E U C L I D I N D U S T R I E S

WHEEL
ATTACHING
PARTS
Includes:

Disc Wheel Parts

Spoke Wheel Parts

MODULE THREE

1
 ENGINEERED TO LAST
More fleets buy Euclid wheel
WHEEL ATTACHING PARTS attaching parts than any other
The Industry Standard For Over 50 Years brand. Euclid studs, inner
and outer cap nuts, and rim
nuts set the industry standard
for quality, strength,
precision-fit and exceptional
availability at competitive
prices. No other source
offers the safety and quality
assurance found in Euclid
wheel attaching parts.
OVER 50 YEARS
EXPERIENCE
Since 1939, Euclid has
been a prime manufacturer of
wheel attaching parts.
Euclid's Quality Control
laboratory assures that all
parts are made to stringent
tolerances and that the
highest material and process
standards specified are met
Cold forging increases stud tensile strength on every lot.
FASTENER
QUALITY ACT
Public laws 101-592 and
104-113 were passed by
the United States Congress
to insure fastener quality.
These laws create proce-
dures for the certification,
and documentation of
covered fasteners (includ-
ing many wheel attaching
parts) sold for use within
the United States.
For the greatest safety,
fleets should only use parts
meeting the exacting
standards supported by
these laws.
Quality control lot testing
EUCLID QUALITY
ASSURANCE
Each lot of Euclid wheel
attaching parts is
thoroughly tested and
documented. Each lot
is assigned a control
number which includes
laboratory test reports to
assure it meets our exacting
standards. These records
are retained for
a minimum of five years.
The Euclid Registered lEl
Rolled threads offer superior forging mark is your
strength to machine cut threads assurance that you are
receiving genuine Euclid
2 quality wheel attaching
parts.
INNOVATION IN DESIGN
Euclid has been at the
forefront of developing thru
hardened inner and outer
cap nuts for dual wheels.
Now, with Euclid's line of
thru hardened stud and nut
assemblies for dual wheels,
the entire assembly
(mounting stud, inner and
outer cap nut) are the
highest quality parts
available at
competitive prices.
ROLLED THREADS FOR
ENDURANCE
Wheel studs and bolts,
literally, keep your vehicle
on the road. Failure of
wheel attaching parts is
costly and can be cata-
strophic.
Euclid rolls, not cuts,
external threads on its
Grade 8 wheel studs as
specified by The Society
of Automotive Engineers
Standard J429. Rolled
threads increase the
strength and reduces
stripping and fatigue
failures of wheel studs.
This SAE standard further
details the material,
manufacturing, strength
and testing requirements
for externally threaded
fasteners.
IN-DEPTH APPLICATION
COVERAGE
Euclid's extensive line of
studs, nuts, wheel rim
clamps and hubs for
both disc and spoke
wheels provides the
highest quality wheel
attaching parts available,
when you need them.
Euclid wheel attaching parts:
giving you the greatest
margin of safety available
today!
RIDE WITH PEACE OF
MIND ON EUCLID WHEEL
ATTACHING PARTS.
TECH TIPS
CLAMP LOAD

One of the most important concepts associated with wheel attaching parts is that of clamp load. The clamp load
generated by the wheel studs and nuts keeps the wheels on the vehicle. This clamp load is created by properly
torquing the wheel nuts to achieve a specified stretching of the stud. When the system is properly designed and
maintained, the stud stretches within its elastic limit. This stretch is only a few thousandths of an inch, but the
elongation that does occur is extremely important and is controlled by the torque and condition of the threads
and other mating parts.

The clamp load created by a fastening system is more important than the physical size of the fasteners. The
load that a properly maintained wheel system can support is far greater than the load a stud can support without
being properly torqued. Studs that are loose and not torqued properly are subjected to constant bending.
Ultimately they fatigue and fail regardless of the grade or tensile strength of the stud. It takes much less force to
break the stud by bending (fatigue failure) than by stretching it until it breaks (tensile failure). Remember, you
can easily break a piece of wire through repeated bending. It is much more difficult to break the wire through a
simple pulling or stretching action. Fatigue is the most common type of failure with wheel attaching parts.

Controlling the torque is the key to controlling the clamp load. Torque that is applied results in 1) the
stretching of the stud (clamp load), 2) friction under the head, and 3) friction in the thread area.

FRICTION DISTRIBUTION
No Lube With Lube
10% Friction
Applied To
30% Friction
50%
Friction
Under Head
CLAMPING
FORCE
Under Head
40% Friction
Applied To
30%
40%
Friction
Friction
In Thread
CLAMPING
FORCE
In Thread

In fact, as little as 10% of the torque is converted into clamping force (with no lubrication) and engineers take
this into account when developing the recommended torque values. Consequently, if the friction is changed
through the use of a lubricant, then the same torque will generate more stud stretch and more clamp load. If
this stud stretch is too great, the stud will fail due to over torque or tensile failure. Excessive clamp loads may
also be too great for other components in the assembly causing stack setting, loose joints, and ultimately the
bending or fatigue failure of the stud. For this reason, ALWAYS check the recommended assembly procedures
to see if lubricants are to be used. The specified torque on some fastener assemblies was based upon lubricated
components and others were not. If a lubricant is specified, only apply the proper lubricant and amounts to the
specified surfaces.

3
TECH TIPS
DISC WHEEL PARTS
(Product Code 504)

FUNCTION
AVAILABLE TYPES
Disc Wheels and Disc Wheel Mountings are designed in two mounting types:

1. Ball Seat Piloted Declining in popularity on new vehicles.

2. Hub Piloted Used with increasing popularity in North American market on new vehicles.

DISC WHEEL MOUNTING TYPES

(DUAL WHEEL MOUNTING SHOWN)

;
;
;
BALL SEAT PILOTED HUB PILOTED
Figure 1 Figure 2

THE BALL SEAT PILOTED MOUNTING TYPE

(See Figure 1) Uses 10 inner and/or outer cap nuts with a .875 ball seat to pilot the wheel(s) on the hub. Note that the
inside diameter of the wheels do not contact the hub. Wheels are centered and clamped by the 10 ball seats. Ball Seat
mounting types use right hand threaded studs and nuts on the passenger side of the vehicle and left hand studs and nuts
on the driver side.

THE HUB PILOTED MOUNTING TYPE

(See Figure 2) Uses the wheel inside diameter and pilots located on the wheel hub to center the wheel. Eight or ten two
piece flange nuts clamp the wheel to the hub. Hub Piloted mounting types with dual wheels use less hardware than Ball
Seat mounting types because of the elimination of the inner cap nuts. This can save maintenance time and inventory
costs. Hub Piloted mounting designs currently use all right hand threaded studs and nuts and are usually metric.

4
 TECH TIPS
Disc Wheel Parts

INSPECTION & INSTALLATION RECOMMENDATIONS

ALL MOUNTING TYPES

Disc Wheels are available in tubeless and tube types and all O.S.H.A. regulations must be adhered to when servicing
either style. Do not service wheels and rims unless thoroughly trained in all safety information as written by O.S.H.A.
and the wheel manufacturers.

The useful life for wheels and attaching parts cannot be predicted. Therefore, all Disc Wheels and attaching hardware
should be inspected for damage and wear during all periodic preventive maintenance intervals.

BALL SEAT PILOTED MOUNTING TYPE

During the periodic inspections of ball seat wheels, check nut torque and look for signs of rust lines running from the
seat between nut and wheel. These rust lines are one indication that complete ball seat contact has not been made.
This could be caused by a loose joint and/or a worn wheel or nut ball seat. Either of these conditions can cause stud
and/or wheel failure. Cracks at or between stud holes (see Figure 3) also indicate this problem. For complete
information and inspection procedures on wheel maintenance, see The Maintenance Council publication No. T04010.

Proper Ball Concave and Eroded

Seating Surface Seating Surface

Figure 3 Figure 4

All parts including rims should always be checked for damage. It is important to keep studs, nuts, hubs, wheels, and
drum surfaces free of lubricant, foreign material and excessive paint buildup. Use a wire brush to clean hub and drum
surfaces if rust or debris is present. Replace any hub or drum if there is evidence of cracking or excessive wear. Do not
mix hub piloted and stud-piloted wheels, studs and nuts. Many hubs manufactured today may be used with either
mounting system when the proper attaching hardware is installed. Proper identification of these convertible hubs is
critical when replacing hardware or converting from one mounting type to another. Failure to follow these guidelines
could result in loss of torque, a cracked wheel or possible wheel loss. Ball seats on both inner and outer caps nuts must
be checked for wear during servicing (see Figure 4). These .875 ball seats must be smooth and even in order to contact
the wheel at all points. If wear is found on any ball seat, replace the cap nut or wheel and closely inspect the mating
parts. An extremely worn cap nut is shown in Figure 4. Wheel fastener wear may not always be this obvious.
Continued reuse of fasteners can limit the assemblys ability to provide the proper clamp load. Loss of clamp load can
result in broken studs, broken inner cap nuts, and/or wheel loss. A full explanation of this type of wear and failures can
be seen in Euclid Video No. 8.

Check for damaged studs. Clean the base and threads of each stud to remove any rust or foreign material. Damaged
threads will give false increased torque readings and may allow for loose wheels in service. This condition could cause
stud or wheel failure. If one stud is broken, that stud along with the studs of either side must be replaced. If two wheel
studs on one wheel fail in service, all wheel studs on that wheel must be replaced. Studs should be pressed into the hub,
not pounded with a hammer or pulled in with the wheel nuts. This press will insure complete and proper seating of
the stud and eliminate one common cause of loose wheels and stud failures.

5
TECH TIPS
Disc Wheel Parts

BALL SEAT PILOTED MOUNTING TYPE (contd.)

Be sure the correct fasteners are used with your wheel system. Nuts used in hub piloted systems should not be mixed
with stud-piloted. With dual mounting of Ball Seat Piloted wheels, the inner cap nut covers the stud. Therefore, to
check the proper stud length, it is necessary to remove the inner cap nuts. Studs must extend far enough from the
mounting face of the wheel hub to properly support the disc wheel(s). This is called stud stand out. Stand out is
measured from the hub or brake drum mounting surface to the end of the stud (see Figures 5, 6). Most vehicles have
studs with a stand out range of 1.31" to 1.44". Some vehicles with aluminum wheels use studs with up to 1.88" stand

@; ;@
out. Special inner cap nuts E-5988-R&L have been specifically designed for use with aluminum wheels. These inner
cap nuts have slightly more internal and external threads and are counterbored at the open end to prevent bottoming out
on the unthreaded portion of some studs.

When replacing steel brake drums with thicker cast drums (and vice versa) be sure to check for proper stud stand out.
Changing drum thickness can reduce the available number of stud threads or cause the inner cap nut to bottom out on

OUTBOARD MOUNTED DRUM INBOARD MOUNTED DRUM

STUD STAND OUT STUD STAND OUT

@; Figure 5

your Wheel Manufacturers Manual.

Figure 6

the stud before clamping the inner wheel. For specific application stud stand out recommendations, consult Euclid or

Do not use lubrication on nuts used on stud-piloted wheels. Never lubricate wheel or nut ball seats or mounting faces.
If lubrication is used, the torque specifications will be different than those specified by the wheel manufacturers.

When mounting the wheel, carefully place the single wheel or inner wheel of a dual wheel assembly onto the hub
without damaging stud threads. Be sure the wheel fits snugly against the drum first. Finger tighten the nuts then tighten
nuts to about 50 ft. lbs. torque using the proper torquing sequence shown in Figure 8 (pg. 8). Do not tighten fully until
all have been seated; then torque to specs as shown on page 8 using the same installation sequence.

For dual wheel systems, place the outer wheel over the inner cap nuts. Finger tighten 2 outer nuts 180 degrees apart to
properly locate the wheel. Install and tighten the remaining other nuts to 50 ft. lbs. using the tightening sequence shown
in Figure 8. Perform the final tightening of the other cap nuts to the proper torque specifications using the same torque
sequence in Figure 8.

Recheck the torque level after 50 to 100 miles of operation and retighten if necessary to the recommended torque using
the proper sequence. Wheel nuts should be checked/torqued during regularly scheduled vehicle maintenance or every
10,000 miles. To check and re-torque an inner cap nut, it is necessary to first loosen the outer cap nut; then tighten the
inner cap nut. Outer cap nuts then must be tightened to the proper level and in the proper sequence.

6
 TECH TIPS
Disc Wheel Parts

HUB PILOTED MOUNTING TYPE

With a Hub Piloted mounting type (see Figure 2) it is important to keep flange nut faces, wheels, and drum surfaces free
of lubricant, foreign material and excessive paint buildup. Hub Piloted systems should be checked at the same
preventive maintenance intervals as Ball Seat Piloted Wheels. Nuts need to be checked for proper torque and wheels for
cracks. Excessive paint on wheels can cause clamp load loss. When installing hub piloted wheels, it is very important
to make sure the brake drum is on the raised step of the pilot pads located on the wheel hub. The hub and drum
mounting face must be clean and flat. If rust or debris is present on the hub and drum surfaces, clean these surfaces
with a wire brush. Replace hub and drum if wear is evident or there are signs of cracked bolt holes. Do not mix hub
piloted and stud-piloted wheels, studs and nuts. Many hubs manufactured today may be used with either mounting
system when the proper attaching hardware is installed. Proper identification of these convertible hubs is critical when
replacing hardware or converting from one mounting type to another. Failure to follow these guidelines could result in
loss of torque, a cracked wheel or possible wheel loss. The inside diameter of the wheel and pilot pads of the hub are
machined to close tolerances. They should be inspected for wear. Keep the surfaces clean so the wheel will fit properly
on the hub pilots.

Clean the base and threads of each stud to remove any rust or foreign material. Damaged threads will give false
increased torque readings and allow for loose wheels in service. Either condition could cause stud or wheel failure.
Check for damaged studs. If one stud is broken, that stud along with the studs of either side must be replaced. If two
wheel studs on one wheel fail in service, all wheel studs on that wheel must be replaced. Be sure correct studs are used,
as stud breakage can occur if the wrong studs are used. Hubs designed for steel hub piloted wheels may not have
enough pilot length to locate dual aluminum wheels. Always measure the hub pilot to make sure the hub has a
minimum pilot length of 1.06" or 27mm for dual wheels before attempting a conversion. See Wheel Manufacturer's
specifications for minimum stud stand out dimensions.

Nuts used in hub piloted systems should not be mixed with stud-piloted. Replace any wheel nuts with damaged threads
and insure that the flange on any multi-piece nut rotates freely. Apply two drops of oil to a point between the nuts and
flanges and two drops to the last 2 or 3 threads at the end of each stud. You may also lightly lubricate the pilots on the
hub to ease wheel installation and removal. Do not lubricate the mounting face of the drum or wheel.

When mounting the wheel, rotate the hub until one pilot pad is at top center or the 12 oclock position (see Figure 7).
Carefully place the single wheel or inner wheel of a dual wheel assembly onto the hub without damaging stud threads.
Be sure the wheel fits snugly against the drum. For dual wheel assemblies, place the outer wheel on hub making sure
hand holds are aligned to allow easy access to tire valves. Be sure the outer wheel fits snugly against the inner wheel.
Finger tighten all nuts. Tighten nuts to about 50 ft. lbs. torque. Do not tighten fully until all have been seated; then
torque to specs as shown on page using the torquing sequence in Figure 8.

Recheck the torque level after 50 to 100 miles of operation and retighten if necessary to the recommended torque using
the proper sequence. Wheel nuts should be checked/torqued during regularly scheduled vehicle maintenance or every
10,000 miles.
HUB MOUNTING POSITION

1
PILOTS
10 8 (4 PLACES)

3 6

5 4

7 9
2

Figure 7
7
TECH TIPS
Disc Wheel Parts

DISC WHEEL SERVICE INFORMATION

WHEEL NUT TORQUING SEQUENCE

1 1
7 2 10 8

3 6
5 4
5 4
3 6 7 9
8 2
Figure 8

TORQUE CHART
MOUNTING TYPE NUT THREAD TORQUE LEVEL

Hub-piloted with flange nut 11/16"-

16 300-400 ft. lbs. (oiled)*
M20 x 1.5 280-330 ft. lbs. (oiled)*
M22 x 1.5 450-500 ft. lbs. (oiled)*

Stud-piloted, double cap nut - 3/4"- 16 450-500 ft. lbs. (dry)

standard type 1 1/8"- 16 450-500 ft. lbs. (dry)
(7/8" ball seat radius)

Stud-piloted, double cap nut - 15/16"- 12 750-900 ft. lbs. (dry)

heavy-duty type 1 1/8"- 16 750-900 ft. lbs. (dry)
(1 3/16" ball seat radius) 1 5/16"- 12 750-900 ft. lbs. (dry)

*See Installation Tip #2 (above)

Information courtesy of TMC (The Maintenance Council of The American Trucking Association). For complete wheel
service guidelines see TMC RP-222, User's Guide to Wheels and Rims.

vs. COMPETITION

Euclid Studs have rolled threads which resist stripping and remain tight when properly torqued.

Euclid manufactures Wheel Studs to Grade 8 performance levels in its own plant. The IEI stamped
on the end of the stud insures that a stud is Euclid and is of high quality.

Euclid adheres to rigid manufacturing and quality control standards.

For your convenience, Euclid Wheel attaching parts may be identified by using Catalog No. 100A or
Wall Chart A-777-F.

Euclid offers a Parts Display Cabinet (PC-100) to store Euclid Wheel Attaching Parts in the distributor
showroom or fleet repair area.

8
;; ;
;;;;
;;;
TECH TIPS
SPOKE WHEEL PARTS
(Product Codes 503, 507)

FUNCTION
Available Types
Spoke wheels are available for single or dual rim mountings shown as typical
assemblies in Figure 9 below.

RIM

CLAMP
DUAL WHEEL AND SINGLE WHEEL ATTACHING PARTS
MOUNTING SURFACES

GENERAL INSPECTION RECOMMENDATIONS

CAST
SPACER

SPOKE WHEEL

TYPICAL DUAL MOUNTING OF

CAST SPOKE WHEEL
RIM

TYPICAL SINGLE
WHEEL FRONT
MOUNTING OF CAST
SPOKE WHEEL

Figure 9
CLAMP
CAST
SPOKE WHEEL
RIM

All spoke wheel and rim assemblies require the proper torque and mating of wheel tapers, rims, spacers, and clamps to
insure a safe and true running assembly.
All studs, nuts, clamps, mounting surfaces of the wheel and rim should be clean, and free from grease and any foreign
objects. Clean wheel with wire brush if any foreign material is found. Spacers should be clean and free from any signs
of slippage or distortion.
Replace all damaged or distorted parts.

TORQUE
Position all rim clamps in position and finger tighten nuts in the sequence indicated (see mounting instructions on page
10). Next, snug up nuts with light torque continuing to follow the proper tightening sequence. Do not tighten fully until
all have been snugged up. This light torque allows the rims to properly align themselves on the 28 degree mounting
surface of the cast wheel. Check the alignment and adjust as required. Tighten the nuts to Wheel Manufacturers
Specifications (see torque chart on page 10). Torque should be checked on every new vehicle or each time a wheel and
rim assembly is reassembled, and again after 50 to 100 miles of vehicle operation in order to assure that the rims are
seating properly. Retighten the nuts to the proper torque level following tightening sequence. Be sure not to exceed the
recommended torque levels. If clamp bottoms out before reaching 80% of the recommended torque, check to insure that
proper clamps and spacers are being used. It is also recommended that a torque check be made every 10,000 miles or
the vehicles scheduled maintenance program. After this re-torquing procedure, all parts should remain tight. Torque
and all parts should be inspected if any wheel and rim slippage or excessive run out occurs between service intervals.

STUD FAILURE
CAUTION: With spoke wheel studs, as with all wheel studs, if one stud fails in service, the stud along with the studs
on either side of it must be replaced. If two wheel studs on one wheel fail in service, all wheel studs on that wheel must
be replaced. Because of the overloading of the remaining studs, continual failures will occur if this simple rule is not
followed.

9
 ;
; ;
TECH TIPS
Spoke Wheel Parts

STUD INSTALLATION
When installing new studs, be sure to use stud setter such as Euclid's E-5833 and E-5834 so threads are not damaged.
Damaged threads will give false increased torque readings and may allow wheel and rim slippage in service.

BROKEN STUD REMOVAL

Euclid provides Broken Stud Removal Kit E-5205 which, when used properly, can remove even the most stubborn
5/8" and 3/4" studs and broken inner cap nuts. The Kit includes a Drive-on Tool and three Rib Nuts which can be
replaced when their ribs wear!

SPOKE WHEEL SERVICE INFORMATION

HEEL-LESS CLAMP Heel-less clamps do not HEEL TYPE CLAMP Gap permissible but not
depend on a fulcrum at the required if gap
bottom of the clamp to exceeds 1/4" or if clamp
produce the force to wedge bottoms out before
the rims. reaching 80% of
recommended torque,
Heel of clamp does not check to insure that
touch wheel here. proper clamps and
spacer are being used.

MOUNTING INSTRUCTIONS
1. Position all rim clamps in place, then install the rim clamp nuts finger tight. If Ball Faced Nuts are
required by clamp design, be sure they are placed with the ball side to the Clamp.

2. Lightly tighten Nuts in the sequence shown. Do not tighten nuts fully until all of them have been snugged up. This
will permit the rims to properly align themselves on the 28 mounting surfaces of the cast spoke wheel.

3. Tighten Nuts to Wheel Manufacturers Specifications in the Sequence shown.

1
1 1 6

3 6

3 4

3 4

5 4

5 2
5 2
2

TORQUE CHART
NUT THREAD TORQUE LEVEL

5/8"- 11 160-200 ft. lbs. (dry)

3/4"- 10 200-260 ft. lbs. (dry)
Information courtesy of TMC (The Maintenance Council of The American Trucking Association). For complete wheel service
guidelines see TMC RP-222, User's Guide to Wheels and Rims.

10
;;;
TECH TIPS
Spoke Wheel Parts

NOTE: The rim clamp does NOT have to heel against the face of the spoke. If the rim clamp does have a heel, the heel
MUST NOT bottom out before reaching 80% of the recommended torque. Do NOT over-torque.

OVER-TORQUE CAN DEFORM RIM SPACER AND DAMAGE BACK FLANGE

CORRECT, OVER-TORQUED,
No Rim Spacer Damage Rim Spacer Damage

vs. COMPETITION

Euclid Spoke Wheel Studs have tapered threads on the wheel end to give
positive locking action.

Euclid Studs have rolled threads which resist stripping and remain tight
when properly torqued.

Euclid manufactures Wheel Studs to Grade 8 performance levels in its

own plant. The IEI stamped on the end of the stud insures that a stud
is Euclid and is of high quality.

Euclid adheres to rigid manufacturing and quality control standards.

For your convenience, Euclid Wheel attaching parts may be identified by

using Catalog No. 100A or Wall Chart A-777-F.

Euclid offers a Parts Display Cabinet (PC-100) to store Euclid Wheel

Attaching Parts in the distributor showroom or fleet repair area.

11
OTHER EUCLID TECHNICAL
TRAINING MODULES AVAILABLE:
MODULE ONE - FOUNDATION AIR BRAKES MODULE FIVE - FRONT END PARTS
Includes: Includes:
Foundation Air Brake Hardware Kits King Pin Sets
Camshafts/Camshaft Repair Kits Tie Rod Ends
Automatic Slack Adjusters Drag Links
Air Wedge Brakes Light-Duty Front End Parts

MODULE ONE-ONE - AIR SYSTEMS MODULE SIX - AIR CONDITIONING

Includes: AND HEATING PARTS
Compressors
Governors MODULE SEVEN - ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
Air Dryers / Air Tanks Includes:
Air Valves / Air Hoses Alternators
Starters
MODULE TWO - HYDRAULIC BRAKES
Includes: MODULE EIGHT - ENGINE COOLING SYSTEMS
Hydraulic Wheel Cylinders Includes:
Master Cylinder Water Pumps
Hydraulic Disc Brake Rotors
Hydraulic Disc Brake Calipers WWW.EUCLIDIND.COM
For more information on Euclid's other Tech Tips
MODULE FOUR - SUSPENSIONS visit our new Web site.
Includes:
Four-Spring Suspensions
Neway Air Suspensions
Mack Camel Back Spring Suspension
U-Bolts
Uni-Rods/Maxi-Rods
Air Springs
Shock Absorbers

SERVING THE HEAVY-DUTY

INDUSTRY SINCE 1939
Distributed By:
Euclid Industries, LLC
6660 Beta Drive
Cleveland, Ohio 44143-2321
(440) 461-4300 Fax: (440) 461-4307
Euclid Industries Canada Ltd.
Toronto Edmonton Montreal Vancouver

Copyright 1999 Euclid Industries, LLC

TT-3 4-99 Printed in USA
12