Green Water on Ship Decks

Marilena Greco
CeSOS, Centre of Excellence for Ships and Ocean Structures, Norway
Steps of Physical Investigation

Water shipping scenarios

Green-water kinematics and loads
Occurrence of impact phenomena
Occurrence of parametric roll
 Research Tools: Model Tests
2D fixed structure 3D fixed ships

3D ships: heave & pitch 3D ships: parametric roll

 Research Tools: Numerical Methods
Potential Flow Solver:BEM

Navier-Stokes
Coupling Solver

Domain-Decomposition strategies
Potential
Seakeeping
Solver

Shallow-water
approximation
2D Water-on-DECK Experiments
 Water-on-Deck Scenarios
Dam-Breaking (DB) type

DB
Dam
Water-on-Deck Scenarios
 Water-on-Deck Scenarios
Plunging-wave plus Dam-Breaking (PDB) type

PDB
Water-on-Deck Scenarios
Hammer-Fist (HF) type

HF
 Water-on-Deck Investigations
Most common scenario

PDB type
 PDB Water-on-Deck: Initial stages
Initial area of the entrapped cavity

Area/f2

max-f
f

From experiments
m = (max-f)/cf
Kjeldsen & Myrhaug (1979)
PDB Water-on-Deck: Initial stages
Experiments DD BEM-NS results
PDB Water-on-Deck: Initial stages
Experiments DD BEM-NS results

The time of bubble fragmentation is well predicted

PDB Water-on-Deck: Initial stages
Experiments DD BEM-NS results

Air as ideal gas

+ adiabatic law in the cavity
Incompressible cavity

p=pa in the cavity

 PDB Water-on-Deck: Initial stages
Full scale versus model scale: cavity shape

From numerics (DD BEM-NS)

 PDB Water-on-Deck: Later stages
Water-front velocity
u/[g(max-f)m]0.5 m
m
m
m
u m
x wf

x/ [(max-f)m]
From experiments
PDB Water-on-Deck: Later stages
Flow evolution and interaction with a superstructure

DD BEM-NS Air-water interface

PDB Water-on-Deck: Later stages
Flow evolution and interaction with a superstructure
PDB Water-on-Deck: Later stages
Flow evolution and interaction with a superstructure
PDB Water-on-Deck: Later stages
Pressure on the wall: DD BEM-NS versus experiments

Experiments
DD results

Experiments
DD results
 Water-on-Deck Investigations

HF type
 HF Water on-Deck: Occurrence

From numerics (Full BEM)

Hammer-Fist Type WOD
Flow evolution

Full BEM DD results

Hammer-Fist Type WOD
Flow evolution
Hammer-Fist Type WOD
Flow evolution
Hammer-Fist Type WOD
Flow evolution
Hammer-Fist Type WOD
Flow evolution
 Water-on-Deck Problem
Green-water loads: vertical superstructure

PDB HF

(p-p0)/(gD) (p-p0)/(gD)

From numerics (DD BEM-NS)

Water-on-Deck Scenarios
Existence diagram
 Water-on-Deck Scenarios
Existence diagram
Plunging-Wave events

Dam-Breaking events
Marintek (2000)

White-Water events

Plunging wave plus Dam-Breaking events

Hammer-Fist events
3D Model Tests With Fixed Model
Side View

Deck location
Incoming wave packet

Freeboard
 3D Model Tests
Analysis of the Initial stage

Freeboard exceeded
 3D Model Tests
Analysis of the Initial stage

Plunging Flow

2-D Tests

water

Ship Deck
 3D Model Tests
Analysis of the Initial stage

Dam-break like flow

2-D Tests

water

Ship Deck
 3D Model Tests
Analysis of the Initial stage

Plunging Flow Freeboard exceeded

Dam-break like flow

3D Model Tests With Fixed Model

Top View, large amplitude

3D Model Tests With Fixed Model
Structure of the deck flow

Freeboard exceeded
and plunging flow
3D Model Tests With Fixed Model
Structure of the deck flow

Diverted outwards flow

 3D Model Tests With Fixed Model
Structure of the deck flow

Inner blunt structure

Transverse flow

Dam-break like front

3D Model Tests With Fixed Model
Structure of the deck flow

Growing of the
Inner blunt structure
Circular bow
Elliptic bow
 Centreline Water-Front Velocity
u/[g(H-f)m]0.5
m=(H-f)/c

From experiments x/ [(H-f)m]

 Maximum Pressure on the Deck

From experiments
Green-Water Loading on the Superstructure

From experiments
 3D Water on deck
Experiments versus LSeak-NS DD
/ L 1.25, kA 0.22, Fr 0
3D Water on deck: Model Tests vs LSeak-NS DD
/ L 1.25, kA 0.22, Fr 0
Front bow motion
3D Water on deck: Model Tests vs LSeak-NS DD
/ L 1.25, kA 0.22, Fr 0
Front bow motion
3D Water on deck: Model Tests vs LSeak-NS DD
/ L 1.25, kA 0.22, Fr 0
Front bow motion
3D Water on deck: Model Tests vs LSeak-NS DD
/ L 1.25, kA 0.22,Bottom
Fr 0 Side
Front bow motion

Experiments Experiments
3D DD 3D DD
3D Water on deck: Model Tests vs LSeak-NS DD
/ L 1.25, kA 0.22, Fr 0
Front bow motion
3D Water on deck: Model Tests vs LSeak-NS DD
/ L 1.25, kA 0.22, Fr 0
Front bow motion
3D Water on deck: Model Tests vs LSeak-NS DD
/ L 1.25, kA 0.22, Fr 0
Front bow motion
From 3D Experimetal Video
/L=1.25, kA=0.15, Fr=0.189
From 3D Experimetal Video
/L=1.25, kA=0.15, Fr=0.189

High-speed run-up with spray

From 3D Experimetal Video
/L=1.25, kA=0.15, Fr=0.189

WOD from front bow

From 3D Experimetal Video
/L=1.25, kA=0.15, Fr=0.189

WOD from the sides

3D Water On Deck: Model Tests vs WNLSeak-SW DD
/L=1.25, kA=0.15, Fr=0.189
time

wall
Deck Pressure: Model Tests Exp.
vs WNLSeak-SW DD Num.

/L=1.25, kA= 0.15, Fr= 0.189

waves
Exp.
Num.

Exp.
Num.

Exp.
wall Num.
Probably due to with-spray
jet impact before the main
water reaches the wall
Experiments: Parametric Roll & Water on Deck

FPSO free in heave, pitch and roll

in head sea waves

Front view

Side view
 Parametric roll occurrence
Numerical (WNLSeak-SW DD) transient phase
/L=1 kA=0.1

T
T4n

T and T4n in the signal T4n=2T in the signal

resonance & instability
Water-on-deck: Model Tests vs WNLSeak-SW DD
/L=0.75 kA=0.25: event after instability

Front view Top view

Water-on-deck: Model Tests vs WNLSeak-SW DD
/L=0.75 kA=0.25: event after instability

Front view Top view

Water-on-deck: Model Tests vs WNLSeak-SW DD
/L=0.75 kA=0.25: event after instability

Front view Top view

Water-on-deck: Model Tests vs WNLSeak-SW DD
/L=0.75 kA=0.25: event after instability

Front view Top view

Water-on-deck: Model Tests vs WNLSeak-SW DD
/L=0.75 kA=0.25: event after instability

Front view Top view

 Water-on-deck: Model Tests vs WNLSeak-SW DD
/L=0.75 kA=0.25: event after instability
0.5T4n=T

Front view Top view

Water-on-deck occurrence: Numerical Solution
Influence of parametric roll on the deck pressure
1
2

5
6
7
Parametric roll occurrence: Numerical sol.
Influence of water-on-deck loads on the instability
 This research has been possible especially
thanks to:

Dr. Maurizio Landrini Dr. Claudio Lugni Dr. Giuseppina Colicchio Prof. Odd M. Faltinsen
CNR-INSEAN CNR-INSEAN & CeSOS CNR-INSEAN & CeSOS NTNU & CeSOS

All 3D experiments were performed at CNR-INSEAN

 Relevant References
Publications on Books
Faltinsen O.M., Greco M., 2011, Slamming and green-water phenomena on ships, in Marine Technology and Engineering:
CENTEC Anniversary Book. Editors: Soares C.G., Garbatov Y., Fonseca N., Texeira A.P., Technical University of Lisbon,
Portugal, Vol. 1.

Publications on International Journals

Colicchio G., Greco M., Lugni C., Faltinsen O.M., 2013, 3D Domain Decomposition for Violent Wave-Ship Interactions, Int. J.
for Numerical Methods in Engineering, accepted for publication.
Greco M., Bouscasse B., Lugni C., 2012, 3D seakeeping analysis with water on deck and slamming. Part 2: Experiments and
physical investigations, J. of Fluids and Structures, 33.
Greco M., Lugni C., 2012, 3D seakeeping analysis with water on deck and slamming. Part 1: Numerical solver, J. of Fluids and
Structures, 33.
Colicchio G., Greco M., Faltinsen O.M., 2011, Domain-Decomposition Strategy for Marine Applications with Cavities
Entrapments, J. of Fluids and Structures, 27 (4).
Colicchio G., Greco M., Lugni C., Faltinsen O.M., 2010, Towards a fully 3D domain-decomposition strategy for water-on-deck
phenomena, J. of Hydrodynamics, Ser. B, 22 (5).
Greco M., Colicchio G., Faltinsen O.M., 2007, Shipping of Water on a Two-dimensional Structure: Part II, J. of Fluid
Mechanics, 581.
Colicchio, G., Greco, M., Faltinsen, O.M., 2006, BEM-level set domain decomposition strategy for nonlinear and fragmented
interfacial flows, Int. Journal Numer. Meth. Engng, 67/10.
Greco M., Faltinsen O.M., Landrini M., 2005, Shipping of Water on a Two-dimensional Structure, J. of Fluid Mechanics, 525.
Greco M., Landrini M., Faltinsen O.M., 2004, Impact flows and loads on ship-deck structures, J. of Fluids and Structures, 19 /3.
Faltinsen O.M., Landrini M., Greco M., 2004, Slamming in marine applications, J. Engng. Math., 48.
Barcellona M., Landrini M., Greco M., Faltinsen O.M., 2003, An Experimental Investigation on Bow Water Shipping, J. Ship
Res., 47/4.