Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OUTCOME
Differentiate safety and health
Type of hazard
Major hazard in chemical industry
Past industrial accident
To know is to survive and to ignore
fundamentals is to court disaster
H.H. Fawcett and W.S. Wood, Safety and Accident Prevention in chemical operation,
New York, Wiley, 1984.
Safety vs health
Safety Health
A state of environment A state of the individual
Typically injured related (not Typically disease related (but
only) not only)
Does not include positive Includes positive health
health
External Internal
Important terminologies
Accident undesired event giving rise to death, ill health, injury, damage
or other loss
Near miss an unplanned event that did not result in injury, illness, or
damage but had the potential to do so.
Chemical
Thermodynamics
Electrical & electromagnet
Health
External
Mechanical
Biological
examples
Chemical hazards
Acidity
Alkalinity
Corrosivity
Thermodynamics
Explosiveness
hazards
Flammability
High pressure
Toxicity
Vacuum
Asphyxiation
Heat transfer
Compressed or
liquified gas High temperature
Dust Low temperature
Oxidizers Fluid jets
examples
Electrical &
electromagnet
hazards Health hazards
High voltage
Noise
Radiation
Pollution
Static electricity
Vibration
Electrical current
Radioactivity
Poor insulation
Temperature extremes
examples
Mechanical hazards
External threats Mechanical energy
Accidental damage by
Stresses
missile and vehicles
Impact and forces
Act of God and natural
causes Contact laceration
Abnormal
environmental
extremes
External interference Biological hazards
Instability of structures
Parasites
Viruses
External releases of
Bacteria
energy or toxin, etc.
fungi
Examples of Physical Hazards
8/09/2014
Major Hazards in Process
Industries
Toxic Release
Fire
Explosion
Hazard from Toxic Substances
There are no harmless substance,
only harmless ways of using substances
Toxicants
A chemical agents
A physical (dusts, fibers, noise, and radiation)
agents, e.g. asbestos
Toxicity is a property of toxicant that describe
its effect on biological organism.
Toxic hazards is the likelihood of damage to
biological organism based on exposure
resulting from the use/transport/storage of the
toxicants (hazardous material).
Hazard from Toxic Substances
Effects that are Irreversible
Carcinogen-cause cancer
Mutagen-cause chromosome (gene) damage
Teratogen- cause birth defects
Effects that may or may not be irreversible
Dermatotoxic affects skin
Hemotoxic affects blood
Hepatotoxic- affects liver
Nephrotoxic affects kidneys
Neutotoxic affects nervous system
Pulmonotoxic- affects lungs
Fire
Jet Fire
Flash Fire
Pool Fire
Jet fires
A jet fire is the combustion of material
emerging with significant momentum from
an orifice, from a source under pressure,
e/g. a flammable liquid or gas is ignited
after its release from a pressurized,
punctured vessel or pipe.
The pressure release generates a long
flame which is stable under most
conditions.
The duration of a jet fire is determined by
the release rate and the capacity of the
source.
Flame length increase directly with flow
rate.
Crosswinds affect flame length.
An increase in crosswind velocity causes
the flame to bend over quickly and be
convected by the wind.
The flame length increases with crosswind
velocity.
A jet flame is similar to a Bunsen burner
flame
Jet Fire
Flash Fire
Flash fire is the non explosive combustion of a
vapour cloud resulting from a release of flammable
material into the open air, which, after mixing with air,
ignites.
Combustion in a vapour cloud develops an explosive
intensity and attendant blast effects only in areas
where intensity turbulent combustion develops and
only if certain conditions are met.
Where these condition are not present, no blast
should occur.
The cloud than burns as a flash fire, and its major
hazard is from the effect of heat from thermal
radiation.
Flash Fire
POOL FIRE
A pool fire is the combustion of
flammable vapor evaporating from a
layer of liquid at the base of the fire.
It occurs on ignition of an accumulation
of liquid as a pool on the ground or on
water or other liquid.
A steadily burning fire is rapidly
achieved as the vapor to sustain the
fire is provided by the evaporation of
the liquid by heat from the flames.
Pool Fire
Types of Explosion
Mechanical Explosion
Chemical Explosion
Vapour Cloud Explosion
Confined
Unconfined
BLEVE
mechanical Explosion
Steps of explosion
Sudden release of a large quantity of flammable vapor
B L E V E
O I X A X
I Q P P P
L U A O L
I I N R O
N D D S
G I I
N O
G N
S
ACCIDENT
Personal Injury
Property Damage
EXAMPLE
A drowning accident occurred during an open
swim period. Approximately 100 children (5-16
years old) were in and around a pool (3ft-9ft
deep). An older child unknowingly pushed 5
years old into deep water. The pool was
relatively crowded and the 5 years old kid
slipped under the water without being noticed
by other including the lifeguard.
List out the facts of the accident occur, the
immediate causes and root causes. List out
what you can propose for corrective action?
Engineers professional ethics
Fundamental principles
Engineers shall uphold and advance the
integrity, honor and dignity of engineering
profession by :
- using knowledge & skill for
enhancement of human welfare.
- honest and impartial and serving with
fidelity to public, employers, clients.
- striving to increase competence and
prestige of engineering profession.
Economics of safety
Lives, injuries, damages to plant
and equipment
Loss production
Increased costs
Insurance, medical, rehabilitation,
training and retraining
Lowering of workplace morale
Substantial loss of market share
Profitability