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2/12/2013

AmphibianPhysiology
and Immunology
andImmunology

LectureRoadMap
Amphibianorgansystems
Functionofsystems
Physiologicaladaptations
Hibernation
Immuneresponse

Integumentarysystem
AmphibianIntegument

Epidermissingleorfewlayersof
Epidermiskeratinizedcells
Aquaticamphibiansno
keratinizedcells
Extremelypermeable
Absorbwaterdirectlyfrom
environment
Dermischromatophores and
glandsproducesecretionswhich
helpprotecttheamphibians
skin

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Vision
Lacrimalandharderian glands
presentinmostamphibians
Producesecretionsthat
combinetoformthetearfilm
Eyesprotectedbynictitactin
y p y
membranes
Caecilianseyescoveredwithskin

Amphibianeyesoftenprotrude
ventrallyintotheoralcavity
whenanimalswallowing

Circulatorysystem
Doublecirculatory
system
Heartisnotalways
completelyseparated
intotwopumps.
Threechambered
heart.

Heart
Twoatria
Oneventricle

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Heart
VentricleRegions
Cavum venosum:paired
aorticarches,lead toaortic
arches,lead tosystemic
circulation
Cavum arteriosum:receives
bloodfrompulmonaryveins
anddirectsoxygenated
bloodtocavum venosum
Cavum pulmonale:receives
bloodfromrightatriumand
directsintopulmonary
circulation

Heart
Pressuredifferencesof
outflowtractsand
muscularridgethat
partiallyseparates
cavum venosum and
cavum pulmonale
maintainseparationof
oxygenatedand
deoxygenatedblood

Heartrate
Dependsonspecies,
size,temperature,
activitylevel,and
metabolicfunction
Heartrate=33.4
(Weightinkg0.25))

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Respiratorysystem
Frogsandtoadsvocal
sacsarisefromtrachea
Honeycomb
appearance
Openingsofhoney
combendatfaveoli
Fixedstructures
surroundedbycapillaries
Siteofgasexchange

Respiratorysystem
Simplesaclikelungs
Somesalamandershave
nolungs
Cutaneousrespiration
Pulmonaryventilation
resultsfrompumpingof
l f f
buccal cavityandpharynx
Gasexchangecanalso
occuracrossmucous
membranesofbuccal
cavity,pharynx,and
cloaca
Telmatobius culeus

Video

Hearing
Ears bothsidesofhead
Tympanummayliein
depressionand/orbe
coveredbyfoldsofskin
Columella singlebonein
middleearConnectsto
tympanumandquadrate
boneTransmitsvibrationsto
ovalwindowofcochlea
Convertedtonerveimpulses
andtransmittedtothebrain
viathevestibulocochlear
nerve

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Hearing
Semicircularcanals
controlbalanceand
equilibrium
Salamandersand
caeciliansnotympanic
membranes;columella
maybedegenerate

Digestivesystem
Tongueusedtocapture
prey
lingualflipping
Numeroussalivaryglands
yg
Salivarysecretions
providelubricationthat
aidsiningestionoflarge
prey
Alsohasenzymatic
properties

Dentition
Mostamphibianshave
teeth
Caeciliansand
salamandersboth
maxillary and
maxillaryand
mandibularteeth
Palatalteethinsome
species
Maxillarydentition
presentinsomeanuran
species

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Larvae
Veryspecialized
Mostlackastomach
Thegastricregionofthe
digestivetractusuallyforms
a thickened sheath which
athickenedsheath,which
producesmucus,a
proteolytic cathepsin,anda
lowpH
Theintestineisrelatively
long,withnodistinct
separationintoamidgut
andhindgut.

Digestivesystem
shorteningofthe
intestine,removaland
regenerationofintestinal
epithelium,andthe
appearanceofadistinct
hindgutthatislinedwith
columnarepitheliumand
gobletcells
Esophagusveryshortand
wide,especiallyin
anurans

Cloaca
Commonoutflowtract
forGIandurogenital
tracts
Threechambers:
coprodeum,urodeum
andproctodeum

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Kidney
Excretingexcesswater
Thepermeableskinallows
freshwatertoenterby
osmosis.
Theproblemistoconserve
water not eliminate it
water,noteliminateit.
adjustrateoffiltrationat
theglomerulus
Whenbloodflowthrough
theglomerulusisrestricted,
arenalportal systemis
presenttocarryaway
materialsreabsorbed
throughthetubules.

Kidney
Abletouseitsurinary
bladdertoaidwater
conservation.
Wheninwater,thefrog's
bladderquicklyfillsupwith
yp
ahypotonicurine.
Onland,thiswateris
reabsorbedintotheblood
helpingtoreplacewater
lostthroughevaporation
throughtheskin.
Thereabsorptionis
controlledbyahormone
similartomammalianADH.

Kidney
Someamphibians
excreteammoniaasa
nitrogenouswaste
product;othersexcrete
urea,someexcreteuric
acid
Noabilityto
concentrateurine

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Controllingwaterloss
Terrestrialandarborealfrogshaveless
permeableskin.
Sometreefrogsspreadlipidson
skin.
Duringdryperiods,treefrogsminimizesurface
area exposed to air.
areaexposedtoair.
Allwateracquiredviaskin(nodrinking)
waterpatch:areaofhighly
vascularizedpelvicskinusedto
absorbwater.
Storewaterinbladderandreabsorbitduring
dryperiods.

Nervoussystem
Brainwelldevelopedfor
basicfunctions(sight,
olfaction,and movement)
10cranialnerves
Spinalcordextendstothe
tipofthetailsalamanders
i f h il l d
andcaecilians;endsin
lumbarregioninfrogs
andtoads
Animaldependentupon
spinalsegmentalreflexes
tocontrolmovement

Reproduction
Sexualdimorphismin
somespecies
Sizeandcolor
Enlargedtoepads
Largetympanic
membranes
Vocalsacs
Prominentcloacal glands
inmalesalamanders

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Matingtubercles

Smokyjunglefrog

Reproduction
Pairedgonadsin
dorsocaudal coelomic
cavity
Biddersorgans ovarian
remnantsneartestesin
maletoads
Mostcaeciliansare
viviparous
Mostanuransand
salamandersare
oviparous
Eggsareusuallydepositedinor
nearwater

salamanders
Spermatophore:largepacketoflipidandspermusedfor
fertilizationinvariousways:
a. Malepushesspermataphore intofemalescloaca.
b. Femalepicksupspermataphore withcloaca.
c. Femaledepositseggsonspermatophore (externalfertilization)

Fig. 10-11

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Lifecycle
Larvalanurans
(tadpoles)have
completelyaquaticlives
priortometamorphosis
Tadpole
metamorphosisvaries
amongspecies
Metamorphosisis
stimulatedbythyroid
hormones

Endocrinesystem

Endocrinesystem
Singlethyroidgland
Sizeofthyroidgland
variesaccordingto
seasonandmetabolic
state
Parathyroidglandsand
ultimobrachial bodiesin
cervicalregion
Exactlocationof
endocrineorgansin
amphibiansvaries

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AnuranMetamorphosis
Stages:regulatedbythyroxine releasedfromthyroid.
1. Premetamorphosis: tadpolesincreaseinsize.
2. Prometamorphosis: hindlegsappear;slowergrowth.
3. Metomorphic climax: forelegsappearandtailregresses;rapidportionof
metamorphosis(whenfrogismostvulnerable).

Video

AnuranMetamorphosis
Stableenvironment
Abundantresources
Nopredators
Stableweather
Stable weather
conditions

AnuranMetamorphosis
Hydricstress
Predation
Competition
Diseases

Warneetal.,2010

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Stressadaptations

Speed
metamorphosis
Reducesize
R d i
Cannibalism
Diseases
Death

Physiologicaladaptations

Seasonalchanges
Xericenvironments

Hibernation
Godormantduringthewinter
Slowmetabolism
Decreaserespiration
Inponds
Swimtothebottomsandreston
thebottomorpartiallyburrow
into the mud
intothemud.
mustbedeepenoughthatthey
willnotbefrozenintosolidice,
watermusthaveanadequate
amountofoxygen.
Manyspeciescansurvive
underwaterformonths,their
bodiesveryslowlyburningfat
storedintheirbodies.

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Hibernation
Digbelowthefrostlinetoavoid
freezing.
Salamandersuseabandonedburrows
orothernaturalholes.
Somefrogsinthefarnorthcan
actuallyfreezesolid.
Reducewaterintheirbodies(more
than half) its veins fill with an
thanhalf),itsveinsfillwithan
antifreezelikemixtureofsugarsand
sugaralcohols,andfreezes.
Whileit'sfrozen,it'shard,andice
formsaroundthefrog'sorgans.
However,thefrog'sindividualcells
remainunfrozenandintact.
Whenfrozendoesn'tbreathenor
doesitsheartbeat.Brainactivityis
immeasurable.

Aestivation
Hot,dryweather
Moveundergroundwhereitis
coolerandmorehumid.
Duringestivationbreathing,heart
rate,andmetabolicprocesses
suchasdigestionalldramatically
slowdown.
Decreasestheorganism'sneed
forwater.
Somefrogsandsalamanders
formamucuscocoonaround
themselvestopreventwaterloss
throughtheirskin.
Whenrainsreturn,estivating
organismsbecomeactiveagain

Immunesystem

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Differencesinimmunesystem
Bothhaveactiveinnate
immunesystem
SmallamountofTcells
andBcellsinlarvae
NKcellsonlyrightbefore
metamorphosis
Immunesystemwillbe
complete23weeksafter
metamorphosis

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Adults

Larvae

Canamphibiansfightbackdiseases?
Larvae
Competentinnatesystem
Weakbutpresentadaptive
Adults
Stronginnateandadaptive
Antimicrobialpeptides

Questions
Arelarvaeandadultsequallysusceptibleto
diseases

Candiseaseinfluencelarvalstagelength
di i fl l l l h

Howdoesstressaffectlarvaldevelopment

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