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Article history: A simple calorimetric method to estimate both kinetics and heat transfer coefcients using
Received 14 August 2009 temperature-versus-time data under non-adiabatic conditions is described for the reaction of
Received in revised form hydrolysis of acetic anhydride. The methodology is applied to three simple laboratory-scale reactors
14 March 2010
in a very simple experimental setup that can be easily implemented. The quality of the experimental
Accepted 19 March 2010
results was veried by comparing them with literature values and with predicted values obtained by
Available online 24 March 2010
energy balance. The comparison shows that the experimental kinetic parameters do not agree exactly
Keywords: with those reported in the literature, but provide a good agreement between predicted and
Acetic anhydride experimental data of temperature and conversion. The differences observed between the activation
Reaction calorimetry
energy obtained and the values reported in the literature can be ascribed to differences in anhydride-to-
Hydrolysis
water ratios (anhydride concentrations).
Kinetics
Chemical reactors & 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Reaction engineering
Mathematical modeling
CH3 C C CH3 C + C 3
+ +
Corresponding author. Fax: +55 11 3813 2380. O
O O
E-mail address: rgiudici@usp.br (R. Giudici). O
1 H H H H
Fax: +55 48 3331 9687.
0009-2509/$ - see front matter & 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ces.2010.03.028
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3850 W.H. Hirota et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 65 (2010) 38493858
Kralj (2007) determined the kinetics parameters (activation The effect of stirring was neglected in the energy balance.
energy, reaction rate constant, rate order) of hydrolysis of acetic Previous experiments without reaction (only water inside the
anhydride by measuring the conductivity of the weak electrolyte reactor, agitation turned on, and temperature measured for times
(acetic acid). The reactions were carried out in a stirred batch longer than the typical duration of the experiment with reaction)
reactor at three different temperatures and using the molar ratio have shown no detectable changes in temperature, so that the
of acetic anhydride to water equal to 1:131. The acetic acid heat generated by stirring was considered negligible.
concentration was calculated on the theoretical basis of weak The hydrolysis of acetic anhydride follows second-order
electrolytes ionization, and the results obtained by the authors kinetics (rst order with respect to each reactant):
showed that the hydrolysis of acetic anhydride is a pseudo-rst-
rA kCA CW 8
order reaction.
In view of the foregoing, it can be seem that most classical where k is the rate constant, which is temperature-dependent
methods for the determination of kinetic parameters of hydrolysis according to the Arrhenius equation:
of acetic anhydride have relied mainly on reactors operated
k k0 eE=RTr 9
isothermally at several pre-selected temperatures, and on a
variety of methods, some very difcult and time consuming, to In Eq. (8), the molar concentrations of acetic anhydride (CA)
measure concentrations at discrete time intervals and that can be and water (CW) may be written in terms of the conversion of the
severely limited when the reaction rates are fairly fast. Purely limiting reactant as follows:
calorimetric approaches do not require sampling and chemical NA0
CA 1XA 10
analysis, but may involve different levels of sophistication in the V
equipment (reaction calorimeter) and in the data treatment.
Under certain conditions, calorimetric methods allow for deter- NA0 NW0
CW XA 11
minination of temperature dependency of the rate constant in a V NA0
single experiment. Besides the initial amounts of water and acetic anhydride (NA0,
The aim of the present work is to explore the usefulness of NW0), the room temperature (Tamb) and the temperature inside the
calorimetry as a tool to obtain information about liquid-phase reaction (Tr(t)) are the only measured variables during the
kinetics during the hydrolysis of acetic anhydride using tempera- experiment. The calculation procedure described below allows
ture as the only measured variable in a very simple experimental one to estimate the evaluation of conversion (XA(t)) and the
setup. Temperature versus time curves were used to determine kinetic (ko and E) and heat transfer (U) parameters.
the frequency factor (k0), activation energy (E), and the global heat For other reactions also studied by reaction calorimetry, such
exchanged (UA) for three reactions carried out under non- as polymerizations, the heat transfer coefcient U could change
isothermal and non-adiabatic conditions (isoperibolic conditions). due to an increase in the viscosity of the reaction medium (e.g.,
The predicted conversion and reactor temperatures were also Poc- o et al., 2010). In general, changes in viscosity during the
determined for each reaction. The hydrolysis of acetic anhydride reaction should be a concern in other reactions (e.g., polymeriza-
was chosen as a test reaction because it is simple and several tion reactions), because the heat transfer coefcient varies with
literature references are available. liquid viscosity. However, in the reaction under study (hydrolysis
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3852 W.H. Hirota et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 65 (2010) 38493858
of acetic anhydride) the changes in viscosity are not so intense; The integral of Eq. (13) was calculated for each interval of time
therefore a constant value of the heat transfer coefcient can be using the trapezoidal rule. Hence, the values of experimental
used throughout the reaction. conversion were obtained from the nal time for complete
conversion of A backward to the starting time.
2.2. Determining the kinetic parameters, conversion and global heat Knowing the value of UA, the rate of reaction of the limiting
coefcient from the energy and mass balances for a non-adiabatic reactant can be determined experimentally from the thermal
system balance as follows:
mCp r dTr =dt UATr Tamb
In a non-adiabatic reactor, changes in temperature are related rA 14
VDH
to the rate of heat release by the exothermic reaction and to heat
exchange between the reactor and surroundings. After complete Once ( rA) is determined, the values of the rate constant at
conversion of the limiting reactant (acetic anhydride), tempera- each time can be calculated from Eq. (8) as
ture decreases due to heat exchange between the reactor and rA
surroundings. In the simple experimental setup used here, the k 15
CA CW
reactor is allowed to cool by heat exchange to air at ambient
where CA and CW are calculated from Eqs. (10) and (11),
temperature (this is called isoperibolic calorimetry).
Hence, the global heat transfer coefcient can be obtained respectively.
Finally, the values of the frequency factor (k0) and the
from an analysis of the transient during the temperature decrease
activation energy (E) are obtained, respectively, from the intercept
because the change of temperature occurs due to thermal
and the slope of the straight line adjusted to the plot of ln(k)
exchange between the reactor and the environment, since all
versus 1/Tr:
limiting reactant has been consumed. For this temperature
decrease, the governing equation is E1
lnk lnk0 16
R Tr
dTr
mCp r UATr Tamb 12 In Eq. (14), the values of the derivative dTr/dt are calculated by
dt
nite difference method, using the following 2nd order central
Using the integrated form of Eq. (12), the slope of a plot of
nite difference or three-point differentiation formulas:
ln(Tr Tamb) versus t corresponds to UA/(mCp)r, from which the
global heat transfer coefcient can be determined. initial point
Thus, given UA and the known parameters ( DH) and (mCp)r, dTr 3Tr t1 4Tr t2 Tr t3 17
the conversion of acetic anhydride can also be estimated by
dt t0
2Dt
combining the mass and energy balances and integrating the
resulting equation from t0 to tf assuming that the conversion of
interior points
limiting reactant is equal to 100% at the end of the experiment.
Therefore, the experimental values of conversion of acetic dTr Tr tj 1 Tr tj1 18
anhydride are given by the following recursive relationship: dt 2Dt
jt
Rt
mCp r Tr,i 1 Tr,i UA tii 1 Tr Tamb dt
XAi XAi 1 13 last point
DHNA0
dTr Tr tn2 4Tr tn1 Tr tn 19
dt t 2Dt
Table 1 n
Room temperature.
Table 3
Constants for specic heat capacity of reactants and products.
2 4 7
Water 92.053 3.995 10 2.211 10 5.347 10 Yaws (1999)
Acetic anhydride 71.831 8.888 10 1 2.653 10 3 3.350 10 6 Yaws (1999)
Acetic acid 18.944 1.0971 2.892 10 3 2.93 10 6 Yaws (1999)
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W.H. Hirota et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 65 (2010) 38493858 3853
reaction, the reaction medium was kept well stirred by a magnetic Table 6
stirrer, and the reactor surrounds were at room temperature. As the Initial conversions.
reactions were carried out on different days, the room temperatures
Reactor XA at t 0 (%)
were different for each type of reactor and are reported in Table 1.
1 6.33
2 4.94
3 5.72
Fig. 1. Graphical estimation of global heat transfer for the cooling region for:
(a) reactor 1, (b) reactor 2, and (c) reactor 3.
Table 5
Experimental heat transfer coefcient.
Reactor UA (W/K)
1 0.424
2 0.280
3 0.0846 Fig. 2. Arrhenius plot for the data taken from: (a) reactor 1, (b) reactor 2, and
(c) reactor 3.
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3854 W.H. Hirota et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 65 (2010) 38493858
As already mentioned, the heating effect of stirring was evaluated in 4. Results and discussion
experiments with water (no reaction) for longer periods and no
detectable change in temperature was measured. Thus, the heating In order to determine experimental values of activation energy
effect of stirring was neglected. and frequency factor, the global heat transfer coefcient must be
The rst two systems were used to simulate a non-adiabatic known. This coefcient can be experimentally inferred from
reactor while reactor 3 simulated a non-ideal adiabatic reactor. analysis of temperature variations during the temperature
These systems were chosen to allow the implementation of this decrease where no reaction occurs due to complete conversion
study as an experiment for the undergraduate laboratory. The of the limiting reactant. Taking the integrated form of Eq. (12), UA
temperatures were recorded every 30 s using a digital thermo- can be readily estimated from the slope of a plot of ln(TrTamb)
meter with a sheathed thermocouple. versus t (Fig. 1). The global heat capacity of the reactor, used in
Acetic anhydride having a minimum assay of 95% and Eq. (12), was computed by considering the heat capacity of the
deionized water were used and the volumes of both are shown reactor and the magnetic stirrer plus the average heat capacities of
in Table 2 along with masses of the vessels and the magnetic water and acetic acid produced by complete conversion of acetic
stirrer (magnetiteFe3O4). anhydride. The estimated values of UA are presented in Table 5.
The specic heat capacity of the reactants and products was The correlation coefcients in Fig. 1 ranged from 0.997 to 0.999.
calculated by Comparing the estimated values of heat transfer coefcients
presented in Table 5, it can be seen that the value of UA for the
Cp A BT CT 2 DT 3 20 volumetric ask is slightly lower than that obtained for reactor 1.
This occurs because the heat transfer resistance of reactor 2 is
The constants AD are presented in Table 3. Specic heat greater than that of the polystyrene cup. Besides, the long neck of
capacities of the reactor wall and the magnetic stirrer are the volumetric ask makes heat exchange between the reaction
presented in Table 4 and the heat of reaction for the hydrolysis medium and the environment difcult.
of acetic anhydride was assumed to be ( DH) 58,994.4 J/mol It is important to note that while heat exchange through the
(Conn et al., 1942). double walls of the thermal bottle is minimal, reactor 3 presents a
In Table 1 the mass of the thermal bottle was calculated nonzero value of the heat transfer coefcient, because the thermal
disregarding the external wrapper and considering that the mass bottle was kept open throughout the reaction, allowing for some
of glass ampoule corresponds to 10% of the total mass of the heat exchange though the open top of the bottle.
bottle. The external wrapper was not considered because we Using the estimated values of UA, the experimental prole for
consider that only the internal wall of the ampoule reaches the conversion can be obtained by recursive application of Eq. (13).
same temperature of the liquid inside the reactor. The specic Because all reactions were carried out with an excess of deionized
heat capacities of the volumetric ask and glass ampoule (Table 3) water, conversions were computed from the nal point, where the
are related to the specic heat capacity of an alloy composed 96% conversion of acetic anhydride was assumed to be equal to 100%.
of silicon oxide. Values of the initial conversion cannot be assumed to be zero
because the purity of the acetic anhydride is not well known.
Table 6 lists the initial conversion for each system. It can be
seen that the experimental conversions at t 0 are very different
Table 7 from zero. Therefore, apparently the actual purity of the acetic
Experimental activation energy and ln(k0) values for the hydrolysis of acetic
anhydride used during the reactions is slightly smaller than the
anhydride.
nominal purity provided by manufacturer. The decrease in purity
Reactor ln(k0) (L/mol s) E (kJ/mol) may be caused by the duration of storage of the reagent or contact
with the environment since acetic anhydride reacts with moisture
1 16.25 68.9 in air.
2 15.28 66.5
3 15.15 66.3
Regarding the kinetic parameters, using the experimental
values of temperature, global heat transfer coefcient (Table 5),
Table 8
Kinetic parameters for hydrolysis of acetic anhydride reported in the literature.
and conversion, both k0 and E can be easily computed graphically with additional literature information. It is important to note that,
via Eq. (16). Fig. 2 shows a typical Arrhenius plot according to in Table 8, some frequency factors were obtained under the
Eq. (16), where the slope is equal to ( E/R) and the intercept (at hypothesis of pseudo-rst-order reaction conditions. Therefore,
1/Tr 0) is ln(k0). As can be seen from Fig. 2, the data fall on a for comparison purposes, these parameters should be converted
reasonably straight line with correlation coefcients above 0.99. to second-order constants by dividing the pseudo-rst-order
The kinetic parameters (k0 and E) obtained for each system are constant by the concentration of water, when available.
summarized in Table 7. The literature values for the activation Comparing the kinetic parameters presented in Table 7
energy and frequency factor for the hydrolysis of acetic anhydride obtained in the present work, it can be observed that the values
are listed in Table 8, based on the values reported by Asprey et al. are very similar, regardless of the reactor used. However, when
(1996) and Shatynski and Hanesian (1993) and complemented the values of Table 7 are compared with those found in the
literature (Table 8), it can be seen that the values of activation
energy and frequency factor obtained are always higher than
those reported in Table 8. It is well known that small differences
in activation energy causes large differences in ln(k0), as this value
is obtained by extrapolation of the Arrhenius plot far from the
studied range of temperature. Therefore, it is sounder to compare
directly the values of k obtained at different temperatures, as
shown in Fig. 3. The obtained values of k are within the range of
literature values for higher temperatures, and larger deviations
are found for the low temperature range. A possible explanation
for these deviations is that, for low temperatures, solubility of
acetic anhydride in water is not complete. The excess of acetic
anhydride is rst dispersed as droplets, and then completely
dissolves over time, favored by the increase of temperature and
the formation of some acetic acid from the reaction. Indeed, in the
experiments in glass reactor 2, it was possible to see that the
reaction mixture was initially turbid due to the presence of small
droplets, a clear indication of a partially immiscible system (if the
stirring was stopped, droplet coalescence and phase separation
could be observed). When the temperature is higher than about
35 1C, the appearance of the mixture suddenly changes to a clear
solution, indicating a completely miscible system from this point
on. Thus, at rst only the data taken after this full solubilization
point should be considered.
Table 9
Experimental activation energy and ln(k0) values for the hydrolysis of acetic
anhydride without mixing effects.
1 17.57 73.74
2 16.65 70.14
3 16.19 69.12
100
80
60
E (kJ/mol)
40 literature data
present work
20
present work, considering
only the data for T > 35 C
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
initial concentration of acetic anhydride (mol/L)
Fig. 3. Arrhenius plot for comparing the rate constant for the hydrolysis of acetic Fig. 4. Effect of initial concentration of acetic anhydride on activation energy of
anhydride obtained in this work with those reported in the literature: (a) reactor 1, the hydrolysis reaction. Each point corresponds to one work from the literature,
(b) reactor 2, and (c) reactor 3. according to Table 8.
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3856 W.H. Hirota et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 65 (2010) 38493858
In order to eliminate the above mentioned effect of incomplete kinetics, and both frequency factor and activation energy increase
mixture during the beginning of the experiment, the kinetic with increasing acetic anhydride concentration. Consequently, for
parameters were also computed using the temperatures mea- the anhydride concentration range studied in the literature
sured only after the initial disturbances disappeared (Tr 435 1C). (0.2911.47 mol/L) no unique value of either ln(k0) or E could be
The new kinetic parameters thus estimated are summarized in taken. Besides, Janssen et al. (1957) noted a decrease in the rate
Table 9. constant in the presence of concentrated acetic acid. This fact can
Comparing the values of activation energy and ln(k0) pre- be attributed to the formation of hydrates of acetic acid, as quoted
sented in Tables 7 and 9, it can be seen that the results are very by Plyler and Barr (1935). According to these authors, the
similar, implying that solubility is not mainly responsible for the hydration of some of the water with acetic acid formed probably
variability in reaction rates. In fact, Golding and Dussault (1978) keeps the water from having a part in the reaction and the
noted that data in the literature indicated that in the case of presence of acetic acid also decreases the number of collisions in a
excess of either reactant there is deviation from second order given time between the anhydride and water molecules. On the
Fig. 5. Experimental and predicted values of temperature for: (a) reactor 1, Fig. 6. Experimental and predicted values of conversion for: (a) reactor 1,
(b) reactor 2, and (c) reactor 3. (b) reactor 2, and (c) reactor 3.
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W.H. Hirota et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 65 (2010) 38493858 3857
other hand, Golding and Dussault (1978) also observed that the V total volume of reactants added to reactor, L
effect of acetic acid on reaction rate reported in the literature has XA conversion of component A
been conicting. ( DH) heat of hydrolysis of acetic anhydride, J/mol
Fig. 4 shows the variation of activation energy obtained by r density, g/L
different authors, as a function of the initial concentration of
acetic anhydride. It is quite evident that, for smaller
concentrations, activation energy increases with increasing
Acknowledgements
concentration of acetic anhydride. Our results, obtained for
relatively higher initial concentration of acetic anhydride, are
also included in this plot and follow reasonably well the trends of The nancial supports from FAPESPFundac- a~ o de Amparo a
changes of E with temperature. Pesquisa do Estado de Sa~ o Paulo, CNPqConselho Nacional
Finally, in order to test the values obtained for the 3 de Desenvolvimento Cientco e Tecnologico, and CAPES
parameters (U, k0, and E), they were used in the energy and mass Coordenac- a~ o de Aperfeic-oamento de Pessoal de Nvel Superior
balances to simulate the evaluation of temperature and conver- are gratefully appreciated.
sion. Figs. 5 and 6 show a comparison between the experimental
values of the reactor temperature (Fig. 5) and the conversion References
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