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IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
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Indian Standard
POWER TRANSFORMERS
PART 1 GENERAL
( Second Revision )
ICS 29.180
BIS 2011
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (Part 1) (Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft
finalized by the Power Transformers Sectional Committee had been approved by the Electrotechnical Division
Council.
This standard was first published in 1962 and covered naturally cooled oil-immersed transformers. With subsequent
amendments forced cooled transformers were included, use of synthetic liquids as cooling medium was permitted
and requirements for aluminium windings were incorporated.
First revision was undertaken with a view to bringing it in line with the revision of IEC 76 : 1967 Power
transformers.
This revision has been based on IEC 60076-1 : 2000 Power transformers Part 1: General, issued by the
International Electrotechnical Commission with following modifications.
The temperature of ambient air and cooling medium oil is as per Indian Environment and tests are conducted
accordingly.
The requirements for power transformers are covered in eight parts. Other parts in the series are:
Part 2 Temperature-rise
Part 3 Insulation levels and dielectric tests
Part 4 Terminal markings, tappings and connections
Part 5 Ability to withstand short circuit
Part 7 Loading guide for oil-immersed power transformers
Part 8 Application guide
Part 10 Determination of sound levels
This standard shall be read in conjunction with the following standard:
IS No. Title
2026 Power transformers:
(Part 2) : 2010 Temperature-rise (first revision)
(Part 3) : 2009 Insulation levels, dielectric tests and external clearances in air (third revision)
(Part 4) : 1977 Terminal markings, tappings and connectioins
(Part 5) : 2011 Ability to withstand short circuit (first revision)
5553 : 1989 Reactors
(All parts)
6600 : 1972 Guide for loading of oil immersed transformers
9001 : 2000 Quality management systems Requirements
11171 : 1985 Specification for dry-type power tansformers
13964 : 1994 Methods of measurement of transformer and reactor sound levels
In addition assistance has also been derived from following IEC Standards:
IEC Standard Title
60137 : 2008 Insulated bushings for alternating voltages above 1 000 V
60815 : 1986 Guide for the selection of insulators in respect of polluted conditions
60310 : 2004 Railway applications Traction transformers and inductors on board rolling stock
60068-3-3 : 1991 Environmental testing Part 3: Guidance, seismic test methods for equipment
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960
Rules for Rounding off numerical values (revised). The number of significant places retained in the rounded off
value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
Indian Standard
POWER TRANSFORMERS
PART 1 GENERAL
( Second Revision )
1
IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
conditions for shipment, storage and installation, such 3.2.2 Line Terminal A terminal intended for
as weight or space limitations (see Annex B). connection to a line conductor of a network.
Supplementary rules for rating and testing are given 3.2.3 Neutral Terminal
in other publications for:
a) For three-phase transformers and three-phase
a) temperature rise and cooling in high ambient banks of single-phase transformers:
temperature or at high altitude: IS 2026 The terminal or terminals connected to the
(Part 2) for oil-immersed transformers, and common point (the neutral point) of a star-
IS 11171for dry-type transformers, and connected or zigzag connected winding.
b) external insulation at high altitude: IS 2026 b) For single-phase transformers:
(Part 3) for oil-immersed transformers, and
IS 11171 for dry-type transformers. The terminal intended for connection to a
neutral point of a network.
2 REFERENCES 3.2.4 Neutral Point The point of a symmetrical
The standards given in Annex A are necessary adjuncts system of voltages which is normally at zero potential
to this standard. 3.2.5 Corresponding Terminals Terminals of
3 DEFINITIONS different windings of a transformer, marked with the
same letter or corresponding symbol.
For the purpose of this standard, the following
definitions shall apply. 3.3 Windings
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IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
3.3.7 Auxiliary Winding A winding intended only 3.4.4 Rated Voltage Ratio The ratio of the rated
for a small load compared with the rated power of the voltage of a winding to the rated voltage of another
transformer. winding associated with a lower or equal rated voltage.
3.3.8 Stabilizing Winding A supplementary delta- 3.4.5 Rated Frequency (fr) The frequency at which
connected winding provided in a star-star-connected the transformer is designed to operate.
or star-zigzag-connected transformer to decrease its
3.4.6 Rated Power (Sr) A conventional value of
zero-sequence impedance (see 3.7.3).
apparent power assigned to a winding which, together
NOTE A winding is referred to as a stabilizing winding with the rated voltage of the winding, determines its
only if it is not intended for three-phase connection to an
rated current.
external circuit.
NOTES
3.3.9 Common Winding The common part of the
1 Both windings of a two-winding transformer have the same
windings of an auto-transformer. rated power which by definition is the rated power of the whole
transformer.
3.3.10 Series Winding The part of the winding of
2 For a multi-winding transformer, half the arithmetic sum of
an auto-transformer or the winding of a booster the rated power values of all windings (separate windings, not
transformer which is intended to be connected in series auto-connected) gives a rough estimate of its physical size as
with a circuit. compared with a two-winding transformer.
3.4.7 Rated Current (Ir) The current flowing through
3.3.11 Energizing Winding The winding of a booster
a line terminal of a winding which is derived from rated
transformer which is intended to supply power to the
power Sr and rated voltage Ur for the winding.
series winding.
NOTES
3.4 Rating 1 For a three-phase winding the rated current Ir is given by:
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IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
3.5.8 Tapping Voltage Ratio (of a pair of windings) 3.6.3 Load Loss The absorbed active power at rated
The ratio which is equal to the rated voltage ratio: frequency and reference temperature (see 10.1),
associated with a pair of windings when rated current
a) multiplied by the tapping factor of the tapped (tapping current) is flowing through the line terminals
winding, if this is the high-voltage winding; of one of the windings, and the terminals of the other
and winding are short-circuited. Further windings, if
b) divided by the tapping factor of the tapped existing, are open-circuited.
winding, if this is the low-voltage winding.
NOTES
NOTE While the rated voltage ratio is, by definition, at 1 For a two-winding transformer there is only one winding
least equal to 1, the tapping voltage ratio can be lower than 1 combination and one value of load loss. For a multi-winding
for certain tappings when the rated voltage ratio is close to 1. transformer there are several values of load loss corresponding
to the different two-winding combinations. A combined load
3.5.9 Tapping Duty The numerical values assigned loss figure for the complete transformer is referred to a specified
to the quantities, analogous to rated quantities, which winding load combination. In general, it is usually not
refer to tappings other than the principal tapping. accessible for direct measurement in testing.
2 When the windings of the pair have different rated power
3.5.10 Tapping Quantities Those quantities the values the load loss is referred to rated current in the winding
numerical values of which define the tapping duty of a with the lower rated power and the reference power should be
particular tapping (other than the principal tapping). mentioned.
The tapping quantities are: 3.6.4 Total Losses The sum of the no-load loss and
the load loss.
a) Tapping voltage (analogous to rated voltage,
NOTE The power consumption of the auxiliary plant is not
see 3.4.3);
included in the total losses and is stated separately.
b) Tapping power (analogous to rated power,
see 3.4.6); and 3.7 Short-Circuit Impedance and Voltage Drop
c) Tapping current (analogous to rated current, 3.7.1 Short-circuit impedance of a pair of windings
see 3.4.7). the equivalent series impedance Z = R + jX, in ohms,
NOTE Tapping quantities exist for any winding in the at rated frequency and reference temperature, across
transformer, not only for the tapped winding (see 5.2 and 5.3).
the terminals of one winding of a pair, when the
3.5.11 Full-Power Tapping A tapping whose tapping terminals of the other winding are short-circuited and
power is equal to the rated power.
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IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
further windings, if existing, are open-circuited. For a of the current and the temperature, particularly in transformers
without any delta-connected winding.
three-phase transformer the impedance is expressed
3 The zero-sequence impedance may also be expressed as a
as phase impedance (equivalent star connection).
relative value in the same way as the (positive sequence) short-
In a transformer having a tapped winding, the short- circuit impedance (see 3.7.1).
circuit impedance is referred to a particular tapping. 3.8 Temperature Rise The difference between the
Unless otherwise specified the principal tapping temperature of the part under consideration and the
applies. temperature of the external cooling medium.
NOTE This quantity may be expressed in relative, 3.9 Insulation For definitions relating to insulation,
dimensionless form, as a fraction z of the reference impedance
Zref, of the same winding of the pair. In percentage notation: see IS 2026 (Part 3).
z = 100
Z 3.10 Connections
Z ref
3.10.1 Star Connection (Y-connection) The winding
where
u2 connection so arranged that each of the phase windings
Zref = (Formula valid for both three-phase and single- of a three-phase transformer, or of each of the windings
Sr
phase transformers), for the same rated voltage of single-phase transformers
U = voltage (rated voltage or tapping voltage) of the associated in a three-phase bank, is connected to a
winding to which Z and Zref belong, and common point (the neutral point) and the other end to
Sr = reference value of rated power. its appropriate line terminal.
The relative value is also equal to the ratio between 3.10.2 Delta Connection (D-connection) The
the applied voltage during a short-circuit measurement winding connection so arranged that the phase
which causes the relevant rated current (or tapping windings of a three-phase transformer, or the windings
current) to flow, and rated voltage (or tapping voltage). for the same rated voltage of single-phase transformers
This applied voltage is referred to as the short-circuit associated in a three-phase bank, are connected in series
voltage of the pair of windings. It is normally expressed to form a closed circuit.
as a percentage.
3.10.3 Open-Delta Connection The winding
3.7.2 Voltage Drop or Rise for a Specified Load connection in which the phase windings of a three-
Condition The arithmetic difference between the phase transformer, or the windings for the same rated
no-load voltage of a winding and the voltage developed voltage of single-phase transformers associated in a
at the terminals of the same winding at a specified load
three-phase bank, are connected in series without
and power factor, the voltage supplied to (one of) the
closing one corner of the delta.
other winding(s) being equal to,
3.10.4 Zigzag Connection (Z-connection) The
a) its rated value if the transformer is connected
winding connection in which one end of each phase
on the principal tapping (the no-load voltage
winding of a three-phase transformer is connected to a
of the former winding is then equal to its rated
common point (neutral point), and each phase winding
value); and
consists of two parts in which phase-displaced voltages
b) the tapping voltage if the transformer is
are induced.
connected on another tapping.
NOTE These two parts normally have the same number of
This difference is generally expressed as a percentage turns.
of the no-load voltage of the former winding.
3.10.5 Open Windings Phase windings of a three-
NOTE For multi-winding transformers, the voltage drop or phase transformer which are not interconnected within
rise depends not only on the load and power factor of the
winding itself, but also on the load and power factor of the
the transformer.
other windings. 3.10.6 Phase Displacement of a Three-Phase
3.7.3 Zero-Sequence Impedance (of a three-phase Winding The angular difference between the phasors
winding) The impedance, expressed in ohms per representing the voltages between the neutral point
phase at rated frequency, between the line terminals of (real or imaginary) and the corresponding terminals
a three-phase star-connected or zigzag-connected of two windings, a positive-sequence voltage system
winding, connected together, and its neutral terminal. being applied to the high-voltage terminals, following
each other in alphabetical sequence if they are lettered,
NOTES
or in numerical sequence if they are numbered. The
1 The zero-sequence impedance may have several values
because it depends on how the terminals of the other winding phasors are assumed to rotate in a counter-clockwise
or windings are connected and loaded. sense.
2 The zero-sequence impedance may be dependent on the value
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IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
NOTE The high-voltage winding phasor is taken as terminals of a secondary winding, the transformer
reference, and the displacement for any other winding is
receives the relevant rated power for that pair of
conventionally expressed by the clock notation, that is, the
hour indicated by the winding phasor when the H.V. winding windings.
phasor is at 12 Oclock (rising numbers indicate increasing
phase lag). The transformer shall be capable of carrying, in
continuous service, the rated power [for a multi-
3.10.7 Connection Symbol A conventional notation winding transformer: the specified combination(s) of
indicating the connections of the high-voltage, winding rated powers] under conditions listed in 4.2
intermediate-voltage (if any), and low-voltage and without exceeding the temperature-rise limitations
windings and their relative phase displacement(s) specified in IS 2026 (Part 2).
expressed as a combination of letters and clock-hour
figure(s). NOTE The interpretation of rated power according to this
subclause implies that it is a value of apparent power input to
the transformer including its own absorption of active and
3.11 Kinds of Tests
reactive power. The apparent power that the transformer delivers
3.11.1 Routine Test A test to which each individual to the circuit connected to the terminals of the secondary
winding under rated loading differs from the rated power. The
transformer is subjected voltage across the secondary terminals differs from rated
voltage by the voltage drop (or rise) in the transformer.
3.11.2 Type Test A test made on a transformer which
Allowance for voltage drop, with regard to load power factor,
is representative of other transformers, to demonstrate is made in the specification of the rated voltage and the tapping
that these transformers comply with specified range.
requirements not covered by routine tests. This is different from the method used in transformer standards,
where rated kVA is the output that can be delivered at... rated
NOTE A transformer is considered to be representative of secondary voltage.... According to that method, allowance for
others if it is fully identical in rating and construction, but the voltage drop has to be made in the design so that the necessary
type test may also be considered valid if it is made on a primary voltage can be applied to the transformer.
transformer which has minor deviations of rating or other
characteristics. These deviations should be subject to agreement 4.2 Loading Cycle
between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
3.11.3 Special Test A test other than a type test or a If specified in the enquiry or the contract, the
routine test, agreed by the manufacturer and the transformer may, in addition to its rated power for
purchaser. continuous loading, be assigned a temporary load cycle
which it shall be capable of performing under
3.12 Meteorological Data with Respect to Cooling conditions specified in IS 2026 (Part 2).
3.12.1 Monthly Average Temperature Half the sum NOTE This option is to be used in particular to give a basis
for design and guarantees concerning temporary emergency
of the average of the daily maxima and the average of loading of large power transformers.
the daily minima during a particular month over
many years. In the absence of such specification, guidance on
loading of transformers complying with this part may
3.12.2 Yearly Average Temperature One-twelfth of be found in IS 6600.
the sum of the monthly average temperatures.
The bushings, tap-changers and other auxiliary
4 RATING equipment shall be selected so as not to restrict the
loading capability of the transformer.
4.1 Rated Power
NOTE These requirements do not apply to special purpose
The transformer shall have an assigned rated power transformers, some of which do not need loading capability
for each winding which shall be marked on the rating above rated power. For others, special requirements will be
specified.
plate. The rated power refers to continuous loading.
This is a reference value for guarantees and tests 4.3 Preferred Values of Rated Power
concerning load losses and temperature rises.
For transformers up to 10 MVA, values of rated power
If different values of apparent power are assigned under should preferably be taken from the R10 series given
different circumstances, for example, with different in IS 1076 (Part 1)
methods of cooling, the highest of these values is the
rated power. (...100, 125, 160, 200, 250, 315, 400, 500, 630, 800,
1 000, etc)
A two-winding transformer has only one value of rated
power, identical for both windings. 4.4 Operation at Higher than Rated Voltage and/or
at Disturbed Frequency
When the transformer has rated voltage applied to a
primary winding, and rated current flows through the Methods for the specification of suitable rated voltage
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IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
values and tapping range to cope with a set of loading 5.2 Tapping Voltage Tapping Current Standard
cases (loading power and power factor, corresponding Categories of Tapping Voltage Variation Maximum
line-to-line service voltages) are described in as per Voltage Tapping
requirement.
The short notation of tapping range and tapping steps
Within the prescribed value of Um, a transformer shall indicates the variation range of the ratio of the
be capable of continuous service without damage under transformer. But the assigned values of tapping
conditions of overfluxing where the ratio of voltage quantities are not fully defined by this alone. Additional
over frequency exceeds the corresponding ratio at rated information is necessary. This can be given either in
voltage and rated frequency by no more than 5 percent. tabular form with tapping power, tapping voltage and
NOTE Um is the highest voltage for equipment applicable tapping current for each tapping, or as text, indicating
to a transformer winding [see IS 2026 (Part 3)]. category of voltage variation and possible limitations
of the range within which the tappings are full-power
5 REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSFORMERS tappings.
HAVING A TAPPED WINDING
The extreme categories of tapping voltage variation are:
5.1 General Notation of Tapping Range
a) constant flux voltage variation (CFVV); and
The following clauses apply to transformers in which
only one of the windings is a tapped winding. b) variable flux voltage variation (VFVV).
7
IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
UB, IB : Tapping voltage and tapping current in range. It constitutes both a maximum voltage tapping
the untapped winding. (UA) and a maximum current tapping (IB constant, not
SAB : Tapping power. rising above the change-over point). An additional,
optional maximum current tapping (in the CFVV
Abscissa : Tapping factor, percentage (indicating
range) is also shown.
relative number of effective turns in
tapped winding). 5.3 Tapping Power. Full-Power Tappings
1 : Indicates full-power tappings Reduced-Power Tappings
throughout the tapping range.
All tappings shall be full-power tappings, except as
2 : Indicates maximum-voltage tapping, specified below.
maximum current tapping and range
of reduced power tappings. In separate-winding transformers up to and
including 2 500 kVA with a tapping range not
The change-over point is shown in the plus tapping
exceeding 5 percent the tapping current in the tapped
Optional maximum current tapping shown Optional maximum current tapping shown
1A Constant Flux Voltage Variation CFVV 1B Variable Flux Voltage Variation VFVV
8
IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
winding shall be equal to rated current at all minus otherwise specified. This means that the untapped
tappings. This means that the principal tapping is a winding current stays constant up to the extreme plus
maximum current tapping. tapping (see Fig. 1C).
In transformers with a tapping range wider 5.4 Specification of Tappings in Enquiry and Order
than 5 percent, restrictions may be specified on values
of tapping voltage or tapping current which would The following data are necessary to define the design
otherwise rise considerably above the rated values. of the transformer:
When such restrictions are specified, the tappings a) Which winding shall be tapped;
concerned will be reduced-power tappings. This b) The number of steps and the tapping step (or
subclause describes such arrangements. the tapping range and number of steps).
When the tapping factor deviates from unity, the Unless otherwise specified it shall be assumed
tapping current for full-power tappings may rise above that the range is symmetrical around the
rated current on one of the windings. As Fig. 1A principal tapping and that the tapping steps
illustrates, this applies for minus tappings, on the in the tapped winding are equal. If for some
tapped winding, under CFVV, and for plus tappings reason the design has unequal steps, this shall
on the untapped winding under VFVV (see Fig. 1B). be indicated in the tender;
In order to limit the corresponding reinforcement of c) The category of voltage variation and, if
the winding in question, it is possible to specify a combined variation is applied, the change-
maximum current tapping. From this tapping onwards over point (maximum voltage tapping,
the tapping current values for the winding are then see 5.2); and
specified to be constant. This means that the remaining d) Whether maximum current limitation
tappings towards the extreme tapping are reduced- (reduced power tappings) shall apply, and if
power tappings (see Fig. 1A, 1B and 1C). so, for which tappings.
Under CbVV, the maximum voltage tapping, the Instead of 5.4 (c) and 5.4 (d), tabulation of the same
change-over point between CFVV and VFVV shall at type as used on the rating plate may be used to
the same time be a maximum current tapping unless advantage (see example in Annex C).
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IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
The specification of these data may be accomplished Economic optimization of the design, bearing in mind loss,
leads towards a certain range of impedance values. Parallel
in two different ways,
operation with an existing transformer requires matching
a) either the user may specify all data from the impedance.
beginning, in his enquiry; and If an enquiry contains a specification of not only the impedance
at the principal tapping but also its variation across the tapping
b) alternatively, the user may submit a set of range, this means a quite important restriction on the design
loading cases with values of active and (placing of windings in relation to each other). Such a detailed
reactive power (clearly indicating the specification should therefore not be issued without good
reason.
direction of power flow), and corresponding
on-load voltages. 5.6 Load Loss and Temperature Rise
These cases should indicate the extreme values of a) If the tapping range is within 5 percent, and
voltage ratio under full and reduced power. Based on the rated power not above 2 500 kVA, load
this information the manufacturer will then select the loss guarantees and temperature rise refer to
tapped winding and specify rated quantities and tapping the principal tapping only, and the temperature
quantities in his tender proposal. rise test is run on that tapping.
5.5 Specification of Short-Circuit Impedance b) If the tapping range exceeds 5 percent or the
rated power is above 2 500 kVA, it shall be
Unless otherwise specified, the short-circuit impedance stated for which tappings, in addition to the
of a pair of windings is referred to the principal tapping principal tapping, the load losses are to be
(see 3.7.1). For transformers having a tapped winding guaranteed by the manufacturer. These load
with tapping range exceeding 5 percent, impedance losses are referred to the relevant tapping
values are also to be given for the two extreme tappings. current values. The temperature-rise limits are
On such transformers these three values of impedance valid for all tappings, at the appropriate tapping
shall also be measured during the short-circuit test power, tapping voltage and tapping current.
(see 10.4).
A temperature-rise type test, if specified, shall be
When impedance values are given for several tappings, carried out on one tapping only. It will, unless otherwise
and particularly when the windings of the pair have agreed, be the maximum current tapping (which is
dissimilar rated power values, it is recommended that usually the tapping with the highest load loss). The
the impedance values be submitted in ohms per phase, total loss for the selected tapping is the test power for
referred to either of the windings, rather than as determination of oil temperature-rise during the
percentage values. Percentage values may lead to temperature-rise test, and the tapping current for that
confusion because of varying practices concerning tapping is the reference current for determination of
reference values. Whenever percentage values are given winding temperature-rise above oil. For information
it is advisable that the corresponding reference power about rules and tests regarding the temperature rise of
and reference voltage values be explicitly indicated. oil-immersed transformers [see IS 2026 (Part 2)].
A way of specifying short-circuit impedance values in In principle, the temperature-rise type test shall
the enquiry which leaves some degree of freedom in demonstrate that the cooling equipment is sufficient
the design, is to indicate an acceptable range between for dissipation of maximum total loss on any tapping,
upper and lower boundaries, across the whole tapping and that the temperature-rise over ambient of any
range. This may be done with the aid of a graph or a winding, at any tapping, does not exceed the specified
table. maximum value.
The boundaries shall be at least as far apart as to permit The second purpose normally requires the maximum
the double-sided tolerances of 9 to be applied on a current tapping to be selected for the test. But the
median value between them. An example is shown in amount of total loss to be injected in order to determine
Annex D. The manufacturer shall select and guarantee maximum oil temperature-rise shall correspond to the
impedance values for the principal tapping and for the highest value for any tapping, even if this is other than
extreme tappings which are between the boundaries. the tapping connected for the test [see also 5.2 in
Measured values may deviate from guaranteed values IS 2026 (Part 2)].
within the tolerances according to 9, but shall not fall
outside the boundaries, which are limits without 6 CONNECTION AND PHASE DISPLACEMENT
tolerance. SYMBOLS FOR THREE-PHASE
TRANSFORMERS
NOTE The selection of an impedance value by the user is
subject to conflicting demands: limitation of voltage drop The star, delta, or zigzag connection of a set of phase
versus limitation of overcurrent under system fault conditions.
windings of a three-phase transformer or of windings
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IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
of the same voltage of single-phase transformers changeable (series-parallel or Y-D), both connections
associated in a three-phase bank shall be indicated by will be noted, coupled with the corresponding rated
the capital letters Y, D or Z for the high-voltage (HV) voltages as indicated by the following examples:
winding and small letters y, d or z for the intermediate
220(110)/10,5 kV YN(YN)d11
and low-voltage (LV) windings. If the neutral point of
a star-connected or zigzag-connected winding is 110/11(6,35)kV YNy0(d11)
brought out, the indication shall be YN (yn) or ZN (zn) Full information shall be given on the rating plate
respectively. [see 7.2 (e)].
Open windings in a three-phase transformer (that are Examples of connections in general use, with
not connected together in the transformer but have both connection diagrams, are shown in Annex E.
ends of each phase winding brought out to terminals)
are indicated as III (HV), or iii (intermediate or low- Diagrams, with terminal markings, and with indication
voltage windings). of built-in current transformers when used, may be
presented on the rating plate together with the text
For an auto-connected pair of windings, the symbol of information that is specified in 7.
the lower voltage winding is replaced by auto, or a,
for example, YNauto or YNa or YNa0, ZNa11. The following conventions of notation apply:
Letter symbols for the different windings of a The connection diagrams show the high-voltage
transformer are noted in descending order of rated winding above, and the low-voltage winding below.
voltage. The winding connection letter for any (The directions of induced voltages are indicated.)
intermediate and low-voltage winding is immediately The high-voltage winding phasor diagram is oriented
followed by its phase displacement clock number with phase I pointing at 12 Oclock. The phase I phasor
(see 3.10.6). Three examples are shown below and of the low-voltage winding is oriented according to
illustrated in Fig. 2. the induced voltage relation which results for the
The existence of a stabilizing winding (a delta- connection shown.
connected winding which is not terminated for external The sense of rotation of the phasor diagrams is counter-
three-phase loading) is indicated, after the symbols of clockwise, giving the sequence I II III.
loadable windings, with the symbol +d.
NOTE This numbering is arbitrary. Terminal marking on
If a transformer is specified with its winding connection the transformer follows national practice.
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IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
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IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
Table 1 Tolerances
(Clause 9)
Sl Item Tolerance
No.
(1) (2) (3)
i) a) Total losses +10 percent of the total losses
b) Component losses (see Note 1) +15 percent of each component loss, provided that the tolerance for total
losses is not exceeded
ii) a) Voltage ratio at no load on principal The lower of the following values:
tapping for a specified first pair of a) 0.5 percent of declared ratio
windings b) 1/10 of the actual percentage impedance on the principal tapping
b) Voltage ratio on other tappings, same pair To be agreed, but not less than the lesser of the values given in (a) and (b)
above
c) Voltage ratio for further pairs To be agreed, but not less than the lesser of the values given in (a) and (b)
iii) Short-circuit impedance for:
a) separate-winding transformer with two
windings, or
b) a specified first pair of separate windings
in a multi-winding transformer
1) principal tapping When the impedance value is 10 percent
7.5 percent of the declared value
When the impedance value is <10 percent
10 percent of the declared value
2) any other tapping of the pair When the impedance value is 10 percent
10 percent of the declared value
When the impedance value is <10 percent
15 percent of the declared value
iv) Short-circuit impedance for:
a) an auto-connected pair of winding, or
b) a specified second pair of separate
windings in a multi-winding transformer
1) principal tapping 10 percent of the declared value
2) any other tapping of the pair 15 percent of the declared value for that tapping
3) further pairs of windings To be agreed, but 15 percent
v) No-load current +30 percent of the declared value
NOTES
1 The loss tolerances of multi-winding transformers apply to every pair of windings unless the guarantee states that they apply to a
given load condition.
2 For certain auto-transformers and booster transformers the smallness of their impedance justifies more liberal tolerance. Transformers
having large tapping ranges, particularly if the range is asymmetrical, may also require special consideration. On the other hand, for
example, when a transformer is to be combined with previously existing units, it may be justified to specify and agree on narrower
impedance tolerances. Matters of special tolerances shall be brought to attention at the tender stage, and revised tolerances agreed
upon between manufacturer and purchaser.
3 Declared value should be understood as meaning the value declared by the manufacturer.
Tests shall be made at any ambient temperature The test basis for all characteristics other than
between 10 C and 50 C and with cooling water insulation is the rated condition, unless the test clause
(if required) at any temperature not exceeding 30 C. states otherwise.
Tests shall be made at the manufacturers works, unless All measuring systems used for the tests shall have
otherwise agreed between the manufacturer and the certified, traceable accuracy and be subjected to
purchaser. periodic calibration, according to IS/ISO 9001.
All external components and fittings that are likely to Where it is required that test results are to be corrected
affect the performance of the transformer during the to a reference temperature, this shall be:
test shall be in place.
a) for oil-immersed transformers: 75 C; and
Tapped windings shall be connected on their principal b) for dry-type transformers: according to the
tapping, unless the relevant test clause requires general requirements for tests in IS 11171.
otherwise or unless the manufacturer and the purchaser
NOTE Specific requirements on the accuracy and
agree otherwise. verification of the measuring systems are under
consideration.
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IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
10.1.1 Routine Tests In all resistance measurements, care shall be taken that
the effects of self-induction are minimized.
a) Measurement of winding resistance
(see 10.2); 10.2.2 Dry-Type Transformers
b) Measurement of voltage ratio and check of
phase displacement (see 10.3); Before measurement the transformer shall be at rest in
a constant ambient temperature for at least 3 h.
c) Measurement of short-circuit impedance and
load loss (see 10.4); Winding resistance and winding temperature shall be
d) Measurement of no-load loss and current measured at the same time. The winding temperature
(see 10.5); shall be measured by sensors placed at representative
e) Dielectric routine tests IS 2026 (Part 3); and positions, preferably inside the set of windings, for
example, in a duct between the high-voltage and low-
f) Tests on on-load tap-changers, where
voltage windings.
appropriate (see 10.8).
10.2 Oil-Immersed Type Transformers
10.1.2 Type Tests
After the transformer has been under oil without
a) Temperature-rise test [see IS 2026 (Part 2)];
and excitation for at least 3 h, the average oil temperature
shall be determined and the temperature of the winding
b) Dielectric type tests [see IS 2026 (Part 3)].
shall be deemed to be the same as the average oil
10.1.3 Special Tests temperature. The average oil temperature is taken as
the mean of the top and bottom oil temperatures.
a) Dielectric special tests [see IS 2026 (Part 3)];
b) Determination of capacitances windings-to- In measuring the cold resistance for the purpose of
earth, and between windings; temperature-rise determination, special efforts shall be
made to determine the average winding temperature
c) Determination of transient voltage transfer
accurately. Thus, the difference in temperature between
characteristics;
the top and bottom oil should be small. To obtain this
d) Measurement of zero-sequence impedance(s) result more rapidly, the oil may be circulated by a
on three-phase transformers (see 10.7); pump.
e) Short-circuit withstand test [see IS 2026
(Part 5)]; 10.3 Measurement of Voltage Ratio and Check of
f) Determination of sound levels (see IS 13964); Phase Displacement
g) Measurement of the harmonics of the no-load The voltage ratio shall be measured on each tapping.
current (see 10.6); The polarity of single-phase transformers and the
h) Measurement of the power taken by the fan connection symbol of three-phase transformers shall
and oil pump motors; and be checked.
j) Measurement of insulation resistance to earth
of the windings, and/or measurement of 10.4 Measurement of Short-Circuit Impedance and
dissipation factor (tan ) of the insulation Load Loss
system capacitances. (These are reference The short-circuit impedance and load loss for a pair of
values for comparison with later measurement windings shall be measured at rated frequency with
in the field. No limitations for the values are approximately sinusoidal voltage applied to the
given here.) terminals of one winding, with the terminals of the
If test methods are not prescribed in this standard, or other winding short-circuited, and with possible other
if tests other than those listed above are specified in windings open-circuited (For selection of tapping for
the contract, such test methods are subject to the test, see 5.5 and 5.6). The supplied current should
agreement. be equal to the relevant rated current (tapping current)
but shall not be less than 50 percent thereof. The
10.2 Measurement of Winding Resistance measurements shall be performed quickly so that
temperature rises do not cause significant errors. The
10.2.1 General difference in temperature between the top oil and the
The resistance of each winding, the terminals between bottom oil shall be small enough to enable the mean
which it is measured and the temperature of the temperature to be determined accurately. If the
windings shall be recorded. Direct current shall be used cooling system is OF or OD, the pump may be used
for the measurement. to mix the oil.
15
IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
The measured value of load loss shall be multiplied and sinusoidal voltages across the three wound limbs.
with the square of the ratio of rated current (tapping
The test voltage shall be adjusted according to a
current) to test current. The resulting figure shall then
voltmeter responsive to mean value of voltage but
be corrected to reference temperature (see 10.1). The
scaled to read the r.m.s. voltage of a sinusoidal wave
I2R loss (R being dc resistance) is taken as varying
having the same mean value. The reading of this
directly with the winding resistance and all other losses
voltmeter is U.
inversely with the winding resistance. The
measurement of winding resistance shall be made At the same time, a voltmeter responsive to the r.m.s.
according to 10.2. The temperature correction value of voltage shall be connected in parallel with the
procedure is detailed in Annex F. mean-value voltmeter and its indicated voltage U shall
be recorded.
The short-circuit impedance is represented as reactance
and ac resistance in series. The impedance is corrected When a three-phase transformer is tested, the voltages
to reference temperature assuming that the reactance shall be measured between line terminals, if a delta-
is constant and that the ac resistance derived from the connected winding is energized, and between phase
load loss varies as described above. and neutral terminals if a YN or ZN connected winding
is energized.
On transformers having a tapped winding with tapping
range exceeding 5 percent, the short-circuit The test voltage wave shape is satisfactory if the
impedance shall be measured on the principal tapping readings U and U are equal within 3 percent.
and the two extreme tappings. The measured no-load loss is Pm, and the corrected no
On a three-winding transformer, measurements are load loss is taken as:
performed on the three different two-winding Po = Pm (1 + d)
combinations. The results are re-calculated, allocating
impedances and losses to individual windings. Total U U
d = (usually negative)
losses for specified loading cases involving all these U
windings are determined accordingly.
If the difference between voltmeter readings is larger
NOTES than 3 percent, the validity of the test is subject to
1 For transformers with two secondary windings having the agreement.
same rated power and rated voltage and equal impedance to
the primary (sometimes referred to as dual-secondary The r.m.s. value of no-load current is measured at the
transformers), it may be agreed to investigate the symmetrical same time as the loss. For a three-phase transformer,
loading case by an extra test with both secondary windings
short-circuited simultaneously.
the mean value of readings in the three phases is taken.
2 The measurement of load loss on a large transformer requires NOTES
considerable care and good measuring equipment because of 1 It is recognized that the most severe loading conditions for
the low power factor and the often large test currents. Correction test voltage source accuracy are usually imposed by large
for measuring transformer errors and for resistance of the test single-phase transformers.
connections should be applied unless they are obviously
2 In deciding the place of the no-load test in the complete
negligible.
test sequence, it should be borne in mind that no-load loss
measurements performed before impulse tests and/or
10.5 Measurement of No-load Loss and Current temperature rise tests are, in general, representative of the
average loss level over long time in service. Measurements
The no-load loss and the no-load current shall be after other tests sometimes show higher values caused by
measured on one of the windings at rated frequency spitting between laminate edges during the impulse tests, etc.
and at a voltage corresponding to rated voltage if the Such measurements may be less representative of losses in
test is performed on the principal tapping, or to the service.
appropriate tapping voltage if the test is performed on
10.6 Measurement of the Harmonics of the No-load
another tapping. The remaining winding or windings
Current
shall be left open-circuited and any windings which
can be connected in open delta shall have the delta The harmonics of the no-load current in the three
closed. phases are measured and the magnitude of the
harmonics is expressed as a percentage of the
The transformer shall be approximately at factory
fundamental component.
ambient temperature.
For a three-phase transformer the selection of the 10.7 Measurement of Zero-Sequence Impedance(s)
winding and the connection to the test power source on Three-Phase Transformers
shall be made to provide, as far as possible, symmetrical The zero-sequence impedance is measured at rated
16
IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
frequency between the line terminals of a star- 2 The zero-sequence impedance is dependent upon the physical
disposition of the windings and the magnetic parts and
connected or zigzag-connected winding connected
measurements on different windings may not, therefore, agree.
together, and its neutral terminal. It is expressed in
ohms per phase and is given by 3 U/I, where U is the 10.8 Tests on On-load Tap-Changers
test voltage and I is the test current.
10.8.1 Operation Test
I
The test current per phase shall be stated With the tap-changer fully assembled on the
3 transformer the following sequence of operations shall
It shall be ensured that the current in the neutral be performed without failure:
connection is compatible with its current-carrying a) with the transformer un-energized, eight
capability. complete cycles of operation (a cycle of
In the case of a transformer with an additional delta- operation goes from one end of the tapping
connected winding, the value of the test current shall range to the other, and back again);
be such that the current in the delta-connected winding b) with the transformer un-energized, and with
is not excessive, taking into account the duration of the auxiliary voltage reduced to 85 percent of
application. its rated value, one complete cycle of operation;
c) with the transformer energized at rated voltage
If winding balancing ampere-turns are missing in the
and frequency at no load, one complete cycle
zero-sequence system, for example, in a star-star-
of operation; and
connected transformer without delta winding, the
applied voltage shall not exceed the phase-to-neutral d) with one winding short-circuited and, as far
voltage at normal operation. The current in the neutral as practicable, rated current in the tapped
and the duration of application should be limited to avoid winding, 10 tap-change operations across the
excessive temperatures of metallic constructional parts. range of two steps on each side from where a
coarse or reversing changeover selector
In the case of transformers having more than one star- operates, or otherwise from the middle
connected winding with neutral terminal, the zero- tapping.
sequence impedance is dependent upon the connection
(see 3.7.3) and the tests to be made shall be subject to 10.8.2 Auxiliary Circuits Insulation Test
agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser. After the tap-changer is assembled on the transformer,
Auto-transformers with a neutral terminal intended to a power frequency test shall be applied to the auxiliary
be permanently connected to earth shall be treated as circuits as specified in IS 2026 (Part 3).
normal transformers with two star-connected windings.
11 ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY
Thereby, the series winding and the common winding
(EMC)
together form one measuring circuit, and the common
winding alone forms the other. The measurements are Power transformer shall be considered as passive
carried out with a current not exceeding the difference elements in respect to emission of, and immunity to,
between the rated currents on the low-voltage side and electromagnetic disturbances.
the high-voltage side. NOTES
NOTES 1 Certain accessories may be susceptible to electromagnetic
1 In conditions where winding balancing ampere-turns are interference.
missing, the relation between voltage and current is generally 2 Passive elements are not liable to cause electromagnetic
not linear. In that case several measurements at different values disturbances and their performance is not liable to be affected
of current may give useful information. by such disturbances.
17
IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
ANNEX A
(Clause 2)
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS
IS No Title IS No Title
1076 (Part 1): Preferred numbers: Part 1 Series of 5553 : 1989 Reactors
1985 preferred number (All parts)
2026 Power transformers: 6600 : 1972 Guide for loading of oil immersed
(Part 2) : 2010 Temperature rise (first revision) transformers
(Part 3) : 2009 Insulation levels and dielectric tests 11171 : 1985 Specification for dry-type power
(Part 4) : 1977 Terminal marking, tappings and transformers
connections 13964 : 1994 Methods of measurement of
(Part 5) : 2011 Ability to withstand short circuit (first transformer and reactor sound levels
revision) IS/ISO 9001 : Quality management systems
2000 Requirements
ANNEX B
(Clause 1.1.2)
INFORMATION REQUIRED WITH ENQUIRY AND ORDER
B-1 RATING AND GENERAL DATA k) Rated voltage for each winding;
m) For a transformer with tappings:
B-1.1 Normal Information
1) which winding is tapped, the number of
The following information shall be given in all cases: tappings, and the tapping range or
tapping step;
a) Particulars of the specifications to which the
transformer shall comply; 2) whether off-circuit or on-load tap-
changing is required;
b) Kind of transformer, for example, separate
winding transformer, auto-transformer or 3) if the tapping range is more than 5
booster transformer; percent, the type of voltage variation, and
c) Single or three-phase unit; the location of the maximum current
tapping, if applicable, (see 5.4).
d) Number of phases in system;
e) Frequency; n) Highest voltage for equipment (Um) for each
f) Dry-type or oil-immersed type. If oil- winding [with respect to insulation [see
immersed type, whether mineral oil or IS 2026 (Part 3)];
synthetic insulating liquid. If dry-type, degree p) Method of system earthing (for each
of protection (see IS 11171); winding);
g) Indoor or outdoor type; q) Insulation level [see IS 2026 (Part 3)], for each
winding;
h) Type of cooling;
j) Rated power for each winding and, for tapping r) Connection symbol and neutral terminals, if
range exceeding 5 percent, the specified required for any winding;
maximum current tapping, if applicable. If the s) Any peculiarities of installation, assembly,
transformer is specified with alternative transport and handling. Restrictions on
methods of cooling, the respective lower dimensions and mass;
power values are to be stated together with t) Details of auxiliary supply voltage (for fans
the rated power (which refers to the most and pumps, tap-changer, alarms, etc);
efficient cooling); u) Fittings required and an indication of the side
18
IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
19
IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
ANNEX C
(Clause 5.4)
EXAMPLES OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR TRANSFORMERS WITH TAPPINGS
C-1 EXAMPLE 1 CONSTANT FLUX VOLTAGE The tapping current of the untapped winding (LV) is
VARIATION then limited to 2 020 A from the tapping +5 percent to
the extreme tapping +15 percent where the tapping
Transformer having a 66 kV/20 kV three-
power is reduced to 18.3 MVA.
phase 40 MVA rating and a 10 percent tapping range
on the 66 kV winding, with 11 tapping positions. Short C-3 EXAMPLE 3 COMBINED VOLTAGE
notation: (66 5 2 percent ) / 20 kV. VARIATION
Category of voltage variation : CFVV Transformer having a 160 kV/20 kV three-
Rated power : 40 MVA phase 40 MVA rating and a 15 percent tapping range
Rated voltages : 66 kV/20 kV on the 160 kV winding. The changeover point
Tapped winding : 66 kV (maximum voltage tapping), is at +6 percent, and there
(tapping range is also a maximum current tapping in the CFVV range
10 percent ) at 9 percent:
Number of tapping positions : 11
Tapped winding: 160 kV, range 10 1.5 percent.
If this transformer shall have reduced power tappings,
Tapping Current
Tapping Voltage
say, from tapping 6 percent, add: Tappings
Tapping Power
maximum current tapping : tapping 6
Voltage Ratio
SMVA
UHT/ UMT
percent
The tapping current of the HV winding is then limited
to 372 A from the tapping 6 percent to the extreme
tapping 10 percent where tapping power is reduced UHT IBT IHT IBT IHT/
to 38.3 MVA. kV A A A IBT
C-2 EXAMPLE 2 VARIABLE FLUX VOLTAGE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
VARIATION 1 (+15 9/20 169.6 18.43 125.6 1 155 36.86
percent )
Transformer having a 66 kV/6 kV, three-phase 20 MVA
rating and a +15 percent, 5 percent tapping range on 7 (+6 8/48 169.6 20 136.2 1 155 40
the HV winding, but having a constant tapping voltage percent)
for the HV winding and a variable tapping voltage for 11 (0 8 160 20 144.4 1 155 40
the LV winding, between: percent)
6 6 17 (9 7/28 145.6 20 158.7 1 155 40
= 6.32 kV to = 5.22 kV percent)
0.95 1.15
Category of voltage variation :
VFVV 21 (15 6/80 136 20 158.7 1 080 37.4
Rated power :
20 MVA percent)
Rated voltages :
66 kV/6 kV
Tapped winding :
66 kV NOTES
(tapping 1 On completing with data for intermediate tappings, the
range +15 preceding table can be used on a rating plate.
percent,5 2 Compare this specification and a CFVV specification which
percent ) would be:
Number of tapping positions : 13 (160 15 percent ) / 20 kV 40 MVA
Tapping voltages of 6 kV winding : 6.32 kV, 6 The difference is that the HV tapping voltage,
kV, 5.22 kV according to the example, does not exceed the system
If this transformer shall have reduced power tappings, highest voltage of the HV system, which is 170 kV
add for example: (IEC standardized value). The quantity highest voltage
for equipment which characterizes the insulation of
maximum current tapping : tapping +5 the winding, is also 170 kV [see IS 2026 (Part 3)].
percent
20
IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
ANNEX D
(Clauses 5.5 and B-1.2)
SHORT-CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE BY BOUNDARIES
The upper boundary (Fig. 3) is a constant value of overcurrent on the secondary side during a through-
short-circuit impedance as a percentage, which is fault.
determined by the permissible voltage drop at a
The dashed line is an example of a transformer short-
specified loading and at a specified power factor.
circuit impedance curve which would satisfy this
The lower boundary is determined by permissible specification.
21
IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
ANNEX E
(Clause 6)
THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
Common Connections are given in Fig. 4 and other connections are given in Fig. 5, 6 and 7.
NOTE It should be noted that these conventions differ from those previously used in Fig. 5 of IS 2026 (Part 5).
22
IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
Additional Connections
NOTE It should be noted that these conventions differ from those previously used in Fig. 5 of IS 2026 (Part 4)
23
IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
FIG. 7 EXAMPLE OF THREE SINGLE-PHASE T RANSFORMERS CONNECTED TO FORM A THREE -PHASE B ANK
(CONNECTION SYMBOL YD5)
24
IS 2026 (Part 1) : 2011
ANNEX F
(Clause 10.4)
TEMPERATURE CORRECTION OF LOAD LOSS
235 + 2 300
R2 = R1 (copper) Rr = R1 (aluminium)
235 + 1 225 + 1
225 + 2 225 + 2
R2 = R1 (aluminium) Par = Pa 2
225 + 1 300
Pa2 = P2 I2R2 Finally: Pr = I2Rr + Par
25
Bureau of Indian Standards
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should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of
BIS Catalogue and Standards : Monthly Additions.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc No.: ETD 16 (6058).