ISSN 2518-6485

www.enerzineiedu.com
September 2016

SIX
GIGAWATT
ELECTRICITY
GENERATION POSSIBLE
FROM ROOFTOP SOLAR SYSTEMS
IN BANGLADESH

ISSUE: 01
VOL: 01 INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
SEPT. 2016
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA
DHAKA ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY LIMITED (DESCO)

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Path to Sustainable Development Goal

Dedicated to the freedom fighters

and the martyrs of our liberation war
 BEHIND THE SCREEN SUPPORTED BY
DPDC
CHIEF EDITOR DESCO
Prof. Dr. Saiful Huque Rahimafrooz
IDCOL
CO-EDITOR Confidence Group
Prof. Dr. Md. Habibur Rahman Huawei
Assist. Prof. Dr. S.M. Nasif Shams BIFFL
Green Belt Trust
ADVISORY EDITOR Schneider Electric
Prof. Dr. Rafiqul Islam Bangla Trac
Prof. Dr. Maksud Kamal Practical Action
Prof. Shibli Rubayat Ul Islam Intraco Group
Energypac
ASSISTANT EDITOR IDLC
ASM Ibrahim Hameem Group
Md. Sayeed Ur Rahim Mahadi Al-Arafah Islami Bank
Eco Distribution
INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATORS Best Way
Helena L Wright LIC
Ilias Tsagas Eco Distribution Limited
Solar Land
COORDINATOR Super Star Group
Shishir Dutta SEBL
Sonia Akter

COOPERATION
Bangladesh Solar Energy Society
Published by: Prof. Dr. Saiful Huque
DESIGN AND PRINT On Behalf of
Arka
INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
CORE INITIATIVE University of Dhaka
Institute of Energy, Dhaka University
Mokarram Hossain Khondoker
PRICE Biggyan Bhaban Campus
200 TK Dhaka- 1000, Bangladesh
Phone- 9677125, 9661920-73/4570
Individuals opinion does not necessarily reflect Fax: +880-2-9667222,
editorial policy of ENERZINE Email: ire@du.ac.bd
Website: www.univdhaka.edu
ISSN 2518-6485
ISSUE: 01 VOL: 01
SEPTEMBER 2016
Honorable Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina has received
the UNs highest environmental honor Champions of
the Earth in recognition of Bangladeshs initiatives to
meet the challenges of climate change.
 PRIME MINISTER
GOVERNMENT OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF
BANGLADESH

In today's world, energy has great influence over the

economy and environment of a nation. Bangladesh has
Note: From the desk bright prospects in energy resources, especially
of the renewable energy. Following the footsteps of the Father
Honorable Prime of the Nation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, we
have implemented various short and long-term plans to
Minister of
ensure the energy security of our country.
People's Republic of
The production and supply of the natural gas in our
Bangladesh, country has been increased substantially by drilling and
Sheikh Hasina exploring new gas fields. In January 2009, the daily
production of natural gas was only 1,7 44 million cubic
feet, which has been increased to 2,728 million cubic
feet. We have established our right over the Bay of
Bengal and we are firm to explore natural resources from
its seabed.
Institute of Energy, university of Dhaka, has a key role to
develop skilled work force in renewable and non-
renewable energy sectors. We hope this Institute would
also act as a catalyst to promote higher education,
research, technical and vocational training in close
cooperation with the energy industries of Bangladesh.
I wish all the success of this Energy Magazine.

Joi Bangla, Joi Bangabandhu

May Bangladesh Live Forever.

Sheikh Hasina
Honorable Energy Advisor Dr. Tawfiq-e-Elahi
Chowdhury BB, in a project visit session in Institute
of Energy, University of Dhaka.
 Tawfiq-e-Elahi Chowdhury
BB, PhD
Adviser (Minister) to the
Honble Prime Minister
Energy Power & Mineral
Resources Affairs
Govt. of the Peoples
Republic of Bangladesh

Bangladesh has made unprecedented progress in

Note: From the desk ensuring the access to electricity from 47% to about 80%
of the honorable of the population over the last 7 years under the bold and
visionary leadership of our honorable Prime Minister
Energy Advisor of Sheikh Hasina. Generation capacity has more than
People's republic of doubled during the same period providing the crucial
Bangladesh, power to industry, agriculture and service sectors.
Bangladesh has achieved 7%+ growth rate of GDP this
Dr. Tawfiq-e-Elahi
year, surpassing all its peers. Equally important, power
Chowdhury BB supply has helped achieve the socioeconomic goals of the
government setting an example of inclusive
development.
We still have a long way to go, achieving middle income
status by 2021 and of a developed country by 2041. Power
supply will almost have to double every ten years for the
next two decades. We plan to scale up the contribution of
renewable energy to 5% by 2020 and 10% by 2030 in our
generation mix. Energy efficiency and conservation will
also be important components of our overall strategy.
Institute of Energy has come forward to support the
programs of the government with R&D initiatives and
information dissemination of new technologies and
practices. ENERZINE, I hope, will play an important role in
achieving these goals of the Institute.
I hope Institute of Energy will be our partner in this
journey. I wish ENERZINE all the best.

Tawfiq-e-Elahi Chowdhury BB
Honorable Minister Nasrul Hamid in a heart touching
farewell session with Professor Dr. Muhtasham
Hussain who played leading role in establishing first
ever Renewable Energy Research Center in
Bangladesh in 1980.
 Nasrul Hamid MP
State Minister
Ministry of Power, Energy
& Mineral Resources
Government of the
People's Republic of
Bangladesh

With the rapid decline of fossil fuel throughout the world,

alternative sources of energy will have to be developed
Note: From the desk
for the future generation. In Bangladesh, most of the
of the Honorable power are generated from natural gas which is now
Minister, exhausting at a fast rate. At the same time, our earth is
Ministry of Power, facing a drastic change in climate and is gradually losing its
inherent power to recover due to Greenhouse gas
Energy and Mineral emission (GHG), resulting drought, flooding, rise in sea
Resource, level etc. To save the earth, all of us, including the
Nasrul Hamid developed and the developing world, should join
together to reduce the Greenhouse gas emission. Along
with energy conservation and efficient use of energy,
renewable energy can play an important role in this
respect.
Bangladesh is also moving forward with its plan to enhance
the share of renewable energy in its power system and is
expected to generate 10% of total power by 2020 from
renewable sources. To address our vision on time we need
skilled human resources. The Energy Institute of Dhaka
University can play vital role to fulfill our vision.
I wish all the success of this Energy Magazine.

Joy Bangla, Joy Bangabandhu.

Long live Bangladesh.

Nasrul Hamid
Honorable Vice Chancellor A A M S Arefin Siddique
with international renewable energy expert Matthias
Gelber in an after training session organized by
Institute of Energy, University of Dhaka.
 Professor Dr. A A M S Arefin Siddique
Vice-Chancellor
University of Dhaka
Dhaka- 1000, Bangladesh
Phone: 9672545, 9672533 (Off:)
Fax: 880-2-9667222
E-mail: vcoffice@du.ac.bd

In the context of global imperatives for energy supply and

Note: From the desk security, there is a critical need for advanced energy
of the sciences and technologies. By 2030, the global demand
for energy will be increased by 50% based on the
Honorable Vice predicted human population increase, and increasing
Chancellor, University prosperity. A secure energy future for Bangladesh needs
of Dhaka solutions that diversify an energy portfolio from
dependence on diminishing fossil fuel reserves.
Professor Dr. A A M S
Arefin Siddique The mission of Institute of Energy is three-fold: to
strengthen interactions among the energy sciences
research community on campus; to increase the
collaborative research enterprise between academia,
government laboratories and industry; and to welcome
future collaborators.
Institute of Energy is a well-considered step of University
of Dhaka to address the significant knowledge and skills
gap in the energy sector and provide a steady stream of
technically competent, highly skilled, professional
workforce to build a new knowledge base in energy
sciences of Bangladesh. We sincerely acknowledge that
our ability to realize the vision of a sustainable and secure
energy future can only be achieved through partnerships
that create deep interactions between academia,
industry and government.
I wish all the success of this publication.

(Prof. Dr. A A M S Arefin Siddique)

Vice-chancellor
National Renewable Energy Expo- January 2016
Organized by Institute of Energy,
University of Dhaka.
 FOREWORD
The energy sector always has been a capital intensive
industry. The old business model of finite resources based
energy generation was facilities (CAPEX) + interest (OPEX)
+ fuel (OPEX) = energy (ROI). In renewable energy
business models the fuel component is absent. The
business model of renewable energy generation is
facilities (CAPEX) = energy (ROI). The renewable energy
business cases are very attractive, as there is no fuel
demand and thereby almost no OPEX part in the cost
price. Our current energy model is based on finite
resources and therefore cannot deliver sustainable
Note: From the desk prosperity. Our future energy system will be based on
of the honorable renewable resources and therefore can deliver
sustainable prosperity.
Director,
The old energy system only functioned well when energy
Institute of Energy,
fuel was cheap and abundantly available, but definitely
University of Dhaka, does not produce prosperity if the energy fuel becomes
Professor Dr. Saiful expensive and scare. As nations seriously start to switch to
Huque a fuel-free energy system, they became not only stronger
in capital terms; they became also less dependent on
supply and transport they cannot control ever. Energy
independence is one of the holy grails in politics: it
ensures wealth production and wealth security. This is
why energy independence should be not only on the
agenda of every politician worldwide, but on the top of it.
Institute of Energy, Dhaka University has taken initiative
to publish the first issue of an Energy magazine named
Enerzine to increase awareness on energy and
environment. We hope it will be a good platform for the
Energy professionals and think tanks to share their
knowledge, thoughts and opinions to bring maximum
positive change for our country.
CONTENT
Energy Sector: Prospects and potentials PROFESSOR DR. A S M MAKSUD KAMAL 15

Climate Change Mitigation PROFESSOR DR. RAFIQUL ISLAM 19

Integrated Resource Planning DR. M TAMIM 23
Where Does BEPRC want to Go? AHMAD KAIKAUS 27
Rooftop Solar for Clean Energy Promotion SIDDIQUE ZOBAIR 29
The Role of Renewable Energy in Shaping SDG PROFESSOR DR. SHAHIDA RAFIQUE 35
What Causes Climate Change? PROFESSOR DR. SAIFUL HUQUE 41
Clean Energy Initiatives in Bangladesh MOHAMMAD ALAUDDIN 45
Rural & Agricultural Finance: Addressing Climate Change MR. SHITANGSHU KUMAR SUR
51
CHOWDHURY
Nouned Faculty Member Speaks Today MAHMOOD SYED 57
Technology Diffusion M A GOFRAN 59
Embedded System for RET PROFESSOR DR. MD. HABIBUR
65
RAHMAN
Carbon Capture and Storage System DR. S.M. NASIF SHAMS 69
GOUR CHAND MAZUMDER

Thorium to Replace Uranium MAHBUB MANNAN 71

Hydropower in Bangladesh MD. SAYEED-UR-RAHIM MAHADI 73
Energy Security A S M IBRAHIM 77
Fetching Darkness Into Light OCTAVIAN SAIKAT SARKER 79
Dye Sensitized Solar Cell MASRURA QAZI 83
Green Building Design MD. SHAH ALAM TALUKDER 87
Energy Efficiency in Buildings AR. MD. NAFIZUR RAHMAN 91
Renewable Energy Program in BREB S. M. ZAFAR SADEQUE 97
Anaerobic Digestion Systems LYNSEY MELVILLE 99
KHONDOKAR MIZANUR RAHMAN

Mobile Solar Pump with Smart Control System MD. MILON UDDIN 103
MASUD RANA

Solar Mini Grid D.M. MAJIBOR RAHMAN 107

Outdoor Safety Tips During Lightning EDITORIAL DESK 109

 ENERGY SECTOR:
PROSPECTS AND POTENTIALS
PROFESSOR DR. A S M MAKSUD KAMAL
Dean, Earth and Environmental Sciences
Dhaka University

B
angladesh is passing through a cross road in its
attempt to combat the present energy crisis and
future energy demand. While the government has
undertaken large and ambitious development programs in
power sector, which includes massive capacity expansion
plan to add about 11600 MWe Generation capacity in next
5 years to achieve 24000 MWe Capacity according to
Power Sector Master Plan (PSMP-2010) by 2021 with the
aim to provide quality and reliable electricity to all the
people of Country for desired economic and social
development, are well conceived, but there are many
challenges that need to be addressed. good gas prospect especially in the south eastern part
along the Bangladesh-Myanmar maritime boundary. This
A fast depleting gas reserve has been the focus of major
is testified by the several recent gas discoveries in the
problem faced at the present energy scene. According to
Arakan offshore basin in the Myanmar, especially SHWE
the state minister for power, energy and mineral resources
gas field, which borders Bangladesh territory of sea.
of Bangladesh, among the exactable proven reserve of
27.12 trillion cubic feet (tcf), some 12.96 bcf gas was The massive Plans in the energy sector has been proposed
extracted until May, 2015, and the country's gas reserves to meet-up the rising demand. The Power System Master
stand at 14.16 trillion cubic feet (tcf) as of June 2015. The Plan 2010 forecast demand of 19,000 MWe (generation
present gas reserve may run out in about a decade capacity of 24000 MWe) in 2021 and 34,000 MWe in 2030,
considering the increasing gas demand. Geological hence requiring generation capacity of 39,000 MWe in
evidences suggest that the offshore Bangladesh has very 2030. The government aims for 24 GWe of new capacity by

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 15

2021, including the first nuclear contribution. The plan is
for domestic coal 30%, imported coal 20%, natural gas
(including LNG) 25%, liquid fuel 5%, nuclear, renewable
energy and power import 20%. The plan incorporates a
large contribution from domestic coal but Local coal
development has a slow pace and only one coal mine
produces coal too little to satisfy the future demand even
in the short term. The present projection of replacing gas
with coal for fuel supply especially in power generation is
highly biased towards imported coal rather than the local
coal development.
There are several other options for Bangladesh for
combating energy shortfalls. Cross border energy import
either in the form of natural gas or in the form of electricity
could well supplement the other areas of energy
management in the short to longterm future. Bangladesh
has already opened up a cross border electricity import
trade with India including present import of 600MWe and
is scheduled to increase in coming years. In this respect the
hydro electricity import option from Bhutan and Nepal,
has been considered very reasonable to work for. Both
countries have enormous prospect of hydro power
development while major limitation being the accessibility
through India. Bangladesh should take the opportunity to
join the neighbours to implement an action plan whereby
hydropower could be imported.
POWERHOUSE IN A FRAGILE TERRIAN
Gasa
Bumthang Lhuentse
Thirmphu
Wangdue
ARUNACHAL PRADESH

The projected electricity generation capacity of about Paro Punakha

Trashiyangtsa
24,000 MWe by 2021 and 39,000 MWe by 2030 has been
SIKKIM B H U T A N
based on the assumption that imported coal and LNG will Haa
Trongsa Monger
Zhemgang
play a major role as fuel for its implementation. Large scale Trashigang

coal and LNG import will form the core of energy supply in Sarpang

el
ang
Chhukha Dagana

tsh
Samste Samdrupjongkhar

ga
the face of a depleting gas reserve. LNG is overly costly and
Tsir

ma
Pe
its introduction to the energy market in large scale would
induce a price shock that may have negative implication on Proposed small-medium projects Proposed large projects Existing projects
the economy of the country. Large scale coal import has
major challenges firstly in terms of development of
infrastructure and environment for its transport from
Bangladesh lost an opportunity of getting cross border
outside and within the country, and secondly in terms of
pipeline gas from Myanmar when it decline to accept a Tri-
having an experience pool of people for its management.
nation (Myanmar-India-Bangladesh) gas pipeline

Hydropower in Bhutan
 Solar Mini Grid System

agreement with Myanmar and India in 2005. However megawatts of electricity for around 6 million households
there have been reports on fresh project proposals, which, by 2017 through the solar home system (SHS) programme,
if implemented, will allow Bangladesh to avail a very long of which, 3.5 million households about 10 percent of the
term gas security. countrys total have been fitted with SHS up to the year
Entering into a nuclear era is a challenge Bangladesh has 2014. The government is providing low-interest loans to
undertaken. Bangladesh's state-run Atomic Energy private companies to import and install solar panels for
Commission signed a deal with Russia, an investment SHS, while businesses offer households or end-users low
worth $12.65 billion, in 2015 to set up two nuclear power down-payments and the option to repay the cost of a solar
plants(i.e. Rooppur1 and Rooppur 2), each with 1,200 home system over a period of one to three years. In
MWe capacity, that will start operations in 2022 and 2023 addition to the SHS scheme, the government has
respectively. Moreover, Government of Bangladesh and constructed a 100 kilowatt solar power plant in Sandwip
the Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) is Island, in the Bay of Bengal, which began its operation in
working the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) to explore 2010. There are plans to create 50 more so-called mini
the possibility of building a second 2000 MWe nuclear solar grids around the country by 2017, with the combined
power plant in the south of the Bangladesh. While nuclear capacity to run more than 1,500 irrigation pumps. There
electricity is reliable if safety issues are ensured, the major have been interests to construct two large scale solar
challenge for Bangladesh is the lack of own manpower, power plant projects in Coxs Baxar (200MWe) and
especially in case of a conflict of mutual interest. A very Mymensingh (50MWe). The government is encouraging
high population density and a vibrant agricultural domestic and foreign investment in the plants by offering
economy in Bangladesh mean that there are inherent grants and low-interest loans to investors.
constraints in developing further nuclear power plants in The Karnafuli Hydro Power Station is the only hydropower
future. plant in the country, having a capacity of 230 MWe by 5
In line with the Renewable Energy policy units. Bangladesh Power Development Board is
2009, the Government is committed to
facilitate both public and private sector
investment in Renewable Energy projects
to substitute indigenous non- renewable
energy supplies. The Renewable Energy
Policy exhibits that 5% of total energy
production will have to be achieved by
2015 and 10% by 2020. To achieve this
target, GOB is looking for various options
preferably Renewable Energy resources.
Government has already launched "500
MWe Solar Power Mission" to promote
the use of Renewable Energy to meet the
increasing demand of electricity.
Government aims to provide electricity to
all of the countrys households by 2021, a
significant portion of which is to be solar
in type. With financial assistance from the
World Bank and other development
partners, it plans to generate 220

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 17
considering the increase of production up to 330MWe.
Two sites have been chosen for another two Hydro power
plants at the Sangu and Matamuhuri rivers, one named
The Sangu project (140MWe) and the other The Mata-
muhuri Project (75MWe). BPDB has designed a 20kW
micro-hydro power plant at Barkal (a sub-district in the
Chittagong Hill tracts) waterfall.
The government of Bangladesh is now looking to explore
the potential of wind energy, particularly along the
countrys 700 kilometre long coastline. Bangladeshs first-
ever generation of electricity from wind at a 900-kilowatt
plant has ushered in new hopes for generation of power
with minimum cost in the country. The power plant, located
near the Muhuri Dam in south-eastern Feni district, have
four separate wind turbines of 225 kw each. The 1000 kw
Wind Battery Hybrid Power Plant at Kutubdia Island was
completed in 2008 which consists of 50 Wind Turbines of 20
kW capacity each. The 15 MWe wind power plant project
initiated by the GoB in coastal areas is under study where as
50-200MWe in Anwara, Chittagong as well as many others
are in the planning phase. The expansion of the potential of
wind energy will be crucial to achieve its national vision of
providing electricity to all of its population by 2020.
There are some ongoing hybrid alternative energy projects
e.g. 7.5 MWe off Grid Wind-Solar Hybrid System with
HFO/Diesel Based Engine Driven Generator in Hatiya
Island, Noakhali as well as some in the planning phase, e.g.
1 MWe off grid solar- diesel based hybrid power plant in
Kutubdia island.
Tidal Power is the extraction of energy from tidal currents,
flows and streams to produce electricity. Different
technologies have been developed to harness tidal power
till date. Although it has not yet been considered as a source
of energy in Bangladesh, many countries around the world
have already started harnessing this highly reputable
renewable energy source.
There is a huge opportunity for Osmotic Power for
Bangladesh in the future. Osmotic Power or Pressure
Retarded Osmosis (PRO) is a burgeoning renewable energy
source (RES) that converts the pressure differential
between water with high salinity and water with lower or
no salinity into hydraulic pressure which in turn is used to
generate electricity using a turbine.
Bangladesh is in dire need of a serious and practical
program for hydrocarbon exploration both in the land and
in the offshore. The maritime boundary awarded to
Bangladesh has opened up scope for offshore explorations
and licensing for new blocks are on the process.
Petrobangla has already floated a tender to conduct 2D
non-exclusive multi-client seismic surveys within the
sovereign offshore areas of Bangladesh to explore
hydrocarbon deposits which will provide a better
understanding of the economic potentials of the region.
The nearby-discovered fields in both Myanmar and India,
especially the SHWE of Myanmar and Discoveries in NEC-
25 block (India) have strong similarities in geological
characteristics with that of Bangladesh offshore blocks
and, hence, there are significantly high probabilities of
petroleum discovery in the mostly untapped offshore
blocks of Bangladesh and needs to be address
efficiently.
From the geological perspective it may be mentioned that
significant reserve of gas may still be found in onshore as
well. At the same time speedy way of developing its coal
resource in the north Bengal should be undertaken. Also
the targeted 500MWe electricity generation through
renewable source requires detailed studies on
technologies as well as initial subsidies. Development of
indigenous energy resources should be done through
enough exploration before import based costly energy
options are undertaken. This will enable Bangladesh to
avoid an energy price shock that would probably be
inevitable otherwise.
 CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION
PROFESSOR DR. RAFIQUL ISLAM
Dean, Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Chairman, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Dhaka University

C
limate change is a major issue that is threatening
the health of environment today. Experts are
predicting that this problem will only continue to
get worse if something is not done about it. One of the
ways that people can solve this problem using natural
resources is by utilizing clean technology.
Recognizing the potential impact of global warming on life
on the planet, very important an approach was that 141
nations came together to form a pact called the Kyoto
Treaty to mitigate CO2. In order to meet its goal to reduce
CO2, treaty signatories rely on the development of carbon
sinks, new clean energy technologies and advanced 3. Oxy-combustion CO 2 capture, where oxygen is
technologies to curtail greenhouse gas emissions and CO2 separated from air, and fossil fuels or biomass are then
in particular. burnt in an atmosphere of oxygen producing only CO2
Three CO2 capture routes in power generation and water

1. Post-combustion CO2 capture, where fossil fuel or
biomass is burnt normally and CO2 is separated from the
exhaust gas
2. Pre-combustion CO2 capture, where fossil fuel or
biomass is converted to a mixture of hydrogen and CO2,
from which the CO2 is separated and hydrogen used
for fuel
At the present time, none of the options is superior; each
has particular characteristics making it suitable in different
power generation applications. However, development is
at a very early stage and CCS will not be implemented - in
the best case before 2020 and will probably not become
commercially viable as a possible effective mitigation
option until 2030.

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 19
 CCS involves three stages:
CO2 Capture
Transport
Storage
There are three main storage 0
options:
Depleted or near-depleted 50
oil and gas fields
100
Deep saline aquifers
Unmineable coal seams 150
Sleipner was the world's first
commercial CO 2 storage 200 0 100 150
project. The natural gas
produced from the Sleipner
250
West field contains up to 9%
CO2, however in order to meet CO2 injection well in Utsira
the required export
specifications and the
customers requirements, this has to be reduced to a amine technology. Injection currently costs $17 US/Ton
maximum of 2.5%. The CO2 is removed from the produced CO2.
hydrocarbons at an offshore platform before being The Utsira Formation is a 200-250 meters thick massive
pumped back into the ground and the hydrocarbons piped sandstone. It is estimated that the Utsira Formation is
to land. Had this process not been adopted, and the CO2 capable of storing 600 billion tons of CO2. 3D seismic
produced been allowed to escape to the atmosphere, the monitoring of the CO2 injection into the Utsira Formation
licensees of the Sleipner West field would have had to pay shows that there is no leakage of the CO2 into other
NOK 1 million/day in Norwegian CO2 taxes. Statoil has so horizons
far stored about 9MT of CO2. CO2 capture is done using

Simplified schemes for CCS processes

20
Energy Efficiency Total Global CO2 Emissions
5%
Energy efficiency and renewable energy are Other 10% Agriculture (non-energy): 13%
Road
said to be the twin pillars of sustainable energy 2%
Air
Industrial (non-energy): 4%
policy and are high priorities in the sustainable Waste (non-energy): 3%

energy hierarchy. According to the 17%

Transportation
International Energy Agency, improved energy 4%
South
efficiency in buildings, industrial processes and 18%
Land Changes
9%
SE. Asia
America
2%
Africa
transportation could reduce the world's 3%
Other
45%
energy needs in 2050 by one third, and help Energy Use
control global emissions of greenhouse gases.
There is still huge potential for increasing
efficiency, especially in the areas of electricity 30%
Energy Consumption

generation, industrial production, and building Industrial &

systems.
Commercial
Germanys Federal Environment Agency
reports that state-of-the-art coal-fired power
plants currently have efficiency ratings as high
as 46 percent. However, average coal power
plant efficiency in all of Europe is only 36 percent, and the
global figure is 33 percent. Improving efficiency by just one
percentage point would lower CO2 emissions by up to 3
percent. To put it another way, the construction of just one
500-megawatt (MW) plant with an efficiency rating of 45
percent instead of 36 percent would reduce annual CO2
emissions by 380,000 tons. The World Coal Association
reports that if coal-fired plants over 25 years old with a
capacity of less than 300 MW were replaced by bigger and
more modern facilities operating at over 40 percent
Governmental
Transportation
Agricultural Pollution
5.5%
Industrial Pollution
Waste Pollution
9.5%
Residential
Land Changes
(Figures rounded to the nearest 0.5%)
efficiency, the CO2 emissions generated by power plants in
that range would decline by nearly 25 percent. Experts also
believe that the use of technological innovations could
raise the efficiency of such plants to more than 50 percent
by 2020.
The potential increase in efficiency is even greater for
combined cycle (gas and steam turbine) power plants. The
current average efficiency rating of combined cycle power
plants around the world is roughly 40 percent. But thanks
to Siemens technology, the most efficient such plant at the
moment was able to convert 60.75 percent of the inherent
energy in natural gas into electricity in May 2011 a new
world record. This type of state-of-the-art combined cycle
facility can therefore lower both gas consumption and CO2
emissions by one third.
Energy efficiency is becoming more and more important in
industrial operations as well. According to the
International Energy Agency (IEA), the five most energy-
intensive industrial sectors (iron and steel, cement,
chemicals and petrochemicals, paper and cellulose, and
aluminum) now account for 77 percent of direct industrial
CO2 emissions, which translates into nearly 8.5 billion tons
per year.
For example, market experts calculate that the global iron
and steel industry could lower its CO2 emissions by more
than 1.5 billion tons between now and 2050 through the
optimization of the smelting process, among other things.
The analyses produced corresponding reduction figures of
roughly 1.3 billion tons for the chemical and petrochemical
industry, 0.85 billion tons for the cement industry, and 0.26
billion tons for the paper and cellulose industry. The main
savings in the chemical and petrochemical industry
(around 0.74 billion tons) would be achieved through
energy-efficiency improvements.
Buildings are another major area that offers great
potential for enhancing energy efficiency. If all of the
worlds office buildings, hospitals, schools, and universities
were renovated in ways that resulted in energy savings of
about 30 percent, total CO2 emissions would decrease by
about 500 million tons a year, according to Siemens

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 21
estimates. This figure is equivalent to the total CO2
emissions generated by the UK today.
Lighting accounts for around 19 percent of global
electricity use. More efficient lighting technologies could
reduce consumption by around one third while
maintaining the same output. Lighting systems account for
1.3 billion tons of annual worldwide CO2 emissions, which
means that the decline in electricity consumption resulting
from implementation of more efficient systems would
reduce emissions by 450 million tons.
Between 1990 and 2007, world gross domestic product
rose by 156% while primary energy demand increased
39%. Over this period, energy productivity gainsdue
largely to improvements in energy efficiencysaved the
world an estimated 915 EJ of energy, or almost twice the
total global primary energy use in 2007. Individual
countries have done even more, but still the potential for
further improvements is vast; this is particularly true in the
developing world, but even the worlds most energy
efficient economies still have large untapped resources
of additional potential improvements.
The good news is that China, Russia, and the U.S. have
made significant initial progress in improving their energy
efficiency. China, for example, succeeded in lowering its
CO2 emissions from 1.2 kilograms to 0.5 kilograms per unit
of gross domestic product between 1990 and 2009.
Among other things, this was accomplished by increasing
the average efficiency rating of coal-fired power plants by
several percentage points and improving industrial
production processes. For example, energy consumption
per ton of steel produced in China declined by 5 percent
between 2005 and 2009, and energy consumption in the
cement industry fell by 17 percent per ton of cement
manufactured .
Protection of the global environment and economic
development are closely intertwined. These seemingly
contradictory needs present challenges to every country
to pursue the improvement of its citizens livelihoods while
minimizing damage to the environment. The challenges
involve educational, social, financial, economic, national,
and international issues, in addition to the technical
challenges to the energy industry in the 21st century.
The United States has about 5% of the worlds population
but represents nearly 30% of the worlds annual energy
consumption, whereas China has more than 20% of the
worlds population and consumes less than 7% of the
energy. In other words, the per capita energy consumption
in the United States is more than 16 times that of China.
The International Energy Agency, in its report on world
energy consumption, projected that consumption will
more than double by 2030, primarily because of growth in
the developing countries.
 INTEGRATED
RESOURCE PLANNING
DR. M TAMIM
Professor, BUET

I
ntegrated Resource Planning (IRP) is a planning
approach that has the potential to take a society-wide
perspective, incorporate public participation in
meaningful ways, and has a strong track record in
creating plans that are low-cost, low risk, and with
outcomes that minimize environmental and social
impacts. Integrated Resource Planning requires
addressing both supply side and demand side
management for an efficient use of energy. Despite
proven advantages of IRP over conventional power
development plans, many countries ignored IRP and paid
high price. Several US states and other countries have politicians and policy makers always get more concerned
now made it law for utilities to follow IRP. As efficiency with MW of installation or capacity instead of the actual
improvement reduces generation and hence utility energy used in a day (MWhr). The conventional planning
revenue, it may encourage traditionalists to stick to an also always optimistically assumes a steady fuel cost and a
inefficient system. At the same time a MW added has a lower discount rate. The investment options in a
huge political mileage than a MW saved. conventional planning is also limited and without much
Conventional planning typically focuses on least cost variation.
generation options. It is purely done from financial Conventional planning only considers the generation cost
perspective. Projecting an economic growth, electricity whereas forty percent power system cost is the
demand is forecasted typically with a time tag. Accordingly transmission. It also ignores the cost of environment
a set of peaking, intermediate and base load power plants degradation in its financial analysis. It focuses on large
are planned dominated by few large power plants. cluster of generation in a power hub whereas a distributed
Matching generation with actual demand is a challenge system could be more efficient. At the same time large
that typically ends with either a surplus or a shortage. The power hubs away from the load centers make the system

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 23
 The
Various plan is to
quick rental
power plants were reach the use of
set up by the coal up to 50% within
private sector units, aiming to
the year 2030 according 2%
reduce the generation
deficit during the to the master plan by HYDRO
2010/11 5%
period PDB 3% POWER
62% of COAL
population is IMPORT
currently covered
by the electricity
grid 7%
DISEL
150 10,000 33,709

Power Demand (MW)

GDP (bn USD)

25,199 21,910
100 8,000
6,000 17,304 15,749
50 4,000 10,283 10,382
2,000 6,170
131
116
112
100

123

0 0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
19%
GDP & Energy Demand FURNACE OIL
NATURAL
The groundwork GAS The current demand in the
has been laid to 64% country is around 6,264
construct Bangladesh's MW
first floating LNG
terminal at Moheshkhali
that is going to have a
capacity to handle 5 mn
MT/year of LNG

Overhaul of Pipeline Overhaul of road,

The private units are Commercial &
Infrastructure to carry waterway and
operating in the market Household demand for
imported LNG and Drilled infrastructure to
comprising of 4296 of the power set to reach
Natural Gas from sea to facilitate fuel
total installed capacity 33,708 MW by 2030
distribution hubs transport

much more vulnerable for a possible blackout. The large In the context of IRP if electricity demand forecast for
power plants are almost always mired with cost and time Bangladesh is examined and all the efforts that are going on
over run. True economic cost of generation is never to meet that demand, it can be concluded that there is a
reflected in the tariff. huge knowledge gap in our planning. Bangladesh is also
An IRP is a bottom up load calculation approach that about to make the classical mistake of conventional
requires analysis of energy growth in micro level and hence planning. The document in hand is the PSMP 2010 that
much more accurate in demand forecasting. The predicts an electricity demand of about 34000 MW in 2030
likelihood of shortage or surplus matching that demand is based on government planning. This forecast is made on
much less. Where conventional power development plan the basis of GDP growth and using a multiplier for
never looks at the demand side power management IRP electricity demand growth. The simplicity of such
pays detail attention on reducing demand through prediction is so attractive that most of the planners prefer
efficiency improvement and conservation. When this method. This approach has often predicted demand
transmission and distribution cost is typically optimized that has outstripped the real demand on the ground. In the
after the generation decision in conventional planning, IRP Pacific Northwest of the U.S., such over-predictions of
includes them from the beginning. IRP considers the fuel demand led to plans to build 20 nuclear and coal units, of
price volatility, drought, carbon tax etc. Social and which ultimately five coal plants and nine nuclear plants
environmental externalities are inherent in integrated were scrapped. This cost the tax payers about US$ 7 billion.
resource planning. IRP also involves people in its planning In Thailand, similar inflated load forecasts (with a multiplier
and development stage so that all development works are of 1.4) were blamed for 400 billion baht ($13 billion)
acceptable to the community. By and large conventional accumulated overinvestment in the power sector
planning ignores these issues. Very few conventional plan (International RIVERS 2013).
talks about retirement or decommissioning of power Change of technology, efficiency improvement,
plants in advance which create higher cost of production demographic change, change in energy intensity of certain
by either sudden shut down or continuation of inefficient growth area and many other factors make the long term
aging plants. GDP to Electricity elasticity prediction very uncertain. IRP
Because energy efficiency is such a low-cost resource, IRP always takes a ground up approach including the following
mandates that all energy efficiency options through Energy end-use data
demand side management are exploited. This also reduces
Types of customers
total resource costs for utilities and a pillar stone of any IRP.
In many countries, this is a requirement by the law. Types of equipment
Unfortunately the efficiency drive in both supply and Amount of electricity use
demand side in Bangladesh has been missing. Only
recently after the creation of SREDA, a serious study have Electricity sales records
been performed by JICA for the national energy efficiency Customer class
and conservation plan (EE&C). Geographical area

24
 45,000 MW
Electricity Demand Forecast (PSMP 2010)
oil
Present Capacity (Derated) (MW) Maximum peak Generation (MW) Maximum Demand (MW) 40,000
40000 Imported LNG
35,000
35000 Imported Coal
30,000
30000
25,000 Domestic Coal
25000
Domestic Gas
MW

20000 20,000
15000
15,000 Cross-Border
10000
10,000 Hydro
5000
0 5,000 Demand
(PSMP2010)
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
2016-17
2017-18
2018-19
2019-20
2020-21
2021-22
2022-23
2023-24
2024-25
2025-26
2026-27
2027-28
2028-29
2029-30
0
EE case

2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
(20% by 2030)

Demand records
MW load over days to years
Daily load curve and breakdown
Seasonal variation
Economic and demographic historical data and
projections
The IRP approach would challenge the prediction of PSMP
2010 on several grounds. The PSMP was done using a 7%
GDP growth that predicted 10, 283 MW peak demand in
2010 whereas the real peak demand in 2015 was about
8500 MW. The EE&C study calculated an energy saving
opportunity of 30% through various demand side
efficiency improvement. Using a conservative approach it
predicted a 20% less peak generation requirement by 2030
amounting 27000 MW instead of 34000 MW (Figure1). If
the current grid efficiency of 30% can be improved to 35%,
the generation requirement in 2030 will reduce by another
5000 MW. Using a historical trend line on the higher side
the prediction is less than 25000 MW peak demand in
2030 (Figure 2).
The PSMP 2010 is being revised for its fuel mix but not on
the demand forecast. As a result, it is found in various
discussions that cross border trading is being raised to
7000-9000 MW from the 3000 MW mentioned in PSMP
2010 and nuclear is being raised to 4000 MW from the
current 2000MW in the new plan. The rest of the
generation that was supposed to come from local coal is
being compensated by imported coal.
The published plan for investment meeting the predicted
demand runs into billions of dollars ($13 billion for 2400
MW nuclear, $2 billion for Rampal, $ 4.4 billion for
Matarbari, $ 10 billion for other coal fired power projects).
These do not include transmission and distribution cost.
Conservatively at least $15 billion would be required to
evacuate all the electricity to the load centres. Many of the
projects have plans to add thousands of additional
capacity in the same hub creating a nightmarish challenge
for system balancing. If all the projects those are talked
about or for even which MOU have been signed, the total
generation from large base load plants adds upto almost
15000 MW already.
In the zest of adding power, the government should not get
carried away by approving mega projects one after another.
A solid home work based on painstaking micro analysis for a
bottom up demand forecast along with giving serious
consideration to the much cheaper demand side EE&C
initiatives, the government can save huge resources, ease
price escalation of power tariff and avoid embarrassment.
Instead of adding large power projects first and then
optimizing the transmission and distribution network, an
integrated system optimization must be conducted
identifying the present load centers and future growth
centers for a least cost system rather than just least cost
generation. A poor country like Bangladesh cannot afford
the conventional power development plan and pay a high
price. By doing an integrated resource planning, Bangladesh
can become the leader of a new world that would help
leaving a more livable planet for the next generation.

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 25
 WHERE DOES BEPRC
WANT TO GO?
AHMAD KAIKAUS, Ph.D
Additional Secretary, Power Division

T
Chairman, Bangladesh Energy and Power Research Council
he need for appropriate energy options is perhaps
the most important challenge facing our nation and
the world in the 21st century. The acuteness of the
challenge results from the growth of energy supply and
demand, security, and environmental concerns. The
projected increase in energy use as well as increase in
electricity demand implies a substantial increase in fossil
fuel supplies or dramatic transformation of the fossil fuel-
based energy infrastructure. Geological and geopolitical
realities regarding the availability of oil and, to some
extent, natural gas underlie major energy security
concerns. Fossil fuel combustions are increasingly at the growing economy of Bangladesh. The Council will provide
center of decisions about how the global energy system the platform to attract experts worldwide, and help to
evolves, one that carries on in the business as usual create in-country expertise through scientific
overwhelming dependence on fossil fuels or one that collaboration. It will strengthen and mobilize research
introduces technologies and policies that greatly improve capabilities at universities, public and private research
efficiency. organizations, as well as assist individual entrepreneurs to
develop applicable technologies and systems for the
The creation of Bangladesh Energy and Power Research
development of the energy and power sector. The vision of
Council (BEPRC) is a response to the need for new supplies
BEPRC is to provide the intellectual leadership to seek
of affordable, sustainable energy to power the fast

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 27
 innovative solutions for efficient, cost-effective
and environmentally sustainable development of
Bangladeshs energy and power infrastructure.
BEPRC acts as prime governmental consultant to
identify key energy and power problem areas. The
council is mandated to prescribe government to
overcome energy and power related problems to
ensure sustainability. The research council
identifies funds and manages energy and electric
power related research projects with public and
private sector organizations, and individual
entrepreneurs. The wider range of research and
development work include short, medium and
long-term research needs for the energy and
power sector, preparing annual research plan for
the energy and power sector and promoting
research and development initiatives to enhance power to qualified individuals to receive targeted R&D training in
and energy sector efficiency, productivity, reliability and specific areas of need.
sustainability. At present BEPRC has core focus in preparing a detail
Innovation and introduction of efficient and effective database of energy experts all over the world. The council
technologies is one of the key areas for realizing collaborate industry and academic partnership as well as
sustainable energy and power system. Realizing it BEPRC secure funding from domestic and international sources.
works to provide incubation space and/or funding for The research findings and results are shared broadly
individuals and groups of entrepreneurs who may be through publications, workshops and seminars. The
private citizens, members of public or private sector council intends to conduct periodic discussion sessions in
research organizations, or academic institutions. BEPRC both home and abroad to get new ideas, research
supports exchange of knowledge and information through proposals and funding. BEPRC has taken a journey to
joint-research, seminars, conferences and collaborations excellence in Bangladesh to meet the power generation
with relevant research laboratories and offer scholarships capacity target of 24 thousand megawatt within 2021.

28
 ROOFTOP SOLAR FOR
CLEAN ENERGY PROMOTION
SIDDIQUE ZOBAIR
Joint Secretary
Member, SREDA

A
n alignment of economics, demographics, climate
change and technology has set in motion an
ongoing transformation of the global energy
system, which has also truly reflected in UN Sustainable
Development Goals. The Government of Bangladesh is
committed to the development of a stable and sustainable
power supply that will increase electricity access, enhance
energy security, reduce poverty and mitigate climate
change.
Government has been trying to mitigate these challenges
by undertaking plans and programs to ensure supply of
electricity according to demand and to maintain a steady It recognizes the important role that renewable energy can
GDP growth rate of over six percent for the next few years. play in achieving these goals. Renewable energy resources
The Power System Master Plan 2010 set goals for fuel will ensure a stable and universal power supply that will
diversification with an emphasis on increasing the role of reduce poverty by sustainable socio-economic growth.
renewable energy in the power generation mix. Though Bangladesh has a negligible carbon footprint, but
The Government has set a goal of total electrification by remains one of the most vulnerable nations in the world
2020, and has called for the development of domestic for the effect of climate change, and we recognize the
renewable energy resources to ensure that the share of important role that renewable energy can play in reducing
domestic energy supply would remain over 50 percent. associated risks. As a low-lying country with many rivers,

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 29

Flooded area in Bangladesh
Bangladesh has a very high flood risk, both due to
monsoons and sea-level rise associated with climate
change. Rising temperatures have already begun to
shorten the life cycle of rice; reducing yields. Low crop
production could increase poverty up to 15 percent by
2030. Higher water levels could lead to higher incidence of
waterborne disease, such as cholera, and result in forced
migration due to flooding. Bangladesh is classified as a
developing economy by the IMF. Its economic growth has
averaged nearly six percent per year since 1996.
Bangladeshs GDP was US$ 196.6 billion in Fiscal Year
2014-2015, with manufacturing (17 percent), motor
vehicles (13 percent), service (13 percent), and agriculture
(12 percent) being the largest value-added sectors. The
economy lost about US$ 2.2 billion (about 1 percent of
GDP) as a result of political unrest in 2013 and January
2015, but economic growth in Bangladesh has largely been
resistant to political instability, natural disasters, poor
infrastructure and global shocks. Bangladesh was less
affected by the global financial crisis because of increased
international demand for low-cost exports, and
remittance growth of 22.5 percent in 2008- 2009. Inflation
in Bangladesh has been constrained by reduced global oil
prices and conservative monetary policies. Growing
population, with improved living standards and
increasingly concentrated in urban centers, have
dramatically raising the demand for energy services. At the
Oil
Electricity
Distribution
Infrastructure
Blomass
Centralized Community
Heating & Cooling System
Natural Gas
Solar
Coal
Thermal Storage
Future
Energy
Source
30
same time, a growing consensus over the dangers posed
by climate change prompted people and governments
worldwide to seek ways to generate that energy while
minimizing green house gas emissions and other
environmental impact. Countries are increasingly looking
to reduce their dependency on imported fossil fuels. By
reducing energy imports, countries are striving for greater
energy independence; avoiding potential supply
disruptions, high energy price and price fluctuations. The
technology once considered as niche is becoming
mainstream. Renewable energy now is competitive on a
cost per kilowatt-hour basis. As most renewable energy
technologies have a relatively high ration of upfront to
operating costs, their viability is particularly sensitive to
the cost of capital. There is growing evidence that
renewable energy has a positive ripple effect throughout
society, simultaneously advancing economic, social and
environmental goals. Bangladesh has considerable
renewable energy potential, and significant past
experience in developing renewable energy projects. Most
of the existing RE investment has been in off grid
technologies such as solar home systems (SHS), solar mini
Grid Tied Solar Electric System
Solar (Photovoltaic or PV) panels
turns photons from the sun
The AC electricity you into DC electricity
do not use is sent
back to the grid
Meter
Main Panel
Micro-Inverters mounted on each
PV panel will convert the DC
voltage from the PV Panel
to voltage suitable for your home
and micro-grids, and solar irrigation pumps. The
government has set several investment targets for grid-
connected technologies including utility-scale solar, wind,
and waste-to-energy. Despite significant potential the
development of these grid-connected renewable energy
technologies, however, has been slow to materialize.
There are a number of regulatory,
financial and technical barriers that, if
addressed, could accelerate renewable
energy investment in Bangladesh.
Improved regulations, such as
establishment of a formal benchmark
Commercial
tariff and provisions for compensating
mini-grid investors after transmission
expansion, would reduce risk and send
strong signals to investors. Grant funding
Industrial and low interest financing can help
address concerns about affordability for
both grid-connected and off-grid
Residential projects. Reduced financing costs can also
offset the high cost of procuring land for
projects, land scarcity being one of the
key barriers to investment. Overall the
paradox of the investment situation is that increased
experience with renewable energy projects will lead to
increased investment. Successful renewable projects will
provide better access to data on renewable energy;
demonstrate successful business models that can be
replicated by local banks; and allow local workers the
opportunity to learn the necessary technical skills. The
Government of Bangladesh has two sets of directives for
renewable energy investment. The first is the 500 MW
Solar Program, developed in 2012. The objective of the
program is to add 500 MW of solar generation capacity by
2016 through financing and implementing solar-powered
projects in both the public and private sectors.
Government has also set renewable energy development
targets for several technologies for each year from 2015 to
2021 (RE Development Targets). The RE Development
Targets call for an additional
3,100 MW of RE capacity to be installed by 2021. Most of
the new capacity will be provided by solar (1,676 MW, or 54
percent) and wind (1,370 MW, or 44 percent). There are
also targets for waste-to-energy (40 MW), biomass (7 MW),
biogas (7 MW) and hydro (4 MW). Business model for most
of the solar PV technology options like solar home system,
solar mini and microgrid, utility scale solar project and solar
irrigations are already explored in Bangladesh and are in
progress except grid tied solar rooftop. SREDA is now
developing a business viable model to facilitate expansion
Solar irrigation system
of grid tied solar roof top programme in government and
semi government buildings, universities and other
education institutions, industry, commercial and
residential buildings including public facilities like stadium,
airport etc. The philosophy or vision behind
launching this grid tie solar rooftop programme
includes:
Establishing a practice of distributed solar
and renewable energy generation,
Bringing a level of comfort to all stakeholders
for further scale-up, and
Encouraging public participation.
The objectives of this Programme are:
Install around 200 MW of distributed
photovoltaic rooftop solar systems on public
and private buildings and homes,
Obtain necessary clearances from relevant
stakeholders to implement grid-connected
solar rooftop photovoltaic systems, and
Set a model for Grid tied Solar Rooftop and generate
clean energy.
The stakeholders for this Programme include: (i)
Government administrative departments, (ii) government
departments lending their roof/ terrace for installation,
(iii) Industry/ Educational Institutions/home owners, (iv)
Bangladesh Energy Regulatory Commission(BERC), (v)
INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 31

Local distribution utilities (vi) Financial institutions, (vii)
Project Developers, and (viii) Research and development
institutions. Someone has to play coordinating role to
carry forward these activities. In this case SREDA will work
as nodal agency for this programme. They structure this
program and coordinated the bid process for selection of
Project Developers and work as Project Implementing
Agency.
The Project Developer shall pay to the Terrace Owner a
green incentive instead of a flat rent. The floor price for
the green incentive will be determined by SREDA in
consultation with BERC for per kWh generated from the
rooftop solar photovoltaic system. This incentive is
generation-based in order to incentivise the Terrace
Owner to participate in the Programme. The Project
Developers and Terrace Owners are bound into contacts
through individual Green Incentive Agreements. In order
to comfort the Project Developers, the Government will
assure terrace space for hosting 80% of the net
installations on government building, in education
institution, industry and in public facilities. It is up to the
Project Developers to secure the terrace space for rest
20%, which shall be only on private residences. The local
distribution utility shall buy the solar power generated
through the rooftop solar photovoltaic systems at the
tariffs bid by the Successful Project Developers. The
Project Developers and utilities are bound into a contract
through individual Power Purchase Agreements (PPA).
The Project Developers and SREDA sign Project
Implementation Agreements (PIA).
32
Among different options of solar PV technologies solar
roof top has added advantages over others and those are:
Social
Opportunity for consumer participation and
investment
H igh er em p loyment gen erat io n an d
entrepreneurship options
Technical
Low distribution losses
Last-mile support to grid stability, w.r.t. voltage &
reactive power support
Creates case for smart grids
Administrative
Widely accepted, Saves space
Lowest time to commission which include both
technical and administrative time
Lower investment in distribution infrastructure (for
lower penetrations)
Can improve distribution grid capacity
Rooftop solar, like any new sector, experiences teething
challenges. This was the case in Germany, which faced
issues at every stage of the sectors growth. A key barrier in
most developing markets is the absence of clear capacity
targets for grid-connected rooftop solar
PV development. The capital costs per megawatt of
rooftop solar PV systems are approximately 20 percent
higher than that of large-scale PV systems. This is due to
higher installation costs, small-sized components, lower
economies of scale, and a smaller base on which to spread
fixed costs. On the other hand the cost of leasing rooftops,
including developmental charges, or the opportunity costs
in case of self-owned rooftops in urban areas, is sometime
higher than the annualized value of land costs.
Government policies and incentives are vital to facilitate
implementation of rooftop solar PV in any jurisdiction.
Favorable policies and regulatory environments are critical
precursors to the development of vibrant solar rooftop distribution utilities, building owners/government
markets, even with dramatically reduced technology costs. departments, developer, financer, project management
The type of metering arrangement for energy accounting, are real problem.
whether it is single meter or dual meter needs to be Renewable energy offer Bangladesh an unprecedented
defined in schemes clearly. It is very important to spell opportunity to reduce their dependence on imported
describe the point of interconnection for kilowatt-scale energy which is a growing concern due to depletion of
projects at different voltage levels. This is critical to natural gas reserve. Solar rooftop PV system can minimize
maintain grid safety. Connecting various small generation the land requirement and contribute significantly in rapid
projects without specified interconnection standards to progress of renewable energy. It is no longer a utopian
the grid is a threat to the safety of the grid and the overall scenario rather it is reality now. It is within reach, using
project. In addition, the sharing of interconnection proven, tested technologies, which already exist today and
costs and any associated network capacity which continue to improve every year. But technology
enhancements needs to be clarified with the local alone will not be enough to carry forward this mission. This
distribution utility. transformation required the collective long- term
The technical standards for the specification, commitment of all stakeholders, including government,
installation, and maintenance of rooftop projects must citizens, financiers, private companies and international
be clearly defined to ensure agencies.
installations are of high quality,
safe, and reliable. This helps
ensure efficiency and maximizes
life of the assets. Technical
standards for interconnection
equipment are also essential to
ensure reliability and safety of the
low- voltage grid. This is of
particular concern for Bangladesh
where availability of the grid at
the low-tension level, its
monitoring on a real time basis,
and functioning of the power
evacuation facility, all have
commercial implications.
Roof top owners most often are
not willing to sign 20-25 years
term agreement specially those
who have future plan to develop
building vertically. Coordination
between many stakeholders like
statutory bodies, regulator,
chief electrical inspector,

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 33
 THE ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN
SHAPING SDG
PROFESSOR DR. SHAHIDA RAFIQUE
President, Bangladesh Association of Women Scientists.

S
even essential elements for delivering the
sustainable development goals are:

The Planet, the people, Sustainable Energy, Economy,

Justice, Equity and partnership.
The new global 2030 roadmap and Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) have been approved by UN
Member States on 25 September 2015. we take a look at
how renewable energy play a role in each of the 17
proposed SDGs, as well as how renewable can and will
be the key to achieving each of these goals. The SDG
framework successfully addresses the barriers to Targets of Goal 7 are
sustainable development such as inequality,
unsustainable consumption patterns, and environmental By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and
degradation. The Interlinks among goals and targets and modern energy services.
the specific role of renewable energy to all of the goals By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable
have been chalked out and presented below. energy in the global energy mix.
Goal 7 is to ensure access to affordable, reliable, Goal 7 has linkage to other goals, such as
sustainable, and modern energy for all

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 35
 SDG goal 1: End poverty in all its forms
everywhere
The end of poverty can only be achieved with
the access of basic energy services.
Poverty eradication. SDG1 cannot be
achieved without Access to basic energy
services. Renewable energy is a prerequisite
force behind that. Access to modern and
sustainable energy is fundamental for
eliminating poverty. Renewable energy plays
a vital role behind this goal.
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food
security and improved nutrition, and
promote sustainable agriculture
Agriculture and energy are interlinked for
land use, for instance in biomass feedstock
production. Air pollution from traditional
biomass usage is a prime cause of premature
deaths, particularly amongst women and
children. Access to modern, renewable energy is important
for sustainable agriculture and also for food security and
nutrition (through enhancing access to better food).
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote Well-
being for all at all ages
Health is closely related to energy and environment.
Climate change and unsustainable energy use are among
the biggest threats to human welfare in the coming
decades. Air pollution from traditional biomass usage is a
prime cause of premature deaths, particularly amongst
women and children.
Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality
education and promote life-long learning
opportunities for all.
Education has been recognized for many years as a critical
factor in addressing environmental and sustainability
issues and ensuring human well-being.
36
Education is key to reducing vulnerability to energy access,
to economic, social and environmental dislocation and to
developing more resilient systems, through building
awareness, understanding, skills and capacity.
Basic energy services are required to deliver education.
Educational programs, particularly in non-formal and
informal sectors can promote better energy conservation
and uptake of renewable. Opportunities must be provided
for life-long and social learning for sustainable living and
living with sustainable renewable energy.
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all
women and girls
The reduction in inequality is the surest way of reducing
gender inequalities and increasing the empowerment of
women and children. Womens and childrens access to
basic needs Energy, land, water, and food form the basis
of sustainable production and consumption.
Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation for all
This goal has strong links with energy. Clean water is
essential for human health. Energy is needed to purify the
water. Solar energy has been successfully used to purify
water. Water is essential for most forms of energy
production. Conventional forms of power generation have
substantial water requirements.
Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable, and modern energy for all.
The targets are; By 2030, ensure universal access to
affordable, reliable and modern energy services. By 2030,
increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the
global energy mix. Sustainable modern energy fuels
development, from the light that allows human beings to
do their work. Universal access requires energy to be
affordable and reliable. Generating it must not irreversibly
harm the environment.
Reducing the cost of accessing to energy could benefit
growth. Energy and economic growth are interlinked
because energy is the engine of economic development.
Sustainability and inclusiveness of economic growth can
be measured by a reduction in greenhouse gas emission
and an increase in sustainable energy use by all.
This goal adequately addresses the economic
(affordable), social (reliable and modern) and
environmental (sustainable) aspects of energy.
By 2030, universal access to affordable, reliable, and
modern energy sources must be ensured that would
ensure adequate levels of energy services to meet basic
productive household and community needs.
Goal 8: Targets
By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and
decent work for all women and men, including for young
people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for
work of equal value.
Protect labor rights and promote safe and secure working
environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in
particular women migrants, and those in precarious
employment.
Economic growth mostly refers to changes in Gross Domestic
Product (GDP). Energy and economic growth are interlinked
because energy is the engine of economic development.
Economic growth requires increased use of energy The
energy intensity of economic growth needs to be reduced.
Renewable energy can address this problem. There are
important synergies between growth and Energy. Reducing Densely Populated Dhaka City
the cost of accessing to energy could benefit growth.
Sustainability and inclusiveness of economic growth can be Goal 9: Targets
measured by a reduction in greenhouse gas emission and an Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient
increase in sustainable energy use by all. infrastructure, including regional and Transborder
infrastructure, to support economic development and
human well-being, with a focus on
affordable and equitable access for all.
Promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and, by 2030,
significantly raise industrys share of
employment and gross domestic product,
in line with national circumstances, and
double its share in least developed
countries.
Energy infrastructure is a specific form of
infrastructure. Resilient grid and transport
infrastructure across borders is required
to ensure access to energy for all, and to
maximize energy efficiency.
Goal 10 Targets
By 2030, empower and promote the
social, economic and political inclusion of
all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race,
ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or
other status.
Arsenic Pollution in Ground Water

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 37
 Air Pollution
Access to appropriate energy sources is closely related to
poverty, and thus to inequality. Reducing inequalities will
empower people to ensure their own access to
appropriate energy. Access to appropriate energy will
reduce inequalities and consequently will empower
people to ensure their own access to energy. Distributed
generation brings potential to genuinely bring energy for
all, including in remote rural areas, thus reducing
inequalities.
Goal 11: Targets Finance
Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including
through international support to developing countries, to
improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue
collection. Cities require careful energy planning
especially to minimize combustion-driven air pollution for
residents.
Goal 12: Targets
Implement the 10-year framework of programs on
sustainable consumption and production, all countries
taking action, with developed countries taking the lead,
taking into account the development and capabilities of
Air Pollution
38
Water Pollution
developing countries. By 2030, achieve the sustainable
management and efficient use of natural resources.
Unsustainable consumption and production patterns,
historically concentrated in countries and groups with the
highest standards of living, have pushed the world against
its planetary boundaries. Climate change, impacted by
greenhouse gas emissions, poses escalating threats.
Renewable energy and energy efficiency are a key part of a
future in which there is sustainable consumption.
A safe and sustainable future depends on reducing
extreme consumption.
Goal 13: Targets
Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective
climate change-related planning and management in least
developed countries and small island developing States,
including focusing on women, youth and local and
marginalized communities.
The carbon-intensive energy sector is a key driver of
climate change. Climate change poses growing risks.
Catastrophic storms destroy lives and homes. Droughts
pressure rural livelihoods. Sea level rise
threatens low-lying areas.
Dangerous rise in global temperatures
depends on reducing greenhouse gas
emissions. Use of renewable energy is the
solution to this problem.
Goal 14: Targets
By 2020, ensure the conservation,
restoration and sustainable use of
terrestrial and inland freshwater
ecosystems and their services, in particular
forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands,
in line with obligations under international
agreements.
By 2020, promote the implementation of
sustainable management of all types of
forests, halt deforestation, restore
degraded forests and substantially
increase afforestation and
reforestation globally.
As temperatures warm from
climate change, melting ice caps
are raising sea levels,
threatening homes everywhere.
The ocean space can be used for
collecting solar energy, marine
energy (e.g. offshore wind, tidal
wave, water current etc.)
Goal 15: Targets
By 2020, ensure the
conservation, restoration and
sustainable use of terrestrial and
inland freshwater ecosystems
and their services, in particular
forests, wetlands, mountains
and drylands, in line with
obligations under international
agreements. Goal 17: Targets
By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including
management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, through international support to developing countries, to
restore degraded forests and substantially increase improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue
afforestation and reforestation globally. collection. Developed countries to implement fully their
official development assistance commitments, including
NO
POVERTY
ZERO
HUNGER
GOOD HEALTH
AND WELL-BEING
QUALITY
EDUCATION
GENDER
EQUALITY the commitment by many developed countries to achieve
the target of 0.7 per cent of ODA/GNI to developing
countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least
developed countries ODA providers are encouraged to
CLEAN WATER AFFORDABLE AND DECENT WORK AND INDUSTRY INNOVATION REDUCED
AND SANITATION CLEAN ENERGY ECONOMIC GROWTH AND INFRASTRUCTURE INEQUALITIES consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of
ODA/GNI to least developed countries.
The SDGs will mean little without the means to implement
SUSTAINABLE CITIES RESPONSIBLE them. Finance, technology, capacities, partnerships and
AND COMMUNITIES CONSUMPTION
AND PRODUCTION data are among the primary tools. Success also depends on
a stable global economy and the ability of each country to
make policy choices aimed at achieving all of the goals.
CLIMATE LIFE BELOW LIFE PEACE AND JUSTICE
PARTNERSHIPS
ACTION WATER ON LAND
STRONG
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE GOALS Finance is required for heavy energy infrastructure.
Investments, Free trade will help to ensure affordability of
Renewable energy.

Energy projects need to be carefully sited and the energy DIGNITY:

to end poverty and
mix needs to be carefully planned to avoid a negative fight inequality
impact on ecosystems and biodiversity. For ecosystem, PEOPLE:
to ensure healthy lives,
sustainable use of renewable energy in all other knowledge, and the inclusion
of women and children.
dimensionsaccess to land, livelihoods and natural
resources, are preferable. PROSPERITY:
to grow a strong.
inclusive &
Goal 16: Targets PLANET: SUSTAINABLE transformative
to protect our DEVELOPMENT economy.
Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death ecosystems for GOALS
all societies
rates everywhere. and our children

End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of JUSTICE:

to promote
violence against and torture of children. Peaceful and PARTNERSHIP: safe and peaceful
to catalyse global societies, and strong
inclusive societies uphold the rule of law and ensure equal solidarity for institutions.
access to justice. Transparent and corruption-free regimes sustainable
development.
are key to delivering energy services affordably.

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 39
 WHAT CAUSES CLIMATE CHANGE?
PROFESSOR DR. SAIFUL HUQUE
Director, Institute of Energy

E
arth is a very special planet it orbits close enough
to the sun to receive a lot of energy, but far enough
away not to be scorched.
It is in what you might call the "goldilocks zone", where the
conditions are just right for life as we know it.
To help keep these conditions constant, our planet is
wrapped in a layer of greenhouse gases.
This layer acts like a blanket, keeping the earth warm and
shielding it from the cold of universe. This is commonly
referred to as the greenhouse effect. But, this does not have to be the case, thanks to human
Carbon dioxide (Co2), which, while not the most potent ingenuity there are now smarter ways to make energy.
greenhouse gas, is nevertheless the main driver of the About Carbon Dioxide
greenhouse effect.
CO2 can be harmless enough when dissolved in a drink it
When fossil fuels - coal, oil and natural gas - are burnt adds sparkle to mineral water, soft drinks and champagne.
they release CO2 into the atmosphere. However, when excess amounts are released into the
Because of this the layer of greenhouse gas is getting atmosphere it can cause untold damage.
thicker, which is in turn making the Earth warmer. How CO2 causes global warming?
Thus the ongoing unlimited burning of fossil fuels is the In terms of fuels, the main problem is coal. The other key
cause of climate change. reason is waste inefficient use of energy.

In order to satisfy our endless hunger for energy we are And in terms of industries, the main culprit is electricity
buring unlimited quantities of fossil fuels. production the power industry.

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 41

Culprit coal
The biggest climate polluter is the global power sector
which generates around 40% of all global electricity
from coal. We need electricity - but when we take into
account the true cost of coal there are much better ways
to get it!
According to the International Energy Agency the power
sector is responsible for 37% of all man-made Carbon
Dioxide (CO2) emissions. It creates about 23 billion tonnes
of CO2 emissions per year in excess of 700 tonnes a
second.
In turn, this CO2 continues to heat up our planet which
poses an unprecedented threat to us and the
environment.
Generating electricity through the burning of fossil fuels,
in particular carbon-heavy coal, has a greater impact on
the atmosphere than any other single human activity.
42
Coal is the world's most widely available fossil
fuel
Weaning humanity off coal will not be easy. There is an
estimated 2 billion people with no access to domestic
electricity, and recoverable reserves of coal exist in about
70 countries, according to the World Coal Institute, an
industry lobby group (the largest reserves are in the United
States, Russia and China). Coal is considered a cheap form
of energy.
But coal is not cheap- if you have to pay for it all
The true cost of coal is not found on any balance sheet, but
in the lives and health of people and ecosystems. If the
global power sector could be made fully accountable for
the true costs of pollution and climate change, it would
probably turn away from fossil fuel overnight.
Too many governments still subsidize coal production
which distorts the energy market. OECD countries
support their coal industry with a whopping US$30 billion
annually.
Much cleaner renewable energies are hampered in their
ability to compete with a dirty fuel that is so heavily
subsidized. Politicians have the power to remove fossil-
fuel subsidies or, better still, transfer them to renewable
energy.
When the true cost of coal is taken into account,
renewable energy begins to look by far the best option for
a healthy and sustainable future.
Why coal causes so much environmental
damage?
Coal is the sedimentary organic rock formed from
vegetation that lived millions of years ago.
Coal is the most carbon-rich of all fossil fuels. Burning
coal generates 70% more carbon dioxide (CO2) than
natural gas for every unit of energy produced. Coal is the
sedimentary organic rock formed from vegetation that
lived millions of years ago.
The most mature coal variety, anthracite - hard, black
and lustrous - is nearly pure carbon, and has historically
been regarded as useful to humans because of its high
energy content. But dirty brown coal, or lignite, produces
most CO2 per unit of energy.
Above all, more than a third of all global electricity is
generated from coal- it is the power sector's single biggest
source of energy.
Conclusion
Bangladesh is a suitable place to have large scale solar
photovoltaic generation. According to SWERA (Solar and
wind Energy Resource assessment 2007 UNEP) data,
average solar radiation in Bangladesh varies between 4
Natural Disaster Cause by Climate Change
to 6.5 kw.h/m2/day
We received maximum radiation between March and April and minimum in between December and January. Available
radiation varies between 4.2 to 4.5 kw-h/m2/day for rest of the months. We have estimated and found that only
buildings rooftop solar PV plants can have installation to generate more than 2GW of electricity alone in Dhaka city and
throughout the country it may exceed for 6GW (Considering 60% of usable rooftops and keeping remaining 40% for
other types of use.)

Natural Disaster Cause by Climate Change

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 43
 CLEAN ENERGY INITIATIVES
IN BANGLADESH
MOHAMMAD ALAUDDIN
Joint Secretary, Power Division

E nergy is recognized as an essential basis for economic

growth and fundamental to standards of living. The
level of energy consumption has become one of the
determinants of development in any society. As fossil fuels
provide energy in a concentrated form and at a cheaper
rate under existing market condition, they dominate the
energy supply. At present, energy demands are met largely
from fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which are the
main contributors for greenhouse gas [GHG] emission. If
the current rate of energy consumption persists, the
limited reserves of fossil fuels will be exhausted in the near
future or may create environmental pollution to such an renewable energy. Energy conservation is basically using
extent that the world may become unlivable to human less energy and is usually associated with behavioral
being. Finite stock of fossil fuels and their adverse impact change that results in not using energy at a time when one
on environment prompted countries taking initiatives for might normally do or some sort of cut down in utility level
the development of clean energy that can ensure energy of the consumer; for example, turning the lights off or
security without increasing environmental impacts. setting air-conditioning system at higher temperature.
Energy efficiency, however, refers to the reduction of
Elements of Clean Energy
energy use for a given service or level of activity by
Clean energy initiatives include (i) energy conservation, (ii)
enhancing energy productivity and squeezing the
energy efficiency improvement and (iii) promotion of

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 45
 Bangladesh has also submitted its Intended Nationally
Determined Contributions (INDC) to the recently
concluded COP21 in Paris. The Fifteenth Amendment of
the Bangladesh Constitution in 2011, adopted protection
and improvement of environment and biodiversity as one
of the fundamental principles of state policy. Because of
their contribution in protecting environment through
reduction of GHG emission, clean energy endeavors now
can be said to have constitutional mandate.
The first significant step towards improving energy
efficiency in Bangladesh was the creation of the Energy
Audit Cell in the early eighties, which had conducted
energy audits to a limited scale. However, with the

maximum out of every unit of primary energy. Conversion

of simple cycle power plants to combined cycle,
replacement of incandescent bulbs with LED bulbs are
examples of energy efficiency improvement measures.
Both energy conservation and efficiency contribute
towards limiting greenhouse gas [GHG] emission through
reduction of energy use while renewable energy emits no
GHG on a net basis. Renewable energy does not refer to
any particular type of energy, rather a general name for all
sustainable and inexhaustible energy resources in the
nature including inter alia: bioenergy, geothermal energy,
hydropower, ocean energy, solar energy and wind energy.
They are replenished at a faster rate than they are
consumed.
Framework of Clean Energy Development
Bangladesh is a low GHG-emitting country whose establishment of Sustainable and Renewable Energy
emissions are less than 0.35% of global emissions and per Development Authority [SREDA] in 2014, Energy Audit Cell
capita annual CO2 emission is less than 0.4 ton; hence, not was abolished and SREDA has been tasked with promoting
obligated by United Nations Framework Convention on energy efficiency and renewable energy. In the meantime,
Climate Change [UNFCCC] or any other document to take with assistance from development partners, Bangladesh
actions against emission of GHGs. However, as a Energy Efficiency Roadmap was developed in 2009 where
responsible member of global community, Bangladesh has 19 energy efficiency interventions were identified along
voluntarily taken initiatives towards development of clean with their energy efficiency and business potential. Energy
energy. The Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and efficiency requirements for buildings are also added in the
Action Plan [BCCSAP], built on six thematic areas, made revised Bangladesh National Building Code. Realizing the
Bangladesh the first developing country to frame a triple dividend of energy efficiency namely, pollution
coordinated action plan. One of the thematic areas of reduction, scarce natural resources conservation and
BCCSAP is mitigation and low carbon development. improvement of the competitiveness of economy; Power

46
Division of the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral
Resources has taken initiative to formulate long term
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan [EE&CMP]
aimed at achieving 15% improvement in primary energy
consumption per GDP by 2021 and 20% by 2030 compared
to2013 levels.
Responding to the issues of environment, energy access
and energy security, countries across the world are now
leaning towards renewable energy as an alternative source
of energy. Nearly all the countries now have renewable
energy support policies in place. Keeping pace with the
global trend, Bangladesh also promulgated a dedicated
policy titled Renewable Energy of Energy Policy of
Bangladesh 2008whichhas been in force since 2009.To
stimulate international cooperation and access to global
renewable energy knowledge resources Bangladesh
became one of the initial members of the International
Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the only
intergovernmental agency working exclusively on
renewable energy.
Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Approaches for improving energy efficiency include
supply-side energy efficiency [SSEE] and demand-side
energy efficiency [DSEE]. SSEE is achieved by decreasing
energy losses in the supply chain while DSEE is aimed at
consuming less energy for the same level of service. To
achieve SSEE, conversion of simple cycle power plants to
combined cycle is on implementation. Rehabilitation of
old and inefficient power plants, setting up online
interface meters at the energy dispatch point from the
power station to the grid to monitor energy generation,
train up O&M personnel of the power plant as per
standard practice have been undertaken in the power
generation sector. Even in efforts to increase power
generation with coal-fired power plant, Bangladesh is
opting for supercritical technology with strict pollution
control measures. To attain efficiency in power
transmission sector, Power Grid Company of Bangladesh
has been implementing projects namely Capacitor Bank
Installation in 132 KV Transmission Line for improvement
of reactive power management and Transmission
Efficiency Improvement Project for optimization of
voltage drop. Upgradation of line and transformer
capacity, automation in generation control, smart grids
and system metering are under active consideration for
implementation. Important interventions undertaken in
power distribution sector include up gradation of
distribution lines and substations, power factor
improvement, scaling up prepaid metering etc.
To realize DSEE, the Power Division has taken a number of
initiatives. As lighting consumes approximately 30% of
total electrical energy in Bangladesh, the Power Division
Use of Energy Efficient Light in Garments Industry
distributed 10.5 Million CFL bulbs to the consumers free of
cost under Efficient Lighting Initiative for Bangladesh
(ELIB) project to create awareness. Currently
replacement of inefficient lights with more efficient LED
bulbs is underway which would reduce energy
consumption by around 50%.Energy Star Labeling
Program has been launched to motivate the
manufacturers, suppliers and users to promote energy
efficient appliances. Bangladesh Standards and Testing
Institute (BSTI) has star marked three appliances namely,
fan, CFL bulb and Ballast so far. Government endorsed
programs like Sustainable Energy for Development (SED)
and Catalyzing Clean Energy for Bangladesh (CCEB) are
accelerating energy auditing and development of energy
auditors. Efficient Rice husk Parboiling Program has been
initiated for replacement of 50 (fifty) thousand inefficient
boilers with efficient ones. Improved Cook Stove [ICS]
program is on implementation to replace the inefficient
cooking stoves to save the primary energy resources. In
April 2014, Ministry of Environment &Forests celebrated
completion of 500,000 ICS installations. Country Action
Plan for Clean Cook Stoves [CAP] has been adopted with a
view to achieving the goal of 100% clean cooking solutions
by 2030.Improving Kiln Efficiency in the brick
manufacturing industry is going on which will save half of
the fuel cost, while reducing carbon emissions by half.
The way we live has a major bearing on energy. Energy
conservation can be done by simply shading the demand
INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 47
 of energy. Recognizing this fact government
has issued directives for setting air-
conditioning system at 25C or higher
temperature in all public offices. Government
employees are also asked to put on half
sleeved shirts while in offices during summer
season. These initiatives can go a long way in
conserving energy apart from energy
conservation through efficiency improvement
measures mentioned above. Energy efficiency
and conservation [EE&C] being a cross-cutting
issue, tapping most potential energy values
calls for initiatives to be taken in industrial,
residential, commercial, transportation and
agricultural sectors.
Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy Policy of Bangladesh
mandates 10%of electricity to come from
renewables by 2020. To date, capacity of Solar Irrigation System
renewable energy installations is reaching
close to 430 MW including 230 MW hydropower. Most of government to undertake utility scale projects that are
the capacity addition is from Solar Home Systems (SHSs) now at different stages of implementation. Generation of
implemented by Infrastructure Development Company electricity from other renewables like wind, biomass and
Limited (IDCOL), a government-owned financial biogas is about 7 MW.
institution. Until recently, installation of SHSs exceeded 4
million with aggregated national capacity exceeding 160 AddresingBarriers
MW. International community recognizes Bangladeshs Despite huge technological progress made to improve the
SHSs as the fastest growing solar power dissemination efficiency of energy consumption and production and
program in the world. By 2018, IDCOL is targeting 6 million renewable energy technology, most potential are yet to be
SHSs to be installed. Besides SHSs, 8 mini-grids of more tapped because of a number of barriers. Barriers include
than 1 MW capacity are now in operation at different lack of information and awareness, inadequate
remote areas of Bangladesh and IDCOL has set a target to knowledge, limited access to technology, high upfront
install 50 solar mini-grids. Total capacity of solar rooftop cost, lack of human and institutional capacity, limited
installations stands at 18 MW. So far, more than 350 solar access to finance and inadequate incentive mechanism.
irrigation pumps of 3 MW capacity have been installed and Given the existing barriers, the Government of Bangladesh
IDCOL intends to install 1500 solar irrigation pumps by has undertaken modest initiatives; some of them have
2018. Acceptance of solar PV technology prompted already been stated, to improve energy efficiency and

Solar Irrigation System

48

promoting renewable energy within its limited means. To
build capacity for research and development in power and
energy sector Government established Bangladesh Energy
and Power Research Council [BEPRC] in 2015.To create
awareness and providing stakeholders with updated
information, Power Division has been observing Electricity
Week since 2010. In 2015, two Divisions of the Ministry of
Power, Energy and Mineral Resources jointly observed the
National Power &Energy Week 2015 covering the whole
of power and energy sector. Honorable Prime Minister,
who is in charge of the Ministry of Power, Energy and
Mineral Resources, herself has been advocating clean
energy initiatives urging upon people to save energy and
leading formulation of environment friendly policies. In
recognition of her contribution, Honorable Prime Minister
Sheikh Hasina received UNs highest environmental
accolade - Champions of the Earth- in 2015.
Clean Energy Investment
EE&C implementation and wider deployment of
renewable energy require huge investment. From its own
resources, the government of Bangladesh has created a
Climate Change Trust Fund aimed at financing, among
others, clean energy projects.Since its establishment up to
the current 2015-16 fiscal year, Government allocated a
total of Taka 3000 (three thousand)croresto Bangladesh
Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF). As of June 2015,
BCCTF has funded over 350 projects of which 129 projects
have already been implemented. Development Partners
also came forward to support the BCCSAP by establishing a
Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund [BCCRF]
worth $ 125 million. Bangladesh Bank has created a Taka
2(two) billion revolving fund to support eco-friendly
initiatives including renewable energy generation and
energy efficiency improvement projects. Government-
owned non-bank financial institution like Bangladesh
Infrastructure Finance Fund Limited (BIFFL) also
provides long-term financing for renewable and
efficiency improvement projects in addition to
IDCOL. Given the competing demands for public
resources from other important sectors, public
finance alone will not suffice to cover the
investment required for EE&C implementation
and wider deployment of renewable energy. To
promote private sector participation National
Board of Revenue (NBR) has been providing fiscal
support in the form of incentives. However, there
are scopes to expand the areas of incentives to
address the demands of clean energy
entrepreneurs.
Bangladesh had also partnered with Japan in
order to promote investment and deployment of
low carbon technologies, products, systems,
services and infrastructure by establishing Joint
Crediting Mechanism (JCM) in 2013. JCM opens
up opportunity for Bangladeshi entrepreneurs to
implement projects jointly with Japanese
counterparts reducing the project cost. Energy
efficiency and renewable energy projects are
eligible for implementation under JCM. For example, City
Sugar Mills of City Group (Bangladesh) and Ebara
Corporation (Japan) has undertaken a project -
Establishment of energy efficient Centrifugal Chillers.
Under JCM Ebara Corporation shall provide two energy
efficient Centrifugal Chillers to City Sugar Mills. Out of the
total US$ 0.8 million project cost Ebara Corporation shall
get 0.4 million US$ as grant from Japanese government
thereby halving the total project cost for the local
entrepreneur. Likewise renewable energy projects (say
grid tied solar projects) can be implemented jointly with
Japanese companies under JCM.
Concluding Remarks
Despite initiatives, most potential of EE&C and renewable
energy are yet to be tapped in Bangladesh. Initiatives on
part of a ministry or agency alone cannot achieve national
targets;rather an integrated approach involving all
stakeholders is required. Concerned ministries and
departments need to identify sector-specific programmes
or projects that can best demonstrate results, where
SREDA can play a proactive role. IDCOL experience has
shown that wider and faster dissemination of programmes
can be done through engagement of private sector
provided proper incentives are in place. Above all, one
should keep in mind that clean energy initiative is not only
about technology, about finance, but also about
management and changing mindset. Research has shown
that proper management and behavior changes alone can
save energy up to 10-20%. We must not forget that each
and every one has a responsibility on rationale use of
energy. Together we can build an energy culture - a shared
mindset that creates and sustains an environment
conducive to continual improvement of energy
performance and minimize energy waste.
INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 49
 RURAL & AGRICULTURAL FINANCE:
ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE
MR. SHITANGSHU KUMAR SUR CHOWDHURY
Deputy Governor, Bangladesh Bank

Introduction
Bangladesh is positioned between 20 to 26 degree North
and 88 to 92 degree East. It is surrounded on the west,
north and east by India, on the south-east by Myanmar,
and on the south by the Bay of Bengal. The major land area
of the country is low-lying land comprising mainly the delta
of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. Floodplains occupy
80% of the country. Mean elevations range from less than
1 meter on tidal flood plains, 1 to 3 meters on the Main
River and estuarine floodplains. The northeast and
southeast portions of the country are hilly, with some geographic location and nature of climate makes the
tertiary hills over 1000 meters above mean sea level. The country quite vulnerable to climate change. Bangladesh is

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 51
 Flooded areas in Bangladesh

a very densely populated country with a population of over temperature will results in excessive rain during monsoon,
165 million and a population density of more than 1,600 dry winter conditions, drought, deforestation, cyclones
persons per square km. Population density increases etc.
vulnerability to climate change because more people are Sea level rise: Sea level rise is another critical variable that
exposed to risk and opportunities for migration within a determines the vulnerability of Bangladesh to climate
country are limited. More than one-third (36%) of the change impacts. The Bangladesh country study put the
people in Bangladesh are poor and about 40% of them live range of sea level rise at 30-100 cm by 2100. Higher mean
in rural areas. About 19% of the countrys GDP comes from sea levels are likely to compound the enhanced storm
agriculture, which makes the countrys economy relatively surges expected to result from cyclones with higher
sensitive to climate variability and change. intensity. Even in non cyclone situations, higher mean sea
Current climate of Bangladesh levels are going to increase problems of coastal inundation
Bangladesh has a humid, warm, tropical climate. Its and salinity in the low lying deltaic coast.
climate is influenced primarily by monsoon and partly by
pre-monsoon and post-monsoon circulations. Besides
monsoon, the easterly trade winds are also active,
providing warm and relatively drier circulation. In
Bangladesh there are four prominent seasons, namely,
winter (December to February), Pre-monsoon (March to
May), Monsoon (June to early-October) and Post-
monsoon (late-October to November).
Effects of climate changes in Bangladesh
Scientist has forecasted that Bangladesh will be the mostly
affected country for the climate change. Following are the
main phenomenon which will bring many catastrophes in
Bangladesh in near future.
Rises of temperature: The Bangladesh Country Study for
the U.S. Country Studies Program projected that in
Bangladesh temperature would rise 1.3C by 2030 (over
mid-20th century levels) and 2.6C by 2070. This higher Flooded areas in Bangladesh

52
Key impacts and vulnerabilities of climate
changes
Rise of temperature and sea level rise will destroy water
resources, ecosystem, coastal infrastructure as well as the
overall agriculture of the country in following manner:
Water resources: Water related impacts of climate change
will likely be the most critical for Bangladesh largely
related to coastal and riverine flooding, but also enhanced
possibility of winter (dry season) drought in certain areas.
The effects of increased flooding resulting from climate
change will be the greatest problem faced by Bangladesh.
Both coastal flooding (from sea and river water), and
inland flooding (river/rain water) are expected to
increase. Flooding in Bangladesh is a regular feature and
has numerous adverse effects, including loss of life
through drowning, increased prevalence of disease, and
destruction of property. This is because much of the
Bangladesh is located on a floodplain of three major
rivers and their numerous tributaries.
Ecosystems: One of the likely adverse impacts of climate
change is the loss of the Sundarban which is the coastal
mangroves that straddle the coasts of western
Bangladesh and neighboring India. The Sundarban was
formed by the deposition of materials from the Ganges,
Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers. If the Sundarbans is
Natural Beauties of Sundarban
lost, the habitat for several valuable species would also be
lost. A 45 cm sea level rise would inundate 75% of the
Sundarban, and 67 cm sea level rise could inundate all of
the system.
Coastal infrastructure: One meter rise in sea level would
inundate 18% of Bangladeshs total land, directly
threatening 11% of the countrys population with
inundation (based on current population distribution). In
addition, the backwater and increased river flow from sea
level rise could affect 60% of the countrys population.
Nonetheless, such a rise in sea level is quite probable over
many centuries. Inundation of such a large portion of the
country could present major challenges in terms of loss of
income and displaced populations. It is estimated that 11%
of the countrys population lives in the area threatened by
a 1 m sea level rise.
Agriculture: The threat of increased hunger from
reduction in agricultural production would suggest the
inclusion of agriculture as one of the major vulnerable
sector to climate change effect. There are some causes for
concern about agriculture in Bangladesh. Over the course
of the 21st century and beyond, sea level rise will threaten
hundreds of thousands if not more than a million hectares
of agricultural land. For example, in eastern Bangladesh
alone 14,000 tons of grain production would be lost to sea
level rise in 2030 and 252,000 tons would be lost by 2075.
Threatening the richest and most productive region of the
country, sea level rise could have dramatic consequences
Projected impact of climate change on agricultural yields
A key
culprit in
climate
change
-carbon
emissions - can also
help
agriculture by
enhancing
photosynthesis in
many important (...)
crops such as wheat, rice
and
soybeans. The science,
however
is far from certain on the Change in agricultural productivity
benefits of carbon
fertilisation between 2003 and the 2080s
This map represents the case of
beneficial carbon fertilisation processes. +25 +10 +5 0 -5 -15 -25% No data
for the Bangladesh economy. A recent study estimates that
a GDP decrease in the range of 28% to 57% could result
from one meter sea level rise. Increased flooding from
glacial melt, more intense monsoons, or more intense
cyclones could also adversely affect agriculture in the near
term by periodically inundating much agricultural land.
Finally, several hundred thousand tons of grain production
could be lost as a result of increased salinity from sea level
rise.
Challenges in addressing climate change
Due to its unique geographic location, dominance of
floodplains, low elevation from the sea, high population
density, high levels of poverty, and overwhelming
dependence on nature, Bangladesh is facing many
challenges for climate change effects. Climate change is
making things worse. Sudden, severe and catastrophic
floods have intensified and taking place more frequently
owing to increased rainfall in the monsoon.
The people and social system have knowledge and
experience of coping with their effects to some degree
and extent. The climate change impacts are eroding our
assets, investment and future. This applies equally for
families, communities and the state. The number of
people displaced from their land due to riverbank erosion,
permanent inundation and sea level rise is increasing
rapidly every year. Climate change challenges our
development efforts, security and the future of
generations to come. Bangladesh must move on in their
pursuit to develop and strive as a nation, taking into
account its vulnerability, susceptibility and capacity to
manage climate risks and adaptation.
INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 53
 Initiative of Bangladesh bank I) Credit facilities shall be continued for cultivating fruits,
vegetables, social forestry, livestock, duck, poultry and
Bangladesh Bank has taken several initiatives to cope with
gardening at the home-stead normally in flood-free
the challenges of climate change. Bangladesh Bank
years.
suggested some unique strategy to finance in Agriculture.
j) To face the problems created by climate change Bank
1. Suggestion for adopting new strategies in agriculture:
have to encourage the farmers to practice the
Agriculture is the most vulnerable sector to climate alternative and strategic farming such as: Cultivation of
change. Climate change will increase not only sea level Mug dal just after the paddy, cultivation of BARI Mug-5
but also the frequency and intensity of natural calamity in the season of Kharip-1 just after the Mustard at the
in these countries known as worlds basket of rice. valley, cultivation of lentils with paddy as relay crop,
Cyclone, flood, high tide and salinity have been encourage the farmers to follow the prime method in
increasing due to rise of the sea level. Deviation in the cultivation of lentil in dry land.
usual course of seasonal change is becoming visible due
k) A list of crops which is resistant to adverse effect of
to change in climate. Flood and water clogging of mid-
climate change is given policy.
region, sudden flood of north-east region, draught and
salinity of north-west and south-west region and the 2. Introduction of Green Finance
high tide of costal may create acute problem for the The change of climate has direct impact on biodiversity,
agriculture of Bangladesh. agriculture, forestry, dry land, water resources and
Bangladesh Bank has instructed the scheduled Banks of human health. In line with global development and
the country to take following steps for addressing the response to the environmental degradation, financial
challenges of climate change: sector in Bangladesh should play important roles as one
of the key stake holders.
a) Bring a little change in the loan disbursement and
recovery schedule from area to area;
b) Cultivating saline-tolerant crops in the salty areas;
c) Cultivating water- tolerant crops in the water-logged
and flood-prone areas;
d) Cultivating draught- tolerant crops in the draught-prone
areas;
e) Arrange for irrigation during dry season to avoid low
production and loss of crops;
f) Encouraging use of surface water instead of
underground water for irrigation;
g) Using organic fertilizer and insecticide by natural means
instead of using chemical fertilizer and pesticides;
h) Banks shall be conservative to provide agricultural
credit for cultivating land destroying forest or hills; Education and Enlightenment

54
 In response to the above, Bangladesh Bank introduced
Policy Guidelines for Green Banking in February 2011.
The objective of the guideline was to bring the banks
and FIs under green financing as the Banks hold a
unique position in an economic system that can affect
production, business and other economic activities
through their financing activities and thus may
contribute to pollute environment.
Green finance policy
With a view to developing green banking practices in the
country, an indicative Green Banking Policy and Strategy
framework has been developed for the banks in the
following manner. Green Banking Policy needs to be
covered through time frame work which is segregated into
3 phases.
Bangladesh Bank refinance scheme for Green finance:
Bangladesh Bank has introduced a refinance scheme of Tk.
2000 million for refinancing at bank rate (now 5%) to banks
and FIs against their financing to 50 green products in the
following 11 categories:
Category: Renewable Energy
Family: Bio-gas
Setting up of Bio-gas Plant in existing Dairy & poultry
Farm
Integrated Cow Rearing and Setting up of Bio-gas Plant
Organic Manure from Slurry
Mid Range Bio-gas Plant
Biomass based large scale Bio-gas Plant
Poultry & Dairy based large scale Bio-gas Plant
Family: Solar Energy
Solar Home System
Solar Micro/Mini Grid
Solar Irrigation Pumping System
Solar PV Assembly Plant
Solar PV Plant capable to produce 1 MW or more Power
Solar Cooker assembly Plant
I USED TO BELIEVE GLOBAL WARMING WAS A VAST HUMAN CONSPIRACY TO
DESTROY THE POLAR ICE CAPS... BUT NOW I'M NOT SO SURE!
Solar Water Heater Assembly Plant
Solar Air Heater & Cooling System Assembly Plant
Solar Energy Driven Cold Storage
Surface Water Purification Plant through Solar Pump
Hydro-Power: Hydro power (Pico, Micro & Mini)
Wind-Power: Wind Energy driven Power Plant
Category: Energy Efficiency
Substitution of Conventional Lime Kiln by Energy
Efficient Kiln
Substitution of Conventional lighting system, electronic
material, Boiler with energy efficient alternatives on
the basis of Energy Audit.
Auto sensor power switch assembly Plant.
Energy efficient Improved Cook Stove(ICS)/ICS
Renewable/Hybrid Cook Stove Assembly Plant
LED Bulb/Tube Manufacturing Plant
LED Bulb/Tube Assembly Plant
Category: Solid Waste Management
Methane Recovery from Municipal waste & to produce
Power
Municipal waste to Compost
Hazardous waste treatment facility
Fecal Sludge treatment & Recycling plant
Category: Liquid Waste Management
Biological Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)
Combination of Biological & Chemical ETP
Conversion of Chemical ETP to Combination type
(Chemical+Biological) of ETP
Waste Water Treatment Plant
Sewage Water Treatment Plant
Category: Alternative Energy
Production of Burnable Oil from waste Tire by the
Process of Pyrolysis
Category: Fire Brick
Setting up of Hybrid Hoffman Kiln(HHK)/Tunnel
Kiln/equivalent technology in Brick manufacturing
Industry
Category: Non Fire Brick
Compressed Block-Brick
Auto Cleaved Aerated Concrete
Category: Miscellaneous
Vermicompost
Palm Oil Plant
Category: Recycling & Recyclable Product
Paper Waste Recycling Plant for production of recycled
paper
INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 55
 Plastic Waste Recycling Plant (PVC, PP, LDPE, HDPE,PS) Conclusion
Recyclable Baggage Manufacturing Plant As described earlier, Bangladesh is one of the most
vulnerable countries of the world to climate change. The
Recyclable Poly Propylene Thread & Baggage
effects of climate changes will increase the climate
Manufacturing Plant
refugees in Bangladesh. To cope with challenges more
PET Bottle Recycling Plant efforts from the Government and other private
Solar Battery Recycling Plant organization is necessary. Knowledge sharing and capacity
building is also important to face the climate change
Utilization of Bangladesh Bank refinance fund: The table effects. In this aspects Bangladesh Bank is working
below shows the sector/category-wise utilization during efficiently to improve its action plan as a lead institute for
March 14, 2010 to October 30, 2015. enhancement of the knowledge base of climate change
issues, and monitor implementation of the plan.
Solar Home System BDT 23.31 crore
Solar Irrigation Pump BDT 6.83 crore
Solar Assembly Plant BDT 56.93 crore
Bio-gas BDT 60.04 crore
Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) BDT 10.04 crore
Hybrid Hoffmann Kiln (HHK) BDT 36.22 crore
Vermicompost BDT 0.17 crore
Safe Working Environment for Textile BDT 3.00 crore
and Garments Industry Workers
Total BDT 196.54 crore
(one hundred ninety six crore fifty
four lac)
Technical training Sessions

Solar Mini Grid in Bangladesh

56
 NOUNED FACULTY MEMBER
SPEAKS TODAY
MAHMOOD SYED
Adjunct Faculty, City University

T
his article is presented in the framework of the
conversation between a Faculty Member and his
disciple Noah.
The peers of Noah call the Faculty member an absurd
minded Professor; the reasons may be many. But still Noah
remains a true disciple and interacts with the Professor
quite frequently. The latest conversation is shown below.
Professor : Can you imagine the situation this world will
have in the third millennium ?
Noah : Yah, there are film about it ; there will be acute
shortage of drinking water, pure food, fresh air. People will Professor: You have seen the film only; but you do not
be fighting for all these, in day to day life. There will be understand why it will happen.
more idle people, both young and old, less jobs. Much less Noah: I did not think it before, but I can start telling the
quantities of all these scarce items will be available in the reasons, why the world would like that.
markets. The major products for sale will be robots of all
Professor: Okay , let me hear what all you may think.
probable designs and types.
Noah: There shall be complete deletion of fossil fuel in this

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 57

earth by the third century of this current millennium. This
includes the methane gas as well. So there will be no cars
on the street, no refrigerators in the houses, no air-
conditioners in offices and residences, no heaters in the
winter seasons.
pause ... pause ...
Professor: So, then what ?
Noah: pause ... pause ... no response
Professor: Let me supplement you. You are in all
probability right to a certain extent; but there will be
automobiles, refrigerators, heaters , coolers ; but only few
will be able to use them. These automobiles will be based
on water-heating and the heating would be done by
burning wood. Wood would be planted in abandoned and
then invaded lands by the very rich people in a patterned
method ; systematically planted and deforested and I
think, most probably, using economic human slaves.
These slaves will be put in places like
Guantanamo bay and ferried from those
places to and from by boats.
Noah: But how long can it go on like this.
Professor: Not very long, in the time scale of
this universe, which we calculate in light-
years. This can be calculated also. You know
the world is covered 70% by water; out of this
94% is salty and of the balance 6%, 99% is not
reachable (as icebergs, glaciers, deep
underground in a compressed form). Taking
into consideration of the rate of use of pure
water in this world and considering the rate
of growth of that usage as exponential, the
time can be calculated. The basic unit of time
may be considered as 100 years and then you
58
would find that an error of 100 years plus or minus, which
may not be an error in the context of the survival of human
being.
Noah: But what happens with the carbon-di-oxide
emission, with the burning of the firewood. It will be the
same as coal burning.
Professor: With the passage of time, there shall be
complete depletion of coal as well ; only after that, the
burning of deforested wood be used by the Very Rich of
this earth, for their living and comfort.
Yes, the idea of reaching other earth-like planets in the
universes full of galaxies, may be abandoned; which is
very unlikely to happen. Because, all those Very Rich
know that their activities, shall in due course , make this
world un-habitable and they would see that those efforts
remain in place.
Noah: There will be no solution then ?
Professor: There may be solution, the future of which be
as similar as those of searching earth-like planets in the
far distance, many light years away.
Noah: What may be those ?
Professor: You know, in 1864, the Scottish Professor James
Clark Maxwell in his book A dynamic theory of
electromagnetic field reiterated that, Light is an
electromagnetic disturbance propagated through the field
according to the laws of electromagnetism. Light consists
in the transverse undulations of the same medium which is
the cause of the electric and magnetic phenomenon.
James Clark Maxwell declared that light and electro-
magnetism are two forms of the same substance, one is an
affection of the other.
If the Very Rich, instead of trying to escape from this
world, try to invest in the great effort to transform
natural light into electromagnetism and if we can find
another Nikolai Tesla in the ensuing centuries, then that
converted electromagnetism might be made to rotate
like rotating electromagnetic field. Thus we, the human
being may, one day, find a solution for the survival of this
human being in this planet.
Noah: That is an absurd idea, Sir.
 TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION
M A GOFRAN
Consultant of IDCOL

G
as is now considered as ones basic need and
constitutional obligation for any government. In
Bangladesh, only 10% people are now enjoying
natural gas. In the rural, gas is a dream, except
very few people enjoying LPG. Consequently, rural to
urban migration in Bangladesh is high. Only 2.5% people
would live in the urban in 1951, which has now increased
to 30%. Rapid and unplanned urbanization made urban
centers unfit for human habitation. In Bangladesh, 26 gas
fields have been discovered since 1955, of which 2
abandoned, 5 exhausted and the rests are going to be
finished soon. production. Anaerobic process of biogas production, kills
pathogen, reduces disease and improves environment.
According to government sources, the natural gas reserves
will be exhausted within next one decade. 70% of the Biogas technology is known in Bangladesh since 1972. B y
countrys electricity relies on natural gas. It clearly now, about 100,000 biogas plants have been built in the
indicates that, the country is going to face a serious energy country by different organizations. According to experts,
crisis in the near future. Searching renewable is the only the country has a potential of constructing 4 million biogas
option to face the situation. Biogas may be one of the plants. Infrastructure Development Company Ltd (IDCOL)
viable alternatives. Climate of Bangladesh is suitable for launched its biogas program in 2006 with the financial
biogas production. Potential is huge and perennial. All support from SNV the Netherlands and kfw. Subsequently
hazardous organic wastes are the raw materials for biogas other donors like GIZ, ADB, World Bank, JICA etc joined the

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 59
 program. Initially, the target was 60,000 plants by the year
2010. But they could so far install only 40,000 plants.
Although their success rate is much higher than other
organizations, yet there are lots of construction faults.
Many plants are not working for want of raw materials.
IDCOL is implementing the project through 48 partner
organizations. In order to raise awareness among the
common people they are organizing orientation meetings.
In order to attract the farmers, they are giving subsidy. To
reduce initial investment, IDCOL is giving soft loan upto
85% of the cost. But, in manyt cases, the loan recovery rate
is highly discouraging. In order to accelerate pace of
progress, ensure 100% success rate, 100% loan recovery
rate, and ensure sustainability the Village Approach may
be one appropriate solution. The model may be widely
replicated not only in Bangladesh, but also in other Cow Dung Management
developing countries of the world. The village approach
focuses on the concentration of activities in a limited area. and constructing biogas plant under their 4 cow program.
This helps economic and efficient monitoring and Local Government Engineering Department (LGED)
supervision of work. In this system, all supervisors and constructed 15 domestic biogas plants in the village in
technicians are recruited locally and trained properly. This 1992 using cattle dung, poultry litter, agriculture residue,
ensures after sale services, even after the project period human waste, domestic waste etc those worked nice for
and thus ensures sustainability. many years. So the technology was known to them and
they responded positively. The program started moving.
A case study By now, about 50 biogas plants have been built in the area.
Krishnamorh is a remote village under Amgram Union of The process is still continuing at an accelerated rate. It is
Rajoir Sub-district and Madaripur district in Bangladesh. It expected that, by the end of 2017 all the villagers will enjoy
is located about 150km South-West of capital city Dhaka. gas facility, which they could never dreamt. Earlier, the
According to the survey conducted by one partner villagers used to cook with biomass in conventional
organization of IDCOL in late 2014, there were about 1000 inefficient stoves, spreading smoke causing respiratory
people lived in 228 families. Only 24 families had enough diseases. Cooking time was high and cooking was costly.
cattle dung to feed a domestic biogas plant. 121 families Now, they are cooking with clean biogas. The women are
had cattle, but not enough to feed a domestic biogas plant. happy, as there is no smoke in the kitchen. Due to use of
65 families had no cattle at all. Only 16 families had, high biogas, living style improves a lot. They are now being
breed cows. Immediately after conducting survey, they
arranged an orientation meeting in the village on the
dissemination of biogas technology. They assured that,
they will not charge any technical fee as they are getting
subsidy from IDCOL. One senior official of IFIC bank was in
the meeting, who assured credit support for buying cattle

Biogas Energy

motivated to use other domestic waste including human

waste. These are creating hazard, spreading bad smell,
producing flies and mosquitoes, thus causing diseases. The
villagers often suffer from various diseases. They even
have to sell their last asset for the doctors and medicine.
Due to use of biogas, diseases reduced drastically.
Biogas Power Plant

60
The Village Approach has multiple benefits. It has direct
impact on poverty alleviation. In order to ensure raw
materials, IFIC bank gives loan to the farmers for buying
cows. In order to feed the cows, the farmers are
cultivating high yielding variety fodder and maize. They
are given training on cultivating fodder and maize. Cattle
rearing are profitable. But, there is risk. Cattle may be
affected by various diseases. In order to protect the cattle
from diseases, there are vaccines in the government
stores. Due to ignorance, the farmers usually do not use
vaccines timely. But, in this case, every house has register
of vaccine. So, they use vaccines timely. As a result, there
is no record of cattle death yet. As regards application of
artificial insemination, the villagers are now fully
motivated. They now used to go to livestock office for

better quality insemination. As a result, the quality of

cow cubs is improving gradually. Recently, they have
taken a program to meet their electricity demand from
biogas power. The aim is to reduce their dependency on
grid power. It is expected that, by the end of 2017,
coverage of both gas and electricity in the village will be
100%.
In the village program, all the technicians and supervisors
are from the village, which ensures availability o f skill
persons even after project period. Moreover, all the
biogas plants are being built will loan for both cattle and
biogas plant, recoverable in two years. IFIC bank staffs
will have to go the village for collecting loan, when they
can ensure supervision.

Construction of Biogas Power Plant

Natural gas network

Biogas

Gas treatment system

Biogas filling station

Combined heat and power plant (CHP)

Fuel crops

Gas motor
Feed
Effluent storage Generator

Power
Fuel crops
Stock farming or organic waste

Slurry of manure Process heat

Fermenter Heat

Preliminary tank

Organic waste

A Complete Bio Gas Plant with Power Generator Unit

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 61
 NATIONAL
RENEWABLE ENERGY
EXPO 2016
Expected Date: 1-10 December 2016
Expected Participants
IFRD
IDCOL
SREDA
BIFL
Rahimafrooz
Huawei
Intraco Solar
Grameen Shakti
Energy Pac
Confidence Group
Practical Action
Best way
Solarland
Super Star Group
LIC
Organized by:
Institute of Energy,
Dhaka University

For Paper Settlement

& Stall Booking
Please Call:

01933734404
 EMBEDDED SYSTEM
FOR RET
DR. MD. HABIBUR RAHMAN
Professor, Dept. of EEE, Dhaka University

A
lot of electronics is involved with RET (Renewable
Energy Technology). We need R&D for developing
Charge Controller, Off-Grid Inverter, Grid-Tied
Inverter, Maximum Power Point Tracker, and other
controlling circuits. These electronic systems can be
designed using discrete components or using
microprocessor based system. These types of
microprocessor based systems are called embedded
systems. Nowadays, designing with discrete components
are losing popularity while embedded system are getting
more popularity.
What is embedded system: An embedded system is a i. Processor: The microprocessor provides the processing
microprocessor-based system that is built to control a power of the system. It executes the application
range of functions, or do some specific task and is not program with the help of the operating system and does
designed to be programmed by the end user in the way a the required task.
PC is. The users can make choices of functionality but cant ii. Memory: Memory is an important part of any
c h a n g e t h e f u n c t i o n a l i t y o f t h e sy st e m b y embedded system. It stores the operating system,
adding/replacing software. The microprocessor, operating application program, and also the necessary data
system (called real time operating system) and the variables. At a minimum, this will take the form of some
application software is embedded within the system non-volatile memory to store programs, and some RAM
thats why it is called embedded system. to store data variables. Sometimes, EEPROM memory is
What is inside the embedded system: An embedded also necessary to store data permanently.
system mainly consists of the following components:

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 65
 iii. Peripherals: An embedded
system has to communicate with
the outside world and this is done
by peripherals. Input peripherals
are associated with external
environment through sensors and
the output peripherals are
engaged to control output devices
(output switches, relays, and
some other transducers).
iv. S o f t w a r e : T h e s o f t w a r e
components within an embedded
system often encompass the
technology that adds value to the
system and defines what it does
and how well it does it. The
software can consists of several Fig: Schematic diagram of a micro controller based system
different components:
a. Initialization and configuration programming. The internal block diagram of a typical
microcontroller is given below.
b. Operating system or run-time environment
Commonly available of microcontrollers:
c. The application software itself
Atmel AVR MCU: ATmega series
v. Algorithms: Algorithms are the key constituent of the
software that makes an embedded system behaves in Microchip Technology: PIC series
the way that it does. They can range from mathematical ARM Holdings: ARM Cortex-M series (32-bit RISC)
processing through to model of the external Intel: MCS series
environment which are used to interpret information
from external sensors and thus generate control signals. Texas Instruments MSP 430 series and so on.

Nowadays, to develop embedded system very easily, all of Among these verities PIC and Atmel microcontrollers are
the above components are incorporated in a single chip widely used in our country.
which is called microcontroller. Thats why today How to use PIC microcontroller in embedded systems:
microcontrollers are mainly used for developing First of all we have to select a PIC microcontroller which has
embedded systems. sufficient capacity for the specific work, i.e., sufficient
What is a microcontroller: A microcontroller can be memory space to store the program, sufficient number of
considered as self-contained (computer) system with a ports, and the peripherals required for the application.
processor, memory, peripherals, and some other Depending on the capacity various PIC microcontrollers are
application specific components so that in many cases all available. Here, as an example, PIC16F72 is considered. It is
that is needed to use them within an embedded system is a low cost microcontroller without EEPROM. It is a 28-pin IC
the software. The processor in the microcontroller ranges and has the following specifications:
from 4 to 32 bit or even higher. Though, the amount of Only 35 single word instructions to learn
memory is not so large, but sufficient for the efficient Operating speed: DC 20 MHz clock
Input Devices 2K x 14 words of Program Memory
Interfacing/ 128 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)
Driver Circuits
Timers0, Timer2 : 8-bit timer/counter
Power Supply, Reset and Oscillator Circuits

Program
System Application Specific Circuits

Memory Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter

Processor
and Data
Memory CCP : 16-bit Capture, Compare, PWM module
Serial 8-bit, 5-channel analog-to-digital converter
Communication
Timers Synchronous Serial Port (SSP)
cation
Port
PORTA : 6-bit digital I/O port or ADC inputs
Interrupt Parallel
Controller Ports
PORTB and PORTC : each 8-bit port
To use this microcontroller in an embedded system we
Outputs Interfacing/
Driver Circuits
have to connect 5V power supply and a crystal to generate
the clock (as shown in Figure 2). The practical value of the
Fig: Internal architecture of micro controller crystal can vary from 4MHz to 20MHz.

66
After developing the above circuit, we have to write a CLRF PORTA
program to do our specific work. There are various CLRF PORTB
programming languages to write the program and to
simulate the operation of the program. The following are CLRF PORTC
the commonly used languages. BSF STATUS, RP0; Select bank 1
Assembly language MOVLW b'00000000';Move 0 to work register
C language MOVWF TRISB; Set PortB all outputs
Basic language MOVWF TRISC; Set PortC all outputs
MikroC MOVLW 0xff; Move FF to work register
FlowCode etc. MOVWF TRISA; Set PortA all input
Assembly language is little bit lengthy but very efficient. BCF STATUS, RP0; Select bank 0
To develop and compile code in assembly language we can CLRF PORTB; Set all outputs of PortB low
use MPLAB which is a free software provided by Micro
Chip. Here, an example program is given for controlling a CLRF PORTA; Set all outputs of PortA low
switch depending on the terminal voltage of a battery. As a CLRF PORTC; Set all outputs of PortC low
switch we can use a relay or MOSFET, but controlling the AGAIN: BSF STATUS, RP0; Select Bank1
relay is easy.
CLRF ADCON1; Configure A/D inputs
LIST p=16F72; Tell assembler what chip we are
using BCF STATUS, RP0; Select Bank0
INCLUDE "P16F72.inc";include the defaults for the MOVLW 0xC1; RC Clock, A/D is on, Channel 0 is
chip selected
__CONFIG 0x3FF9; sets the configuration settings MOVWF ADCON0;
(oscillator type etc.) NOP
cblock 0x20; start of general purpose BSF ADCON0, GO; Start A/D Conversion
registers
WT: NOP; No Operation, wait
count; used in table read routine
BTFSC ADCON0, 2; Test status of EOC
count1; used in delay routine
GOTO WT;
counta; used in delay routine
MOVF ADRES, 0; move the content of ADRES to W
countb; used in delay routine
SUBLW .215; Let the VR be 14.4V and ADC
vl; voltage read by ADC
output for this value is 215
endc
BTFSS STATUS,C; if battery volt. (w) > 215?,
ORG 0x0005; org sets the origin, 0x0005 for execute the following line
the 16F72, escape otherwise
BCF STATUS, RP1 BCF PORTB, 0; Switch off the relay connected
BCF STATUS, RP0; Select bank 0 to PORTB0 Array disconnect

IC Fabrication
 SUBLW .180; Let the ARV be 13V and ADC
output for this voltage is 180
BTFSC TATUS,C; if battery volt. (w) >180 ?,
escape the following line
execute otherwise
BSF PORTB,0; Switch on the relay connected
to PORTB0 Array Reconnect
CALL Delay; Call the delay routine that is
defined below
GOTO AGAIN; Repeat the program
Delay: MOVLW d'250'; Delay 250 ms (4 MHz clock)
MOVWF count1; Move 250 to count1 variable
d1: MOVLW 0xC7; Move 0XC7 into W
MOVWF counta; Move W to counta
MOVLW 0x01; Move 0x01 into W
MOVWF countb;
Delay_0:
Solar PV System
DECFSZ counta, f; Decrease counta and escape
the following line if counta =0
END
GOTO $+2; Go to the above line
Now we have to convert the above program into HEX
DECFSZ countb, f; Decrease countb and escape code using the MPLAB software and then load the HEX
the following line if countb =0 code into the microcontroller. To write the HEX code into
GOTO Delay_0; Go to Delay_0 the microcontroller we have to use a burner/programmer.
DECFSZ count1 ,f; Decrease count1 and escape Although the schematic diagram of Figure 2 has been used
the following line if count1 =0 to control a relay, using the other ports, internal modules
and developing suitable program many different types of
GOTO d1; Go to d1
systems can be developed. For that we have to achieve the
RETLW 0x00; Return with W = 0x00 skill of programming.

Micro Chips and IC

68
 CARBON CAPTURE AND
STORAGE SYSTEM

C
arbon emission has become a major threat to our
environment. Coal fired power plants and
industries emit CO2 which pollutes atmosphere.
Beside these we have brick fields which emit CO2 and CO at
alarming rate. These industries should take measures to
reduce their carbon emission pollution. Carbon Di Oxide
can be separated from the flue gases emitted by power
plants as well as from the manufacturing industries those
who use coal and similar fuel. The aim of this work is to
reduce climate-harming emissions by carbon capturing.
Here we are going to develop a method and a prototype to DR. S.M. NASIF SHAMS GOUR CHANDRA MAZUMDER
capture carbon. The system will be able to capture and Assistant Professor, Institute of Energy,
store Carbon from exhaust gas and thus contribute in CO2 Institute of Energy, University of Dhaka
University of Dhaka
emission. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a
technology that can capture up to 90% of the carbon
dioxide (CO2) emissions produced from the use of fossil CCS chain consists of three parts; capturing the carbon
fuels during electricity generation and industrial dioxide, transporting the carbon dioxide, and securely
processes, preventing the carbon dioxide from entering storing the carbon dioxide emissions at underground in
the atmosphere. Furthermore, the use of CCS with depleted oil and gas fields or deep saline aquifer
renewable biomass is one of the few carbon abatement formations. Our work is capturing and separating Carbon
technologies that can be used in a 'carbon-negative' mode, from flue gas. However, the processes developed for this
actually taking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. The have been very expensive until now. We will try to imply

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 69
quicklime to capture carbon which will be comparatively
less costly than other technology. The system for
capturing CO2 from exhaust gases can be retrofitted in
existing power plants and other industries.
The system will need less cost other than available
similar applications. The system can be studied
further for commercial and large scale application to
industries. This may lead to the carbon clean
environment in future. With carbonate looping,
quicklime will be produced as a waste product. This is
required in cement plants. This means that there will
presumably be a market for the quicklime once
carbonate looping has become commercially
implemented. This would lower the emissions and
energy consumption at cement plants. Carbon emission has become a global problem. Till now we
are able to find the causes of emission and trying to reduce
those. We cannot
Carbon capture and storage eliminate carbon
AT A GLANCE *This Graphic representation is not to scale. To show how far emission forever. If
Only 10% of the CO underground the CO is stored permanently and safely, this
we want to do so we
2
2
would have to be three metres tall.
makes it into
the atmosphere
How almost all the carbon dioxide
(Co ) is neutralized have to shut down
2 ELECTRIC PRODUCTION
and reused -110 MW important industries
At Boundary Dam Power Station, the
carbon capture-equipped unit 3 will emit CHEMICAL INDUSTRY and many big power
100,000 tonnes of Co into the atmosphere
2
per year, as opposed to stations. We can
1.1 million tonnes before. ENHANCED
OIL RECOVERY
only develop
SULPHURIC ACID methods and
POWER STATION SULPHUR DIOXIDE
COAL COMBUSTION systems to have a
2 So grip to control the
1 100%
TRANSFORMED situation. This work
2
2 Co
INJECTION
may be an endeavor
to contribute the
3 STORAGE
OIL
reduction process of
carbon emission.
2 90% of the CO is stored
in the earth directly or by Scope may be given
EXTRACTION
injection for enhanced oil recovery
to this be on effect
of CO and
2
sulphur dioxide (So ) gasses
PERMANENT GEOLOGICAL STORAGE
3.4 KM UNDER THE EARTH
and studied further
for effective and
2

TRANSFORMATION SEVERAL LAYERS OF SOLID

Filtering, compression and liquification (IMPERMEABLE) ROCK SEALS
2 IN CO worth performance
of Co and So for storage and sale
2 2
after development.
 THORIUM TO REPLACE URANIUM
MAHBUB MANNAN
CEO, NTS Solar energy

T
horium is a chemical element with symbol Th and
atomic number 90. A radioactive actinide metal,
thorium is one of only three radioactive elements
that still occur naturally in large quantities as a primordial
element (the other two being bismuth and uranium). It
was discovered in 1828 by the Norwegian mineralogist
Morten Thrane Esmark and identified by the Swedish
chemist Jns Jakob Berzelius, who named it after Thor, the
Norse god of thunder.
A thorium atom has 90 protons and therefore 90
electrons, of which four are valence electrons. Thorium is
weakly radioactive: all its known isotopes are unstable, the Earth's crust, and is chiefly refined from monazite
with the seven naturally occurring ones (thorium-227, sands as a by-product of extracting rare earth metals.
228, 229, 230, 231, 232, and 234) having half-lives Thorium is predicted to be able to replace uranium as
between 25.52 hours and 14.05 billion years. Thorium- nuclear fuel in nuclear reactors, but only a few thorium
232, which has 142 neutrons, is the most stable isotope reactors have yet been completed.
of thorium and accounts for nearly all natural thorium, Advantages of Thorium: Thorium-based nuclear power is
with the other five natural isotopes occurring only in nuclear reactor-based electrical power generation fueled
traces: it decays very slowly through alpha decay primarily by the nuclear fission of the isotope uranium-233
toradium-228, starting a decay chain named the thorium produced from the fertile element thorium. According to
series that ends at lead-208. Thorium is estimated to be proponents, a thorium fuel cycle offers several potential
about three to four times more abundant than uranium in advantages over a uranium fuel cycleincluding much

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 71
 greater abundance on Earth, superior physical and nuclear 6600 tones of Thorium (500 Quads)
fuel properties, and reduced nuclear waste production. 5.3 Billion Tones of Coal (128 Quads)
However, development of thorium power has significant
start-up costs. Proponents also cite the lack of 31.1 billion Barrels of Oil (180 Quads)
weaponization potential as an advantage of thorium. 2.92 Trillion m3 Natural Gas (105 Quads)
Comparative Efficiency: We can compare the efficiency of 65000 Tones of Uranium Ors (24 Quads)
Thorium and others fuel as -

Thorium Based Nuclear Power Plant

72
 HYDROPOWER IN BANGLADESH
MD. SAYEED-UR-RAHIM MAHADI
Renewable World, Bangladesh

P
reviously, electricity generation in Bangladesh was
mono-fuel dependent due to ample availability of
indigenous natural gas. Now, about 80% of
generated power in Bangladesh comes from natural gas
and the rest from coal and hydropower. The present share
of electricity generation from large and small-scale
hydropower is nearly 2.5% of total installed capacity.
Though, in recent years, due to depleting existing gas
reserves and non-exploration of new gas reserves, the
Government of Bangladesh has diversified the Power
Generation Fuel Mix. Development of renewable energy is
one of the important strategies adopted as part of Fuel the Government and the main stakeholders the
Diversification Program. preparation of the SREP Investment Plan, where possible
Further, a joint Multilateral Development Bank (MDB) funding for Bangladesh will be US$75 million. They will
team (including representatives from the International have agreed on next steps and a timeline to finalize the
Development Association (IDA), the International Finance plan and submit to the SREP Sub-Committee for approval
Corporation (IFC), and the Asian Development Bank (ADB)) in November 2015. A consulting firm, DH Infrastructure, in
will be conducting a Joint Mission for the Scaling-up association with Black and Veatch and Prokaushali
Renewable Energy Program in Low Income Countries Sangsad Ltd, was appointed to assist the Government of
(SREP). The team has visited Bangladesh to discuss with Bangladesh in preparing this SREP Investment Plan. In this

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 73
 Longitudinal Cross Section of a run-of-river Hydroelectric Power Plant

Plan, small-scale-scale hydropower was considered as a hydropower was not considered for SREP funding, because
potential energy sector for Bangladesh. of the lack of reliable data on sites and because of the
A reliable assessment estimates a generation capacity of social and environmental problems Bangladesh has had in
60MW of small-scale hydropower, allowing production of the past with hydropower projects. Hydropower projects
200 GWh of electricity annually. However, in the final will, however, be studied further for possible inclusion in
decision making process, grid-connected, small-scale the Phase 2 investment plan.
A 2014 study by Stream
Te c h ( a U S - b a s e d
engineering firm) for The
Ministry of Power, Energy
and Mineral Resources
identified potential
hydropower sites at
different locations along
the Sangu, Matamuhuri,
and Bakkhali Rivers, as
well as the Banshkhali
Eco-park stream. Much
of the small-scale-scale
hydropower potential of
B a n g l a d e s h re m a i n s
unused due to the lack of
reliable hydrological data,
proper policy and
planning. However, steps
can be taken to remedy
the situation through
dissemination of reliable
data that can inform

74
policy development and energy planning, as
well as guide investors in entering renewable
energy markets.
Regional knowledge exchange can assist
Bangladesh in initiating small-scale
hydropower planning and policy. The
government is not considering hydropower as
eligible technologies for Feed-in Tariff (FIT)
regulation as well. As in the SREP Investment
Plan, possible funding for Bangladesh will be
US$75 million, government should take this
opportunity to scale up renewable energy
technologies specially small-scale-scale
hydropower in the country and consider
hydropower in the FIT regulation to encourage
private sector investors. The SREP investment
plan is also considering small-scale
hydropower as one of the renewable energy
technologies which will be scaled up.
Due to the abundance of rivers and canals,
Bangladesh has a good run-off river micro-
hydro potential but it is yet to be explored.
Bangladesh has a lot of identified potential
sites in Chittagong Hill Tracts, a largely un-
electrified region with mostly rural, indigenous
communities. However, still there is no
significant achievement in the development of
small-scale hydropower in Bangladesh, with
respect to its actual potential. Now the
Government of Bangladesh, along with various
institutions, networks and donors such as
USAID, HPNET, Practical Action Bangladesh,
and others have realized its benefits and
importance and are working towards further
development.

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UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 75
 ENERGY SECURITY
A S M IBRAHIM
Lecturer, Institute of Energy, University of Dhaka

A
ccess to Energy is essential for the economic
growth of a country. In a typical developing country
every 1% growth of GDP leads to a rise of 1.4%
demand for electricity. Fact is that gas and electricity are
mandatory for large scale industrial production. Countries
having strong energy infrastructures attract maximum
foreign investments. The developed countries have a high
rate of growth because of their efficient technologies and
large sources of natural resources. The poor countries are
poor because of their less resource and investment.
Bangladesh has struggle in finding new energy sources for may increase the risk of adverse market influence. Also the
a long time. The extensive dependence on limited coal and political instability can disrupt the supply of energy which
gas has put the country under tremendous pressure. We is very common in the developing countries.
face significant difficulties in managing the high demand of
gas and electricity. It is projected that with the rapid Theoretically, many of the strategic documents and policy
increase in population and industrialization the demand of papers seem sound and implementable, but in reality, it
energy will be doubled in Bangladesh within 2050. fails because of insufficient allocated money, corruption,
lack of transparency, poor monitoring and evaluation and
To meet up the challenge significant amount of so on. The government needs to be creative in renewing
investment, developed infrastructure and well trained and revising strategic approaches to reduce the power
expertise group are required. The excessive reliance on crisis. Otherwise, the target of ensuring electricity to all by
imported fuels from a limited number of global suppliers 2021 may remain a distant dream.

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UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 77
 FETCHING DARKNESS
INTO LIGHT
OCTAVIAN SAIKAT SARKER
Officer, Software and Information Services
Electron BD Power Limited

N
ourane Begum, lives in Gibandha, a rural area of
Bangladesh. She grows vegetables on her small
yard and her husband sells them to the local
market. She has three school going children. Her family is
not solvent to provide all the facility of education utilities
for her children, not even eclectic light. She thought it is
expensive. She came to know about Solar Home System
from a named Somaj Unnayan Polli Shongstha (SDRS)
where she can buy a complete solar home system in small
EMIs. She was happy as well as her children and husband.
Nourane Beagom said, Our life has changed; now my
children can study during night and we have our own to these possibilities are fading and all the support NGOs
television! are uninspired to continue the long run in Solar Home
There are numerous organizations like SDRS who are System Projects. They are facing mainly collection
working on SHS and bringing both economic and problems and cheap unreliable alternatives. Collecting
environmental benefits for the rural people of Bangladesh EMIs is problematic due to political turmoil, difficult
like Nourane Beagom. But due to some serious obstacles customers as well as dishonest collection agents. So we

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 79
 Rooftop Solar Systems

have some biggest challenges in the frontend. Many NGOs System will stop working if any client does not pay his/her
already closed their SHS project. It is really not good sign EMI within the payment cycle period. Client must pay
for our renewable energy sector. his/her due EMIs to run it again. After paying the entire
The Partner Organizations of IDCOL want a safe and EMIs client will get permanent activation code. This
reliable way to collect their pending EMIs from the end prepaid system comes with battery protection. Now any
users without hassle. They also wanted a safe and dishonest employee or difficult costumer cant remove
protected device which will not resell-able without the battery from device or sell it to others.
confirmation of related
organization. In the mean time
SDRS has claimed an innovative
way to solve these challenges.
They have introduced Pre-paid
Solar Home System with battery
protection and interactive
payment gateway!
This prepaid system works like a
prepaid mobile recharge. End
user will get device activation
code and monthly activation
codes to his/her mobile when
they will pay their down
payments and EMIs through
mobile banking like Bkash,
Mcash, Ucash, DBBL and many
more. Client will able to access
his/her account through SMS
service. Prepaid Home Solar Rooftop Solar Systems in Bangladesh

80
Rooftop Solar Systems in Bangladesh
Peter Kollol Bagchi, AGM, (Software and Information
System),SDRS tells about his developed system. He said
We named our gateway as Codgen. It is an interactive and
hybrid web application or solution that works with any
kind of mobile banking gateways of Bangladesh. Codgen
introduces the opportunity of most easy and flexible
gateway of payments from the end users trough only by
SMS service. Its even capable to create bank standard
financial reports by few clicks! Payments and financial
Solar Mini Grid
reports are now easier and reliable than ever.
Organizations dont need to worry about their due EMIs,
difficult users or be depended on collection agents.
Bangladesh's push into solar power has largely been a
success story. We need to continue this development
journey in long run at any cost. So the newly introduced
Prepaid Solar Home System can be the key of success for the
renewable energy revelation in Bangladesh. We need
proper funding and governments involvement in this sector.
INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 81
 DYE SENSITIZED
SOLAR CELL
MASRURA QAZI
Institute of Energy, University of Dhaka

T
here is an increasing global need for energy as the
civilization is advacing more and more towards
modernisation. Everyday and every minute our
electricity requirement keeps piling, with more lights, fans,
air-conditioners and other electrical appliances being
introduced to the new homes and hence the electricity
grid. There is thus a continual growth for energy needs,
where renewable is playing a vital role. Solar cell is a device
that converts solar energy into electrical energy
(electricity). Solar cells are environment friendly devices
with no requirement for input fuel. However, the still low
efficiency and expensive module have proven to be a improvements in zones of efficiency and is easy in
challenge. A light weight, low cost alternative is the dye fabrication. Dye sensitized solar cells are the next
sensitized solar cell which has promising oppurtunities for generation solar cell.

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 83
 The origin of dye sensitized cells dates back to 1988, when
Brian O'Regan and Michael Grtzel at UC Berkeley co-
invented the cell. However, the cells, also known as Grtzel
cells, gained recognition in 1991 when the first publication
was made with the first high efficiency of 10%. The cells
had a photoelectric energy conversion rate of 7.1% and a
incident photon to electrical current conversion efficiency
of 80%. The huge scope of improvements and the new idea
attracted a lot of researchers to this field. This idea of dye
sensitized solar cell was inspired from photosynthesis of
plants. Plants absorb light energy and converts it to
glucose, stored energy.
Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a photovoltaic device
that converts solar radiation into electric current. The
basic structure consists of two electrodes, a layer of
A Schematic Diagram of Energy flow in Dye-sensitized Solar Cell
A Laboratory Version of DSSC
84
mesoporous oxide followed by a layer of dye and an
elctrolyte layer. The electrodes are glass sheets coated
with transparent conductive oxide layer. However, the
counter electrode has an extra layer of platinum or carbon
as catalyst layered on it. The electronic condition is
activated by the mesoporous oxide layer while dye
facilitates in absorption of the sunlight. This dye may be of
organic or inorganic substances. In some cases artificial
dyes are used for testing purposes while the practical
research is mainly focused on natural dyes. This monolayer
of natural dye covalently bonded to the surface of the
mesoporous oxide layer has not only enhanced a range of
light spectrum to be absorbed but also reduced the cost of
production significantly. The final layer above the counter
electrode is the electrolyte layer that fuctions to facilitate
dye regeneration. Iodide layer, the electrolye, is used in
most cases to replace the electron that is lost from the
oxide layer, when the solar radiation falls on the
photoanode.
There are numerous areas to research on. Improvements
in the oxide layer, proper dye selection, electrolyte choice
have greatly intrigued researchers. Researchers all over
the world are working on the various aspects for
improvement of DSSC help create a beautiful, green world.
Bangladesh is working along side the globe. Institute of
Polymer and Radiation Technology (IRPT), Bangladesh
Atomic Energy Commission, savar, is working on research
and develoment of DSSC under the leadership of reputed
Scientist Dr.Mubarak Ahmad Khan, CSO and Director
General, Atomic Energy Research Establishment,Savar. He
developed DSSC using natural dye extraced from local

Sunlight
or
interior light
Transparent
electrode
Titanium oxide
Flow of Electron Due to Light
vegetables and fruites. Several stduents from different
universities (Energy Institute, Dhaka University, Jahangir
Nagar University, Jagannath University) are doing thier
M.S,M.Phil &Ph.D thesis under his guidance in
collaboration. Researchers and students from different
universities and organizations are working in the day and
night to produce DSSC as a low cost solar cell with
maximum possible efficiency.
Soaking of the DSSCs in Natural Dye
Iodine ion
Opposite electrode
Electrolyte
Ruthenium dye
There are homes still, in this modern day without
electricity. Our aim is to produce low cost cells using local
resources and locally available natural dyes to ensure
affordability and sustainability for everybody. There are
many hopes for the future and also many scopes to work
on in the future. The presence of the materials available in
Bangladesh has provided Bangladesh a huge scope to
advance the research further.
Fabrication of the DSSCs Using Simple Technique
INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 85
 GREEN BUILDING DESIGN
MD. SHAH ALAM TALUKDER
Part Time Faculty, Brac University

Introduction
A healthy and friendly environment is that which helps
human beings, animals, plants and all creatures to be
enriched with its pollutant free characteristic resulting to
keep also the mind fresh and so on. Can we make an
estimate the production cost of one unit of air or water
which we get from the nature by the grace of Almighty?
Tree gives oxygen to the nature for human being. Human
being needs oxygen for living.
On 11/10/2008, the Daily Ittefaq [local news paper of
Bangladesh] published news on page -16 that in South should not be any increase of poisonous gas in air and
Africa scientists have found some bacteria in the deep gold water of this world by the industries, agricultural
mines that does not need oxygen for their survival. So, activities, transports and any activity of human being by
these bacteria give indication of existence of lives in other any country.
planets of the universe. Very interesting, no doubt, if any
physician come forward to cooperate with those scientists Paris climate conference-2015.
in South Africa may find out some way or develop some At the Paris climate conference (COP21) in December
cells in human body like those newly discovered bacteria, 2015, 195 countries adopted the first-ever universal,
then the human being may not require oxygen for survival legally binding global climate deal. The agreement sets out
and that would have been the latest best medicine of this a global action plan to put the world on track to avoid
World. dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to
I believe, in the future, there will be more and more well below 2C. The agreement is due to enter into force in
interesting findings and discoveries in this World. There 2020.

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 87

Key elements of the conference:
The Paris Agreement is a bridge between today's policies
and climate-neutrality before the end of the century.
Mitigation: reducing emissions
Governments agreed to-
** a long-term goal of keeping the increase in global
average temperature to well below 2C above pre-
industrial levels;
** to aim to limit the increase to 1.5C, since this would
significantly reduce risks and the impacts of climate
change;
** on the need for global emissions to peak as soon as
possible, recognizing that this will take longer for
developing countries;
** to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance
with the best available science.
Before and during the Paris conference, countries submitted
comprehensive national climate action plans (INDCs). These
are not yet enough to keep global warming below 2C, but the
agreement traces the way to achieving this target.
3. What is Green building and/or how a
building/industry can be functionally green?
A green building is a designed building which helps
environment to be enriched with its good health through
Global Alliance on Climate Change
88
its functions. Technologies are available today to produce
low emission, no emission and more energy- efficient
electricity. Machineries, light fixtures, etc. can be more or
less energy - efficient [Less energy - More production]
type.
A building, a industry, which do not produce green house
gases or produce lesser gHg, keeps its environment clean
and healthy through its operation or function is identified
as green building.
4. Type of power generators to be used to
make a building/industry green.
However, reduction in or increasing energy efficiency of a
fully operative factory is easy to say than to do it.
There require major technical work to do, and which
requires a comprehensive energy audit by professional
engineers to have proper data for calculation of return of
investment before a major renovation or up gradation of
the system.
For a new building and industry, implementation of
efficient system for energy use may be easier than that of
any industry/building in operation. But it needs to be
designed with updated and efficient engineering method,
incorporating the low fuel, no fuel or clean fuel power
supply system and introduction of modern building
management engineering system.
The power generating sources like solar power have no
fuel burning, hydro power plants have no carbon effects,
and wind mill power plants have no carbon effects.
5. How to do the electrical design of a
building to incorporate non-fuel or clean
fuel power generators?
Comparison can be made with blood in human body to the
electricity in any building and in any installation. We may
do the design of electrical wiring of any building and
industry segregating its power supply in two or three
different interchangeable circuits and
switching systems. First one we can connect
with the traditionally available power supply
source. The second and third wiring system
we can connect with solar power or wind mill
power supply sources.
Here in Bangladesh, buildings in town area
and industries electrical wiring system is
normally done in two different
interchangeable circuits, one for normal
power and the other for standby generator
power. Generators run either by CNG/LPG or
liquid fuel.
In some special cases, with importance and
requirement of the building and industry,
separate electrical wiring is done for environmental control related departments, the
Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) system, for example engineers, and many others. The aim of all concerned
Academic Building for Information Technology and Science parties should be:-
of Bangladesh University of Science and Technology Share climate change policy & regulatory legislation
(BUET) at Palashi, Dhaka, ASTRAS (A Square Hospital with the government.
Wing) at Panthapath, Dhaka, Medlar Fashions Ltd. (One
Garments Industry) at Ashulia, Dhaka, Maasranga TV Develop Building and Industrial green regulations.
Station at Banani, Dhaka [Maasranga TV have 5 power Advise members on green procedures.
supplies with different internal power distributions]. Bring international climate fund for emission reduction.
Similarly, electrical wiring of building and industry may Work as booth for carbon trading.
also be possible to connect with Solar or Wind mill power.
But, if the wiring system are not designed and constructed Increase motivational activities through regular
with necessary way of segregation, then to do necessary seminars and training programs for users on the issues.
modification, the existing building and industry will Make production & sale easier for less fuel, clean fuel
require major re-wiring to do it after inception. and non fuel power supply generation machineries and
equipment.
6. Support from all concerned sectors to
The Institute of Engineers Bangladesh (IEB), The
increase use of green building. Environmental Department of Bangladesh, The Institute of
Though we are very small players for increasing the Architects Bangladesh (IAB), Bangladesh Solar Energy
environmental danger in this World, still to provide Society (BSES), Private companies working in Bangladesh
support and reduce our cost of production and life, there for improvement of Environment and all other reputed
require efforts from all concerned parties. Among the and approved institutions may be used for arranging
parties, the building industry owners, the government, training and seminars on GHG scheme. News media off
and the local environment control related departments, course can play important role to improve public
power generation related departments, the international awareness.

Paris, 2015, COP 21 Group Picture

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 89
 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
IN BUILDINGS
AR. MD. NAFIZUR RAHMAN
Deputy Director, SREDA

B
angladesh is a country highly prone to natural
disasters and greatly exposed to the impacts of
climate change (e.g. sea-level rise, cyclone, flood
and rising temperatures) leading to increased stress on
and vulnerability of various sectors. Particularly, the
construction and building sector is seriously affected by
rising temperatures and strongly determines the countrys
pathway towards sustainable development. A
considerable amount of resources (energy, water, material
etc.) is being consumed both during the construction and
operations phase of buildings. Bangladeshs residential
sector constituted more than 40% of the total electricity Experiences from neighbouring countries, such as India,
consumption, and the demand has increased ever since. rating or labelling systems for green buildings are an
Rising temperatures add further stress on the building effective tool for incentivizing the construction sector and
sector resulting in higher energy demand and material suppliers to become greener by applying more
consumption in private and public buildings, as well as in sustainable building practices. In Bangladesh, green rating
increasing emission of GHG. Consequently, the saving of of buildings is still in a nascent stage due to the absence of
energy and resources during both the construction and a specific standard/ scheme that could help in promoting a
consumption process in the building sector should be wide-ranging application. The introduction of the green
given high priority to cost-effectively reduce GHG building concept is further hampered by the fact that the
emissions, ensure energy security and promote financial advantages of using more sustainable building
sustainable growth. practices and materials become only visible in the long run

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 91
 Alternative energy source
for electricity - Photovoltaic
panel on the south side
Low flow and duel
flush toilets
Duct work sealed
with mastic
High quality
insulation
and sealing
Minimal
carpet use
Large Carbon monoxide
overhangs alarm
Central
Low/zero "VOC" ENERGY STAR
flooring and paint Appliances and dehumidification Properly sized
Light Fixtures system mechanicals vacuum system
due to high investment costs. Conveying the immediate
benefits and establishing a demand for green buildings
thus requires a multi-dimensional approach. Aspects, such
as raising awareness on pay-back periods, creating
technical expertise of green building and their
construction, or access to finance need to be considered
and addressed. However, present construction systems in
Bangladesh are not energy and water efficient which leads
to high energy and water demand in the building sector.
Electricity supply and consumption in the country has
almost tripled in last decade. The main source of electricity
is fossil fuels, accounting for 96% of the total output
(Source Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB),
leading to high GHG and intensive power generation. The
energy consumption projection also depicts the required
energy generation to be used in different sector.
Figure 1: DSSC detailed internal structure
Existing Policies
The Dhaka Mahanagar Imarat Nirman Bidhimala -2008
mainly enforcing the building set back, floor area ratio,
maximum ground coverage, mandatory open space which
92
Building with trees
shade on east
and west
Metal/light
colored roofing
Energy efficient,
low E windows
and glass
Light colored exterior walls
Alternative energy source
Solar Panel - water heater
Safe Room Rain Water
Native plantings
Central Collection
are mostly passive approach to reduce the energy use in
building. But the buildings are not regulated or inspected
for any active energy or water saving measures to reduce
the demand.
The following are some examples of how poor building
design leads to higher energy and water consumption:
Window selection is not based on the glass
properties.
The air conditioning units are not regulated
Lighting systems are not designed with energy
efficiency. Some buildings have excessive lights
installed with no daylight control, which leads to lights
remaining on in a day-lit room. Electric lighting
generates heat which leads to more air conditioning
load in buildings.
Water fittings such as taps and toilet flushes are not
water efficient and lead to high water consumption
with no added value.
In last decade the apartment units in Dhaka has increased
almost 600%. The increase in the demand of new buildings
mainly in the residential sector shows the potential impact
of Energy and water use.
Presently there is no designated green building rating
system for Bangladesh. Now a day's developers and
factory owners are intents to having a green and energy
efficient building. USGBC LEED certification is becoming
popular rating system for high-end commercial and
compliance textile factory building. More than 100
buildings already registered under USGBC LEED
certification. Bangladesh Bank is promoting energy
efficiency in buildings with soft loan facilities under their
refinancing scheme. Single digit loan (maximum 9%)
facilities are available for LEED certified factories. On the
other hand Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) is

being updated. The BNBC is mandatory and legal
document for Buildings construction firm and owners,
Architect, Engineers. The BNBC provides regulation
and/or minimum requirement of building type (office,
residence, commercial building, etc.), size (height, floor
area), structure strength, indoor condition, construction
material, etc.
The updated version of BNBC is proposed with addition of
energy efficiency requirement of buildings in near future
BNBC will be the core program for promoting EE&C in
Buildings and contain the following requirement on
building energy efficiency:
a. Heat insulation and/or ventilation performance of
building envelope
b. Energy efficiency of building equipment (HVAC, lighting,
fans, hot water supply, lift, escalator, renewable energy
options)
c. Water efficiency and management and Sanitation
d. Roof gardening and vegetation.
On the other hand, The Housing and Building Research
Institute developed a Recommendation for Green Building
Code at 2012 with the technical assistance of IFC. Its target
is not only on energy/water use efficiency but also on
reduction of environmental impact caused by building
construction, use and decommissioning. The survey for
the Recommendation of Green Building Code it is found
that the baseline energy consumption of Dhaka is about
277 kw/h/m2/ year. According to this study the Green
Building Rating for upcoming new buildings will save
300MW energy per year which is equal to save setup of
one power plant in each year.
1.5% 0.1%
2.4% 0.1%
9.5%
Residential
Office
Shopping Mall
Hospital
Educational
Hotel
Figure 2: Contribution of the various typologies of buildings
to the total new built space in Dhaka
SREDA
In May 2012 the government has established the
Sustainable & Renewable Energy Development Authority
(SREDA) as a national nodal organization for promoting
demand-side energy efficiency and conservation (EE&C) in
the country. As per the mandate, SREDA addressing the
area of energy efficiency and renewable energies for the
building sector, and is hence natural partner for the project
and the activities. It is able to ensure access to relevant
governmental bodies, as well as to financing institutions. It
also has excellent relationships with other government
bodies and important stakeholders (e.g. Department of
Environment, Housing and Building Research Institute,
Department of Architecture, Public Works Department,
Bangladesh Bank, City Corporations Municipalities) that
are relevant to the green building sector in Bangladesh.
Green Environment and Green Building
 A Green Building Design Concept

EE&C Master Plan up to 2030
At 2015 SREDA has developed the Energy Efficiency &
Conservation Master plan up to 2030. The Energy
Efficiency & Conservation master Plan (EECMP) is a
supreme plan of Bangladeshs initiative on energy
efficiency and conservation, of which preparation
requirement is stipulated in the Energy Efficiency and
Conservation Rules (2014). Under the EECMP, all the
policies, programs, legal documents (Act, Rules,
Regulations, Circulars or Standards etc.) and frameworks
are to be established. The Master plan's aims to achieve
this target through the adoption and implementation of
EE&C regulatory measures: Energy Management Program
(Energy Audit Program), EE Labelling Program and EE&C
Buildings Program, and EE&C Financial Incentive
Programs.
taking the entire environmental footprint of buildings (e.g.
water waste, resources) into account. In addition, social
standards and working conditions will be assessed and
aspects of, for instance, gender equality and rights of
minorities and low-skilled workers will be rated. At
present, poor working and safety conditions are prevalent
in the construction sector, which primarily employs low-
skilled workers and forces women to carry out labour
intense and physically demanding tasks on the
construction side. Through the consideration of social
standards and working conditions, the BEER will help to
counteract these practices and transform the construction
sector in a sustainable manner. In addition, training

Energy Efficiency & Conservation

Buildings Program
To ensure the energy efficiency in buildings SREDA will
develop the rating system for buildings and act as the
implementation and execution body for the Building
Energy & Environment Rating (BEER). The rating systems
that will be designed and established in the course of the
project will take a holistic approach to green buildings by

94
sessions and information for
architects, developers, as
well as for construction
companies and suppliers will
be provided to address the
existing lack of awareness
and know-how and build
capacity. To ensure a
comprehensive greening of
Bangladeshs building sector
the program will support the
integration and
mainstreaming of green
building considerations into
national and municipal
policies as well as public
procurement. Furthermore,
dialogues and cooperation
between policy makers and
financial institutions will be Green Building in Bangladesh
facilitated and financial
institutions will be advised on the provision of green loan standard/reference for green building construction
products for buildings. practices;
The objective to which the program aims to contribute is Enhance sustainable consumption in the building sector
to: through a rating system, providing consumer
information and a distinctive grade for sustainable
Promote green and sustainable building practices on
buildings;
the supply and demand side of Bangladeshs
construction sector; Mobilise and capacitate key stakeholders to get
involved in green building design and construction.
Contribute to climate change mitigation by saving
resources in the building sector while enhancing Promote green equipment and construction materials,
economic prosperity and competitiveness, as well as fixtures and make the market ready.
alleviating poverty by considering both green and social Develop the capacity of architects and Engineers,
standards; Energy Managers & Auditors in Green Construction.
Establish a building energy efficiency and Provide access to soft and subsidise loan facilities for
environmental rating systems serving as a green building developer and consumers.
 49 kWp BREB Rooftop Solar Plant

RENEWABLE ENERGY PROGRAM

IN BREB
S. M. ZAFAR SADEQUE
Director (Technical), Renewable Energy
Bangladesh Rural Electrification Board

B
angladesh Rural Electrification Board (BREB) is a
non-profit semi-government autonomous
organization, specializes in rural electrification and
a pioneer in the field of diffusion of solar energy in
Bangladesh. BREB started its journey back in 1977 for
electrifying rural areas of Bangladesh through
conventional electricity distribution system and for many
years it has been performing as a successful rural
electrification model, arguably one of the most effective
models in the developing world. So far BREB has
constructed about 2.88 lakh km distribution lines, 695 Nos.
of 33/11 KV sub-stations. The current total demand is Renewable Energy Technologies, aided by France. Since
about 4200MW which comprises around 13.6 Million then BREB has installed Solar Charging Station, 17 Rooftop
consumers. Now, in an average more than 3 lakh PBS Solar Plants, 40 Solar Irrigation Pumps and 35,178 SHS
consumers are getting new electricity connection in every through different projects & new consumer connection. In
month, increasing access to grid electricity for rural an aggregate up to December2015 the capacity of
Bangladesh. This is positively affecting socio-economic installed systems is 4.25 MWp. Following the current
status of rural people. Renewable Energy Policy, Government of Bangladesh
BREB has introduced Solar Home System for the first time intends to generate 10% of the total country's energy
in Bangladesh in 1993 through the project Diffusion of demand through green energy by 2020. To make this vision

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 97
a reality BREB is performing with its excellence in line with
the Government directives.
The main objective of BREB Renewable Energy program is
piloting new type of renewable energy projects in the
context of grid power limitations & promoting the uses of
alternative energy sources. Considering the financial
concept of PBS i.e. No Profit, No Loss and cost
effectiveness of Solar Systems, grant financing from
development partners on renewable energy projects are
always preferable.
Recently BREB has installed a 21 kWp Solar Charging
Station by PBS own fund under Dhaka PBS-2 at Sunny
Filling Station, Notun Sonakanda, Ruhitpur, Keraniganj for
BREB Solar Irrigation Pump
Easy Bike or equivalent vehicles battery charging. Now the
plant is running on test basis. Soon it will go for commercial
operation. It is anticipated that 20-25 vehicles battery
shall be charged through this plant daily.
Using the experience learned from previous Solar
Irrigation projects, currently BREB is planning to install
2,000 Solar Irrigation pump through ADB & GOB fund.
After getting approval of appropriate authority, soon
the project will kick off. BREB is exercising to introduce a
new business model to make this project viable &
sustainable.
Beside this BREB has performed the following activities:
Establishment of Solar Related Display & Information
Centre at 70 PBS to make general people familiar with
Solar Home System and provide necessary information.
Trained up more than 1000 officials & technicians on
SHS installation, operation & maintenance.
To increase public awareness for utilizing renewable
energy resources BREB has published circulars in
national daily newspapers, distributed leaflets;
motivate stakeholders through field inspection and
providing necessary information & suggestions.
Government has given high importance on expansion of
renewable energy program especially for remote and off-
grid areas to increase access of electricity. So as an initiator
of renewable energy program, BREB needs strong support
to fulfill Governments vision towards the energy
development of Bangladesh.
30 kWp Rooftop Solar Plant at Satha Upazila
 ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
SYSTEMS

Introduction
Despite the progress in economic growth, Bangladesh is
still a lower medium income country with substantial
poverty, inequality and deprivation of energy. It is
important to know how the rural bioenergy project impact
on poverty alleviation through improvises the
socioeconomic indicator. Therefore a socioeconomic
impact assessment on adoption of small scale bioenergy
projects in a rural developing country (e. g., Bangladesh)
help to assess the sustainability impact. The assessed and
LYNSEY MELVILLE KHONDOKAR MIZANUR RAHMAN
analyzed results could be an indicator relate with the Head of Bioenergy Research Research Associate Bioenergy
sustainable development goals and index. The United Birmingham City University, UK Birmingham City University
Nations Development Programs (UNDPs) Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), Human Development Index was estimated to be 7.27 billion. Nearly halves of them
(HDI) and Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) are live in rural area which faces more problems on poverty,
reviewed and then analyzed critically. energy, sanitation, climate change and diseases. More
Poverty has no boundary and has a worldwide wider than 3 billion people live on less than $2.50 a day. More
access. As of January 2015, the population of the world than 1.3 billion live in extreme poverty live on less than

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 99
 education and living standards. Many people face either
structural or life-cycle vulnerabilities. Considering
poverty and vulnerability reduction vital in the future
development agendas it is important to ensure that
progress as resilient and sustainable. Providing a safe and
cleaner energy source to the rural poor people can help
tremendously to reduce the poverty and improve
socioeconomic condition.
Adoption of rural bioenergy project doesnt reduce the
fuel poverty only but also ensure to improve
environmental and social parameter for Human
Development Index (HDI). The environmental
parameters that affect HDI are: primary energy supply
(fossil fuel or renewable), electrification rate, increase
CO2 level, outdoor and indoor air pollution, unsafe water
and poor sanitation. This work critically investigated
the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, HDI
and MPI.

Cow Dung Management in Rural Areas Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

and Bioenergy
$1.25 a day. Around 25% of world population lives
The millennium development goals launched in 2000 to
without electricity which is approximately 1.6 billion
make global progress on poverty, education, health,
people (UNDP, 2015 and UN, 2014). Despite recent
hunger and the environment has now been expired. UN
progress in poverty reduction, more than 2.2 billion
member states are finalizing the sustainable
people are either near or living in multidimensional
development goals that will replace them. The idea of the
poverty. According to the UNDP Poverty Index, almost 1.5
SDGs has quickly gained ground because of the growing
billion people in 91 developing countries are living in
urgency of sustainable development for the entire world
poverty with overlapping deprivations in health,

Table 1: Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Modified from UNDP
and The Guardian, 2015)

SL MDGs (2000-2015) SL SL SDGs (2015-2030)

1 Eradicate extreme poverty and Hunger 1 No poverty

2 Achieve universal primary education 2 Zero hunger
3 Gender quality and empower women 3 Good health and well being
4 Reduce child mortality 4 Equality education
5 Improve maternal health 5 Gender equality
6 Combat HIV/AIDS malaria & diseases 6 Clean water and sanitation
7 Ensure environmental sustainability 7 Affordable and clean energy
8 Develop global partnership for dev. 8 Decent work and economic growth
9 Industry, Innovation, Infrastructure
10 Reduce inequalities
11 Sustainable Cities and communities
12 Responsible, consumption, production
13 Climate action
14 Life below water
15 Life on land
16 Peace, justice and strong institutions
17 Partnerships for the goal

Dignity, People, Planet, Partnership MDGs + Justice, Prosperity

100
(Table 1). However end poverty in all its forms
everywhere. Sustainable engineering could try to balance
technical excellence, economic feasibility, ethical
maturity and cultural sensitivity. Implementation of
community based rural AD even though could be treated
as a noble humanitarian engineering for the people who
are in poverty. The aim of this research is to understand
how AD can cause impact on rural people in their daily
lifestyle.
So the SDGs indicate and ensure the justice and prosperity
in addition of recent terminated MDGs. Achieving of SDGs
improve environmental and social parameter for Human
Development Index (HDI) and Multidimensional Poverty
Index (MPI)
Traditional Cooking System

Table 2: SDGs, HDI and MPI (Modified from UNDP, 2015)

SL SDGs HDI (Environmental, social) MPI

1 No Poverty Fossil fuel use Education

2 Zero Hunger Renewable energy use Health
3 Good health and Well-being Electrification rate Living standard
4 Quality Education Increase CO2 level
5 Gender equality Depletion of natural resources
6 Clean water and sanitation Outdoor air pollution
7 Affordable and clean energy Indoor air pollution
8 Decent work, economic growth Unsafe water
9 Industry, Innovation, Infra. Poor sanitation
10 Reduce inequalities People live on degraded land
11 Sustainable Cities, communities Employment, vulnerability
12 Responsible, consumption Child labour
13 Climate action
14 Life below water
15 Life on land
16 Peace, justice, strong institutions
17 Partnerships for the goals

Table 3: A summarization of integrated goals and index and the stands of bioenergy
SL Criteria Adoption of small unit bioenergy

1 Good Health Clean energy replace the use of fire wood

2 Education for all Children at school rather than wood collection
3 Reduce inequalities Women engagement and empowerment
4 Clean energy use, reduce use fossil fuel Fully match the criteria
5 Clean water and sanitation Saved time - improve sanitation, pure water
6 Zero hunger and good living standards Increase HDI through environmental and social
change, reduce gender inequalities
7 Poverty alleviation Every criteria help to reduce poverty

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 101
Construction of Biogas Power Plant

Conclusion
Why small scale bioenergy project because it is affordable, freeing time, empowering the rural people and accessible
to the poor. Bioenergy replaced incompetent traditional fuel use and provide an improvement in efficiency, which
results in freed time. This allows an increase in earned income or other quality of life benefits. This also maximizes the
benefits in terms of education and health. To penetrate into small and marginal farmers and to make biogas technology
more affordable, one of the major efforts would be to provide credit to spread loan period over a longer period of time,
thereby reducing the size of each payment. Microfinance is a tool widely applied in the bioenergy program in rural
Bangladesh. The installation of small unit rural bioenergy project could be an important tool for poverty alleviation in
developing countries. The use of bioenergy enhances the Human Development Index (HDI) through its potential use.

Fire Wood Collection in Rural Areas

 MOBILE SOLAR PUMP WITH
A Project Developed by
Professor Saiful Huque
Professor Habibur Rahman and

SMART CONTROL SYSTEM

Dr. S.M. Nasif Shams

Introduction
The energy we capture for use on Earth comes largely from
the Sun. Solar energy can be used in agriculture in a
number of ways saving money, increasing self-reliance,
and reducing pollution. However, solar powered irrigation
system not yet produced significant headway in
Bangladesh as it can be seen in table 1. Now the total
requirement of irrigation pumps run by electricity or diesel
is about 1.61 Million (as of 2015) . The total number of
pumps are installed by IDCOL are approximately 200 as can
be seen in the figure 2. Although, IDCOL provided 40-50% MD. MILON UDDIN MASUD RANA
incentive with 35-40% soft interest loan the number of PV Institute of Energy, Institute of Energy,
operated pumps is insignificant. All of these projects, University of Dhaka University of Dhaka
already in operation, but those are totally based on
expensive imported technologies.
This problem (imported technology from abroad) restricts throughout the year. Due to the import of major
the multipurpose use of pumping system at different components, there is cost imbalance, shortage of after
sectors (driving AC motor in industries or households) sale service and addition of green jobs.

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 103
 Table 1: No of irrigation pumps run by different source, total area coverage and amount of fuel consumption
Irrigation pumps Irrigation pumps Irrigation pumps run by
No run by electricity run by diesel solar power

Total No of Pumps 2,70,000 13,40,000 168

Total area coverage 42,40,000 Acres 84,80,000 Acres 2352 Acres
Fuel Consumption 1500 MW 10,00,000 tons diesel/year 1848 kW

4.000.000 1,600

3.500.000 1,400

3.000.000 1,200

Thousand Liter/Day
2.500.000 1,000
Cost (TK)

2.000.000 800

1.500.000 600

1.000.000 400

500.000 200

0 0
PWM-1
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Pump Capacity (kw)
Water Discharge/Day Total Project Cost Pump-Controller-Invester System Cost
PV Panel Cost Civil-Steel-Electrical Access Cost Transport and Installation Cost

Fig 1: Cost Comparison with Daily Water Discharge.

100 79 (up to August 2015)

90
71
80
PWM-2
70

60

50
13
40

30
5
20

10

0
2012 2013 2014 2015
Year

Fig 2: Number of Pumps Installed by IDCOL form 2012 to 2015.

PWM-3
To overcome this problem, a prototype three-phase AC
Fig 4: Diagram of the PWM pulse groups
motor drive system has locally been developed in IE, DU.
The newly developed portable three-phase AC water
pumping system with micro-controller based control Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
1.0
system would be able to serve the multipurpose irrigation
as well as operation in other sector where AC motor
operation is already in use. 0.5

Proposed model 0 90o 180o 270o 360o

In the figure 1 a newly developed irrigation pump control

system (for 1-2 H.P.) 3phase ac motor has been shown The -0.5
control system is a microcontroller based (Microchip dspic
30S2010) 3 phase Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) high -1.0
efficient ac motor control system using Space Vector 120
o
120
o

Modulation (SVM) tropology which is developed in the

Institute of Energy, Dhaka University irrigation pump Fig 5: Diagram of Three phase AC Output Groups
development lab.

Methodology
The developed variable frequency drive (VFD) has some
special features. It can run both induction motor for water
pumping and PM (permanent magnet) AC motor for
compressor of Air Conditioner. In this high efficient driving
Fig 3: Block Diagram of the Proposed System system the DC output of the panel has been converted into

104
 *** This Project got 3rd prize in
Inter-University Innovation Contest 2015.

Team leader is receiving award from Nasrul Hamid, MP,

Honorable State minister for Power,
Energy & Mineral Resources in Presence of
Real model picture
Abul Kalam Azad, Principal Secretary to Prime Minister
Overall System Specification

Water pump Controller Solar Panel

Type: 3-phase induction motor
Capacity: 0.75 KW (1 HP)
Operating Voltage: 380- 440 Volt
Operating Frequency: 50- 60Hz
Pump Capacity: 3-7m Head
Discharge Rate: 1200 L/hr
Type: 3- Phase Inverter Type: Poly- Crystalline
Maximum Input: 600 Volt DC Number of Panel: 18
Output: 380- 440-Volt (AC) 3- Total Wattage: 1KW
Controller: dsPIC Microcontroller (Microchip)
Algorithm: Space Vector Modulation (SVM)
Algorithm Technique
Output Frequency Range: Variable Frequency
Drive (VFD) from 5 to 200Hz
Modulation: 16KHz PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation)

three-phase AC voltage of 220 volt but of variable
frequency. The range of the output frequency is from 5 Hz
to 200 Hz. Although, induction motor for water pumping
can operate up to 60 Hz maximum, the compressor motor
can run up to 200 Hz input. One of the important features
of this system is to sense the available output current from
the PV panel and to adjust the operating frequency. If the
output current is high, the output frequency increases and
vice versa. In controlling the output frequency PID-SVM
method has been used. Due to this feedback and output
frequency adjustment capacity, the system can run even in
very low solar radiation condition.
Conclusion
Efficiency of the overall system: 45 %
Threshold Solar Radiation: 200 W/m2

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UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 105
 SOLAR MINI GRID
D.M. MAJIBOR RAHMAN
Managing Director,
SEBL & Entrepreneur, Monpura Solar Mini-Grid

P
resent population of Bangladesh is approximately
170 million. Among them 30 million live on the
Costal belt Off-Grid Area. The Solar Mini Grid is
bringing change in life by scattering light to those Off-Grid
Areas people.
Geologically, it is not possible to connect by the Grid Line to
the Rivers, Canals, Island based Off-Grid Area. Solar Mini-
Grid has opened new door with ample opportunities for
those Off-Grid Areas by generating grid quality electricity
throw Renewable Solar Energy. These type of Solar Mini
Grid Projects will play huge role to enrich 30 million
peoples Socio-Economic Development. Hats & surrounding Villages that includes 500
Households, 150 Commercials, 10 Workshops and 5 small
The largest Solar Mini Grid project of this Sub-Continent is Industries like Saw-mill, Ice-cream Factory & Rice-mill etc.
"Monpura Solar Mini-Grid Power Station" which has been
founded by Solar Electro Bangladesh Ltd.(SEBL). This 177 All the connection has been connected throw Prepaid
kW Solar Mini Grid Project has been financed jointly by Meter which is being implemented by Software
IDCOL, World Bank, DFID & SEBL throw Debt Grant & Technology. Though per Unit value is 30 Tk/kwh, the
Equity Ratio Fund by the Technical Financial Model of consumers pay almost equal amount of regular
IDCOL. SEBL has constructed about 15km distribution line government tariff rates bill due to use of Energy Saving
to ensure proper electricity supply which will serve 2 big appliances like LED Bulb, LED TV, Energy Saving Fan etc. A

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 107
Lot of work opportunity has been created and a
revolutionary change has been done by supply of
Visitors at Solar Mini Grid Plant
Electricity throw Solar Mini-Grid Project. The main
equipments of this Mini-Grid project is highly longible
& best quality in the world manufactured by SMA Solar
technology, Germany.
Recently, The Power Station has been visited with
gratification by Helen O Connar of DFID on dated 3rd
November 2015, Julia Bucknall of World Bank South
Asian Regional Energy Chief, Washington DC on dated
29th January 2016, and ERD Secretary & chairman of
IDCOL Md. Mejbah Uddin with Nazrul Islam Khan,
Former Secretary of Ministry of Education and
Members of IDCOL and also other Members & CEO of
IDCOL on dated 6th February 2016.
As the life of the project will be continued for 20 years,
Many Risks and Challenges will have to be faced in
coming days. If We, Sponsor (SEBL), IDCOL, DFID &
World Bank work together for tomorrow
the betterment of the Solar Power Station then we
will be able to overcome all upcoming and ongoing
obstacles & challenges. Thus the Solar Mini-Grid
Power Station has opened a new door for climate
affected vulnerable Costal, Estates and Remote Off-
Grid area's about 30 million unprivileged people for
improving their Socio-Economic Development and
also can be adopted from climate change effect.
Installed PV Modules
Outdoor Safety Tips During Lightning
The best defense is to avoid lightning. Here are some
outdoor safety tips that can help you avoid being struck:
DO
Be aware
Check the weather forecast before participating in
outdoor activities. If the forecast calls for thunderstorms,
postpone your trip or activity, or make sure adequate safe
shelter is readily available.
Go indoors
Remember the phrase, "When thunder roars, go indoors."
Find a safe, enclosed shelter when you hear thunder. Safe
shelters include homes, offices, shopping centers, and
hard-top vehicles with the windows rolled up.
Crouch close to the ground and separate
If you are caught in an open area, crouch down in a ball-like
position (feet and knees together) with your head tucked
and hands over your ears so that you are down low with
minimal contact with the ground. Do NOT lie down.
Lightning causes electric currents along the top of the
ground that can be deadly over 100 feet away. Crouching
down is the best combination of being low and touching
the ground as little as possible.
Separate
If you are in a group during a thunderstorm, separate from
each other. This will reduce the number of injuries if
lightning strikes the ground.
DON'T
Dont stay in open vehicles, structures, and
spaces
During a thunderstorm, avoid open vehicles such as
convertibles, motorcycles, and golf carts. Be sure to avoid
open structures such as porches, gazebos, baseball
dugouts, and sports arenas. And stay away from open
spaces such as golf courses, parks, playgrounds, ponds,
lakes, swimming pools, and beaches.
Dont stay near tall structures
Dont lie on concrete floors during a thunderstorm. Also,
avoid leaning on concrete walls. Lightning can travel
through any metal wires or bars in concrete walls or
flooring.
INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 109
 Indoor Safety Tips
Even though your home is a safe shelter during a lightning
storm, you may still be at risk. About one-third of lightning-
strike injuries occur indoors. Here are some tips to keep
safe and reduce your risk of being struck by lightning while
indoors.
Avoid water
Do NOT bathe, shower, wash dishes, or have any other
contact with water during a thunderstorm because
lightning can travel through a buildings plumbing.
110
Avoid electronic equipment
Do NOT use your computers, laptops, game systems,
washers, dryers, stoves, or anything connected to an
electrical outlet. Lightning can travel through electrical
systems, radio and television reception systems, and any
metal wires or bars in concrete walls or flooring. Equip
homes with whole-house surge protectors to protect
appliances.
Avoid corded phones
Corded phones are NOT safe to use during a thunderstorm.
Do NOT use them. However, it is safe to use cordless or
cellular phones during a storm.
Avoid windows, doors, porches, and concrete
Do NOT lie on concrete floors during a thunderstorm. Also,
avoid leaning on concrete walls. Lightning can travel through
any metal wires or bars in concrete walls or flooring.
 ADMISSION ANNOUNCEMENT
MS in Renewable Energy Technology, Dhaka University
(Day) Session: 2017-2018
INSTITUTE OF ENERGY And
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA Professional MS in Renewable Energy Technology
(Evening) Session: 2017-2018

Applications are invited from prospective students in prescribed form for admission into the MS in
Renewable Energy Technology (MRET) and Professional MS in Renewable Energy Technology
(PMRET) for 2017-2018 session. The 45-credit course will be conducted in one and half year by
three semesters.
Forty (40) students will be admitted in each course strictly on the basis of the admission
test result. Applicants must satisfy the following requirements:
4-year B.Sc (Hons.) or 3-year B.Sc (Hons.) with 1 year M.Sc in Physics, Applied Physics,
Chemistry, Applied Chemistry, Mathematics and All branches of Engineering and Technology,
Bio Science, Geo Science, Environmental and Disaster, IT and related fields. Candidates should
have minimum CGPA 2.5 out of 4.0 (or 2nd class approved by the equivalence committee of IE).

Application forms are available at the Office of IE during office hour from 20
July to 18th August, 2017 (Except national and weekly holidays) on
payment of Tk.900 /- (non-refundable). Candidates will be required to
collect and submit the application forms duly filled in at the office of IE
within the above mentioned date. (For evening MS in PMRET
admission test enrolment requirement is relaxed for those who
have two years professional experience)

For Information Please Call:

01933734404 or 0197979155

Contact:
Institute of Energy, University of Dhaka
Phone: 9677125
Mobile: 01979791155
ACTIVITIES OF
INSTITUTE OF
ENERGY

Professor Dr. Saiful Huque in a Training Session on Renewable Energy

Dr. Nasif Shams in a Training Session on Biogas Power Plant

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 113
 Dr. Himangshu Ranjan Ghosh in a Training Session on Solar Energy

Professor Dr. Habibur Rahman with the Students in a Research and Development of Energy Projects
Practical Demonstration Session

Team Building and Refreshment Sessions

114
 Students in a Study Tour

Students in a Study Tour

Professor Dr. Saiful Huque, Director, Institute of Energy, University of Dhaka

Meeting Farmers of Badarganj Upazilla, Rangpur at a IDCOL Solar Irrigation Project

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 115
 Students in Cricket and Foot Ball Competition

Debate Competition on Energy Efficiency and Utilization

Cultural Program: Music and Drama Show

116
Art Competition of the Primary School Students on Solar Energy and its use in Bangladesh

Workshop Session on Energy, Environment and Women

Seminar on Feed-in Tariff Regulation for Renewable Energy

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 117
 Certificate Giving Ceremony of the Training Programs

Professor Dr. Maksud Kamal, Dean National Seminar and Exhibition on Renewable Energy 2016
Faculty of Earth and Evnironmental Sciences, DU
Describing the Correlation on Energy and Environment.

A Seminar on Climate Change with BAPA Professor Dr. Kamal Uddin Ahmed, Treasurer, DU
Signing MOU for Solar Energy Test Laboratory Setup

118
Student Participation on Electricity Week Team Institute of Energy

Old Days: Journey to Excellence

Old Days: Journey to Excellence

INSTITUTE OF ENERGY
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA 119
 Dependable Power-Delighted Customer

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