DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

GE6075PROFESSIONALETHICS&HUMANVALUES

2MARKSQUESTIONSANDANSWERS
UNITI

1.Whatarehumanvalues?

Valuesdecidethestandardofbehavior.Someuniversallyacceptedvaluesarefreedom
justiceandequality.Otherprinciplesofvaluesarelove,care,honesty,integrity,selfrespect.

2.Whatareethicalvalues?

Trustworthiness,respect,responsibility,fairness,caringisethicalvalues

3.Distinguishvaluesfromethicsandculture.

Valuesaremainlyrelatedtoindividualsandsincetheyarerelatedtojustice,theyremain
thesomeforeveryone.E.g.truth,honesty,empathy,selfrespect.Valuesdonotchangefrom
individualtoindividual.Ethicsiscommontoagroupofindividuals;thegroupmaybereligious
orprofessional.Ethicsismostlybasedonsomecodeorlawandjudgmentofanyactionisbased
oncodeofconductorlaw.EthicschangefromindividualtoindividualCulturecommonlyrefers
toconductofagroup.E.g.systemofworship,Itmaydifferfromsocietytosociety,nationto
nationorreligiontoreligion.

4.Whatisintegrity?

Integrityistheunityofcharacterbasedonmoralvalues.Consistencyinattitudes,
emotionsandconductinrelationstomorallyjustifiedactionsandvaluesarealsothepartof
integrityofindividual.Itimplieshonesty,trustworthiness.

5.DefineworkethicsByonesworkonecannotharmothers.Anyworkercannotescape
accountability.Workerhasthemoralresponsibilitytoseethatnootherpersonsright,privateor
freedomisimpairedortransgressed.

6.Whatisservicelearning?Servicelearningtellsthatonehasmoralresponsibilitytoincrease
thedesirableeffectsandtodecreasetheharmfuleffects.Anyserviceshouldincreasethe
desirableresult.

7.Mentionsomecivicvirtues?Goodcitizendemandcivicvirtue.Itistheprincipleofnot
harmingthesurroundings.italsoincludeslivingpeacefully,respectforothers,protectingthe
environmentandbeingnormallyandethicallygood.
8.Writeshortnotesoncaringandsharing.

Caringistheessenceofmorallife.Caringinvolvesfeelings,relationship,contendswith
otherpersonsandprotectingothersandcausingleastdamagetoothers.
Sharingmeanssharingoffeelings,ideasthoughts,resourcesandprofits.Sharingisalways
mutuallybeneficial.Sharingmorallyacceptablefeelings,resourcesandmaterialsisavalue.

9.Writenotesonhonesty
Anyhumanbeingshouldimbibehonestyhonestyinacts,honestyinspeechandhonesty
inbeliefs.Honestyisthefundamentalvirtueinhumanrelationshipeventhoughinmaybe
difficulttofollowsometimes.

10.Whatiscourageasavalue?

Courageimpliesselfrespectandgovernsconfrontationswithdangerandrisk.Itisnot
excessiverashesorcowardice,butitisthemiddleground.Takingcalculatedrisksandboldness
infacingcrisesarethehallmarksofcourageasahumanvalue.Itdefinesthementalmakeupof
anindividualintakingbolddecisionsevenunderadversesituations.

11.Definecooperation.
Cooperationmeansextendinghelptoothers,foragoodcause.Cooperationmaybe
throughanidea,asuggestion,anassistanceorphysicalworkwhichextendstoothersfor
commonbenefit.

12.Defineempathy.

Empathymeansputtingselfinapositionofsomeoneelseandthinkingasthelaterand
reasoningsuitableaction.

13.Definespirituality.

Spiritualityraisesamanabovethematerialisticworldintoarealmwhereheseekspeace
andrealhappiness.

14.DefineIntegrity?

Integrityisthebridgebetweenresponsibilityinprivateandprofessionallife.

15.DefineCompromise?

Inanegativesenseitmeanstoundeterminedintegritybyviolatingonesfundamental
moralprinciples.Inapositivesense,however,itmeanstosettledifferencesbymutual
concessionsortoreconcileconflictsthroughadjustmentsinattitudeandconduct.
16.GivethetwoaspectsofHonesty?

Truthfulnessmeetingresponsibilitiesconcerningtruthtelling.Trustworthiness
Meetingresponsibilitiesconcerningtrust.

17.DifferentiateSelfrespectandSelfesteem?

Selfrespect:Itisamoralconcept;referstothevirtueproperlyvaluingoneself.Self
esteem:Itisapsychologicalconcept;meanshavingapositiveattitudetowardoneself,evenif
theattitudeisexcessiveorotherwiseunwarranted.
 GE6075PROFESSIONALETHICS&HUMANVALUES

2MARKSQUESTIONSANDANSWERS

UNITII

1.DefineEthics?

*Studyofrightorwrong.

*Goodandevil.

*Obligations&rights.

*Justice.

*Social&Politicaldeals.

2.DefineEngineeringEthics?

*Studyofthemoralissuesanddecisionsconfrontingindividualsandorganizationsengagedin
engineering/profession.

*Studyofrelatedquestionsaboutthemoralideals,character,policiesandrelationshipsof
peopleandcorporationsinvolvedintechnologicalactivity.

*Moralstandards/valuesandsystemofmorals.

3.WhatistheneedtostudyEthics?

Toresponsiblyconfrontmoralissuesraisedbytechnologicalactivity.
Torecognizeandresolvemoraldilemma.
Toachievemoralautonomy.

4
DEPARTMENTOFEEE,NICE4.DifferentiateMoralandEthics?

MORAL:
Refersonlytopersonalbehavior.

Referstoanyaspectofhumanaction

.Socialconventionsaboutrightorwrongconduct.

E
T
H
I
C
S

:
Involvesdefining,analyzing,evaluatingandresolvingmoralproblemsanddevelopingmoral
criteriatoguidehumanbehavior.

Criticalreflectiononwhatonedoesandwhyonedoesit.

Refersonlytoprofessionalbehavior.

5.WhatisthemethodusedtosolveanEthicalproblem?

Recognizingaproblemoritsneed.Gatheringinformationanddefiningtheproblemtobesolved
orgoaltobeachieved.Generatingalternativesolutionsormethodstoachievethegoal.
Evaluatebenefitsandcostsofalternatesolutions.Decisionmaking&optimization.
Implementingthebestsolution.

6.WhataretheSensesofEngineeringEthics?

oAnactivityandareaofinquiry.

oEthicalproblems,issuesandcontroversies.

oEthicalproblems,issuesandcontroversies.oParticularsetofbeliefs,attitudesandhabits.
oMorallycorrect.

7.DifferentiateMicroethicsandMacroethics?

Microethics:Dealsaboutsometypicalandeverydayproblemswhichplayanimportantrolein
thefieldofengineeringandintheprofessionofanengineer.Macroethics:Dealswithallthe
societalproblemswhichareunknownandsuddenlyburstoutonaregionalornationallevel.

8.WhatarethethreetypesofInquiry?

NormativeInquiryBasedonvalues.

ConceptualInquiryBasedonmeaning.

FactualInquiryBasedinfacts.

9.Whatarethesortsofcomplexityandmurkinessthatmaybeinvolvedinmoralsituations?

Vagueness

Conflictingreasons

Disagreement
10.WhatarethestepsinconfrontingMoralDilemmas?

Identifytherelevantmoralfactorsandreasons.

Gatherallavailablefactsthatarepertinenttothemoralfactorsinvolved.Rankthemoral
considerationsinorderofimportanceastheyapplytothesituation.Rankthemoral
considerationsinorderofimportanceastheyapplytothesituation.Consideralternativecourses
ofactionsaswaysofresolvingdilemma,tracingthefullimplicationsofeach.
Getsuggestionsandalternativeperspectivesonthedilemma.Byweighingalltherelevantmoral
factorsandreasonsinlightofthefacts,produceareasonedjudgment.

11.DefineMoralAutonomy?

Exercisedbasedonthemoralconcernforotherpeopleandrecognitionofgoodmoral
reasons12.GivetheimportanceofLawrenceKohlbergsandCarolGilliganstheory?
Kohlberggivesgreateremphasistorecognizingrightsandabstractuniversalrules.Gilligan
stressestheimportanceofmaintainingpersonalrelationshipsbasedonmutualcaring.

13.GivetheneedforAuthority?

Authorityprovidestheframeworkinwhichlearningcantakeplace.

14.WhatarethecriteriarequiredforaProfession?

oKnowledge

oOrganization

oPublicGood

15.GivethegeneralcriteriatobecomeaProfessionalengineer?

Attainingstandardsofachievementineducation,jobperformanceorcreativityin
engineeringthatdistinguishengineersfromengineeringtechniciansandtechnologists.
Acceptingaspartoftheirprofessionalobligationsasleastthemostbasicmoralresponsibilities
tothepublicaswellastotheiremployers,clients,colleaguesandsubordinates.

16.DefineIntegrity?

Integrityisthebridgebetweenresponsibilityinprivateandprofessionallife.
17.DefineCompromise?

Inanegativesenseitmeanstoundeterminedintegritybyviolatingonesfundamental
moralprinciples.Inapositivesense,however,itmeanstosettledifferencesbymutual
concessionsortoreconcileconflictsthroughadjustmentsinattitudeandconduct.

18.GivethetwoaspectsofHonesty?

oTruthfulnessmeetingresponsibilitiesconcerningtruthtelling.

oTrustworthinessMeetingresponsibilitiesconcerningtrust.

19.DifferentiateSelfrespectandSelfesteem?

Selfrespect:Itisamoralconcept;referstothevirtueproperlyvaluingoneself.

Selfesteem:Itisapsychologicalconcept;meanshavingapositiveattitudetowardoneself,
eveniftheattitudeisexcessiveorotherwiseunwarranted.

20.WhatarethetwoformsofSelfrespect?

a.Recognitionselfrespectb.Appraisalself

21.WhatarethesensesofResponsibility?

a avirtue
. obligations
b. generalmoralcapacitiesofpeople
c liabilitiesandaccountabilityforactionse.blameworthinessorpraiseworthiness
.
d.

22.WhenwillyoutellanActasaninvoluntaryone?

Actdoneinignorance
Actperformedundercompulsion

23.WhatarethetypesofTheoriesaboutMorality?

oVirtueethicsVirtuesandvices

oUtilitarianismMostgoodforthemostpeople

oDutyethicsDutiestorespectpeople

oRightsethicsHumanrights
24.DifferentiateHypotheticalimperativesandMoralimperatives?

HypotheticalimperativesarebasedonsomeconditionswhereasMoralimperativeswont
basedonsomecondition.

25.StateRawlsprinciples?

(1)Eachpersonisentitledtothemostextensiveamountoflibertycompatiblewithanequal
amountforothers.

(2)Differencesinsocialpowerandeconomicbenefitsarejustifiedonlywhentheyarelikelyto
benefiteveryone,includingmembersofthemostdisadvantagedgroups.

26.GivethevarioustestsrequiredtoevaluatetheEthicalTheories?

oTheorymustbeclear,andformulatedwithconceptsthatarecoherentandapplicable.

oItmustbeinternallyconsistentinthatnoneofitstenetscontradictsanyother.

oNeitherthetheorynoritsdefensecanrelyuponfalseinformation.

oItmustbesufficientlycomprehensivetoprovideguidanceinspecificsituationsofintereststo
us.
oItmustbecompatiblewithourmostcarefullyconsideredmoralconvictionsaboutconcrete
situations.

27.GivethedrawbacksofUtilitarianism?

oSometimeswhatisbestforthecommunityasawholeisbadforcertainindividualsinthe
community.
oItisoftenimpossibletoknowinadvancewhichdecisionwillleadtothemostgood.

28.GivethedrawbackofDutyEthics?

Dutyethicsdoesnotalwaysleadtoasolutionwhichmaximizesthepublicgood.

29.GivethedrawbacksofRightsEthics?Howdoweprioritizetherightsofdifferent
individuals?
Itoftenpromotestherightsofindividualsattheexpenseoflargegroups/society.
30.DifferentiateEthicalRelativismandEthicalEgoism?

Ethicalegoismtheviewthatrightactionconsistinproducingonesowngood.Ethical
relativismtheviewthatrightactionismerelywhatthelawandcustomsofonessociety
require.

31.DefineEthicalPluralism?

Ethicalpluralismistheviewthattheremaybealternativemoralperspectivesthatare
reasonable,butnooneofwhichmustbeacceptedcompletelybyallrationalandmorally
concernedpersons.

32.DefineReligion?

Areligionisanysetofarticlesoffaithtogetherwiththeobservances,attitudes,
obligationsandfeelingstieduptherewith,which,insofarasitisinfluentialinaperson,tendsto
performtwofunctions,onesocialandtheotherpersonal.

33.GivetheusesofEthicalTheories?

oInunderstandingmoraldilemmasoJustifyingprofessionalobligationsandidealsoRelating
ordinaryandprofessionalmorality

34.Whatarepersonalethicsandbusinessethics?Personalethicsdealswithhowwetreatothers
inourdaytodayBusinessethicsdealswiththedesirednormsofbehaviorthatpertainto
transactions.

.
35.Whatdoyoumeanbynormativeethics?

Normativeethicsdealswiththeprofessionalcodesofethicsthatspecifyrolenormsor
obligationsthatprofessionsattempttoenforce.Itistherecommendationsofstandardsand
guidelinesformorallyrightorgoodbehavior.

36.Whatisdescriptiveethicsornonnormativeethics?

Descriptiveethicsdealswiththefactualinvestigationofmoralbehaviorandbeliefsie.,
thestudynotofwhatpeopleoughttodobuthowtheyreasonandhowtheyact.

37.Mentionsomeuniversallyacceptedethicalprinciples.

Honesty

Integrity
Fulfillingcommitments

Abidingbyagreementsinbothletterandspirit

Willingtoadmitmistakes

Beingcaringandcompassionate

Havingrespectforhumandignity

38.Whatdoyoumeanbyethicalsubjectivism?

Ethicalsubjectivismarguesthatwhatisethicallyrightorwrongfortheindividual
dependsontheethicalprincipleshe/shehaschosen.Inotherwords,forpeoplewhosubscribeto
ethicalsubjectivismwhatisethicallyrightorwrongisentirelyapersonnelmatter.

39.Whatarethestepsinconfrontingmoraldilemmas?

*Identifytherelevantmoralfactorsandreasons

*Gatherallavailablefactsthatarepertinenttothemoralfactorsinvolved.

*Rankthemoralconsiderationsinorderofimportanceastheyapplytothesituation.

*Consideralternativecourseofactionaswaysofresolvingthedilemma,tracingthefull
implicationsofeach.

*Talkwiththecolleaguesseekingtheirsuggestionsandalternativeperspectivesonthedilemma.

*Arriveatacarefullyreasonedjudgmentbyweighingalltherelevantfactorsandreasonsinlight
ofthefacts.

40.WhatistacitethicandMetaethics?

Tacitethicdealswiththeunsaidorunspokenruleofpractice.

Metaethicsdealswiththeoriesaboutethics.

41.Whatismoralautonomy?
Moralautonomycanbeviewedastheskillandhabitofthinkingrationallyaboutethicalissues
onthebasisofmoralconcern.

42.Whatdoyoumeanbyasociopath?

Sociopathlackasenseofmoralconcernandguilt,andcanneverbemorallyautonomous
nomatterhowindependenttheirintellectualreasoningaboutethicsmaybe.

43.Whataretheattributestoaprofession?

Theattributestoaprofessionare:

*Knowledge

*Organization

*Publicgood

44.Whatarethetwomodelsofaprofessionalsociety?

Thetwomodelsofaprofessionalsocietyare:

*Socialcontractmodel

*Businessmodel
 PROFESSIONALETHICS&HUMANVALUES

2MARKSQUESTIONSANDANSWERS

UNITIII

1.Whataretheconditionsrequiredtodefineavalidconsent?

Theconsentwasgivenvoluntarily.Theconsentwasbasedontheinformationthatrational
personwouldwant,togetherwithanyotherinformationrequested,presentedtothemin
understandableform.Theconsenterwascompetenttoprocesstheinformationandmake
rationaldecisions.

2.Whatarethetwomainelementswhichareincludedtounderstandinformedconsent?

InformedConsentisunderstoodasincludingtwomainelements:

i.Knowledge[Subjectsshouldbegivennotonlytheinformationtheyrequest,butallthe
informationneededtomakeareasonabledecision].

ii.Voluntariness[Subjectsmustenterintotheexperimentwithoutbeingsubjectedtoforce,
fraud,ordeception].

3.Whatarethegeneralfeaturesofmorallyresponsibleengineers?

a. Conscientiousness.
b. Comprehensiveperspective.
c. c.Autonomy.
d. d.Accountability.

4.Whatisthepurposeofvarioustypesofstandards?

a.Accuracyinmeasurement,interchangeability,easeofhandling.

b.Preventionofinjury,deathandlossofincomeorproperty.
c.Fairvalueofprice.
d.Competenceincarryingouttasks.e.Sounddesign,easeofcommunications.

f.Freedomfrominterference.

5.DefineCode?
Codeisasetofstandards and laws. 6. Enumerate the roles of codes?
InspirationandGuidance
Support
DeterrenceandDiscipline

EducationandMutualUnderstanding
 ContributingtotheProfessionsPublicImage
ProtectingtheStatusQuo
PromotingBusinessInterests

7.Givethelimitationsofcodes?
Codesarerestrictedtogeneralandvaguewording.
Codescantgiveasolutionormethodforsolvingtheinternal Codescannotserve
conflicts.
asthefinalmoralauthorityforconduct.
Codescanbereproducedinaveryrapidmanner.

8.Whataretheproblemswiththelawinengineering?
a.Minimalcompliance
b.Manylawsarewithoutenforceablesanctions.

9.Whatistheneedtoviewengineeringprojectsasexperiments?
i. Anyprojectiscarriedoutinpartialignorance.
ii. Thefinaloutcomesofengineeringprojects,likethoseofexperiments,aregenerally
uncertain.
iii.Effectiveengineeringreliesuponknowledgegainedaboutproductsbeforeandafterthey
leavethefactoryknowledgeneededforimprovingcurrentproductsandcreatingbetter
ones.

10.Differentiatescientificexperimentsandengineeringprojects?
Scientificexperimentsareconductedtogainnewknowledge,whileengineeringprojects
areexperimentsthatarenotnecessarilydesignedtoproduceverymuchknowledge

11.Whataretheuncertaintiesoccurinthemodeldesigns?
a.Modelusedforthedesigncalculations.
b.Exactcharacteristicsofthematerialspurchased.c.Constanciesofmaterialsusedfor
processingandfabrication.
c.Natureofthepressure,thefinishedproductwillencounter.

12.Commentontheimportanceoflearningfromthepast,usingTitanicdisaster,asanexample
The Titaniclackedasufficientnumberoflifeboats.
13.Commentontheimportanceoflearningfromthepast,usingthenuclearreactoraccidentat
ThreeMileIsland,asanexample?

Valuesarenotoriousforbeingamongtheleastreliablecomponentsofhydraulic
systems.Itwasapressurereliefvalve,andlackofdefinitiveinformationregardingitsopenor
shutstate.SimilarMalfunctionshadoccurredwiththeidenticalvaluesonnuclearreactors
becauseofthesamereasonsatotherlocations,butnoattentionhadbeengiventothem

14.Giveanytwoprominentfeaturesofcontemporaryengineeringpracticethatdifferentiate
casualinfluenceandmoralaccountabilityinengineering?
#Largescaleengineeringprojectsinvolvefragmentationofwork.
#Duetothefragmentationofthework,theaccountabilitywillspreadwidelywithinan
 organization.
#Thereisfrequentlypressuretomoveontoanewprojectbeforethecurrentonehasbeen
operatinglongenoughtobeobservedcarefully.
#Thecontagionofmalpracticesuitscurrentlyafflictingthemedicalprofessioniscarryingover
intoengineering.

15.AreSRBsinherentlytoodangeroustouseonmannedspacecraft?Ifso,whyaretheypartof
thedesign?
Yes,sincetheyhavethedisadvantagethatoncethefuelislit,thereisnowaytoturnthe
boosterofforeventocontroltheamountofthrustproduced.SRBswereusedinsteadofsafer
liquidfueledboostersbecausetheyrequiredamuchsmallerresearchanddevelopmenteffort.
Numerousotherdesignchangesweremadetoreducethelevelofresearchanddevelopment
required.

16.Underwhatconditionswouldyousayitissafetolaunchashuttlewithoutanescape
mechanismforthecrew?
Design 310F
specifications
Havegivenvalidconsent
Insteadofrubber,steelbilletsforOrings
LiquidfueledboostersinsteadofSolidrocketboosters

17.Inyouropinion,wastheRightforinformedconsentoftheastronautsofSpaceShuttle
Challengerrespected?
No.

18.DefineEthicalConventionalism?

Ethicalconventionalismistheviewthataparticularsetofconventions,customs,orlaws
isselfcertifyingandnottobequestionedaslongasitisthesetinforceatagiventimeorfora
givenplace.

19.StateBabylonsBuildingCode?

Ifabuilderhasbuiltahouseforamanandhasnotmadehisworksound,andthehouse
whichhehasbuilthasfallendownandsocausedthedeathofthehouseholder,thatbuildershall
beputtodeath.Ifitcausesthedeathofthehouseholdersson,theyshallputthebuildersson
todeath.Ifitcausesthedeathofthehouseholdersslave,heshallgiveslaveforslavetothe
householder.Ifitdestroyspropertyheshallreplaceanythingithasdestroyed;andbecausehehas
notmadesoundthehousewhichhehasbuiltandithasfallendown,heshallrebuildthehouse
whichhasfallendownfromhisownproperty.Ifabuilderhasbuiltahouseforamananddoes
notmakethisworkperfectandthewallbulges,thatbuildershallputthatwallintosound
conditionathisowncost.
 GE6075PROFESSIONALETHICS&HUMANVALUES

2MARKSQUESTIONS

UNITIV

1.DefineRisk?

Ariskisthepotentialthatsomethingunwantedandharmfulmayoccur.Risk=
ProbabilityXConsequences.

2.DefineaDisaster?

ADISASTER=Aseriouslydisruptiveevent+Astateofunpreparedness.3.Givethe
criteriawhichhelpstoensureasafetydesign?Theminimumrequirementisthatadesignmust
complywiththeapplicablelaws.Anacceptabledesignmustmeetthestandardofaccepted
engineeringpractice.Alternativedesignsthatarepotentiallysafermustbeexplored.Engineer
mustattempttoforeseepotentialmisusesoftheproductbytheconsumerandmustdesignto
avoidtheseproblems.Oncetheproductisdesigned,boththeprototypesandfinisheddevices
mustberigorouslytested.

4.Whatarethefactorsforsafetyandrisk?

VoluntaryandInvoluntaryrisk

ShorttermandLongtermrisk

Expectedprobability

Reversibleeffects

Thresholdlevelstorisk

DelayedorImmediaterisketc

5.WhatarethedrawbacksinthedefinitionofLawrence?

Underestimationofrisks

Overestimationofrisks

Noestimationofrisks

5.GivethecategoriesofRisk?
Lowconsequence,Lowprobability(whichcanbeignored)Lowconsequence,Highprobability
Highconsequence,Lowprobability

Highconsequence,Highprobability

6.WhatarethefactorsthataffectRiskAcceptability?

Voluntarismandcontrol

Effectofinformationonriskassessment

Jobrelatedpressures

Magnitudeandproximityofthepeoplefacingrisk

7.Whatistheknowledgerequiredtoassesstherisk?

Dataindesign

Uncertaintiesindesign

Testingforsafety

Analyticaltesting

Riskbenefitanalysis

8.Whataretheanalyticalmethods?

oScenarioanalysis

oFailuremodes&effectanalysis

oFaulttreeanalysis

oEventtreeanalysisetc.

9.Whatarethethreeconditionsreferredassafeexit?

Assurewhenaproductfailsitwillfailsafely.Assurethattheproductcanbeabandoned
safely.Assurethattheusercansafelyescapetheproduct.
10.Howwillanengineerassessthesafety?

Therisksconnectedtoaprojectorproductmustbeidentified.Thepurposesofthe
projectorproductmustbeidentifiedandrankedinimportance.Costsofreducingrisksmustbe
estimated.Thecostsmustbeweighedagainstbothorganizationalgoalsanddegreesof
acceptabilityofriskstoclientsandthepublic.Theprojectorproductmustbetestedandthen
eithercarriedoutormanufactured.

11.WhatarethereasonsforRiskBenefitAnalysis?

i. Riskbenefitanalysisisconcernedwiththeadvisabilityofundertakingaproject.
ii. Ithelpsindecidingwhichdesignhasgreateradvantages.
iii. Itassiststheengineerstoidentifyaparticulardesignscoreshigherwiththatofthe
iv.

12.Aretheengineersresponsibletoeducatethepublicforsafeoperationoftheequipment?
How?

Yes,aspertheengineersareconcernedwiththeyshouldhavetheirdutyastoprotectforthe
safetyandwellbeingofthegeneralpublic.Analyzingtheriskandsafetyaspectsoftheirdesigns
candothis.

13.DefineSafety?

InthedefinitionstatedbyWilliamW.Lawrencesafetyisdefined,asathingissafeifits
risksareacceptable.Athingissafewithrespecttoagivenpersonorgroup,atagiventime,ifits
riskisfullyknown,ifthoseriskswouldbejudgedacceptable,inlightofsettledvalueprinciples.
Intheviewofobjective,safetyisamatterofhowpeoplewouldfindrisksacceptableor
unacceptable.

14.Whatisthedefinitionofrisks?

Ariskisthepotentialthatsomethingunwantedandharmfulmayoccur.Riskisthepossibilityof
sufferingharmorloss.Itisalsodefinedastheprobabilityofaspecifiedlevelofhazardous
consequences,beingrealized.HenceRisk(R)istheproductofProbability(P)and
consequence(C) (i.e)

15.DefineAcceptabilityofrisks?

Ariskisacceptablewhenthoseaffectedaregenerallynolongerapprehensiveaboutit.
Doubtfulnessdependsmainlyonhowthepeopletaketheriskorhowpeopleperceiveit.16.
Whatarethesafetymeasuresanengineermustknowbeforeassessingariskofanyproduct?
Thefactorsare:

a.Doestheengineerhavetherightdata?
b.Ishesatisfiedwiththepresentdesign?
 c.Howdoeshetestthesafetyofaproduct?
d.Howdoeshemeasureandweightheriskswithbenefitsforaproduct.

17.Whatistheuseofknowledgeofriskacceptancetoengineers?

Thoughpastexperienceandhistoricaldatagivebetterinformationaboutsafetyofproducts
designingtherearestillinadequate.Thereasonsare

a.Theinformationisnotfreelysharedamongindustries
b.Therealsonewapplicationsofoldtechnologiesthatprovidesavailabledata,whichare
lessuseful.
c.So,inordertoaccesstheriskofaproduct,theengineersmustsharetheirknowledgeand
informationwithothersinafreemanner.

18.WhatismeantbyDisaster?Giveanexample.

Adisasterdoesnottakeplaceuntilaseriouslydisruptiveeventcoincideswithastateof
insufficientpreparation.Example:TheTitaniccollisionwithanicebergconstitutedan
emergency,whichturnedintoadisasterbecausethereweretoofewlifeboats.

19.Whatarethepositiveuncertaintiesindeterminingrisks?

Therearethreepositiveuncertainties.Theyare:

a.Purposeofdesigning
b.Applicationoftheproduct
c.Materialsandtheskillusedforproducingtheproduct.

20.WhatistheuseofRiskAnalysis?Whatarethethreefactorsinvolvedhere?

RiskAnalysisisusedfortheassessmentofthehazardousassociatedwithanindustrialor
commercialactivity.Itinvolvesidentifyingthecausesofunwantedhazardouseventsand
estimatingtheconsequencesandlikelihoodoftheseevents.Threefactorsinvolvedinthisare:

a.HazardIdentificationb.Consequencesanalysisc.Probabilityestimation.

21.DefineRiskBenefitAnalysis?

Riskbenefitanalysisisamethodthathelpstheengineerstoanalyzetheriskinaproject
andtodeterminewhetheraprojectshouldbeimplementedornot.Inriskbenefitanalysis,the
risksandbenefitsofaproductareallottedtomoneyamounts,andthemostbenefitableratio
betweenrisksandbenefitsiscalculated.

22.ExplainthetwotypesofRisk?

i. PersonalRisk:Anindividual,whoisgivensufficientinformation,willbeina
positiontodecidewhethertotakepartinariskyactivityornot.Theyaremoreready
totakeonvoluntaryrisksthaninvoluntaryrisks.
ii. PublicRisks:Risksandbenefitstothepublicaremoreeasilydeterminedthanto
individuals,aslargernumberofpeopleistakenintoaccount.Involuntaryrisksare
foundhere.

23.WhatdoesStrictLiabilitymean?

Strictliabilitymeansifthesoldproductisdefective;themanufacturerconcernedisliable
foranyharmthatresultstousers.Negligibleisnotatallanissuebased.

24.GivethereasonsfortheThreeMileIslanddisaster?

i. Inadequatetrainingtotheoperators.
ii. UseofB&Wreactors.

25.Whatisthemainbarriertoeducationalattempts?

Animportantbarriertoeducationalattemptisthatpeoplebeliefchangeslowandare
extraordinarilyresistanttonewinformation.

26.Whathappenstotheproductsthatarenotsafe?

Productsthatarenotsafeincursecondarycoststothemanufacturerbeyondtheprimary
coststhatmustalsobetakenintoaccountcostsassociatedwithwarrantyexpenses,lossof
customerwillandevenlossofcustomersandso.

27.WhatdoesOpenmindednessreferto?

Openmindednessrefersonceagainnotallowingapreoccupationwithrulestoprevent
closeexaminationofsafetyproblemsthatmaynotbecoveredbyrules.

28.WhatwastheproblemintheChernobylreactor?

Theproblemwasthat,Theoutputwasmaintainedtosatisfyanunexpecteddemand.
Thecontroldevicewasnotproperlyreprogrammedtomaintainpowerattherequiredlevel.
Insteadofleavingfifteencontrolrodsasrequired,theoperatorsraisedalmostallcontrolrods
becauseatthelowpowerlevel,thefuelhadbecomepoisoned.
UNITIVB

1.DefineCollegiality?
Collegialityisakindofconnectednessgroundedinrespectforprofessionalandinacommitment
tothegoalsandvaluesoftheprofessionandcollegialityincludesadispositiontosupportand
cooperatewithonescolleagues.

2.Whatarethecentralelementsofcollegiality?

i. Respect
ii. Commitment
iii. Connectedness
iv. Cooperation
v.

3.WhatarethetwosensesofLoyalty?

i. AgencyLoyaltyActingtofulfillonescontractualdutiestoanemployer.Itmatter
ofactions,whateveritsmotives.
ii. IdentificationLoyaltyHasasmuchastodowithattitudes,emotions,andasenseof
personalidentityasitdoeswithactions.

4.WhenmayanIdentificationLoyaltybesaidasobligatory?

i. Employeesmustseesomeoftheirownimportantgoalsasmetbyandthrougha
groupinwhichtheyparticipate.
ii. Employeesmustbetreatedfairly,eachreceivinghisorhershareofbenefitsand
burdens.

5.WhatistherelationshipbetweentheLoyaltytothecompanyandProfessionalresponsibilityto
thepublic?

i. Actingonprofessionalcommitmentstothepubliccanbeamoreeffectivewayto
serveacompanythanamerewillingnesstofollowcompanyorders.
ii. Loyaltytocompaniesortheircurrentownersshouldnotbeequatedwithmerely
obeyingonesimmediatesupervisor.
iii. Anengineermighthaveprofessionalobligationstobothanemployerandtothe
publicthatreinforceratherthancontradicteachother.
16..DefineInstitutionalAuthority?

InstitutionalAuthorityisacquired,exercisedanddefinedwithinorganizations.Itmaybe
definedastheinstitutionalrightgiventoapersontoexercisepowerbasedontheresourcesofthe
institution.

7.DefineExpertAuthority?

Expertauthorityisthepossessionofspecialknowledge,skillorcompetencetoperform
taskorgivesoundadvice.

8.Whatisthebasicmoraltaskofsalariedengineers?

Thebasicmoraltaskofsalariedengineersistobeawareoftheirobligationstoobey
employersononehandandtoprotectandservethepublicandclientsoftheother.

9.Whataretheguidelinestoreachanagreement?

i. Attackproblemandnotpeople.
ii. Buildtrust.
iii. Startwithadiscussionandanalysisofinterests,concerns,needs.Itbeginwith
interests,notpositionsorsolutions.
iv. Listen.
v. Brainstorm;suggestinganideadoesnotmeanoneaggresswithit.Developmultiple
options.
vi. Useobjectivecriteriawheneverpossible.Agreeonhowsomethingwillbemeasured.

10.Defineconfidentialinformation?

Confidentialinformationisinformationdeemeddesirabletokeepsecret.

11.Whatarethecriteriaforidentifyingthatinformationislabeledconfidentialatthe
workplace?
*Engineersshalltreatinformationcomingtotheminthecourseoftheirasconfidential.
*Identifyanyinformationwhichifitbecameknownwouldcauseharmtothecorporationor
client.
*Confidentialinformationisanyinformationthattheemployerorclientwouldliketohavekept

12.WhatarethetermsassociatedwithConfidentiality?

i. PrivilegedInformation
ii. ProprietaryInformation
iii. Patents
iv. Tradesecrets
13.Howwillyoujustifytheobligationofconfidentiality?

Theobligationofconfidentialitycanbejustifiedattwolevels.

FIRSTLevel:MoralConsiderations

Respectforautonomy

Respectforpromises

Regardforpublicwellbeing

SECONDLevel:MajorEthicalTheories

RightsEthicists

DutyEthicists

Ruleutilitarians

Actutilitarians

14.DefineConflictsofInterest?

Conflictofinterestsisasituationinwhichtwoormoreinterestsarenot
simultaneouslyrealizable.Itisthedisagreementbetweenpublicobligationandselfinterestof
simultaneouslyrealizable.Itisthedisagreementbetweenpublicobligationandselfinterestofan
official.

15.Whydoesaconflictofinterestsarise?

a FinancialInvestments
. InsiderTrading
b .Bribe
. .Gifts
c .Kickbacks
.
d
.
e
.

16.WhatisaBribe?

ABribeisasubstantialamountofmoneyorgoodsofferedbeyondastatedbusiness
contractwiththeaimofwinninganadvantageingainingorkeepingthecontract.
17.WhatisaGift?

Giftsarenotbribesaslongastheyaresmallgratuitiesofferedinthenormalconductof
business.

18.WhatiscalledKickbacks?

Prearrangedpaymentsmadebycontractorstocompaniesortheirrepresentativesin
exchangeforcontractsactuallygrantedarecalledkickbacks.

19.WhatarethetypesofConflictsofinterest?

i. Actualconflictofinterest
ii. Potentialconflictofinterest
iii. Apparentconflictofinterest

20.WhataretheformsofConflictsofinterest?

i. Interestinothercompanies
ii. Moonlightingiii.Insiderinformation

21.HowwillyousolvetheConflictproblems?

i. Findingthecreativemiddleway.
ii. EmployingLowerlevelconsiderations.
iii. Makingthehardchoice.

22.WhatiscalledWhitecollarcrime?

Occupationalcrimesareillegalactsmadepossiblethroughoneslawfulemployment.It
isthesecretviolationoflawsregulatingworkactivities.Whencommittedbyofficeworkersof
professionals,occupationalcrimeiscalledwhitecollarcrime.

23.WhataretheessentialelementsofIPR?

i. Patents
ii. Copyrights
iii. Trademarks
iv. Tradesecrets
 GE6075PROFESSIONALETHICS&HUMANVALUES2...

2MARKSQUESTIONSANDANSWERS

UNITV

1.Whatismeantbymoralleadership?

Wheneverthegoalsofaleaderbecomepermissibleandalsomorallyvaluable,itis
knownasmoralleadership.Moralleadershipalsomeansthatemployingmorallyacceptable
waystomotivatethegroupstomovetowardsmorallydesirableways.Thewaysaredepending
onthesituations.

2.Whatarethequestionsthatarisewhileconsideringthevoluntaryserviceinthefieldof
Engineering?

Thefollowingquestionsarise:shouldengineeringprofessionencouragerendering
voluntaryserviceswithoutfeesoratmoderatefees?Dotheengineeringprofessionalsocieties
reallyneedthis?

3.Whatiscodeofethics?
oCodeofethicsisaframeworkforarrivingatgoodethicalchoices.
oThecodeofethicsestablishesaframeworkforethicaljudgmentforanyprofession.
oAcodeofethicsdoesnotdevelopnewmoralprinciples.

4.WhatarethecommonfeaturesinvolvedinthecodeofethicsforEngineers?
Engineersshallholdparamountthesafety,healthandwelfareofthepublicintheperformanceof
theirprofessionalduties.Engineersshallperformservicesonlyintheareasoftheircompetence.
Engineersshallissuepublicstatementsonlyinanobjectiveandtruthfulmanner.Engineersshall
actinprofessionalmattersforeachemployerorclientasfaithfulagentsortrustees.Engineers
shallavoiddeceptiveactsinthesolicitationofprofessionalemployment.

5.Differentiateeyewitnessandexpertwitness?

EyeWitnessesExpertWitnessesEyewitnessesgiveevidencesinthecourtaboutwhattheyhave
seenactually.Expertwitnessesareallowedlargerfreedomingivingevidenceonfactsinthere
areasofexpertiseonexplainingfactsincommentingontheviewsoftheexpertwitnessesofthe
oppositesideandalsoinreportingontheprofessionalinterestsmaintainingconfidentialityand
expressingconcernfortheinterestoftheclients.

6.WhatistheneedforHonesty?

Honestyisnecessarytoavoiddeceivingandtobefrankingivingalltherelevantfacts.It
isalsonecessarytobetruthfulininterpretingthefacts.Honestyintechnicaldataisessentialto
behonestinengineersroleandforthevaluesguidinghisstudies.
7.WhatismeantbyCompetence?

Competencemeansbeingwelltrainedandhavingproperexperienceintherelevantfield
andalsohavingtherequiredadditionalskillsplanningandpolicymaking.

8.WhatdoesDiligencemean?

Diligencemeanscarryingoutthegivenjobcarefullyandinapromptway.

9.DefineLoyalty?

Loyaltyreferstoservingtheinterestsoftheclients.Itincludesavoidingconflictsofinterests
maintainingconfidentialityandexpressingconcernfortheinterestoftheclients.

10.Whatisthebasicethicalandmoralresponsibilityofamanagerengineer?

Ethicalresponsibility:Thebasicethicalresponsibilitiesofmanagersaretoproduceagood
productorvaluableservice,onlyaftertakingintoconsiderationmaintainingrespectforhuman
beings,whichincludescustomers,employeesandthegeneralpublic.
Moralresponsibility:Asmanagers,engineersmoralresponsibilityistoproducesafeanduseful
productsthatarealsoprofitable.

11..Whatarethedifferentwaystocreateanethicalclimate?

Thefollowingarethewaystocreateanethicalclimate:

Ethicalvaluesmustbeacceptedandappreciatedbythemanagersandemployeeswithitsfull
complicatedfeatures.

Thesincereuseofethicallanguagehastoberecognizedasajustifiablepartofthecompany.
Themanagementhastocreateastrongconfidenceamongtheemployeesthatthemanagement
ismoreseriousaboutethicsbyestablishingmoraltoneinwords,inpoliciesandalsobypersonal
example.
Themanagementhastoestablishsomeproceduresforresolvingconflicts.

12.Whataretheimportantformsofconflictsthatmayariseforanengineeringprojectmanager?
Theimportantformsofconflictsthatmayariseforanengineeringprojectmanagerare,
Conflictsbasedonschedules.Conflictswhicharisesinevolvingtheimportanceofprojectsand
thedepartment.Conflictsbasedonavailabilityofpersonalforaproject.Conflictsovertechnical
matters.Conflictswhicharisesduetoadministrativeprocedure.Conflictsofpersonality.
Conflictsovercostorexpenditure.

13.Whataretheprinciplesforconflictresolution?
Thefollowingaretheprinciplesforconflictresolution:Peoplemustbeseparatedfromthe
problemFocusmustbeonlyoninterestandnotonpositionsVariousoptionsmustbegenerated
Anevolutioncriteriashouldbeestablished

14.Whoarereferredasconsultingengineers?

Consultingengineersarethoseinvolvedinprivatepractice.Fortheservicesrenderedbythem,
theywillbepaidsomefees.Theywontbecompensatedbysalariesfromemployers.Theyare
thesoleemployeroftheirpractice.Sotheyhavegreaterfreedomtotakedecisionsonthetasks
undertakenbythem.takedecisionsonthetasksundertakenbythem.

15.WhataretherulesframedbyNSPEincaseofprofessionaladvertisements?

TherulesframedbyNSPE(NationalSocietyofProfessionalEngineers)incaseof
professionaladvertisementsareasfollows:Theuseofstatementscontainingamaterial
misrepresentationoffactoromittingamaterialfactnecessarytokeepthestatementfrombeing
misleading.Statementsintendedorlikelytocreateanunjustifiedexpectation.Statements
containingpredictionoffuturesuccess.Statementscontaininganopinionastothequalityofthe
engineersservices.Statementsintendedorlikelytoattractclientsbytheuseofslogans,jingles
orsensationallanguageformat.

16.Whatdoyoumeanbyappropriatetechnology?

Appropriatetechnologymeansidentification,transformationandimplementationofthe
mostsuitabletechnologyforanewsetofconditions.

17.Whataretheilleffectsofacidrain?

Bacteriasthatareessentialforlifesystemstobeactivearekilled.Highacidityresultsin
reducedgrowthandkillingoffishes.Vanishingofgreeneryanddestructionofforests.
Germinationofseedsisaffectedaffectingthegrowthoftrees.

18.Whatdoyoumeanbytechnologytransfer?

Technologytransferisaprocessofchangingthetechnologytoanewsettingand
implementingit.Technologyincludeshardwaresuchasmachinesandinstallationsaswellas
techniquessuchastechnical,organizationalandmanagerialskillsandprocedures.

19.Whataretheethicalissuesorquestionsthatariseinenvironmentalprotection?

Oftenthequestionsthatariseintheethicalissuesare,

Whoisaffecting?
Whoareaffected?

Doestheenvironmentgetsdisturbed?

Whendothedisturbancestakesplaceandhowdoesithappen?

20.Quotesomeexamplesofpollutionthatspoiledtheenvironment?

SomeexamplesofpollutionthataffectedtheenvironmentareBhopalgastragedy,
Chernobylnuclearplantexplosion,Artificialrains,MeusevalleydisasteratBelgium,Oleumgas
leakinDelhi,HPCLdisasterinVizag,Donova(USA)steelandchemicalplantdisaster,Tehri
DaminU.P.state,etc.

21.Whatiscomputerethics?

Computerscontributetoavarietyofmoralproblems.Inordertoevaluateandactappropriately
withsuchproblems,anewfieldofappliedethicstermedascomputerethicshasbeen
developed.

22.Giveanytencommandmentsofcomputerethics?

a Dontuseacomputertoharmotherpeople.
. Dontinterferewithotherpeoplescomputerworks.
b Dontsnooparoundinotherpeoplescomputerfiles.
. Dontuseacomputertosteal.
c Dontuseacomputertobearfalsewitness.
.
d
.
e
.

23.Whatishacking?

Whencomputersarethemainobjectsofanunethicalact,itwillcreatesomeethicalissues.This
kindofactiscalledhacking.

24.Whatisautonomouscomputer?

Theautonomyofcomputersmeanstheabilityofcomputertomakedecisionswithoutthe
interferenceofhumanbeings.Thisautonomousfunctionofcomputerscreatesalotof
implication.

25.WhatarethethreeversionsofRelativism?
 i. EthicalRelativism
ii. DescriptiveRelativism

iii. MoralRelativism

26.WhatarethemoraldimensionsofanEngineermanager?

a Informationrightsandobligation
. Propertyrights
b Accountabilityandcontrol
. Systemquality
c Qualityoflife
.
d
.
e
.

27.GiveanytenInternational rights suggested by Donaldson?

I.Therighttofreedomofphysicalmovement.

II.Therighttoownershipofproperty.

III.Therighttofreedomfromtorture.

IV.Therighttoafairtrial.

V.Therighttonondiscriminatorytreatment.

VI.Therighttophysicalsecurity.

VII.Therighttofreedomofspeechandassociation.

VIII.Therighttominimaleducation.

IX.Therighttopoliticalparticipation.

X.Therighttosubsistence.

28.WhatarethereasonsforthedisasteratBhopal?

1.ThetanksusedtostoreMethylIsocyanatewereoverloadedtoatuneof75%.

2.Theemergencyplantwasalsofilledwithalargeamountofchemicals.

3.Theentirerefrigerationunithadbeenshutdownasameasuretoreducethecostandthisledto
increaseoftemperaturestoahigherlevel.

4.Oneofthedisappointedworkersunscrewedapressuregaugeonatankandinserteda
hosepipeintoit,knowingthatitwouldcausedamage,butnottothisextent.

5.Scrubberhasalsobeenshutdown.
6.Flaretowerwasalsonotinanoperatingcondition.

7.Unfortunatelytherewerenoemergencydrillsorevacuationplantsavailable.

29.GivesomeoftheEnvironmentalissuesofconcerntoengineers?

a.Releasingharmfulsubstanceintoairandwater.
b.Usingtoxicsubstanceinfoodprocessing.
c.Disturbinglandandwaterbalances.

30.WhataretheissuesinComputerethics?

PowerRelationship

JobElimination

CustomerRelations

BiasedSoftware

StockTrading

UnrealisticExpectations

PoliticalPower

MilitaryWeapons

Property

Embezzlement

DataandSoftware

Privacy

Cybercrimes

ComputerVirus

Technostress

CyberScamsandFrauds

InternetDefamation
SoftwarePiracy

CyberSquatting

InappropriateAccess

DataBankErrors

Hackers

LegalResponses

ProfessionalIssues

ComputerFailures

ComputerImplementation

Healthconditions

31.WhataretheproblemsofDefenseindustry?

a)Problemofwasteandhugecostinimplementingandmaintainingaweapons
system.
b)ProblemofTechnologycreep.
c)Problemsinmaintainingsecrecy.
d)Everycountryallocateslargeamountofitsresourcestodefensesector[India
e)pentitsresourcefordefense]

32.WhatarewaystopromoteanEthicalclimate?

a.Ethicalvaluesintheirfullcomplexityarewidelyacknowledgedandappreciatedbymanagers
andemployeesalike.

b.Thesincereuseofethicallanguagehastoberecognizedasalegitimatepartofcorporate
dialogue.
c.Thetoplevelmanagementmustestablishamoraltoneinwords,inpolicies,bypersonal
example etc.
d.Themanagementhastoestablishsomeproceduresforresolvingconflicts.

33.WhataretheimportantformsofConflicts?

ConflictsbasedonschedulesConflictswhicharisesinevolvingtheimportanceofprojectsand
thedepartment.Conflictsbasedontheavailabilityofpersonalforaproject.Conflictsover
technicalmatters.Conflictsariseduetoadministrativeprocedure.Conflictsofpersonality.
Conflictsovercostorexpenditureormoney.
34.WhatarethePrinciplesofConflictsofinterest?

Separatepeoplefromtheproblem.

Focusoninterestandnotonpositions.

Generateavarietyofpossibilitiesbeforedecidingwhattodo.

Insistthattheresultbebasedonsomeobjectivestandard.

35.Whatarethenormativemodelstobeusedtoavoidconflicts?

35.Whatarethenormativemodelstobeusedtoavoidconflicts?

HiredGuns

ValueneutralAnalysts

ValueguidedAdvocates

36.Whatarethecharacteristicsofanengineerasexpertadvisersinpublicplanningandpolicy
making?
Honesty

Competence

Diligence

Loyalty

37.HowcanDeceptiveadvertisingbedone?

oByoutrightlies.

oByhalftruths.

oThroughexaggeration.

oBymakingfalseinnuendos,suggestionsorimplications.

oThroughobfuscationcreatedbyambiguity,vaguenessorincoherence.

oThroughsubliminalmanipulationoftheunconscious.
38.Givetheusageofthecodeofconduct?

Thecodeofconductwillhelptheengineerstohaveasetofstandardsofbehavior.They
actasguidelinesfortheirbehavior.Ithelpstocreateworkplaceswhereemployeesare
encouragedtomakeethicalimplications.

39.Whatareprofessionalissuesofusingcomputers?

a.Computersfailures.

b.Computerimplementation
c.Healthconditions

40.WhataretherequirementsofPatents?

a Problemofinvention
) Currentreportoftheproblemstoaddress
b Solutionorproceduretotheproblem
) Extentofnoveltyorinventive
c Applicationoruses
) Detailsoftheinventor
d Resourcesoffunds
)
e
)
f
)
g
)

40.WhatarethetypesofPatents?

a.Utilitypatents
b..Designpatents
c..Plantpatents

41.WhatistheneedforProtectiontoIPR?
)
a d)
) e)
b
) .
c
 Preventusingitforfinancialgain.
Preventplagiarism. Fulfillasanobligationtofundingagency.
Preventothersusingit. Supportincomegenerationstrategy.
42.WhatistheImportanceofIPR?

a.Givetheinventorsexclusiverightsofdealing.
b. Permitavoidingpfcompetitorsandraiseentrybarriers.
c. Permitentrytoatechnicalmarket.
d. Generatesteadyincomebyissuinglicense.

43.WhatisaTradesecret?

Atradesecretisasecretformula,pattern,ordevicethatisusedinabusinessandprovidesa
commercialadvantage.

44.DefineWhistleBlowing?

Whistleblowingisalertingrelevantpersonstosomemoralorlegalcorruption,where
relevantpersonsarethoseinapositiontoactinresponse,ifonlybyregisteringprotest.i.e.the
employeedisclosureofanemployersillegalorillegitimatepracticestopersonsororganizations
thatmaybeabletotakecorrectiveactions.Theconditionstobemetforwhistleblowingare
a.Need

c.Proximity
d..Capability
e..Lastresort

45.WhatarethemainfeaturesofWhistleBlowing?

a.Actofdisclosure
b. Topic
c. Agent
d..Recipient

46.DifferentiateExternalWhistleBlowingandInternalWhistleBlowing?

ExternalWhistleBlowingInformationispassedoutsidetheorganization.Internal
WhistleBlowingInformationisconveyedtosomeonewithintheorganization.
47.DifferentiateOpenWhistleBlowingandAnonymousWhistleBlowing?

OpenWhistleBlowingIndividualsopenlyrevealtheiridentityastheyconveythe
information.
AnonymousWhistleBlowingInvolvesconcealingonesidentity.

48.WhenWhistleBlowingismorallypermittedandmorallyobligated?

Whistleblowingismorallypermittedwhen

i.Iftheharmthatwillbedonebytheproducttothepublicisseriousandconsiderable.
ii.Iftheymaketheirconcernsknowntotheirsuperiors.

iii.Ifgettingnosatisfactionfromtheirimmediatesupervisors,theyexhaustthechannels
availablewithinthecorporation,includinggoingtotheboardofdirectors.Whistleismorally
obligatedwhen

49.Whatarethetwogeneralwaystoapplyethicaltheoriestojustifythebasicrightof
professionalconscience?

i.Proceedpiecemealbyreiteratingthejustificationsgivenforthespecificprofessionalduties.
ii.Justifytherightofprofessionalconscience,whichinvolvesgroundingitmoredirectlyinthe
ethicaltheories.

50.DefineEmployeeRights?

Employeerightsarerights,moralorlegal,thatinvolvethestatusofbeinganemployee.
Theyincludesomeprofessionalrightsthatapplytotheemployeremployeerelationship.

51.DefineSexualHarassment?

SexualHarassmentmeanscontinuousannoyingandattacksonmenorwomenonthe
basisofsexualconsiderations.Italsocoverstheharassmentbyfemalesuperiorsonthemale
employeesandsexualharassmentofemployeesbysuperiorsofthesamesex.
Itincludesphysicalandpsychologicalattacks,coercion,misuseofauthorityandavarietyof
undesirableandindecentactions.

52.DefineDiscrimination?

Discriminationmeansmorallyunjustifiedtreatmentofpeopleonarbitraryorirrelevant
grounds.
53.Whatarethegeneralproceduresforimplementingtherighttodueprocess?
i.Writtenexplanationsshouldbeestablishedthatisavailabletoallemployeeswhobelievetheir
rightshavebeenviolated.

iii. Anappealsprocedureshouldbeestablishedthatisavailabletoallemployeeswho
believetheirrightshavebeenviolated.

54.DifferentiateHumanRightsandProfessionalRights?
HumanRightsPossessedbyvirtueofbeingpeopleormoralagents.ProfessionalRights
Possessedbyvirtueofbeingprofessionalhavingspecialmoralresponsibilities.

55. DifferentiateWeakPreferentialTreatmentandStrongPreferential Treatment?

Weakpreferentialtreatmentinvolvesgivinganadvantagetomembersoftraditionally
discriminatedagainstgroupsoverequallyqualifiedapplicantswhoaremembersofother
groups. Strongpreferentialtreatmentinvolvesgivingpreferencetominorityapplicantsor
womenoverbetterqualifiedapplicantsfromothergroups.
 PartB(16marks)

1. Brieflydiscusshonestyasvalue.

Anyhumanbeingshouldimbibehonestyhonestyinacts,honestyinspeechandhonestyin
beliefs.Honestyisthefundamentalvirtueinhumanrelationshipeventhoughinmaybedifficult
tofollowsometimes.Lying:Deliberationdeception:Withholdingtheinformation:
Seekingthetruth:Maintainingconfidentiality:

2.Writeshortnotesoncourage,cooperation.

Courage:
Courageisthetendencytofacedangersanddifficultjobsinrationalwaysandwithselfcontrol.
Apersonwiththequalityofcouragehasthefollowingcharacteristics.
Continuestorunwithhisjoborbusinesseventherearecertaindisturbance.Getsinvolvedwith
newpopularideasDiscusswithothersevenwhenthereisaproblem.
Cooperation:

Cooperationmeansextendinghelptoothers,foragoodcause.Cooperationmaybethrough
anidea,asuggestion,anassistanceorphysicalworkwhichextendstoothersforcommon
benefit.

3.Whatisservicelearning?

Differentiateservicelearningfromcivicvirtue.Servicelearningtellsthatonehasmoral
responsibilitytoincreasethedesirableeffectsandtodecreasetheharmfuleffects.Anyservice
shouldincreasethedesirableresult.Goodcitizendemandcivicvirtue.Itistheprincipleofnot
harmingthesurroundings.Italsoincludeslivingpeacefully,respectforothers,protectingthe
environmentandbeingnormallyandethicallygood.

4.Distinguishvaluesfromethicsandculture.

Valuesaremainlyrelatedtoindividualsandsincetheyarerelatedtojustice,theyremain
thesomeforeveryone.E.g.truth,honesty,empathy,selfrespect.Valuesdonotchangefrom
individualtoindividual.Ethicsiscommontoagroupofindividuals;thegroupmaybereligious
orprofessional.Ethicsismostlybasedonsomecodeorlawandjudgmentofanyactionisbased
oncodeofconductorlaw.EthicschangefromindividualtoindividualCulturecommonlyrefers
toconductofagroup.E.gsystemofworship,marriageItmaydifferfromsocietytosociety,
nationtonationorreligiontoreligion.

5.Whatdouunderstandbythetermspirituality?Explainindetail.

Spiritualityraisesamanabovethematerialisticworldintoarealmwhereheseekspeaceandreal
happinessReferenceProfessionalethicsandhumanvaluesbyDr.K.R.Govindan
S.SenthilkumarPagenumberH.16
6.DefinethetermsValues,Morals&Ethics?

Valuesarerules.Valuesaretherulesbywhichwemakedecisionsaboutrightandwrong,should
andshouldn't,goodandbad.Theyalsotelluswhicharemoreorlessimportant,whichisuseful
whenwehavetotradeoffmeetingonevalueoveranother.Moralsarehowwejudgeothers.
Moralshaveagreatersocialelementtovaluesandtendtohaveaverybroadacceptance.Morals
arefarmoreaboutgoodandbadthanothervalues.Wethusjudgeothersmorestronglyon
moralsthanvalues.Apersoncanbedescribedasimmoral,yetthereisnowordforthemnot
followingvalues.Moralitycanbedescribedasacoresetofvaluesandbeliefsthatactasaguide
whenformulatingcoursesofactionEthicsareprofessionalstandards.Ethicsarethusinternally
definedandadopted,whilstmoralstendtobeexternallyimposedonotherpeople.Ethicsisthe
branchofphilosophyconcernedwithhumanvaluesandconduct,moralduty,andobligation.
Basically,ethicsisconcernedwithwhatpeoplemightdescribeasrightandwronghuman
conduct.

7.DefineHumanValues?

Humanvaluesarethefoundationofsocialorder,justiceandprogress.Humanvaluesare
socialandethicalnormscommontoallculturesandsocieties,aswellasreligions.They
representameldingofsocialprogressandspiritualgrowth. Timeless Human Values
ADeepCaringForLife

Responsibility

Nonviolence

Love&Compassion

Friendliness&Cooperation

Generosity&Sharing

Integrity,HonestyandSincerity

Moderation

Service

Commitment&Responsibility

Peace,Contentment,Enthusiasm

Peace,Contentment,Enthusiasm
Trust

Unity

Humor

Acceptance

Respect

1..Explainprofessionsandprofessionalism

Answer:
Professions:Knowledge,Organization,Publicgood.Membershipcriteria
ProfessionalismasindependenceProfessionalismasindependenceProfessionalismasserving
employersQualitiesofprofessionalsModelsofprofessionalroles:Savior,Bureaucraticservant,
Guardian,Socialservant,Socialenablerandcatalyst,Gameplayer.Professionalidealsand
virtues:Professionalresponsibilityselfdirectionvirtues,publicspiritedvirtues,teamwork
virtues,proficiencyvirtues.

2.Whatdouunderstandbythetermmoraldilemma?Differentiatewithmoralautonomy.
MORAL:
Refersonlytopersonalbehavior.

Referstoanyaspectofhumanaction.

SocialconventionsaboutrightorwrongconductMoraldilemmasarekindofsituationswherea
difficultchoicehastobemade.sortsofcomplexityandmurkinessthatmaybeinvolvedinmoral
situationsare,

Vagueness

Conflictingreasons

Disagreement

ThestepsinconfrontingMoralDilemmas:Identifytherelevantmoralfactorsandreasons.
Gatherallavailablefactsthatarepertinenttothemoralfactorsinvolved.Rankthemoral
considerationsinorderofimportanceastheyapplytothesituation.Consideralternativecourses
ofactionsaswaysofresolvingdilemma,tracingthefullimplicationsofeach.
Getsuggestionsandalternativeperspectivesonthedilemma.
Byweighingalltherelevantmoralfactorsandreasonsinlightofthefacts,produceareasoned
judgment.
Moralautonomy:

Selfdetermining
Independent

PersonalInvolvement

Exercisedbasedonthemoralconcernforotherpeopleandrecognitionofgoodmoralreasons3.
Brieflyexplainthethreemainlevelsofmoraldevelopment,developedbyLaurenceKohlberg.
ReferenceProfessionalethicsandhumanvaluesbyDr.K.R.GovindanS.SenthilkumarPage
number1.14

Answer:
LevelStageSocialorientationPreconventional

1)ObedienceandPunishmentIndividualism,instrumentalismandexchangeConventional

Goodboy/Goodgirl

LawandOrder

Postconventional

Socialcontract

Postconventional

Socialcontract

Principledconscience

4.HowdidGilliganrecastKohlbergslevelofmoraldevelopment?

Answer:
Kohlberggivesgreateremphasistorecognizingrightsandabstractuniversalrules.Gilligan
stressestheimportanceofmaintainingpersonalrelationshipsbasedonmutualcaring.
ReferenceProfessionalethicsandhumanvaluesbyDr.K.R.GovindanS.SenthilkumarPage
number1.16StageGoalPreconventionalGoalisindividualsurvivalConventionalSelf
sacrificeisgoodnessPostconventionalPrincipleofnonviolencedonothurtothers