized The maximum permissible operating times of OLTC in a day is
considered 30 [18,23,24].
X
hmax
PLoss;Transformer P Loss;T f1 PLoss;T fh 1
hh0
2.2.2. Maximum switching operations of capacitors

X
NL X
NL X
hmax
X
24
PLoss;Line PLoss;L f1 PLoss;L fh 2 jC tn  C t1
n j  MKC n 1; 2    ; Nc ; 12
L1 L1 hh0 t1

The maximum permissible switching operating times for the

PLoss PLoss;Transformer PLoss;Lines 3
capacitors installed at the secondary bus in a day is considered 6
and for those installed along the feeder is assumed 2 [24].
X
24
Loss PtLoss 4
t1 2.2.3. Reactive power limits of PV
At any time the reactive power generated from PV is bonded to
several limitations which are depended on the operating point. The
2.1.2. Voltage deviation at each bus
reactive power constraints of PVs are described in considerable de-
Voltage deviation is considered as the second objective function
tail in the next section.
which may occur due to time-variant nature of loads consumption
and RESs generation. The root mean square (rms) value of voltage Q tPV;min  Q tPV  Q tPV;max 13
at bus i at hour t, is dened by
r
Xhmax t
V ti;rms jV ti f1 j2 hh
jV i fh j2 5 3. PV reactive power capability
0

To minimize the difference between bus voltages from the ac- In this paper, PV solar systems are considered in distribution
 
tual operating voltage V ti 1p:u : and enhance voltage security, systems to propose a novel control scheme. The controllable do-
voltage deviation can be calculated as main of photovoltaic converter reactive power capability to control
the appropriate action is taken into account [25]. Fig. 1 shows the
224 S. Jashfar, S. Esmaeili / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 221233

Battery Voltage Source Output

DC
PV Solar Array Storage Inverter Filter
Link Grid
IC jX C PPV , Q PV jXG
DC DC DC LC
Vdc
Filter
DC DC AC
VC V PV VG
P* Q*
Vact
Controller
V +
+ 1/z

Fig. 1. The typical layout of a grid connected PV solar system which is interfaced with full-scale power electric converter.

typical layout of a grid connected PV solar system which is inter-
faced with full-scale power electric converter. There are some lim-
its to the reactive power that can be transmitted between the
converter and the electrical grid [2628]. The acceptable reactive
power schedule depends on maximum value of voltage and current
capacity of converter, which imposes a limit on the P and Q-capa-
bility of PV system. For computing the PPVQPV controllable domain
of the PV system, it is required to consider the converters VC,max
and IC,max values. The active and reactive power correlation of the
converter current limit can be written as
P2PV Q 2PV IC V PV 2 :
n o
Q tPV;max min Q tc;PV ; Q tv ;PV : 19
considering PV voltage V PV of 1.0, VPV,max = 1.05 And
VPV,min = 0.95[(all in per-unit)], XC = 0.30, and the rated power factor
of cos hR = 0.9 and cos hR = 0.95, Fig. 2 shows the set of P and Q capa-
bility curves of PV system which expresses the fact that both the
converters maximum current-carrying capacity and the maximum
value of converter voltage will impose limits on its capability.
4. Implementation of the proposed hybrid joint programming
14 method

And the relation between PPV and QPV considering the converter The proposed scheme comprises two outstanding features.
voltage limit is Firstly, the forecasted load demand and PVs active power output
!2  2 generation of the day-ahead is divided into several levels. Sec-
V2 V C V PV ondly, the combination of optimal dispatch schedule of all control
P2PV Q PV PV : 15
XC XC devices such as OLTC, SCs, FCs and PV inverter reactive power
simultaneously besides considering harmonics is performed using
This equation can be used to calculate the design value multi-objective genetic algorithm. A feasible solution for volt/var/
VC,max, which determines the maximum value of dc-link voltage
THD control includes OLTC and capacitors 24-hours settings and
Vdc,max in the inverter-based DG, and IC,max. The converter volt- PVs inverters reactive power at each hour where the node voltages
age VC relies on the dc-link voltage, the parameters of the
and harmonic distortions are within the acceptable limits. The con-
amplitude modulation index and the adopted modulation tech- trol variables for each interval include 17 OLTC tap position states
nique [26,28].
([8. . . 101. . .8]) and 2 capacitors states (0 = off; 1 = on) for
The maximum value of the converter current will stem from the each capacitor at each hour [23].
rated value of PV system active and reactive power and the mini-
mum value of VPV, which is [28]
4.1. Time-interval method
q q
P2PV;R Q 2PV;R P2PV;R PPV;R tan hR 2
IC;max : 16 The rst crucial step during distribution systems operational
V PV;min V PV;min planning in the presence of RESs, is forecasting load demand
The maximum value of the converter voltage can be derived and RESs power output in order to adjust and optimize system
from the rated value of PV system active and reactive power and performance. Nowadays, high precision techniques to load fore-
the maximum value of V PV as follows [28] casting [29,30] and prediction for intraday solar forecasting [31]
v are available. The optimal time-intervals can be determined to
u !2 satisfy the maximum switching operations of OLTC [18,23] and
XC u V 2PV;max
V C;max t 2
PPV;R PPV;R tan hR : 17 also, to reduce effect of uncertainty and slight variations in the
V PV;max XC forecast plan. The OLTC tap position during all hours at each
interval remains constant. The method presented in paper has
The idle capacity to produce reactive power in the PV system is
been upgraded for both load demand and alternative energy gen-
constrained by the converter current rating and voltage rating lim-
eration, simultaneously.
its. Thus, the hourly PV system reactive power limitations due to
In the proposed time-interval method, regarding to the consid-
converter current rating Q tc;PV and voltage rating Q tv ;PV can be calcu-
ered number of intervals, every chromosome contains start time of
lated as follows [28]
each time-interval. Solution structure of time-interval division
q
2 problem which represents the start time of each interval is formed
Q tc;PV V PV IC;max 2  P tPV ;
s as # ts1 ts2    t sn 1n . The value of any gen suggests the start time
 2 of each time-interval t ss . In this paper number of time-intervals is
V C;max V PV 2 V2
Q tv ;PV  PtPV  PV : 18 chosen 4. Fig. 3(a and b) shows characteristic curve of load demand
XC XC
and PV aggregate power output used in the network. Genetic ap-
Finally, for each operating point, the maximum reactive power proach is employed to determine the start time of each time-inter-
injection capability at tth hour for the control action can be deter- val for the specied numbers. Start time of each interval can be
mined as [28] obtained with minimizing the Fitness (#).
 S. Jashfar, S. Esmaeili / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 221233 225

1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2
Q [p.u.]

Q [p.u.]
cos R = 0.95
0 0
cos R = 0.9
-0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4

-0.6 -0.6

-0.8 -0.8

-1 -1

0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
P [p.u.] P [p.u.]
(a) (b)
Fig. 2. PV systems capability diagram for different power factor values (a) without converter limits consideration. (b) with converter limits consideration.

100 active power 100 active power

reactive power
90 90

80 80
Percent of PV solar generation, %
Percent of peak load, %

70 70

60 60

50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
Time, h Time, h
(a) (b)
Fig. 3. (a) Typical daily load curve [18]. (b) Typical daily PV aggregate power output curve [26].
226 S. Jashfar, S. Esmaeili / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 221233
X
n
Fitness# min kW  W k2
1
This formula consists of two sub-equations as follows:
8s 2 f1;2;  ; ng ) 9# t s1 t s2  t sn 1n : 1  tss  24 & t ss1 < t ss

8Ws 2 PtL ; Q tL ; PtPV ) 9W W1 W2   Wn 124 :
8 1
>
> W Wt s1 Wts1 1   Wt s2  11ts ts
>
> 2 1 >
>
< W2 Wt Wt 1   Wt  1
s2 s2 s3 1t s3 t s2
>
>  
>
> >
>
: Wn Wt sn   W24 W1   Wts  1
1 1t s
4.2. HJP applied to volt/var/THD control
A feasible solution includes OLTC and capacitors 24-hours set-
tings and PV inverter reactive power at each hour where the node
voltages and harmonic distortions are within the acceptable limits.
Fig. 4 represents a possible solution of the problem. The optimiza-
tion problem is solved using two separate modules. The owchart
in Fig. 5 demonstrates the calculation process of the optimization
problem. GA is implemented in MATLAB software. The algorithm
used in multi-objective genetic algorithm is described in [32].
DIgSILENT Programming Language (DPL) is utilized to perform
the objective functions calculations. The proposed procedure for
daily volt/var/THD control is iterated utilizing the combinatorial
method until convergence is achieved. The modules are described
as follows:
4.2.1. MATLAB module
The output of this module is utilized as the initial values for the
next module. As shown in Fig. 4, solution generated by MATLAB is
composed of three parts. The rst part is related to capacitor on/off
switching modes, second part is related to OLTC tap position
modes and the nal part is dedicated to hourly PV inverter reactive
power scheduling. Therefore, if the constraint of maximum OLTC
switching operations is satised, MATLAB writes on the chromo-
some available in a text le. It is obvious that the computational
burden will be much less, especially when the number of compen-
sation buses is getting large.
4.2.2. DIgSILENT module
The outputs of this module are used, in a cyclic procedure, as
the initial values for the previous described module. DIgSILENT
reads the chromosome data as input and applies them to perform
hourly on/off capacitor switching, OLTC tap position, and PVs
inverters reactive power scheduling. Dispatch of shunt capacitors
to perform hourly on/off capacitor switching is presented in next
section. Afterwards, HLFC is run based on assigned hourly optimal
scheduling and the objective function values are calculated. Again,
DIgSILENT exports the objective functions values through a text le
into MATLAB as input data. Finally, fuzzy reasoning is applied to
determine the optimal dispatch schedule in multi-objective opti-
mization problem (MOP).
Fig. 4. Solution structure for volt/var/THD problem.
4.2.3. Dispatch of shunt capacitors
20
At each hour, power quality improvement greatly depends on
the location and size of the switched capacitors. Also, frequent
switching operations may reduce switchable capacitor banks life-
time. It is necessary to consider life expectancies of them. In this
paper, a method which guarantees the suppression of maximum
allowable daily FCs and SCs switching and effectively corrects the
9 convergence process is utilized. As the FCs switching technique
>
>
> presented in [18] has a satisfactory computational efciency, it is
>
=
adopted in this paper but the method for switching capacitors in-
>
> stalled at the substation is improved. Considering the limitation of
>
>
; capacitors daily operation, these capacitors should be programmed
n t sn1
in a way that the constraints in switching capacitors become impli-
21 cit. Such a programming procedure would lead to appropriate con-
vergence despite the complexity and computational burden. Fig. 6
illustrates the programming of capacitors installed at a substation.
The red line shows the change in the state of switching. The Un-
changed switching blue line is followed by a reduction of the
switching states.
At each interval, the values zero or one represent on/off state of
the capacitor. Maximum time-interval is achieved by dividing 24-h
to MKSC and minimum of it is 0. Therefore, it is obvious that if each
di is zero or a value in two consecutive intervals, the number of
capacitors switching will decrease. This idea would satisfy maxi-
mum allowable capacitors switching as well as on/off periods of
capacitors (see Fig. 6(a)).
For example, Fig. 6(b) presents the sample data of a chromosome
representing the scheduling of a substations capacitor which is fed
into DIgSILENT module. Considering these data for Fig. 6(a) implies
that the capacitor would stay on from hour 1 for three hours. Since
d2 is assigned by 0, on/off state is not determined in this interval
and there would only be one switching reduction. In hour 4, the
capacitor is switched off for two hours. In hour 6, on state is
scheduled for two consecutive periods of three and four hours. This
state also represents a switching reduction. In the remaining hours,
off state is scheduled for the capacitor (see Fig. 6(c)).
5. Multi-objective optimization fundamental and method
5.1. Construction of membership functions
Fuzzy theory is suitable to deal with unclear linguistic expres-
sions. Since the objectives proposed in (3), (6), and (8) do not have
similar units and variation ranges, a membership degree is as-
signed to each parameter using fuzzy sets. Various membership
functions have been examined and the most suitable membership
functions are selected and utilized. A vector evaluated fuzzy multi-
objective optimization is employed to determine the optimal dis-
patch schedule that provides the best compromise among all the
objectives. The membership functions lDV, lTHD, And lLoss which
are mathematically presented in (22)(24) are used for controlling
the buses voltage deviation, THD and systems total energy losses,
respectively.
(  
maxDV ti
max DV ti  DV max
lDV DV max 22
1 others
 S. Jashfar, S. Esmaeili / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 221233 227

Fig. 5. Flowchart of the proposed algorithm for optimal scheduling.

( maxTHDt
vi 5.2. Multi-objective genetic algorithm procedure
maxTHDtv i  THDmax
lTHD THDmax 23
1 others 5.2.1. Basic concept of multi-objective problem
There are two general approaches to solve the MOPs. In MOPs,
(
Loss
Loss  Loss0 there is a vector of objective functions and usually there is no sin-
Loss0
lLoss 24 gle optimal solution that together optimizes all objective functions.
1 others
In these cases the decision makers are looking for the most-pre-
Fig. 7 shows the ith continuous objective function described as ferred solution [22].
fuzzy subset in the lF i space. The lower and upper bound of the Optimal v that minimizes objective functions of volt/var/THD
membership functions are restricted to zero and one, respectively. problem indicates the best decision space which is characterized
According to Eqs. (22)(24), if F i were smaller than F i;max ; the by lF i :
membership value will monotonically decrease to zero with slope It can be express as follow:
dependent on F i;max and the optimization is creditable, otherwise Objectv minlDV v; lTHD v; lLoss v 25
membership value is equal to one.
228 S. Jashfar, S. Esmaeili / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 221233

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 6. Illustrates the programming of capacitors installed in the substation. (a) Hourly schedule of capacitors installed at the substation secondary bus. (b) Sample data of a
chromosome representing the scheduling of a substations capacitor. (c) Example of Hourly schedule of capacitors installed at the substation secondary bus.

Step 4: If no solutions dominate i then i belongs to the rst

front. In other words, rank of solution i is set to one. This proce-
dure is repeated for rest of the solutions in NP.
Step 5: Likewise, for kth front (nj), the set of solutions for sort-
ing the solutions for (k + 1)th front is done.

5.2.6. Calculate crowding distance

Fig. 7. Membership function for objective functions.
The crowding distance method obtains a uniform deployment
of solutions along the best-known Pareto front. For each objective
function k, sort the solutions in the ascending order. Boundary val-
ues for each solution are allocated innite value kj v1j 1 and
kj vj 1, then [33]

  lj vi1
j  lj vj
i1
kj vij i 2;    ;  1; 27
lj;max  lj;min
5.2.2. Initialization population
The initial solutions v generated in a random manner consists
of operating point of capacitor on/off switching modes, OLTC tap 5.2.7. Selection and recombination
position modes and the hourly PV inverter reactive power schedul- By means of tournament selection with crowed comparison
ing as operator, the elitism solutions as all the previous and current
h i
best solutions are selected. Selection for solutions for next
vfNP Dg SC fNP NSC 2MKSC 1g FC fNP 2NFC g OLTCfNP ng Q PV
fN P 24N PV g
generation (vm+1) is done by combining the current generation
26 population and the offspring population (vm [ !m ). Based on
Considering the bounds on the decision variables, new ran- non-domination, population is sorted and the new generation
domly solution (power system variables) is produced. The related is completed by each front subsequently until current population
part of capacitor on/off switching modes and hourly PV inverter size is obtained.
reactive power scheduling in each generated solution is spontane-
ously restricted by operational constraints. 5.2.8. Crossover and mutation
New solutions (power system variables) !0 of size NP are
5.2.3. Evaluation of population generated by crossover and mutation employed to v0.
With initial random values of control variables, energy losses Crossover and mutation scheme is employed in this paper
with each hour, voltage deviation and voltage THD at each bus is as below [34]:
calculated from HLFC. Total energy losses are calculated by com- The mathematic description of crossover is:
bining energy losses of all 24 h, and the maximum voltage devia-
tion and maximum voltage THD of all 24 h power system o1 q1 rand  a  q2  q1 28
operation are calculated.
o2 q2 rand  a  q2  q1 29
5.2.5. Non-dominated sorting The mathematic description of mutation is:
The population is sorted based on non-domination using the
following sorting algorithm. The sort algorithm is described as o q b  rand  UB  LB 30
below:
where rand is a random number in the range zero to one, a and b
Step 1: the set of solutions dominated by solution i, is obtained are the scalar parameters.
in the population NP.
Step 2: The number of solutions that dominate the solution i, is 5.2.9. Save best solution
obtained. The best solution is memorized and retained which comply
Step 3: If solution i dominates solution j in NP, then j is added to with lowest total energy losses, voltage deviation and voltage
set of solutions. If j dominates i, i is incremented. THD at each bus during a 24-h period.
 S. Jashfar, S. Esmaeili / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 221233 229

5.2.10. Stopping criteria Table 1

Stopping criteria is decided based on experience and in this Results from proposed control method in an IEEE 123 bus test system.

volt/var/THD problem. The value of maximum cycle number is Item Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5
chosen 100. DVmax (%) 12.5027 3.8713 4.2307 3.1482 3.5961
THDmax (%) 6.2213 9.614 3.6773 15.6515 4.3808
Loss (MW h) 4.5636 4.1131 4.1407 3.9168 3.9352
6. Simulation results and discussion lDV 1 0.77426 0.8461 0.6296 0.7192
lTHD 1 1 0.7355 1 0.8762
lLoss 1 0.9013 0.9073 0.8583 0.8623
The proposed method for daily volt/var/THD control is applied
Computation time (s) 437.16 4192.43 5463.34 6475.71
to a 4.16 kV, IEEE 123-bus distribution test system [35]. This sys-
tem is considered as a distorted distribution system in [18,19] as
a case study, where bus-150 is considered a swing bus (reference
bus). However, the IEEE 123-bus test system considered in this pa- Case 1: Represents the system initial condition with no control
per contains non-linear loads besides PV solar arrays (see Fig. 8). scheme.
The OLTC is used to keep the secondary bus voltage prole closed Case 2: Proposes the control scheme with no PV solar inverter
to the rated value under all load conditions. The tap changer is in- reactive power consideration as well as no harmonic
stalled on the high-voltage or low-current side of transformer consideration.
winding. Shunt capacitor banks connected to the substations sec- Case 3: Represents the control scheme considering no PV solar
ondary bus are used to compensate the reactive power ow inverter reactive power but harmonic consideration.
through the main transformer and those on feeder are used to im- Case 4: Proposes the control scheme considering PV solar inver-
prove the voltage prole along feeder. All switching capacitors in- ter reactive power regardless of harmonic.
clude one bank. The data of shunt capacitors installed in the Case 5: Represents the control scheme considering both PV
distribution system are given in [19]. Two 200 kW PV arrays are in- solar inverter reactive power and harmonic.
stalled at buses 95 and 108. Typical daily PV aggregate power out-
put curve is shown in Fig. 3(b) [26]. The computation is carried out on an Intel core i7 2.6 GHz pro-
The system includes ve types of non-linear loads with the har- cessor, 4 GB RAM, PC. Optimal dispatch scheduling results of the
monic spectrum given in [19]. The harmonic spectrum for PVs is IEEE 123-bus system under non-sinusoidal operating condition
taken from [36]. The harmonic currents injected by non-linear proposed control method is demonstrated in Table 1. Dissimilar
loads and PV solar inverters are considered in the calculations. In schedule of shunt capacitors and OLTC tap positions generated
the presence of harmonics and PVs inverters reactive power, ve by proposed method are given in Tables 2 and 3 for different cases.
different cases are considered to investigate the effectiveness of Also, the results of time-interval approach can be seen at the OLTC
proposed method: tap position dispatch schedules in Tables 2 and 3. Fig. 9(a and b)

Fig. 8. IEEE 123-bus distribution network.

Table 2

230
The non-sinusoidal IEEE 123 bus radial network operating condition without PV inverter reactive power schedule.

Optimal dispatch schedule of OLTC and shunt capacitors for case 2 Optimal dispatch schedule of OLTC and shunt capacitors for case 3
Hour OLTC C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 Hour OLTC C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14
1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
4 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
5 3 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
6 3 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 6 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
7 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 7 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
8 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 8 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
9 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 9 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
10 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
11 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

S. Jashfar, S. Esmaeili / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 221233

13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
15 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 4 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
16 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 4 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
17 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 17 3 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
18 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 18 3 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
19 4 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 19 3 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
20 4 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 20 3 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
21 4 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 21 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
22 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 22 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
23 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 23 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
24 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 24 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 3
The non-sinusoidal IEEE 123 bus radial network operating condition with PV inverter reactive power schedule.

Optimal dispatch schedule of OLTC and shunt capacitors for case 4 Optimal dispatch schedule of OLTC and shunt capacitors for case 5
Hour OLTC C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 Hour OLTC C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14
1 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
4 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
5 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 5 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
6 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 6 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
7 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
8 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 8 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
9 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 9 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
10 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 10 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
11 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 11 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
12 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 12 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
13 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 13 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
14 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 14 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
15 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 15 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
16 3 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 16 3 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
17 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 17 4 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
18 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 18 4 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
19 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 19 4 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
20 2 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 20 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
21 2 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 21 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
23 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
24 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 S. Jashfar, S. Esmaeili / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 221233 231

shows the daily optimal dispatch of PVs inverters reactive power the permitted level of 5%. Summary of voltage, THD, and energy
generation and absorption for the best solutions in two cases 4 saving in system with different cases are visible in Table 4. In cases
and 5. THD reduction and voltage improvement are plotted in 4 and 5, precise inspection of the schedules conrms that applica-
Fig. 10(ac), respectively. THD reductions of the most distorted tion of PVs inverters reactive power leads to higher energy saving
buses, before and after optimization (through different cases sim- in comparison with cases 2 and 3.
ulation), are plotted in Fig. 10(a and b). Exact inspection of the sys-
tem conditions before compensation (OLTC tap at +8 position, all
capacitors are switched off and reactive power of PVs are not con- 7. Discussion of results
sidered) reveals that the system is unfavorably distorted. Voltage
improvement of the worst bus (bus 66) after applying the control The proposed HJP is applied to the IEEE 123-bus test-system
scenarios in comparison with no control execution, are plotted in including PV systems, capacitors, and OLTC to obtain acceptable
Fig. 10(c). However, after compensation, the voltage deviation voltage deviation, harmonic distortion, and energy losses in differ-
and harmonic distortion levels are effectively suppressed below ent cases. The reactive power capability of the PV inverter is

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4
PV inverters VAr scheduling, p.u.

0.2 0.2

0 0

-0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4

-0.6 -0.6

-0.8 -0.8

-1 PV 1 -1
PV 2
5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
Time, h Time, h
(a) (b)
Fig. 9. PV inverters reactive power scheduling (a) PV 1 and 2 inverter operation mode for case 4 and (b) PV 1 and 2 inverter operation mode for case 5.

8 1

6
7
0.98

5 6
0.96
5
Voltage, p.u.
THD, %

4 Case 1
THD, %

0.94 Case 2
4 Case 3
3 Case 4
Case 5
3 0.92

2
2 0.9
1
1
0.88
0 0
5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
Time, h Time, h Time, h
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 10. Simulation results for the 123-bus system for non-sinusoidal operating condition. (a) THD reduction of the bus 83. (b) THD reduction of the bus 86. (c) Voltage
improvement of the bus 66.
232 S. Jashfar, S. Esmaeili / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 60 (2014) 221233
Table 4
Summary results of approaches.
Minimum voltage (pu) Maximum voltage (pu)
Case 1 0.87497 1.0
Case 2 0.96128 1.03871
Case 3 0.95769 1.04230
Case 4 0.96851 1.03148
Case 5 0.96403 1.03596
considered to voltage and reactive power control. The application
of PV inverter reactive power leads to higher energy saving. The
impact of energy saving for the compensated network considering
PV inverter is summarized in column 5 of Table 4. As can be ob-
served, the energy saving with PV inverter reactive power consid-
eration (cases 4 and 5) is better than without considering this
capability (cases 2 and 3). Therefore, executing appropriate control
scheme on PV inverter reactive power leads to less electrical en-
ergy losses in comparison with the other cases. Also, hourly voltage
improvements indicate that average voltage deviations decrease
from 9.44% to less than 1.06% for different cases. Considering inev-
itable propagation of harmonics in distribution networks, they
should be considered to keep the harmonic distortion levels within
the permitted limits. Non-linear load level increase results in THD
value increment in the network. However, after compensation, the
compensating capacitors play more important roles. Outputs of
HLFC before optimization show a maximum voltage THD of
6.24% for this system as given in Table 1 for case 1. Results show
maximum voltage THD is limited to 3.68% and 4.38% for cases 3
and 5, respectively. After applying the proposed control scheme,
the distortion levels are effectively suppressed below the permit-
ted level of 5%. The reduction in the maximum total harmonic dis-
tortion level in case 3 and 5 with respect to cases 1, 2 and 4 justies
the inclusion of harmonics in the optimal planning. Since, schedul-
ing without taking harmonics into account causes a severe har-
monic distortion problem i.e., 9.61% in case 2 and 15.65% in case
4 which is higher than standard limit. These facts are also demon-
strated in Fig. 10(ac) for two distorted buses 83 and 86. Voltage
prole of node 66, which is the node with lowest voltage in the
network, is shown through 24-h in Fig. 10(c). The proposed HJP
method is precise in obtaining a much better optimal solution.
Inclusion of PV in the proposed dispatch algorithm results in differ-
ent schedules for the OLTC and switch capacitors under non-sinu-
soidal conditions (see Tables 2 and 3). The OLTC taps positions and
capacitors on/off switching status vary at substations and along
feeders through 24-h. Total OLTC and capacitors switching opera-
tions numbers per day satisfy the constraints. A more precise com-
parison of results in case 3 and 5 shows that, considering PVs
reactive power capability, harmonic values are decreased. This is
due to more effective utilization of PV units which may lead to
avoidance of resonance condition by changing capacitors schedule
(the same result can be acquired by comparison of case 2 and 4).
Moreover, the loss reduction is improved about twice the case 3.
In case 4 network losses are reduced in comparison with case 5.
This is a sacrice for harmonic reduction in case 5. The results also
discover a dependent operation between PVs and capacitors on/
off states (For example PV system in bus 108 and capacitor number
12 and 13). It can be the subject of future research for coordinated
control of PV and compensating devices to improve the overall
optimization performances.
8. Conclusion
It is necessary to decrease burden on grid capacity of the distri-
bution networks. Volt/var/THD control makes it possible to im-
prove the energy delivery efciency on existing distribution
Average system voltage (pu) Energy saving (%)
0.9013
0.9901 9.871593
0.9826 9.266807
0.9969 14.17302
0.9891 13.76983
networks. This paper proposes a hybrid joint programming to
volt/var/THD control action utilizing integration of MATLAB and
DIgSILENT software. The suggested methodology is applied to IEEE
123-bus radial test feeders with promising results. The proposed
scheme comprises two outstanding features. Firstly, the forecasted
load demand and PV solar active power output generation of the
day-ahead is divided into several load levels. Secondly, the combi-
nation of optimal dispatch schedule of all control devices such as
OLTC, SCs, FCs, and PVs inverters reactive power simultaneously
in addition to considering harmonics is performed using multi-
objective genetic algorithm. This control scheme leads to energy
losses reduction and voltage prole improvement. The control sys-
tem regarding regulation of its action considers constraints related
to maximum voltage violation and THD violation. The application
of the conventional optimal dispatch scheduling for non-sinusoidal
operating conditions is not acceptable as it leads to high THD volt-
age distortions. A proper coordination between OLTC, SCs, FCs, and
PVs has been treated. The simulation results indicate that in a sys-
tem with PVs inverters reactive power consideration, the on dura-
tion time of FCs and SCs is considerably decreased. It is concluded
from the study results that the proposed HJP method is very ef-
cient in obtaining the solution of the fuzzy-based volt/var/THD
control problem.
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