Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 38413848

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Construction and Building Materials

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Effect of waste polymer modier on the properties of bituminous concrete mixes

Sangita a, Tabrez Alam Khan b,, Sabina b, D.K. Sharma c
a
Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi 110 024, India
b
Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110 025, India
c
Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110 016, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In the present study, the effect of waste polymer (nitrile rubber and polyethylene in 1:4 ratio) modier
Received 28 August 2010 (WPM) on various mechanical properties such as Marshall stability, ow, Marshall quotient (stability to
Received in revised form 12 March 2011 ow ratio), resilient modulus and permanent deformation potential of bituminous concrete overlays has
Accepted 11 April 2011
been evaluated. The Marshall tests of the waste polymer modied bituminous concrete (WPMB) mixes,
Available online 17 May 2011
prepared through dry process, indicated the optimum waste polymer modier content to be 8% (by
weight of optimum bitumen content). The waste polymer modied bituminous mix containing 8%
Keywords:
WPM showed considerable improvement in various mechanical properties of the mix compared to the
Waste polymer modier (WPM)
Waste polymer modied bituminous
conventional bituminous concrete mix.
(WPMB) mixes 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Marshall stability
Marshall quotient
Creep modulus

1. Introduction recycled plastics composed predominantly of polypropylene and

Bitumen and bituminous mixes are modied in order to im-
prove the performance of bituminous concrete mixtures. There
are two different processes to commercialize the production of
bituminous concrete mixes. The wet method involves the use of
ready mixed modied bitumen, while the dry process involves
adding waste polymers/rubbers (in powder, shredded or granular
form) to the aggregate followed by bitumen during mixing process
at the hot mix plant [1]. The effect of such modication varies with
the chemical nature and the percentage of the modier used. In
general, improvement in resistance to rutting, thermal and fatigue
cracking were obtained and therefore, utilization of such waste
materials in the highway sector is an effective disposal alternative,
which reduces the disposal cost and save the environmental
contamination. Consequently, with improved durability and resis-
low-density polyethylene can be incorporated in plain bituminous
concrete mixtures. Vasudevan et al. [9] stated that the polymer
coated aggregate bitumen mix perform better for exible pave-
ments. Probably, the inter-molecular bonding between waste poly-
mer coated aggregate and bitumen enhanced the strength and
quality of the bituminous concrete mixes [10].
The main objective of this work is to evaluate the inuence of
the waste polymer modier (nitrile rubber and polyethylene) on
the mechanical properties of the bituminous concrete mixes, with
a view to nding an alternative disposal and usage of these waste
polymers.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials

tance against deformation to conventional bituminous mixes the

longevity of the roads is increased [25]. Flynn [6] has reported
that recycled polythene from grocery bags may be useful in bitu-
minous pavements resulting in reduced permanent deformation
in the form of rutting and reduced low-temperature cracking of
the pavement surfacing. Similarly, the resistance to deformation
of bituminous concrete modied with approximately 5% low-
density polythene was found signicantly better than that of
unmodied mixes [7]. Zoorob and Suparma [8] have reported that
2.1.1. Waste polymer modier (WPM)
The mixture of shredded nitrile rubber and polyethylene wastes (particle size
<2 mm) in 1:4 ratio was used as the modier to coat the aggregates. The sieve anal-
yses indicated that 98% of WPM passed through 2.36 mm sieve and 73% through
1.18 mm sieve.
Thermal degradation behavior of the waste polymer modier (Fig. 1) was stud-
ied on a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) using a sample size of 7.8 mg at a heat-
ing rate of 20 C per min in nitrogen atmosphere to determine the suitability of
incorporating the modier with hot aggregates at hot mix plant during commercial
production of the mixes.

2.1.2. Bitumen
Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 11 26985938; fax: +91 11 26985507. 60/70 penetration grade paving bitumen has been used as binder and the phys-
E-mail address: takhan501@yahoo.com (T.A. Khan). ical properties of bitumen in comparison to IS: 73, 1992 [11] are given in Table 1.

0950-0618/$ - see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.003
3842 Sangita et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 38413848

Fig. 1. TGA curve for waste polymer modier (WPM).

Table 1
Physical properties of 60/70 penetration grade paving bitumen.

S. No. Test Results Specication limits as per IS: 73, 1992 (India)
1 Penetration (25 C; 0.1 mm) 63 5070
2 Softening point (C) 49 4654
3 Viscosity at (135 C)-Pa s 0.51 >150
4 Ductility (25 C) (cm) 85 >75
5 Flash point (C) +260 175, minimum
6 Specic gravity 1.02 >0.99
Properties after thin lm oven test (residue)
7 Loss on heating (%) by mass 0.6 1 maximum
8 Retained penetration after TFOT, 25 C, 100 g, 5 s, percentage of original 51 55 minimum
9 Softening point after TFOT (C) 55 48 minimum

Table 2
Properties of aggregates used.

S. No. Properties tested Values obtained (aggregate) Limits specied for bituminous concrete
(BC), as per MoRTH specication
Coarse Fine Filler
1 Aggregate impact value (%) 20 24 (max.)
2 Combined akiness and elongation indices (%) 25 30 (max.)
3 Water absorption (%) 0.6 2 (max.)
4 Impact value (%) 21 24 (max.)
5 Specic gravity (g/cm3) 2.68 2.66 2.80

MoRTH = Specications of Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (India), IV Revision, 2001.

2.1.3. Aggregates
The locally available Quartzite aggregates (New Delhi, India) were used, which
complied with the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH, India)
requirements [12]. The tested properties of aggregates are presented in Table 2.
2.1.4. Filler
Hydrated lime (98% passing through 300 lm sieve and 89% passing through 75
lm sieve) has been used as ller.
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Design of bituminous concrete mixes
The gradation curve for bituminous concrete mix vis-a-vis the limits, according
to MoRTH, India standard test methods [12] is given in Fig. 2. From the job mix for-
mula, the ratio of aggregate (20 mm), aggregate (10 mm), stone dust and lime for
mix designing was found to be 18:30:49:3. The Marshall mix design procedure as
specied in ASTM D1559 was used for determining the optimum binder content
(OBC). The Marshall specimens were prepared by adding 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5% and 6.0%
of bitumen (by weight of aggregate) into the hot aggregate. Three identical speci-
mens for each percentage were fabricated and the average value is reported. The vol-
umetric properties were then determined as shown in Fig. 3 to obtain the optimum
binder content, which was found to be 5.35% (by wt. of mix) with 3.93% air voids,
17% voids in mineral aggregate and 72% void lled with bitumen. Waste polymer
modied bituminous concrete mixes were prepared by mixing varying amounts of
WPM (6%, 8%, 12% or 15%) into the pre-heated aggregate at 150160 C, followed
by addition of the bitumen using the same optimum binder content (5.35%) as
was determined for conventional mixes. The bituminous mix was then placed in a
Marshall mold (63.5 mm height and 101.5 mm dia.) and compacted by applying
75 blows on each side in the above temperature range. The samples were cooled
at room temperature for a day and then placed in water at 60 C for 30 min. The Mar-
shall stability was determined using Marshall test apparatus. Marshall stability,
Marshall quotient and retained stability tests values are higher for bituminous con-
crete mix containing 8% WPM conrming the optimum WPM content to be 8%. The
various engineering properties of modied bituminous mixes were evaluated to as-
sess the effect of 8% waste polymer modier on bituminous mixes.
 Sangita et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 38413848
Fig. 2. Gradation curve of bituminous concrete mix.
2.2.2. Marshall stability, ow and Marshall quotient tests
The magnitude of Marshall stability signies the ability of the bituminous con-
crete mixtures to resist shoving and rutting under heavy trafc load. It is dened as
maximum load carried by a compacted bituminous mix using standard test at 60 C.
Low Marshall stability values indicate reduced stability of the bituminous concrete
mixes, which may lead to raveling of the road surfaces. The ow value is the defor-
mation which the Marshall specimen undergoes during the loading up to the max-
imum load in 0.25 mm units [13]. The Marshall quotient calculated as the ratio of
stability to ow is used as a measure of the materials resistance to permanent
deformation, shear stress and rutting in the road service [14].
2.2.3. Retained stability (aggregate adhesion)
The potential for stripping is a function of the afnity between the aggregate
and the bitumen and its consequent ability to resist the displacing effect of water
[15]. In materials with high void content, there is risk of stripping, resulting in a loss
of internal cohesion and possibly disintegration of the surfacing. The damage
caused by water to the bituminous pavement was studied by measuring the re-
tained stability (Indian Roads Congress standard, IRC SP: 53-2002) [16], determined
by keeping the Marshall specimen in water for 24 h at 60 C. It is the ratio of Mar-
shall stability of bituminous specimen after wet conditioning to the identical spec-
imen without conditioning and is usually quoted as percentage. Specications for
the mechanical properties of polymer modied bituminous mixes according to In-
dian Roads Congress standard (IRC SP: 53-2002) are tabulated in Table 3.
2.2.4. Indirect tensile strength (ITS) test
The indirect tensile strength (ITS) test is carried out to dene the tensile char-
acteristics of the bituminous concrete mixes, which can further be related to the
cracking properties of the pavement [17]. The indirect tensile strength (ITS) of
water conditioned as well as unconditioned dry specimen (both conventional and
8% WPM modied mix) was determined using Marshall test apparatus. The ITS test
was calculated using the following equation:
2Pmax
ITS 1 (UTM-16) according to ASTM D 4123-82. The test was conducted by applying the
p td
where, Pmax is the maximum load (kg), t is the thickness of the specimen (cm), d is
the diameter of the specimen (cm). The tensile strength ratio (TSR), which is the ratio
of the tensile strength of water conditioned specimen, (ITS wet, 60 C, 24 h) to the
tensile strength of unconditioned specimen (ITS dry), have been evaluated according
to AASHTO T283.
2.2.5. Creep stiffness
Dynamic creep test, based on the concept of axial compression test [18], is
thought to be one of the best methods for assessing the permanent deformation po-
tential of bituminous mixtures. Creep test is usually carried out in the static or dy-
namic mode of loading. Typical conditions for carrying out unconned static
uniaxial creep test are: (a) standard test temperature 40 C, and for hot climate
60 C, (b) preloading for 2 min at 0.01 MPa, as a conditioning stress, (c) constant
loading stress during the test at 0.1 MPa, (d) duration of test 1 h loading and
1 h unloading [19]. During the test, axial permanent deformation is measured as
a function of time. Thus, knowing the applied stress (r), the axial strain (e), the
creep modulus, Ec, at any loading time can be determined:
Applied stress r
Ec 2
Accumulated axial strain e
Dynamic creep test was carried out using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM-
19) by applying repeated axial stress pulse to bituminous mixture specimen and
measuring the vertical deformation with linear variable displacement transducer
3843
(LVDTs) according to Australian standards AS 2891.12.1 [20]. To control the ambi-
ent temperature of test samples, the loading mechanism of UTM machine was
equipped with an environmental chamber. The 8% waste polymer modied and
conventional bituminous mix specimen were tested at 40 C and 60 C at 200 kPa
peak stress and 1 Hz frequency.
2.2.6. Wheel tracking test
Wheel tracking test is widely used for evaluating the rutting potential and strip-
ping of pavements. Rutting behavior of the modied and conventional mixes was
studied using Hamburg wheel tracking device (HWTD). In this method, a steel
wheel with solid rubber tire (31 kg load) indented to and fro motion of 24 passes
per minute over the specimen of bituminous surface of size 300  150  50 mm
at 50 C was employed and the rutting potential at 20,000 passes/load repetitions
was determined. As the test proceeded, the tire indented a path in the specimens
tested. The rut depth was recorded using LVDTs and subsequently analyzed.
2.2.7. Resilient modulus (RM) test
Resilient modulus (RM) is one of the important mechanical properties used to
design asphalt pavement structures. It is dened as the ratio of the repeated stress
to the corresponding resilient strain. Since the recoverable portion of the strain is
measured in a resilient modulus test, the stiffness of the material can be related
to the modulus of elasticity of the bituminous mix and is commonly used for mech-
anistic analysis [21]. Therefore, the resilient modulus of both conventional and
modied bituminous concrete mixes was studied at different temperatures for pre-
dicting the mixture design and pavement performance. The total resilient modulus
(ERT) is dened as:
P mRT 0:27
ERT 3
t DH T
where, P is the repeated load (N), mRT the total resilient Poissons ratio (a value of nor-
mally 0.35 used), t the thickness of specimen (mm) and DHT is the total recoverable
horizontal deformation (mm). The test was done on Universal Testing Machine
compressive load with a haversine waveform at 5 C, 25 C, 35 C and 45 C for 8%
waste polymer modied and conventional bituminous mixes. Three laboratory fab-
ricated Marshall specimen were tested. Prior to testing, three dimensional axes were
marked on the specimen and height of the sample was determined. The specimen
were conditioned for 24 h in the environmental chamber at the given temperature
and then subjected to repeated loading (pulse width of 100 ms, pulse repetition per-
iod of 3000 ms and test pulse count of ve).
3. Results and discussion
Various laboratory tests indicate that 60/70 penetration grade
paving bitumen (Table 1) and aggregate (Table 2) meet the specied
limits. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) curve of the waste poly-
mer modier (Fig. 1) shows that WPM is thermally stable up to
200 C with no weight loss. This suggests that the modier can be
used safely up to this temperature in bituminous concrete mixtures.
3.1. Marshall stability, ow and Marshall quotient properties
Fig. 4 shows the Marshall stability and bulk density of the con-
ventional and modied mixes versus the percent WPM content. As
3844 Sangita et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 38413848

Fig. 3. Volumetric properties of bituminous concrete mix at binder content versus: stability, ow, air voids, bulk density and voids lled with bitumen.

Table 3
Specications for mechanical properties of polymer modied bituminous mixes according to Indian Roads Congress standards (IRC SP:53-2002).

S.No. Properties Requirement Method of test

Hot climate Cold climate High rainfall
1 Marshall stability (75 blows) at 60 C, kg (minimum) 1200 1000 1200 ASTM D:15591979
2 Marshall ow at 60 C, mm 2.54.0 3.55.0 3.04.5 ASTM D:15591979
3 Marshall quotient, kg/mm 250500 ASTM D:15591979
4 Voids in compacted mix, % 3.05.0
5 Retained stability after 24 h in water at 60 C, %, (minimum) 99 95 100 ASTM D:10751979

can be seen the Marshall stability of modied mixes is higher than about 50%. However, further increase in the modier content
that of the conventional mixes. With increase in the modier con- (1215%) results in a decrease in the stability of the modied
tent from 6% to 8%, the stability of modied mixes increases by mixes, which may be ascribed to reduced adhesiveness of the
 Sangita et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 38413848 3845

Fig. 4. Marshall stability (standard deviation = 8.741.6, CoV = 0.0050.025) and bulk density versus percent modier.

3.9

3.8
Flow (mm)

3.7

3.6

3.5

3.4

3.3
Conventional 6% WPM 8% WPM 12% WPM 15% WPM

Fig. 5. Flow versus percentage of waste polymer modier (WPM) (standard deviation = 0.076 0.41, CoV = 0.020.133).

600
Marshall Quotient (kg/mm)

500

400

300

200

100

0
Conventional 6% WPM 8% WPM 12% WPM 15% WPM

Fig. 6. Marshall quotient versus percentage of waste polymer modier (WPM).

mix. Therefore, the optimum percentage of modier was selected
to be 8% by weight of bitumen. The bulk density values at various
percentage of WPM as shown in Fig. 4, further supports the opti-
mum waste polymer content for the modied mixes to be 8%.
The ow values of conventional and the modied mixes at var-
ious WPM percentages are shown in Fig. 5. The ow initially in-
creases with addition of the modier up to 8%, but decreases
gradually as the percentage of the modier is further enhanced
from 8% to 15%, which can be ascribed to the fatigue cracking of
the mix due to the increased stiffness. The Marshall quotient,
which is a measure of resistance to permanent deformation, shear
stress and rutting was highest for the modied mix having 8%
modier which is 1.41 times higher than that of conventional
mix (Fig. 6).
3846 Sangita et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 38413848
Fig. 7. Retained stability versus percentage of waste polymer modier (WPM).
14
ITS(dry)
12
ITS(wet)
ITS (kg/sq. cm)
10
8 nous mix. However, the creep modulus of waste polymer modied
6 bituminous mix is substantially higher than that of conventional
4 mix as shown in Fig. 11. The higher creep modulus of waste poly-
2
0
Conventional 8% WPM
Fig. 8. Indirect tensile strength for conventional and 8% waste polymer modied
bituminous (WPMB) mix.
3.2. Resistance to stripping
By subjecting the specimen to immersion in water for 24 h at
60 C, the WPMB mix was shown to perform better than the con-
ventional mix in terms of its resistance to moisture susceptibility.
The retained stability (Fig. 7) indicates that the WPMB mix con-
taining 8% WPM retained 94% of its pre-conditioned stability as
compared to others with higher modier percentage. This can be
attributed to the reduced adhesion between the waste polymer
coated aggregate and bitumen at higher modier content. This test
further conrms that 8% WPM is the optimum modier content.
3.3. Indirect tensile strength
Indirect tensile strength (ITS) results of the WPMB mix contain-
ing 8% WPM were higher than the conventional mix as shown in
Fig. 8. ITS (dry) values obtained at 25 C for the conventional mix
is 6.5 kg/cm2 while it is 11.92 kg/cm2 for modied mix containing
8% WPM. This implies that the WPMB mix is capable of withstand-
ing much larger tensile strains prior to cracking. The tensile
strength ratio of 8% WPMB mix is 93.5% compared to 89% for con-
ventional mix as shown in Fig. 9, which conrms that the 8%
WPMB mix is less susceptible to moisture damage in comparison
to the conventional mix.
3.4. Creep stiffness test
The dynamic creep test provides a better simulation of the con-
ditions in the pavement than a static creep test. The accumulated
permanent strain measured at 40 C and 60 C is plotted against
number of cycles in Fig. 10. The results indicate that the permanent
strain curves of 8% waste polymer modied mix specimen at both
the temperatures is lower than that of the conventional bitumi-
Fig. 9. Tensile strength ratio for conventional and 8% waste polymer modied
bituminous (WPMB) mix.
mer modied bituminous mixes indicates increased resistance to
permanent deformation.
3.5. Wheel tracking test
The wheel tracking test results are shown in Fig. 12. The rutting
(deformation) is found to be lower in case of bituminous concrete
mix containing 8% WPM (3.68 mm) in comparison to the conven-
tional mix (up to 6.44 mm).
3.6. Resilient modulus (RM) test
The results of resilient modulus tests for both conventional and
WPMB mix (8% modier) is presented in Fig. 13. It can be seen that
the resilient modulus values decreases with increase in tempera-
ture from 5 C to 45 C. At 5 C the RM value for 8% WPMB is
0.46 times higher whereas at 45 C it is about 1.21 times higher
as compared to the conventional mix. This shows that 8% WPMB
mix is more suitable for hot climate. Moreover, MR values for the
mix containing 8% modier at all specied temperatures are higher
as compared to conventional mix, thereby indicating that the mod-
ied mix is harder than conventional 60/70 mix.
4. Conclusions
The effect of waste polymer modier (nitrile rubber and poly-
thene) on various mechanical properties of the bituminous con-
crete mixtures was evaluated. The TGA results showed that
waste polymer modier (WPM) is thermally stable up to 230 C
so will not degrade when blended with hot aggregates. Various test
results on 60/70 bitumen and aggregate satised the specied lim-
its. Marshall stability, Marshall quotient and retained stability tests
conrmed the optimum WPM content to be 8%. The WPMB mix
containing 8% WPM showed signicant improvements in various
properties of the bituminous concrete mixture. The higher values
of Marshall stability, Marshall quotient and retained stability indi-
cated increased strength and low moisture susceptibility.
The ITS results for both dry and wet specimen of 8% WPMB mix
show 50% enhanced tensile strength compared to conventional
mix. High TSR (%) indicate that 8% WPMB mix is more resistant
to water damage. The dynamic creep test at 40 C and 60 C
 Sangita et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 38413848 3847

Fig. 10. Permanent strain versus number of cycles for conventional and 8% waste polymer modied bituminous (WPMB) mix.

Fig. 11. Creep modulus versus number of cycles for conventional and 8% waste polymer modied bituminous (WPMB) mix.

Fig. 12. Deformation versus number of cycles for conventional and 8% waste polymer modied bituminous (WPMB) mix.

showed that the addition of 8% WPM enhanced the creep stiffness compared to the conventional mix. Hamburg wheel tracking test
and decreased the permanent axial strain of the modied bitumi- results indicate that the modied mix containing 8% waste poly-
nous mix. The results for resilient modulus obtained at low and mer modier is less susceptible to rut deformation as compared
high temperature showed that 8% WPMB mix has high RM value to conventional bituminous concrete mixes.
3848 Sangita et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 38413848
Fig. 13. Resilient modulus values for conventional and 8% waste polymer modied
bituminous (WPMB) mix. (Standard deviation = 23.746.5, CoV = 0.0680.79).
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