Donald Trump

For other uses, see Donald Trump (disambiguation). 1.1 Ancestry

Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th Further information: Trump family
and current President of the United States. Before enter-
ing politics he was a businessman and television person- Trumps ancestors originated from the village of
ality. Kallstadt, Palatinate, Germany on his fathers side, and
Trump was born and raised in Queens, New York City, from the Outer Hebrides isles of Scotland on his mothers
and earned an economics degree from the Wharton side. All his grandparents, and his mother, were born
School. He then took charge of The Trump Organization, in Europe.[2]His mothers grandfather was also christened
the real estate and construction rm founded by his pater- Donald.
nal grandmother, which he ran for 45 years until 2016. Trumps paternal grandfather, Friedrich Trump, rst em-
During his real estate career, Trump built, renovated, igrated to the United States in 1885 at the age of 16, and
and managed numerous oce towers, hotels, casinos, and became a citizen in 1892. He amassed a fortune operating
golf courses. Besides real estate, he started several side boom-town restaurants and boarding houses in the Seattle
ventures and has licensed the use of his name for the area and the Klondike region of Canada, during the gold
branding of various products and properties. He owned rush.[3] On a visit to Kallstadt, he met Elisabeth Christ
the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to and married her in 1902. The couple settled in New York
2015, and he produced and hosted The Apprentice, a re- denitively in 1905.[4] Friedrich died from inuenza dur-
ality television series on NBC, from 2004 to 2015. His ing the 1918 pandemic.[5]
net worth was estimated to be $3.5 billion as of 2017,
Trumps father Fred was born in 1905 in the Bronx, and
making him the 544th richest person in the world.
started working with his mother in real estate when he
Trump rst publicly expressed interest in running for po- was 15, shortly after his fathers death. Their company,
litical oce in 1987. He won two Reform Party presiden- Elizabeth Trump and Son, was primarily active in the
tial primaries in 2000, but withdrew his candidacy early New York boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn. Fred even-
on. In June 2015, he launched his campaign for the 2016 tually built and sold thousands of houses, barracks and
presidential election and quickly emerged as the front- apartments.[5][6] The company would later become The
runner among seventeen candidates in the Republican Trump Organization when Donald Trump took over in
primaries. His remaining opponents suspended their 1971.[7]
campaigns in May 2016, and in July he was formally nom-
Donalds mother Mary Anne was born in Tong, Lewis,
inated at the Republican National Convention along with
Scotland. In 1930, at age 18, she emigrated to New York
Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate. Many
where she worked as a maid.[8] Fred and Mary were mar-
of his campaign statements were controversial or false,
ried in 1936 and raised their family in Queens.[8][9]
generating much free media coverage.
Freds brother John (Donald Trumps uncle) became a no-
Trump won the general election on November 8, 2016,
table physicist and inventor.[10]
in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary
Clinton. He became the oldest and wealthiest person ever
to assume the presidency, the rst without prior military
1.2 Early life and education
or government service, and the fth to have won a presi-
dential election while receiving a smaller share of the pop-
Donald Trump was born on June 14, 1946 at the Jamaica
ular vote than his opponent. His political positions have
Hospital Medical Center, Queens, New York City. He
been described by scholars and commentators as populist,
was the fourth of ve children born to Frederick Christ
protectionist, and nationalist.
Fred Trump (19051999) and Mary Anne Trump (ne
MacLeod, 19122000).[13] His siblings are Maryanne
(born 1937), Fred Jr. (19381981), Elizabeth (born
1942), and Robert (born 1948).
Trump grew up in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of
1 Family and personal life Queens, New York. He attended the Kew-Forest School
from kindergarten through seventh grade. At age 13,

1
2 1 FAMILY AND PERSONAL LIFE

At the January 20 swearing-in: Trump, wife Melania, son

Donald Jr., son Barron, daughter Ivanka, son Eric, and daughter
Tiany.

Trump married his rst wife, Czech model Ivana Zel-

nkov, on April 7, 1977, at the Marble Collegiate
Church in Manhattan in a ceremony performed by the
Reverend Norman Vincent Peale.[31][32] They had three
children: son Donald Jr. (born December 31, 1977),
daughter Ivanka (born October 30, 1981), and son Eric
(born January 6, 1984). Ivana became a naturalized
United States citizen in 1988.[33] The couple divorced
in 1992 following Trumps aair with actress Marla
Trump at New York Military Academy, 1964[11][12] Maples.[34]
In October 1993, Maples gave birth to Trumps daughter
Trumps parents enrolled him in the New York Mili- Tiany, named after Tiany & Company.[35] Maples and
tary Academy, after discovering Donald made frequent Trump were married two months later on December 20,
trips into Manhattan without permission.[14][15] In Au- 1993.[36] They were divorced in 1999,[37] and Tiany was
gust 1964, Trump entered Fordham University.[11][16] He raised by her mother in California.[38]
transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Trump married Slovene model Melania Knauss, on Jan-
Pennsylvania two years later, because it oered one of uary 22, 2005 at Bethesda-by-the-Sea Episcopal Church
the few real estate studies departments in United States in Palm Beach, Florida, followed by a reception at
academia at the time.[17][16] Trumps Mar-a-Lago estate.[39] In 2006, Melania ac-
In addition to his father, Trump was inspired by Manhat- quired United States citizenship[40] and she gave birth to
tan developer William Zeckendorf, vowing to be even their son Barron on March 20.[41][42] Upon Trumps ac-
bigger and better.[18] While at Wharton, he worked at cession to the presidency, Melania became First Lady of
the family business, Elizabeth Trump and Son,[19] gradu- the United States.
ating in May 1968 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Prior to his inauguration as president, Trump delegated
economics.[16][20][21] the management of his real estate business to his two adult
Trump was not drafted during the Vietnam War. [22] sons, Eric and Don Jr.[43] His daughter Ivanka resigned
While in college from 1964 to 1968, he obtained four stu- from The Trump Organization and moved to Washington
dent deferments.[23] In 1966, he was deemed t for ser- with her husband[44] Jared Kushner. She serves as assistant
vice based upon a military medical examination, and in to the president, while he is a Senior Advisor in the
[45]
1968 was briey classied as t by a local draft board, but White House.
was given a 1-Y medical deferment in October 1968,[24] Trumps elder sister, Maryanne Trump Barry, is an inac-
attributed to heel spurs.[25] In 1969, he received a high tive Federal Appeals Court judge on the Third Circuit.[46]
number in the draft lottery, which made him unlikely to
be called.[24][26][27]
1.4 Religion
1.3 Family The Trump family were Lutherans on his fathers side
in Germany,[47] and Presbyterian on his mothers side in
Main article: Family of Donald Trump Scotland.[48] His parents married in a Manhattan Presby-
Trump was married three times; he has ve children and terian church in 1936.[49] As a child, he attended Sun-
eight grandchildren.[28][29] His rst two marriages ended day School at the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica,
in widely publicized divorces.[30] Queens, and had his Conrmation there. In the 1970s, his
1.5 Health 3

priest Emmanuel Lemelson[59] and in 2016, he released

a list of his religious advisers, including James Dobson,
Jerry Falwell Jr., Ralph Reed and others.[60] Referring to
his daughter Ivankas conversion to Judaism before her
marriage to Jared Kushner, Trump said: I have a Jewish
daughter; and I am very honored by that.[61]

1.5 Health
A 2016 medical report issued by his doctor, Harold Born-
stein M.D., showed that Trumps blood pressure, liver and
thyroid function were in normal ranges.[62][63] Trump says
that he has never smoked cigarettes or consumed other
drugs, including marijuana.[64] He also drinks no alcohol,
a decision arising in part from watching his older brother
Fred Jr. suer from alcoholism until his early death in
1981.[65][66]

1.6 Wealth
Trump has said that he began his career with a small
loan of one million dollars from his father.[67] Trump
appeared on the initial Forbes List of wealthy individu-
als in 1982 with an estimated $200 million fortune, in-
cluding an undened share of the fortune belonging to
his family and father.[68] During the 1980s he became a
The President and First Lady at the Liberty Ball on Inauguration billionaire,[69] but was absent from the Forbes list from
Day 1990 to 1995 following losses which reportedly obliged
him to borrow from his siblings trusts in 1993.[68] Af-
ter his father died in 1999, he and his surviving siblings
family joined the Marble Collegiate Church (an aliate received shares of his fathers estate which was valued at
of the Reformed Church in America) in Manhattan.[50] more than $20 million.[70][71]
The pastor at that church, Norman Vincent Peale, au- When he announced his candidacy on June 16, 2015,
thor of The Power of Positive Thinking and The Art Trump released a one-page nancial summary that
of Living, ministered to Trumps family and mentored stated a net worth of $8,737,540,000.[73] The following
him until Peales death in 1993.[51][50] Trump, who is
month, he led a 92-page disclosure and put his wealth
Presbyterian,[52][53] has cited Peale and his works during at over $10 billion.[74][75] His presidential announce-
interviews when asked about the role of religion in his
ment speech mentioned that I'm really rich, which he
personal life.[50] said would make him less reliant upon large campaign
Trump participates in the Holy Communion, but usu- donations.[76][77] Forbes believed his net worth estimate
ally does not ask God for forgiveness. He stated: I was a whopper, guring it was $4.1 billion in 2015
think if I do something wrong, I just try and make it (405th in the world, 133d in the U.S.).[78][79] Trump also
right. I don't bring God into that picture.[54] On the stated in the long 2015 nancial disclosure that his in-
campaign trail, Trump has referred to The Art of the come for the year 2014 was $362 million.[75]
Deal as his second favorite book after the Bible, say- After Trump made controversial remarks about illegal
ing Nothing beats the Bible.[55] In a 2016 speech to immigrants in 2015, he lost business contracts with sev-
Liberty University, he referred to Two Corinthians in- eral companies that summer, which Forbes estimated
stead of "Second Corinthians", eliciting chuckles from negatively impacted his net worth by $125 million.[80]
the audience.[56] Despite this, The New York Times re- The value of the Trump brand may have fallen further
ported that Evangelical Christians nationwide thought during his presidential campaign, as some consumers
that his heart was in the right place, that his intentions
boycotted in response to his candidacy.[81] Bookings and
for the country were pure.[57] foot trac at Trump-branded properties fell o sharply
Trump has had relationships with a number of Christian in 2016,[82][83] though Trumps 104-page nancial disclo-
spiritual leaders, including Florida pastor Paula White, sure in May 2016 still put his wealth at over $10 billion
who has been called his closest spiritual condant.[58] as he had done the previous July.[74][84][75] The release of
In 2015, he received a blessing from Greek Orthodox the Access Hollywood tape recordings in October 2016
4 2 REAL ESTATE BUSINESS

idential candidates to release their returns.[92]

Trump explained that his tax returns are being audited
and his lawyers advise against releasing them.[93][94] No
law prohibits release of tax returns during an audit. Tax
attorneys dier about whether such a release is wise legal
strategy.[95] Trump has told the news media that his tax
rate was none of your business, but added, I ght very
hard to pay as little tax as possible.[96][97][98]
On October 1, 2016, three pages of Trumps 1995 tax re-
turn were leaked to a New York Times reporter, who said
the documents were received in her Times mailbox. Each
of the three pages is one page from Trumps state lings
in Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey. They show
that using allowed deductions for losses, Trump claimed
a loss of $916 million that year. During the second pres-
idential debate, Trump acknowledged using the deduc-
tion, but declined to provide details such as the specic
years it was applied.[99] When asked if he used the tax
code to avoid paying taxes, he said, Of course I did. Of
course I did. He then went on to say he paid hundreds
of millions of dollars in taxes, calling it a simple thing.
I pay tax, and I pay federal tax, too, he said.[100][101][102]
On March 14, 2017 the rst two pages of Trumps 2005
federal income tax returns were leaked to MSNBC's
Rachel Maddow show. The two pages showed that Trump
paid $38 million in federal taxes and had a gross adjusted
Trump Hotel Las Vegas, with gold infused glass[72] income of $150 million.[103][104] The White House con-
rmed the authenticity of the 2005 documents and stated:
Despite this substantial income gure and tax paid, it is
put further pressure on his business.[85] totally illegal to steal and publish tax returns.[103][104]
In their 2017 annual billionaires ranking, Forbes esti-
mated Trumps net worth at $3.5 billion (544th in the
world, 201st in the U.S.)[1] making him one of the richest
politicians in American history. These estimates have
2 Real estate business
uctuated from year to year, and also depending upon
who is doing the estimations; Bloomberg News pegged Main article: Business career of Donald Trump Real
his wealth at $3 billion in 2016,[86] whereas Forbes said estate
$4.5 billion that same year (324th in the world, 113th Trump started his career at his fathers real estate de-
in the U.S.).[87] The discrepancies among these estimates velopment company, Elizabeth Trump and Son, which
and with Trumps own estimates stem from the uncer- focused on middle-class rental housing in the New York
tain value of appraised property and of his personal City boroughs outside Manhattan, but also had business
brand.[86][88] elsewhere.[105] For example, during his undergraduate
study, Trump joined his father Fred in successfully re-
vitalizing the foreclosed Swifton Village apartment com-
1.7 Tax returns plex in Cincinnati, Ohio, thereby boosting the occupancy
rate from 66% to 100%.[106][107]
Further information: Donald Trump presidential cam- Trump was promoted to president of the company in
paign, 2016 Refusal to release tax returns 1971 (while his father became chairman of the board),
and renamed it The Trump Organization.[7][108] In 1973,
As required of all presidential candidates by FEC regu- he and his father drew wider attention when the Justice
lations, Trump published a 92-page nancial disclosure Department contended that the organization systemati-
form that listed all his assets, liabilities, income sources cally discriminated against African Americans wishing to
and hundreds of business positions,[74] but he declined to rent apartments, rather than merely screening out people
release his tax returns,[89] contrary to usual practice by ev- based on low income, as the Trumps stated. Under an
ery presidential candidate since Gerald Ford in 1976.[90] agreement reached in 1975, the Trumps made no admis-
Trumps refusal led to speculation that he was hiding sion of wrongdoing, and made the Urban League an in-
something,[91] although there is no law that requires pres- termediary for qualied minority applicants.[109][110] His
2.1 Manhattan developments 5

Central Park's Wollman Rink, which was renovated by Trump

ant interior public space to be completed in New York in

some years.[119][120] Trump Tower was the setting of the
NBC television show The Apprentice, and includes a fully
functional television studio set.[121]
Repairs on the Wollman Rink (originally opened in 1949
in Central Park) were started in 1980 by a general con-
The distinctive faade of Trump Tower in Midtown Manhattan
tractor unconnected to Trump. Despite an expected 2
1
2 -year construction schedule, the repairs were not com-
adviser and attorney during (and after) that period was pleted by 1986. Trump took over the project, completed
Roy Cohn, who responded to attacks by counterattack- it in three months for $775,000 less than the initial bud-
ing with maximum force, and who valued both positive get of $1.95 million, and operated the rink for one year
and negative publicity, which were attitudes that Trump with all prots going to charity in exchange for the rinks
appreciated.[111] concession rights.[122]
In 1988 Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan for
a record-setting $407 million, and asked his wife Ivana
2.1 Manhattan developments to manage its operation.[123] Trump invested $50 mil-
lion to restore the building, which he called the Mona
In 1978, Trump consummated his rst major real estate Lisa.[124] According to hotel expert Thomas McConnell,
deal in Manhattan, purchasing a half-share in the decrepit the Trumps boosted it from a three-star to a four-star
Commodore Hotel, largely funded by a $70 million con- ranking, and sold it in 1995, by which time Ivana was
struction loan jointly guaranteed by Fred Trump and the no longer involved.[125]
Hyatt hotel chain. Designed by architect Der Scutt, the
In 1994, Trump became involved with a building on
project was able to proceed by leveraging competing in-
terests and by taking advantage of tax breaks.[112] After Columbus Circle which was swaying in the wind. He be-
gan a reconstruction project that stopped the swaying and
remodeling, the hotel reopened as the Grand Hyatt Hotel,
located next to Grand Central Terminal.[113][114] gave the building a full makeover.[126][127] Trump there-
after owned commercial space in that 44-story mixed-use
Also in 1978, Trump nished negotiations to de- tower (hotel and condominium), which he named Trump
velop Trump Tower, a 58-story, 202-meter (663-foot) International Hotel and Tower.[128]
skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, which The New York
Times attributed to his persistence and skills as a In 1996, Trump acquired a vacant seventy-story
negotiator.[115] To make way for the new building, a skyscraper on Wall Street which had briey been the
crew of undocumented Polish workers demolished an old tallest building in the world when it was completed in
Bonwit Teller store including art deco features that had 1930. After an extensive renovation, the high-rise [129]
was
initially been marked for preservation. [116]
The building renamed the Trump Building at 40 Wall Street.
was completed in 1983, and houses both the primary In 1997, he began construction on Trump Place, a multi-
penthouse condominium residence of Trump and the building development along the Hudson River, and en-
headquarters of The Trump Organization.[117][118] Archi- countered delays the following year because a subcon-
tectural critic Paul Goldberger said in 1983 that he was tracter had to replace defective concrete.[130][131] Ulti-
surprised to nd the towers atrium was the most pleas- mately, he and the other investors in that project sold
6 2 REAL ESTATE BUSINESS

The Trumps
with Chinese President Xi Jinping and wife at Mar-a-
Lago in 2017

Lower portion of 40 Wall Street Trump acquired the historic Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm
Beach, Florida in 1985 for $5 million, plus $3 million
for the homes furnishings. It was built in the 1920s by
heiress and socialite Marjorie Merriweather Post, who
envisioned the house as a future winter retreat for Amer-
their interest in 2005 for $1.8 billion, in what was then ican presidents.
the biggest residential sale in the history of New York
City.[132] Trumps initial oer of $28 million had been rejected,
and he was able to get the property at the much lower price
From 1994 to 2002, Trump owned a 50% share of by purchasing separate beachfront property and threaten-
the Empire State Building. He would have renamed ing to build a house on it that would block Mar-a-Lagos
it to Trump Empire State Building Tower Apart- ocean view. In addition to using the estate as a home,
ments if he had been able to boost his share.<ref Trump also turned it into a private club open to every-
name=""Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and one who could aord the initiation fee of $100,000 plus
Asian Investors">Elstein, Aaron. ""Trump Is Selling annual dues.[137]
Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors, Crains New
York Business (April 17, 2016).</ref>[133] In 1986, he acquired a foreclosed, 33-story, twin-tower
condominium complex in nearby West Palm Beach for
In 2001, across from the headquarters of the United Na- $40 million, with automobile manufacturing executive
tions, he completed Trump World Tower, which for a Lee Iacocca investing in three of the condos.[138] Despite
while was the tallest all-residential tower in the world.[134] sprucing up its public areas, and years of heavy promo-
Trump acquired the former Hotel Delmonico in Manhat- tion, selling the units proved dicult, and the deal turned
tan in 2002, which re-opened with 35 stories of luxury out to be unprotable.[139]
condominiums in 2004 as the Trump Park Avenue.[135]
Meanwhile, he continued to own millions of square feet
of other prime Manhattan real estate.[136]
2.3 Atlantic City casinos

New Jersey legalized gambling in 1977, and the following

year Trump was in Atlantic City, New Jersey to explore
how he might get involved. Seven years later, Harrahs
2.2 Palm Beach estate at Trump Plaza hotel and casino opened there, built by
Trump with nancing from Holiday Corporation which
also was managing that business.[140] Renamed Trump
Main article: Mar-a-Lago Plaza soon after opening, it was then the tallest build-
ing in Atlantic City.[141] The casinos poor results exacer-
bated disagreements between Trump and Holiday Corp.,
which led to Trump paying $70 million in May 1986 to
buy out their interest in the property.[142][143] Trump also
acquired a partially completed building in Atlantic City
from the Hilton Corporation for $320 million; when com-
pleted in 1985, that hotel and casino became Trump Cas-
tle, and Trumps wife, Ivana, managed that property until
Trump transferred her in 1988 to run the Trump Plaza
Mar-a- Hotel in New York.[144][145]
Lago in 2009 Also in 1988, Trump acquired his third casino in At-
2.4 Legal aairs and bankruptcies
Entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City
lantic City, the Taj Mahal then halfway through construc-
tion, by making a complex transaction with the television
host and entertainer Merv Grin as well as the resort
and casino company Resorts International.[146] In Octo-
ber 1989, three of his top Atlantic City executives died
in a helicopter accident, which both stymied and delayed
the planned opening of the Taj Mahal.[147] The Taj -
nally opened in April 1990, and was built at a total cost
of $1.1 billion, which at the time made it the most ex-
pensive casino ever.[148][149] Financed with $675 million
in junk bonds,[150] it was a major gamble by Trump.[151]
The project underwent debt restructuring the following
year,[152] leaving Trump with 50% ownership.[153] He
also sold his 282-foot (86 m) megayacht, the Trump
Princess, which had been indenitely docked in At-
lantic City while leased to his casinos for use by wealthy
gamblers.[154][155]
Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR)
in 1995, which assumed ownership of Trump Plaza,
Trump Castle, and the Trump Casino in Gary, Indi-
ana.[156] THCR purchased Taj Mahal in 1996, and under-
went bankruptcy restructuring in 2004 and 2009, leaving
Trump with 10% ownership in the Trump Taj Mahal and
other Trump casino properties.[157] He served as chair-
man of the publicly-traded THCR organization, which
was renamed Trump Entertainment Resorts, from mid-
1995 until early 2009, and served as CEO from mid-2000
to mid-2005.[158] 2.5
During the 1990s, Trumps casino ventures faced com-
petition from Native American gaming at the Foxwoods
casino located on an Indian reservation in Connecti-
cut (where it was exempt from the states anti-gambling
laws). Trump stated in 1993 that the casino own-
ers did not look like real Indians to him or to other
Indians.[159][160] Subsequent to that well-publicized re-
mark about the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe, Trump be-
came a key investor backing the Paucatuck Eastern Pe-
quots who were also seeking state recognition.[161]
7
2.4 Legal aairs and bankruptcies
Main article: Legal aairs of Donald Trump
As of 2016, Trump and his businesses had been involved
in more than 3,500 state and federal legal actions. He
or one of his companies was the plainti in 1,900 cases
and the defendant in 1,450. With Trump or his company
as plainti, more than half the cases have been against
gamblers at his casinos who had failed to pay o their
debts. With Trump or his company as a defendant, the
most common type of case involved personal injury cases
at his hotels. In cases where there was a clear resolution,
Trumps side won 451 times and lost 38.[162][163]
Trump has never led for personal bankruptcy, but his
hotel and casino businesses have been declared bankrupt
six times between 1991 and 2009 in order to re-negotiate
debt with banks and owners of stock and bonds.[164][165]
Because the businesses used Chapter 11 bankruptcy, they
were allowed to operate while negotiations proceeded.
Trump was quoted by Newsweek in 2011 saying, I do
play with the bankruptcy laws they're very good for me
as a tool for trimming debt.[166][167]
The six bankruptcies were the result of over-leveraged
hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New
York: Trump Taj Mahal (1991), Trump Plaza Ho-
tel and Casino (1992), Plaza Hotel (1992), Trump
Castle Hotel and Casino (1992), Trump Hotels and
Casino Resorts (2004), and Trump Entertainment Re-
sorts (2009).[168][169] Trump said, I've used the laws of
this country to pare debt ... We'll have the company.
We'll throw it into a chapter. We'll negotiate with the
banks. We'll make a fantastic deal. You know, its like on
The Apprentice. Its not personal. Its just business.[152]
A 2016 analysis of Trumps business career by The
Economist concluded that his " performance [from
1985 to 2016] has been mediocre compared with the
stock market and property in New York, noting both his
successes and bankruptcies.[170] A subsequent analysis by
The Washington Post concluded that Trump is a mix of
braggadocio, business failures, and real success, calling
his casino bankruptcies the most infamous op of his
business career.[171]
Golf courses
The Trump Organization operates many golf courses and
resorts in the United States and around the world. Ac-
cording to Golfweek, Trump owns or manages about 18
golf courses.[172] His personal nancial disclosure with
the Federal Elections Commission stated that his golf
and resort revenue for the year 2015 was roughly $382
million,[74][84] while his three European golf courses did
not show a prot.[86]
In 2006, Trump bought 1,400 acres (570 ha) includ-
8 2 REAL ESTATE BUSINESS

with Russian billionaire Aras Agalarov, and his Russia

ties came under intense investigative reporting during and
after the 2016 presidential campaign.[186][188]

2.7 Other real estate activities

Turnberry Hotel and golf course, Ayrshire, Scotland

ing the Menie Estate in Balmedie, Aberdeenshire, Scot-

land and created a golf resort there.[173] Scottish sup-
porters emphasized potential economic benets, and op-
ponents emphasized potential environmental harm to a
Site of Special Scientic Interest (SSSI).[174][175][176] A
spokesperson for the golf course has said 95% of the
SSSI is untouched.[177] A 2011 independent documen-
tary, You've Been Trumped, chronicled the golf resorts
construction and struggles.[178] In 2015, an oshore wind-
farm being built within sight of the golf course prompted
a legal challenge by Trump, which was dismissed by the
U.K. Supreme Court.[179] In the wake of the 2008 re-
cession, Trump greatly scaled back development of this
property, and as of December 2016 Scottish ocials
were pushing for completion of the far larger develop- Trump Interna-
ment as originally approved.[180] tional Hotel and Tower in Chicago
In April 2014, Trump purchased the Turnberry ho-
tel and golf resort in Ayrshire, Scotland, which hosted
the Open Championship four times between 1977 and
2009.[181][182] After extensive renovations and a remod-
eling of the course by golf architect Martin Ebert, Turn-
berry was re-opened in June 2016.[183]

2.6 Russian projects and investors

Main article: Business projects of Donald Trump in

Russia

Trump pursued business deals in Russia starting in 1987,

and in 1996 led trademark applications for potential
Russian real estate development deals, but none of those
deals ever materialized.[184][185] Along with his part-
ners and children, Trump visited Moscow several times, Trump Interna-
connecting with developers and government ocials to tional Hotel and Tower in Vancouver
explore joint venture opportunities that never panned
out.[186][187][188][189] In the late 2000s and early 2010s, The Trump Orga-
Outside Russia, several of Trumps real estate develop- nization expanded its footprint in the United States be-
ments received a large part of their nancing from pri- yond New York and into a few other countries, with
vate Russian investors. In 2008 his son Donald Trump Jr. the co-development and management of hotel towers in
said Russians make up a pretty disproportionate cross- Chicago, Las Vegas, Washington D.C., Panama City,
section of a lot of our assets and we see a lot of money Toronto, and Vancouver. There are also Trump-branded
pouring in from Russia.[190][184][191] Trump hosted the buildings in Dubai, Honolulu, Istanbul, Manila, Mumbai
2013 Miss Universe pageant in Moscow, in partnership and in Indonesia.[192]
3.2 Beauty pageants and model management 9

2.8 Resignation sey Generalsan American Football team that played

in the United States Football Leaguefrom oil mag-
When Trump was elected president in November 2016, nate J. Walter Duncan. The USFL played its rst three
questions arose over how he would avoid conicts of in- seasons during the spring and summer, but Trump con-
terest between his work in the White House and his busi- vinced the majority of the owners of other USFL teams
ness activities. At a press conference on January 10, to move the USFLs 1986 schedule to the fall. He ar-
2017, Trump said that he and his daughter Ivanka would gued that the new schedule would coincide with the
resign all roles with The Trump Organization, while his National Football League and would eventually force a
two oldest sons Don Jr. and Eric would run the busi- merger with the NFL, thereby signicantly increasing
ness, together with Chief Financial Ocer Allen Weis- their investment.[198]
selberg.[193] After the 1985 season, the Generals merged with the
Trump retained his nancial stake in the business.[194] His Houston Gamblers, but the organization experienced
attorney Sherri Dillon said that before the January 20 in- continuous nancial diculties. The USFL was down
auguration, Trump would put those business assets into to just seven active franchises from a high of eighteen
a trust, which would hire an ethics advisor and a com- and was soon forced to fold, despite winning an antitrust
pliance counsel. She added that the Trump Organiza- lawsuit against the NFL.[199]
tion would not pursue any new foreign business deals, Trump remained involved with other sports after the
while continuing to pursue domestic opportunities.[195] Generals folded, operating golf courses in several
As of April 2017, Trump companies owned more than countries.[199] He also hosted several boxing matches in
400 condo units and home lots in the United States, val- Atlantic City at the Trump Plaza, including Mike Tysons
ued at $250 million in total ($200,000 to $35 million 1988 ght against Michael Spinks, and at one time, acted
each).[196] as a nancial advisor to Tyson.[199][200][201]
In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the Tour de
Trump cycling stage race, which was an attempt to cre-
3 Side ventures ate an American equivalent of European races such as
the Tour de France or the Giro d'Italia. The inaugural
Main article: Business career of Donald Trump race was controversial, and Trump withdrew his sponsor-
ship after the second Tour de Trump in 1990, because
After Trump took charge of the family real estate rm his other business ventures were experiencing nancial
in 1971 and renamed it The Trump Organization, he woes. The race continued for several more years as the
[202][203]
not only greatly expanded its real estate operations, but Tour DuPont.
also ventured into numerous other business activities. Trump submitted a stalking-horse bid on the Bualo Bills
The company eventually became the umbrella organiza- when it came up for sale following Ralph Wilson's death
tion for several hundred individual business ventures and in 2014; he was ultimately outbid, as he expected, and
partnerships.[197] Kim and Terrence Pegula won the auction.[204] During
his 2016 presidential run, he was critical of the NFLs
updated concussion rules, complaining on the campaign
3.1 Sports events trail that the game has been made soft and weak, say-
ing a concussion is just a ding on the head. He accused
Main article: Business career of Donald Trump Profes- referees of throwing penalty ags needlessly just to be
sional sports seen on television so their wives see them at home.[205]
In September 1983, Trump purchased the New Jer-

3.2 Beauty pageants and model manage-

ment

From 1996 until 2015, Trump owned part or all of

Trump at a New York Mets home game in 2009
the Miss Universe pageants, which were founded in
1952.[206][207] The Miss Universe Pageants include Miss
USA and Miss Teen USA, and his management of
this business involved his family-members; for example,
daughter Ivanka once hosted Miss Teen USA. Trump
hired the rst female president of the Miss Universe busi-
ness in 1997.[208] He became dissatised with how CBS
scheduled the pageants, and took both Miss Universe and
Miss USA to NBC in 2002.[209][210]
10 3 SIDE VENTURES

In 2015, NBC and Univision both ended their business admit to any wrongdoing but agreed to pay a total of
relationships with the Miss Universe Organization $25 million.[234][235] The litigants agreed to the settlement
after Trumps controversial 2015 presidential campaign just an hour before a hearing regarding Trumps latest re-
remarks about Mexican illegal immigrants.[211][212] quest to delay the trial until after the inauguration. Jason
Trump subsequently led a $500 million lawsuit Forge, the attorney for the plaintis, said he denitely
against Univision, alleging a breach of contract and detected a change of tone and change of approach from
defamation.[213][214] The lawsuit was settled in February the Trump representatives after the election.[236] The set-
2016, but terms of the settlement were not disclosed.[215] tlement was called into question on March 6, 2017, when
On September 11, 2015, Trump announced that he Sherri Simpson, a Florida bankruptcy lawyer and former
had become the sole owner of the Miss Universe Or- Trump University student, led an objection.[237]
ganization by purchasing NBCs stake.[216][217] He sold
his own interests in the pageant shortly afterwards to
WME/IMG.[206] 3.4 Branding and licensing
In 1999, a few years after buying into Miss Uni- Main article: List of things named after Donald Trump
verse, Trump founded a modeling company, Trump
Model Management, which operates in the SoHo neigh-
borhood of Lower Manhattan.[218] Together with an- Trump has marketed his name on a large number of
other Trump company, Trump Management Group LLC, building projects that are owned and operated by other
Trump Model Management has brought hundreds of for- people and companies, as well as licensing his name for
eign fashion models into the United States to work in various commercial products and services. In doing so,
the fashion industry since 2000.[219] This business and he achieved mixed success for himself, his partners, and
the beauty pageants overlapped somewhat, with various investors in the projects.[238] In 2011, Forbes' nancial
pageant contestants getting modelling contracts.[220] experts estimated the value of the Trump brand at $200
million. Trump disputed this valuation, saying his brand
was worth about $3 billion.[239]
3.3 Trump University Because developers pay Trump to market their proper-
ties and to be the public face for their projects, some
Main article: Trump University buildings that display his name are not owned or oper-
ated by him.[240] According to Forbes, this portion of
Trump University LLC was an American for-prot ed- Trumps empire, run by his children, is by far his most
ucation company that ran a real estate training program valuable, having a $562 million valuation, with 33 licens-
from 2005 until at least 2010.[221] After multiple lawsuits, ing projects under development including seven Trump
the business is now defunct. It was founded by Trump and International Hotel and Tower condo hotels.
his associates, Michael Sexton and Jonathan Spitalny, and Properties to which Trump has licensed his name
oered courses, charging between $1,500 and $35,000 and image include two in Florida that have gone into
per course.[222][223] In 2005 the operation was notied by foreclosure.[241] The Turkish owner of Trump Towers
New York State authorities that its use of the word uni- Istanbul, who pays Trump for the use of his name,
versity violated state law, and after a second such noti- was reported in December 2015 to be exploring legal
cation in 2010, the name of the company was changed means to dissociate the property after the candidates call
to the Trump Entrepreneurial Institute.[224] Trump was to temporarily ban Muslims from entering the United
also found personally liable for failing to obtain a business States.[242]
license for the operation.[225]
In 2013, the State of New York led a $40 million civil
suit alleging that Trump University made false statements 3.5 Foundation
and defrauded consumers.[224][226] In addition, two class-
action civil lawsuits were led in federal court relating to Main article: Donald J. Trump Foundation
Trump University; they named Trump personally as well
as his companies.[227] During the presidential campaign, The Donald J. Trump Foundation is a U.S.-based private
Trump repeatedly criticized Judge Gonzalo P. Curiel who foundation[243] established in 1988 for the initial purpose
oversaw those two cases, alleging bias because of his of giving away proceeds from the book Trump: The Art of
Mexican heritage.[228][229][230] Trump later said that histhe Deal by Trump and Tony Schwartz.[244][245] The foun-
concerns about Curiels impartiality were not based upon dations funds have mostly come from donors other than
ethnicity alone, but also upon rulings in the case.[231][232]
Trump,[246] who has not given personally to the charity
[246]
The Low v. Trump case was set for trial on Novem- since 2008.
ber 28, 2016 in San Diego.[233] Shortly after Trump won The foundations tax returns show that it has given to
the presidency, the parties agreed to a settlement of all health care and sports-related charities, as well as conser-
three pending cases. In the settlement, Trump did not vative groups.[247] In 2009, for example, the foundation
3.6 Media 11

gave $926,750 to about 40 groups, with the biggest dona-

tions going to the Arnold Palmer Medical Center Foun-
dation ($100,000), the New YorkPresbyterian Hospital
($125,000), the Police Athletic League ($156,000), and
the Clinton Foundation ($100,000).[248][249] From 2004
to 2014, the top donors to the foundation were Vince and
Linda McMahon of WWE, who donated $5 million to
the foundation after Trump appeared at WrestleMania in
2007.[246] Linda McMahon later became Administrator
of the Small Business Administration.[250]
In 2016, investigations by The Washington Post uncov-
ered several potential legal and ethical violations con-
ducted by the charity, including alleged self-dealing and
possible tax evasion.[251] After beginning an investigation
into the foundation, the New York State Attorney Gen-
eral's oce notied the Trump Foundation that it was
allegedly in violation of New York laws regarding char-
ities, and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraising
activities in New York.[252][253][254] A Trump spokesman
called the investigation a partisan hit job.[252] In re-
sponse to mounting complaints, Trumps team announced
in late December 2016 that the Trump Foundation would
be dissolved to remove even the appearance of any con-
ict with [his] role as President.[255]
Trump posing with former NBA basketball player Dennis Rod-
man during Rodmans 2009 participation on Celebrity Appren-
3.6 Media tice

Further information: Donald Trump in popular culture,

Filmography of Donald Trump, and Donald Trump in lowing the shows initial success, he was paid $1 million
music per episode.[265] In a July 2015 press release, Trumps
campaign manager said that NBCUniversal had paid him
$213,606,575 for his 14 seasons hosting the show,[75] al-
Trump has twice been nominated for an Emmy Award
though the network did not verify the statement.[266] In
and has made cameo appearances in 12 lms and 14
2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of
television series.[256] He has also played an oil tycoon
Fame for his contribution to television on The Appren-
in The Little Rascals,[257] and had a singing role at the
tice.[238][267]
58th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2006.[258] Trump is
a member of the Screen Actors Guild and receives an Along with British TV producer Mark Burnett, Trump
annual pension of more than $110,000.[259][260] He has was hired as host of The Celebrity Apprentice, in which
been the subject of comedians, ash cartoon artists, and celebrities compete to win money for their charities.
online caricature artists. Starting in the 1990s, he was a While Trump and Burnett co-produced the show, Trump
guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated Howard stayed in the forefront, deciding winners and ring
Stern Show on talk radio.[261] Trump also had his own losers. International versions of The Apprentice franchise
daily talk radio program called Trumped!, from 2004 to were co-produced by Burnett and Trump.
2008.[262][263][264] On February 16, 2015, NBC announced that they would
be renewing The Apprentice for a 15th season.[268] On
3.6.1 The Apprentice February 27, Trump stated that he was not ready to
sign on for another season because of the possibility of
Main articles: The Apprentice (U.S. TV series) and The a presidential run.[269] Despite this, on March 18, NBC
Apprentice (TV series) announced they were going ahead with production.[270]
In 2003, Trump became the executive producer and host On June 29, after widespread negative reaction stemming
of the NBC reality show The Apprentice, in which a group from Trumps campaign announcement speech, NBC re-
of competitors battled for a high-level management job leased a statement saying, Due to the recent deroga-
in one of Trumps commercial enterprises. Contestants tory statements by Donald Trump regarding immigrants,
were successively "red" and eliminated from the game. NBCUniversal is ending its business relationship with
For the rst year of the show, Trump earned $50,000 per Mr. Trump.[271]
episode (roughly $700,000 for the rst season), but fol- After Trumps election campaign and presidential win
12 4 POLITICAL CAREER

led to his departure from the program, actor and former

California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger replaced
Trump as host for the fteenth season.[272] Trump is still
credited as an executive producer for the show.[273]

3.6.2 Professional wrestling appearances

Trump is a World Wrestling Entertainment fan and a

friend of WWE chairman Vince McMahon. In 198889
Trump hosted WrestleMania IV and V at Boardwalk Hall
(dubbed Trump Plaza for storyline purposes) and has
been an active participant in several of the shows.[274] He
also appeared in WrestleMania VII, and was interviewed
ringside at WrestleMania XX.[275]
Trump appeared at WrestleMania 23 in a match called
The Battle of the Billionaires.[274] He was in Bobby
Lashley's corner, while Vince McMahon was in the cor-
ner of Lashleys opponent Umaga, with Stone Cold Steve
Austin as the special guest referee.[274] The terms of the
match were that either Trump or McMahon would have
their head shaved if their competitor lost.[274] Lashley
won the match, and so McMahon was shaved bald.[274]
On June 15, 2009, McMahon announced as part of a sto-
ryline on Monday Night Raw that he had sold the show
to Trump.[274] Appearing on screen, Trump declared that Trumps December 1987 advertisement in The Boston Globe,
he would be at the following commercial-free episode in criticizing U.S. defense policy
person and would give a full refund to the people who
purchased tickets to the arena for that nights show.[274]
McMahon bought back Raw the following week for David Letterman, and spoke about the automotive indus-
twice the price.[274] try crisis of 200810. He said that instead of asking for
money, General Motors should go into bankruptcy and
In 2013, Trump was inducted into the celebrity wing
work that stu out in a deal.[283]
of the WWE Hall of Fame at Madison Square Gar-
den for his contributions to the promotion. He made Trump publicly speculated about seeking the 2012 Re-
his sixth WrestleMania appearance the following night at publican presidential nomination, and a Wall Street Jour-
WrestleMania 29.[276] nal / NBC News poll released in March 2011 found
Trump leading among potential contenders; he was one
point ahead of former Massachusetts Governor Mitt
Romney.[284] A Newsweek poll conducted in February
4 Political career 2011 showed Trump within a few points of incumbent
president Barack Obama, with many voters undecided
4.1 Early involvement in politics in the November 2012 general election for president of
the United States.[285] A poll released in April 2011 by
Trump rst vaguely expressed interest in running for of- Public Policy Polling showed Trump having a nine-point
ce in 1987, when he spent almost $100,000 to place lead in a potential contest for the Republican nomina-
full-page advertisements in several newspapers. In his tion for president while he was still actively considering
view at that time, America should stop paying to defend a run.[286][287] His moves were interpreted by some me-
countries that can aord to defend themselves,[277] and dia as possible promotional tools for his reality show The
should present Western Europe and Japan with a bill for Apprentice.[288][289][290]
Americas eorts to safeguard the passage of oil tankers Trump played a leading role in birther conspiracy the-
in the Persian Gulf.[278] As of December 1988, Trump ories that had been circulating since President Obamas
was the tenth most admired person in America according 2008 presidential campaign.[291][292] Beginning in March
to a Gallup poll.[279][280] 2011, Trump publicly questioned Obamas citizenship
Trump considered running for president in 1988, 2000, and eligibility to serve as President.[293][294][295] Al-
2004, and 2012, and for Governor of New York in 2006 though the Obama campaign had released a copy of
and 2014, but did not enter any of those races.[281][282] In the short-form birth certicate in 2008,[296] Trump de-
February 2009, Trump appeared on the Late Show with manded to see the original long-form certicate.[293]
4.2 Political aliations 13

He mentioned having sent investigators to Hawaii to
research the question, but he did not follow up with
any ndings.[293] He also repeated a debunked allega-
tion that Obamas grandmother said she had witnessed
his birth in Kenya.[297][298] When the White House later
released Obamas long-form birth certicate,[299] Trump
took credit for obtaining the document, saying I hope it
checks out.[300] His ocial biography mentions his pur-
ported role in forcing Obamas hand,[301] and he has de-
fended his pursuit of the issue when prompted, later say-
ing that his promotion of the conspiracy made him very
popular.[302] In 2011, Trump had called for Obama to re-
lease his student records, questioning whether his grades
warranted entry into an Ivy League school.[303] When
asked in 2015 whether he believed Obama was born in the
United States, Trump said he did not want to discuss the
matter further.[304][305] In September 2016, Trump pub-
licly acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S., and
said that the rumors had been started by Hillary Clinton
during her 2008 presidential campaign.[294][306][307]
In 2013, Trump was a featured speaker at the Con-
servative Political Action Conference (CPAC).[312] Dur-
ing the lightly attended early-morning speech, Trump
spoke out against illegal immigration, then-President
Obamas unprecedented media protection, and ad-
vised against harming Medicare, Medicaid and Social
Security.[313][314]
Additionally, Trump spent over $1 million in 2013 to
research a possible run for president of the United
States.[315] In October 2013, New York Republicans cir-
culated a memo suggesting Trump should run for gov-
ernor of the state in 2014 against Andrew Cuomo. In
response to the memo, Trump said that while New York
had problems and that its taxes were too high, running for
governor was not of great interest to him.[316] In January
2014, Trump made statements denying climate change
that were discordant with the opinion of the scientic
community.[317] A February 2014 Quinnipiac poll had
shown Trump losing to the more popular Cuomo by 37
points in a hypothetical election.[318] In February 2015,
Trump told NBC that he was not prepared to sign on for
another season of The Apprentice, as he mulled his polit-
ical future.[319]

4.2 Political aliations

Trump speaking at the Conservative Political Action Conference

in 2011

Trump made his rst speaking appearance at the

Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in
February 2011. His appearance at CPAC was organized
by GOProud, an LGBT conservative organization, in
Trump meets with President Ronald Reagan at a 1987 White
conjunction with GOProud supporter Roger Stone, who House reception, 30 years before taking oce
was close with Trump. GOProud pushed for a write-
in campaign for Trump at CPACs presidential straw
poll. The 2011 CPAC speech Trump gave is cred- Trumps political party aliation has changed numerous
ited for helping kick-start his political career within the times over the years. Trump was a Democrat prior to
Republican Party.[308][309] Christopher R. Barron, co- 1987.[320] In 1987, Trump registered as a Republican in
founder of GOProud, would later endorse Trumps 2016 Manhattan.[321]
presidential campaign, and launch LGBT for Trump, a In 1999, Trump switched to the Reform Party and ran
political campaign with the goal of encouraging lesbian, a presidential exploratory campaign for its nomination.
gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people to support After his run, Trump left the party in 2001, ostensibly
Trump.[310] due to the involvement of David Duke, Pat Buchanan,
[322]
In the 2012 Republican primaries, Trump generally had and Lenora Fulani.
polled at or below 17 percent among the crowded eld From 2001 to 2008, Trump identied as a Democrat, but
of possible candidates.[311] On May 16, 2011, Trump an- in 2008, he endorsed Republican John McCain for Presi-
nounced he would not run for president in the 2012 elec- dent. In 2009, he ocially changed his party registration
tion, while also saying he would have become the Presi- to Republican.[323] In December 2011, Trump became an
dent of the United States, had he ran.[288] independent for ve months before returning to the Re-
14 4 POLITICAL CAREER

publican Party, where he later pledged to stay.[324][325] hattan. In the speech, Trump drew attention to domestic
Trump has made contributions to campaigns of both Re- issues such as illegal immigration, oshoring of Ameri-
publican Party and Democratic Party candidates, with can jobs, the U.S. national debt, and Islamic terrorism,
the top ten recipients of his political contributions be- which all remained large priorities during the campaign.
ing six Democrats and four Republicans.[326] After 2011, He also announced his campaign slogan, "Make America
his campaign contributions were more favorable to Re- Great Again".[339]
publicans than to Democrats.[327] In February 2012, In his campaign, Trump said that he disdained political
Trump openly endorsed Republican Mitt Romney for correctness; he also stated that the media had inten-
President.[328] When asked in 2015 which recent pres- tionally misinterpreted his words, and he made other
ident he prefers, Trump picked Democrat Bill Clinton claims of adverse media bias.[340][341][342] In part due to
over the Republican Bushes.[329][330] his fame, Trump received an unprecedented amount of
According to a New York state report, Trump circum- unpaid coverage from the media during his run for the
vented corporate and personal campaign donation lim- presidency;[343] this elevated his standing in the Republican
its in the 1980salthough no laws were brokenby do- primaries.
nating money to candidates from 18 dierent business Republican leaders such as House Speaker Paul Ryan
subsidiaries, rather than donating primarily in his own were hesitant to support him during his early quest for
name.[331][332] Trump told investigators he did so on the the presidency. They doubted his chances of winning the
advice of his lawyers. He also said the contributions were general election and feared that he could harm the image
not to gain favor with business-friendly candidates, but of the Republican Party.[344][345]
simply to satisfy requests from friends.[331][333] The alt-right movement coalesced around Trumps
candidacy,[346] due in part to its opposition to multicul-
turalism and immigration.[347][348] The connection of this
4.3 2000 presidential campaign
group to the Trump campaign is controversial; writers
such as Jon Ronson have suggested that the link between
Main article: Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000
Trump and right-wing gures such as Alex Jones and
Roger Stone is a marriage of convenience.[349]
In 1999, Trump led an exploratory committee to seek
During the campaign, Trump was accused of pandering
the presidential nomination of the Reform Party in
to white nationalists,[350] especially in his initial refusal to
2000.[322][334] A July 1999 poll matching him against
condemn the support of David Duke, a former Imperial
likely Republican nominee George W. Bush and likely
Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, in a CNN interview with
Democratic nominee Al Gore showed Trump with seven
Jake Tapper. He had previously criticized Duke in 1991,
percent support.[335] Trump eventually dropped out of the
disavowed the 2000 Reform Party due to the support
race due to party inghting, but still won the partys Cali-
of Duke and others, and condemned Duke on the cam-
fornia and Michigan primaries after doing so.[336][337][338]
paign trail both before and after the interview.[351] In Au-
gust, he appointed Steve Bannonthe executive chair-
4.4 2016 presidential campaign man of Breitbart Newsas his campaign CEO; the web-
site was described by Bannon as the platform for the
[352]
Main article: Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016 alt-right. However, Bannon later told the Wall Street
On June 16, 2015, Trump announced his candidacy for Journal that he was an economic nationalist but not a
supporter of ethno-nationalism.[353]
Some rallies during the primary season were ac-
companied by protests or violence, including at-
tacks on protesters inside the rallies, and clashes be-
tween protesters and Trump supporters outside the
venues.[354][355][356]
Fact-checking organizations have denounced Trump for
making a record number of false statements compared to
other candidates.[357][358][359] At least four major publi-
cations Politico, The Washington Post, The New York
Times, and the Los Angeles Times have pointed out lies
or falsehoods in his campaign statements.[360] Trumps
penchant for hyperbole is believed to have roots in the
Trump campaigning in Laconia, New Hampshire, on July 16, New York real estate scene, where Trump established his
2015 wealth and where puery abounds. Trump has called his
public speaking truthful hyperbole, though online me-
President of the United States at Trump Tower in Man- dia outlets such as Yahoo! believed Trumps truthful hy-
4.4 2016 presidential campaign 15

perbole to be a political tactic.[361][362] Lucas Graves, 4.4.2 General election campaign

an assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin
Madison School of Journalism & Mass Communica- Main article: United States presidential election, 2016
tion,[363] opined, of Trumps speaking, that Trump of- After becoming the presumptive Republican nominee,
ten speaks in a suggestive way that makes it unclear what
exactly he meant, so that fact-checkers have to be re-
ally careful when you pick claims to check to pick things
... that reect what the speaker was clearly trying to
communicate.[364] Other sources, such as NPR, also said
that Trumps statements during the campaign were often
opaque or suggestive.[365]

4.4.1 Republican primaries

Main article: Republican Party presidential primaries,

2016 Trump with his running mate Mike Pence at the Republican Na-
Trump entered a eld of 16 candidates who were vying tional Convention on July 20, 2016

TrumpPence 2016 campaign logo

Trumps focus shifted to the general election, urging re-

maining primary voters to save [their] vote for the gen-
eral election.[372] Trump began targeting Hillary Clin-
Trump rally in the U.S. Bank Arena, Cincinnati, Ohio, on Octo- ton, who became the presumptive Democratic nominee
ber 13, 2016 on June 6, 2016, and continued to campaign across the
country. One month before the Republican National
Convention, Secret Service agents thwarted an assassi-
for the 2016 Republican nomination; this was the largest
presidential eld in American history.[366] Trump partic- nation attempt on Trump during one of his rallies in Las
Vegas; they seized a 20-year-old British man who was
ipated in eleven of the twelve Republican debates, skip-
ping only the seventh debate on January 28 (that was the illegally residing in the U.S.[373]
last debate before primary voting began on February 1). Clinton had established a signicant lead in national polls
The debates received historically high television ratings, over Trump throughout most of 2016. In early July, Clin-
which increased the visibility of Trumps campaign.[367] tons lead narrowed in national polling averages following
By early 2016, the race had mostly centered on Trump the FBI's re-opening of its investigation into her ongoing
[374][375][376]
and U.S. Senator Ted Cruz. [368]
On Super Tuesday, email controversy. In reference to the matter,
Trump won the plurality of the vote and remained the FBI Director James Comey opined Clinton had been ex-
front-runner throughout the remainder of the primaries. tremely careless in her handling of classied government
[377]
By March 2016, Trump became poised to win the Re- material.
publican nomination.[369] After a landslide win in Indiana On July 15, 2016, Trump announced his selection of
on May 3, 2016, which prompted the remaining candi- Indiana Governor Mike Pence as his running mate.[378]
dates Ted Cruz and John Kasich to suspend their pres- Trump and Pence were ocially nominated by the Re-
idential campaigns, RNC Chairman Reince Priebus de- publican Party on July 19, 2016, at the Republican
clared Trump the presumptive Republican nominee.[370] National Convention.[379] The list of convention speak-
With nearly 14 million votes, Trump broke the all-time ers and attendees included former presidential nomi-
record for winning the most primary votes in the history nee Bob Dole, but the other prior nominees did not at-
of the Republican Party. He also set the record for the tend, though John McCain endorsed Trump prior to the
largest number of votes against the front runner.[371] convention.[380][381]
16 4 POLITICAL CAREER

Two days later, Trump ocially accepted the nomination policy while increasing military spending, extreme vet-
in a 76-minute speech inspired by Richard Nixon's 1968 ting of immigrants from Muslim-majority countries to
acceptance speech.[382] The historically long speech was pre-empt domestic Islamic terrorism, and aggressive mil-
watched by nearly 35 million people and received mixed itary action against Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
reviews, with net negative viewer reactions according to (ISIL, also known as ISIS or IS).
CNN and Gallup polls.[383][384][385] Media have described Trumps political positions as
In late July, Trump came close to Clinton in national polls "populist",[393][394] and some of his views cross party
following a 3 to 4 percentage point convention bounce, lines. For example, his economic campaign plan calls
in line with the average bounce in conventions since for large reductions in income taxes and deregulation,[395]
2004, although it was toward the small side by historical consistent with Republican Party policies, along with sig-
standards.[386] Following Clintons 7 percent convention nicant infrastructure investment,[396] usually considered
bounce, she signicantly extended her lead over Trump a liberal (Democratic Party) policy.[397][398] According to
in national polls at the start of August.[387][388] political writer Jack Shafer, Trump may be a fairly con-
ventional American populist when it comes to his policy
views, but he attracts free media attention, sometimes by
4.4.3 Presidential debates making outrageous comments.[399][400]
Main article: United States presidential election debates, Trump has supported or leaned toward varying politi-
2016 cal positions over time.[401][402][403] Politico has described
his positions as eclectic, improvisational and often
contradictory,[403] while NBC News counted 141 dis-
On September 26, 2016, Donald Trump and Hillary Clin- tinct shifts on 23 major issues during his campaign.[404]
ton faced o in the rst presidential debate at Hofstra
University in Hempstead, New York. Lester Holt, an an-
chor with NBC News, was the moderator.[389] This was 4.4.5 Foreign interference in election
the most watched presidential debate in United States
history.[390] The second presidential debate was held at Main article: Russian interference in the 2016 United
Washington University in Saint Louis, Missouri. The States elections
beginning narrative of that debate was dominated by See also: Russian projects and investors
a leaked tape of Trump making lewd comments, and
counter-accusations by Trump of sexual misconduct by
Bill Clinton. Trump had invited four women who had ac- There has been intensive media scrutiny of Trumps rela-
[405][406]
cused Clinton of impropriety to a press conference prior tionship to Russia. During the campaign, Trump
to the debate. The nal presidential debate was held at the repeatedly praised Russian president Vladimir Putin as
[407]
University of Nevada, Las Vegas on October 19. Trumps a strong leader. Several of Trumps advisers, includ-
refusal to say whether he would accept the result of the ing former National Security Advisor Michael T. Flynn
election, regardless of the outcome, drew particular press and former campaign manager Paul Manafort, have been
[190][408]
attention.[391][392] connected to Russian or Ukrainian ocials. The
National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine released
information that helped to force Manaforts resignation
4.4.4 Political positions as campaign manager.[409] American intelligence sources
stated with high condence[410] that the Russian gov-
Main article: Political positions of Donald Trump ernment attempted to intervene in the 2016 presidential
election to favor the election of Trump by hacking into
[411]
Trumps campaign platform emphasized renegotiating computers of Trumps opponents, and that members
U.S.China relations and free trade agreements such as of Trumps campaign were in contact with Russian gov-
NAFTA and the Trans-Pacic Partnership, strongly en- ernment ocials both before and after the presidential
[412]
forcing immigration laws, and building a new wall along election.
the U.S.Mexico border. His other campaign positions
included pursuing energy independence while oppos-
4.4.6 Sexual misconduct allegations
ing climate change regulations such as the Clean Power
Plan and the Paris Agreement, modernizing and ex-
pediting services for veterans, repealing and replacing Main articles: Donald Trump and Billy Bush recording
the Aordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core ed- and Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations
ucation standards, investing in infrastructure, simplify-
ing the tax code while reducing taxes for all economic Two days before the second presidential debate, a 2005
classes, and imposing taris on imports by companies recording surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging
that oshore jobs. During the campaign, he also advo- about forcibly kissing and groping women.[413][414][415]
cated a largely non-interventionist approach to foreign The hot mic recording was captured on a studio bus in
4.4 2016 presidential campaign 17

which Trump and Billy Bush were preparing to lm an was in contrast with some of his previous rhetoric, with
episode of Access Hollywood. I just start kissing them, Trump promising to heal the division caused by the elec-
Trump said, I don't even wait. And when you're a star, tion, thanking Clinton for her service to the country, and
they let you do it, you can do anything ... grab them by the promising to be a president to all Americans.[432][433]
pussy.[416] During the recording, Trump also spoke of Trump received a smaller share of the popular vote than
his eorts to seduce a married woman, saying he moved Clinton, making him the fth person to be elected presi-
on her very heavily.[416] These statements were recorded dent after losing the popular vote. Records on this matter
several months after Trump married his third and current date from the year 1824.[434][nb 1] Clinton nished ahead
wife, Melania, who was pregnant at the time.[416][417]
by 2.86 million votes or 2.1 percentage points, 48.04%
Trumps language on the tape was described by the me- to 45.95%, with neither candidate reaching a majority
dia as vulgar, sexist, and descriptive of sexual as- nationwide.[437][438]
sault. The incident prompted him to make his rst pub- Trumps victory was considered a stunning political up-
lic apology during the campaign,[418][419] and caused out- set, as polls consistently showed Hillary Clinton lead-
rage across the political spectrum,[420][421] with many Re- ing nationwide (where she did win) and in most bat-
publicans withdrawing their endorsements of his candi- tleground states, while Trumps support had been un-
dacy and some urging him to quit the race.[422] A num- derestimated throughout his campaign.[439] The errors in
ber of Trump supporters worldwide also withdrew their some state polls were later partially attributed to pollsters
support following release of the tape, including many overestimating Clintons support among well-educated
Conservatives in Britain.[423] Subsequently, at least 15 and nonwhite voters, while underestimating Trumps sup-
women[424] came forward with new accusations of sex- port among white working-class voters.[440] Trump won
ual misconduct, including unwanted kissing and groping, the perennial swing states of Florida, Iowa and Ohio,
resulting in widespread media coverage.[425][426] and ipped Clintons "blue wall" states of Michigan,
Trump and his campaign have denied all of the Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, which had been Democratic
sexual misconduct accusations, which Trump has strongholds since the 1990s. Trumps victory marked
called false smears, and alleged a conspiracy against the return of a Republican White House combined with
him.[427][428][429] In his two public statements in response control of both chambers of Congress, as was the case
to the controversy, Trump responded by alleging that during parts of George W. Bush's presidency from 2003
Bill Clinton, former President of the United States and to 2007.
husband of Trumps Democratic rival Hillary Clinton, Trump became the rst president without prior govern-
had abused women and that Hillary had bullied her mental or military experience.[441][442][443] Of the 44 pre-
husbands victims.[430] vious presidents, 39 had held prior elective oce; two
had not held elective oce but had served in the Cabinet;
4.4.7 Election to the presidency and three had never held public oce but had been com-
manding generals.[443] He is the rst Republican since the
Main article: United States presidential election, 2016 1980s to win the states of Pennsylvania, Michigan, and
On Election Day, November 8, 2016, Trump received Wisconsin. He lost his home state of New York, be-
coming only the fourth candidate to win the presidency
3
without his home state. The others were James Polk
8 1 NH 4
VT 3 3 (Tennessee) in 1844, Woodrow Wilson (New Jersey) in
3 3 1
7
4
10
10 29 MA 11
1916, and Richard Nixon (New York) in 1968.[444]
3
3 16 RI 4
5 6 20 CT 7
6
6 20 11 18 NJ 14
9 5 13 DE 3
55 6 10 8 MD 10 4.4.8 Protests
DC 3
11 15
11 5 7 9
6 Clinton

8
6 9 16
36 1 1
3 29
3
1 Sanders
2016 electoral vote results
306 electoral votes to Clintons 232 votes. The counts
were later adjusted to 304 and 227 respectively, after
defections on both sides, formalizing Trumps election
to the presidency.[431] In the early hours of November 9,
Clinton called Trump to concede the election. Trump
then delivered his victory speech before hundreds of
supporters in the New York Hilton hotel. The speech
Trump
Powell
Main article: Protests against Donald Trump
Spotted Eagle
Paul
Kasich
Trumps victory sparked protests across the United
States. Trump opponents took to the streets to am-
plify their opposition to Trumps views and denounce
his inammatory statements. Some argued that Clin-
tons popular vote victory meant Trump was not the
democratically elected president and should be consid-
ered illegitimate.[445] Trump initially said on Twitter that
the protests consisted of professional protesters, incited
by the media, and were unfair, but he later stated
that he loves their passion for the country.[446][447] In
contrast, after Obamas re-election in 2012, Trump had
18 5 PRESIDENCY

tweeted We can't let this happen. We should march on

Washington and stop this travesty. Our nation is totally
divided!"[448]
On the Saturday following Trumps inauguration
there were massive demonstrations protesting Trump
in the United States and worldwide, with approxi-
mately 2,600,000 taking part in Womens Marches
worldwide.[449] The most notable of these marches was
the Womens March on Washington (in Washington,
D.C.), where over 500,000 people marched in oppo-
sition to Trump.[450] This was more than three times
the number of people who were at Trumps inaugural
speech, according to crowd scientists at the Manchester President Obama and President-elect Trump meet in the Oval Of-
Metropolitan University.[451] ce on November 10, 2016, two days after the election.

5.1.1 White House appointments

4.4.9 Electoral history
For a more comprehensive list, see Political appoint-
4.5 Indications of 2020 presidential cam- ments of Donald Trump.
paign
Trumps transition team was led by Chris Christie un-
Main article: Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2020 til November 11, 2016, when Vice President-elect Mike
Pence took over.[459] Since then, Trump has chosen
Trump signaled his intent to run for a second term RNC chairman [460]
Reince Priebus as White House Chief
by ling with the FEC within hours of assuming the of Sta and businessman and media executive Steve
presidency. [452][453]
This transformed his 2016 election Bannon as White House Chief Strategist.[461]
committee into a 2020 reelection one.[454] The early tim-
ing of the beginning of the campaign was highly unortho-
dox. Trump marked the ocial start of the campaign 5.1.2 Cabinet-level nominations
with a campaign rally in Melbourne, Florida on February
18, 2017, less than a month after taking oce.[455] By Main article: Formation of Donald Trumps cabinet
February 1, 2017, the campaign had already raised over
$7 million.[456] Trump has nominated Senator Je Sessions as Attorney
General,[462] retired Lieutenant General Michael Flynn as
National Security Advisor,[463] education reform activist
Betsy DeVos as Secretary of Education,[464] Governor
5 Presidency Nikki Haley as Ambassador to the United Nations,[465]
former Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao as Secretary
of Transportation,[466] U.S. Representative Tom Price
Main article: Presidency of Donald Trump
as Secretary of Health and Human Services,[467] for-
For a chronological guide to this subject, see Timeline
mer campaign rival Ben Carson as Secretary of Housing
of the presidency of Donald Trump.
and Urban Development,[468] nancier Steve Mnuchin as
Secretary of the Treasury,[469] billionaire investor Wilbur
Ross as Secretary of Commerce,[470] retired Marine
Corps General James Mattis as Secretary of Defense,[471]
5.1 Transition retired Marine Corps General John F. Kelly as Secretary
of Homeland Security,[472] businessman Andrew Puzder
Main article: Presidential transition of Donald Trump as Secretary of Labor[473] (later withdrawn, replaced by
[474]
On November 10, President-elect Trump had his rst attorney and law school dean Alexander Acosta),
ever meeting with President Obama to discuss plans for CEO [475] of ExxonMobil Rex Tillerson as Secretary of
a peaceful transition of power. The New York Times State, former Governor Rick Perry as Secretary of
[476]
stated that It was an extraordinary show of cordiality and Energy, U.S. Representative Ryan Zinke as Secretary
[477]
respect between two men who have been political ene- of the Interior, and Under Secretary for Health David
mies and are stylistic opposites. [457]
The BBC stated that Shulkin as Secretary of Veterans Aairs.[478]
their antipathy was barely concealed in awkward pho- Despite being nominated promptly during the transition
tos of the meeting.[458] period, most cabinet members were unable to take of-
5.2 First 100 days 19

ce on Inauguration Day because of delays in the for-

mal conrmation process. By February 8, 2017, Presi-
dent Trump had fewer cabinet nominees conrmed than
any prior president two weeks into their mandate, except
George Washington.[479][480] Part of the lateness was as-
cribed to delays in submitting background-check paper-
work, part to obstructionism by Senate Democrats.[481]

5.1.3 Pre-inauguration events

On November 22, Trump outlined his plan for his rst

100 days in oce in a video posted on YouTube. The
plan included the United States withdrawal from the Trump taking the oath of oce from Chief Justice John Roberts
Trans-Pacic Partnership and asking the Department of
Defense to develop a plan to protect the U.S. from cyber-
attack.[482][483] projects and launched the process to build a new Mexico
border wall and reinforce border security.[499]
On December 7, Time named Trump as its "Person of
the Year".[484] In an interview on The Today Show, he
said he was honored by the award, but he took issue 5.2.1 Immigration order
with the magazine for referring to him as the President
of the Divided States of America.[485][486] He also op- Main articles: Executive Order 13769 and Executive Or-
posed Time's decision to change its Man of the Year der 13780
title to Person of the Year in 1999, describing the ac- On January 27, President Trump signed an executive or-
tion as too politically correct.[487] On December 13 he
was named Financial Times Person of the Year.[488] In
December 2016, Forbes ranked Trump the second most
powerful person in the world, after Vladimir Putin and
before Angela Merkel.[489]
Based on intelligence reports issued from October 2016
to January 2017, the Obama administration accused the
Russian government of trying to inuence the U.S. presi-
dential election in favor of Trump, by supplying the DNC
emails to WikiLeaks for publication.[490] Trump,[491]
WikiLeaks[492] and Russian ocials[493] have denied the
allegations.
In January 2017, Trump was briefed on a private intelli-
gence dossier containing potentially compromising per-
sonal and nancial information about his activities in Trump signing Executive Order 13769 at the Pentagon as the Vice
Russia,[494] which he denied.[495] The dossier was also President and Secretary of Defense look on
leaked to the press and published.[496] Media evaluation
of the dossier ranged from garbage[497] to partially der that suspended admission of refugees for 120 days
corroborated.[498] and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia,
Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security
concerns about terrorism. The following day, thousands
5.2 First 100 days
of protesters gathered at airports and other locations
Main article: First 100 days of Donald Trumps presi- throughout the United States to protest the signing of the
dency order and detainment of the foreign nationals.[500] Later,
Trumps inauguration as the 45th President of the United the administration seemed to reverse a portion of part
States was held on Friday, January 20, 2017. In his rst of the order, eectively exempting visitors with a green
week as president, Trump signed six executive orders. card.[501][502] Two Iraqi nationals detained upon arrival
His rst order as president set out interim procedures in led a complaint.[503] Several federal judges issued rul-
anticipation of repeal of the Patient Protection and Af- ings that curtailed parts of the immigration order, stop-
fordable Care Act (Obamacare). That same week, Trump ping the federal government from deporting visitors al-
withdrew the United States from the Trans-Pacic Part- ready aected.[502]
nership, re-instated the Mexico City Policy, reopened the On March 6, 2017, Trump issued a revised executive or-
Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipeline construction der, that, among other dierences with the original or-
20 5 PRESIDENCY

der, excluded Iraq, visa-holders, and permanent residents

from the temporary suspension and did not dierentiate
Syrian refugees from refugees from other countries.[504]

5.2.2 Supreme Court nomination

Main article: Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination

On January 31, Trump nominated U.S. Appeals Court

judge Neil Gorsuch to ll the vacancy left on the Supreme
Court by the death of Justice Antonin Scalia.[505] An
invocation of the "nuclear option" was prompted by
Trump.[506] The Senate conrmed the nomination of Trump speaking with Vice President Mike Pence and Secretary
Gorsuch on April 7, with a 5445 vote.[507] Gorsuch was of Homeland Security John F. Kelly on January 25, 2017
sworn in the next day.[508]

visas, and other security threats.[524]

5.3 Domestic policy Following the November 2015 Paris attacks, Trump
made a controversial proposal to completely ban
5.3.1 Energy and climate
Muslim non-citizens from entering the United
States until stronger vetting systems could be
Main article: Environmental policy under the Trump
implemented.[525][526][527] Later in 2016 he stated
administration
that the ban would apply only to people originating from
countries with a proven history of terrorism against the
Trumps energy policy advocates domestic industrial sup- United States or its allies, or countries compromised
port for both fossil and renewable energy sources in order by terrorism.[528][529][530]
to curb reliance on Middle-Eastern oil and possibly turn
In late January 2017, Trump issued an executive order
the U.S. into a net energy exporter.[509] His appointed ad-
banning the admission of immigrants from seven pre-
visers favor a less regulated energy market and, because
dominantly Muslim countries.[531] The order was im-
they do not consider climate change a threat, see no need
posed without warning and took eect immediately;[532]
for immediate action.[510]
the measure caused chaos at many airports, with con-
Trump does not accept the scientic consensus on climate secutive days of mass protest aicting major airports
change.[511][512] In 2012, he said that global warming was in the United States.[533] Multiple legal challenges were
a hoax invented by the Chinese, but later said that he was led against the order, and a federal court blocked its
joking.[513][514] He has called the Environmental Protec- implementation.[532] In early March 2017, Trump issued
tion Agency (EPA) a disgrace and has threatened to a revised order into law, which excluded Iraq, gave spe-
cut its budget.[515] Trump has pledged to eliminate the cic exemptions for permanent residents, no priorities for
Clean Power Plan[516] and withdraw from the Paris Cli- religious minorities (e.g. Christian refugees) and a week
mate Agreement, which calls for reductions in carbon was given to implement legislation.[504][532]
emissions in more than 170 countries.[517] After winning
the presidency, Trump admitted some connectivity be-
tween human activity and climate variability and said he 5.3.3 Social issues
has an open mind towards the Paris agreement.[518]
Main article: Social policy of Donald Trump

5.3.2 Immigration
Trump is conservative, describes himself as pro-life and
Main article: Immigration policy of Donald Trump generally opposes abortion; exceptions are made in cases
Trumps immigration policies were intensely discussed of rape, incest, and circumstances endangering the health
during the campaign. Trump vowed to build a more sub- of the mother.[534] He has said that he is committed to
stantial wall on the MexicoUnited States border to keep appointing justices who would try to overturn the rul-
out illegal immigrants, a wall which Trump promised ing in Roe v. Wade.[535] He personally supports tradi-
Mexico would pay for.[519][520][521] He pledged to mas- tional marriage[513] but considers the nationwide legality
sively deport illegal immigrants residing in the United of same-sex marriage a settled issue.[535]
States,[522] and criticized birthright citizenship as it cre- Trump supports a broad interpretation of the Second
ates "anchor babies".[523] He said the focus of deporta- Amendment and says he is opposed to gun control in
tion would be criminals, those who have overstayed their general,[536][537] although his views have shifted over
5.3 Domestic policy
time.[538] Trump opposes legalizing recreational mari-
juana but supports legalizing medical marijuana.[539] He
favors capital punishment,[540][541] as well as the use of
waterboarding.[542][543]
5.3.4 Health care
In 1999, Trump told Larry King Live that I believe
in universal healthcare.[544] Trumps 2000 book, The
America We Deserve, argued strongly for a single-payer
healthcare system based on the Canadian model,[545] and
has voiced admiration for the Scottish National Health
Service.[544][546][547]
However, Trump has repeatedly vowed to repeal and re-
place Obamacare.[548][549] In March 2016, Trumps cam-
paign released a platform summary which included a vari-
ety of free-market health reforms including provisions to
allow health insurance to be sold across state lines, enable
individuals to deduct health insurance premiums, expand
health savings accounts, and give more control of Medi-
caid to the states.[550][551]
Trump aims to streamline the Department of Veterans deal with the United Kingdom,
Aairs, getting rid of backlogs and waitlists, and upgrad- would be good
ing relevant facilities.[552] On his rst Monday in oce,
Trump issued a federal hiring freeze on the VA.[553]
5.3.5 Education
Trump has stated his support for school choice and lo-
cal control for primary and secondary schools.[554] He
opposes the Common Core State Standards Initiative for
primary and secondary schools,[555] and has called Com-
mon Core a disaster that must be ended.[556] He has
stated he would abolish all or part of the Department of
Education.[557]
5.3.6 Economy and trade
Main article: Economic policy of Donald Trump
Trumps campaign tax plan called for levelling the
corporate tax rate to 15%, eliminating various business
loopholes and deductions,[395] and reducing the number
of brackets for personal income tax: the top rate would
be reduced from 39.6% to 25%, a large zero bracket
would be created, and the alternative minimum tax and
estate tax (which currently applies to individual estates
over $5.45 million or $10.9 million per married couple)
would both be eliminated.[558] His comments about the
minimum wage have been inconsistent.[559][560][561]
Trump identies as a "free trader", but says that
trade must be reasonably fair.[562] He has often been
called a "protectionist",[563][564][565] because of his crit-
icism of NAFTA,[566][567] the Trans-Pacic Partner-
ship (TPP),[568] and his proposal to raise taris on
Chinese and Mexican exports to the United States
21
Trump speaking to automobile workers in Michigan in March
2017
signicantly.[569][570] He has also been critical of the
World Trade Organization, threatening to leave unless his
proposed taris are accepted.[571][572] However, Trump
has been very keen to support a fair post-Brexit trade
[573]
which Trump says
[574]
for both sides.
5.3.7 Government size and deregulation
Trumps early policies have favored far-reaching
deregulation and a smaller federal government. He
became the rst president in sixteen years to sign a
Congressional Review Act disapproval resolution; the
law had been used only once before.[575] During his
rst six weeks in oce, he abolished ninety federal
regulations.[576][577]
On January 23, 2017, Trump ordered a temporary
government-wide hiring freeze.[578][579] The Comptroller
General of the Government Accountability Oce told
a House committee that hiring freezes have not proven
to be eective in reducing costs.[580] Unlike some past
freezes, the current freeze bars agencies from adding con-
tractors to make up for employees leaving.[580]
A week later Trump signed Executive Order 13771, di-
recting administrative agencies to repeal two existing
regulations for every new regulation they issue.[581][582]
Harvard Law professor Jody Freeman said that the order
would do no more than slow the regulatory process, be-
cause it did not block rules required by statute.[583]
On February 24, 2017, Trump ordered the agencies to
create task forces to determine which regulations are
deemed burdensome to the U.S. economy.[584] Agency
defenders expressed opposition to Trumps attacks, say-
ing that the bureaucracy exists to protect people against
well-organized, well-funded interest groups.[585]
22 7 SEE ALSO

5.4 Foreign policy

Main articles: Foreign policy of Donald Trump and

Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration
Trump has been described as non-interventionist[586][587]

Trump receiving the 2015 Marine CorpsLaw Enforcement

Foundations annual Commandants Leadership Award in recog-
nition of his contributions to American military education pro-
grams

6 Awards, honors, and distinctions

The Jewish National Fund's Tree of Life Award for
Japanese Prime Minister Shinz Abe and Trump meeting in contributions to IsraelUnited States relations.[605]
Washington, D.C., on February 10, 2017 (1983)

Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Ac-

tor for his role in Ghosts Can't Do It[606] (1990)
and nationalist.[588] Trump repeatedly stated that he sup-
Gaming Hall of Fame[607] (1995)
ports "America First" foreign policy.[589] He supports
increasing United States military defense spending,[588] Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame[608][609]
but favors decreasing United States spending on NATO (2007)
and in the Pacic region.[590] He says America should
look inward, stop nation building, and re-orient its re- Muhammad Ali Entrepreneur Award[610] (2007)
sources toward domestic needs.[587] As a candidate he
questioned whether he, as president, would automati- Honorary doctorate of Business Administration,
cally extend security guarantees to NATO members,[591] Robert Gordon University, Scotland (2010)[611] (re-
and suggested that he might leave NATO unless changes voked 2015)[612]
are made to the alliance.[592] But as president he has re-
armed the U.S. commitment to NATO.[593] Honorary doctorate of business, Liberty Univer-
sity[613][614] (2012)
In order to confront the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
(ISIS), Trump in 2015 called for seizing the oil in WWE Hall of Fame[615] (2013)
ISIS-occupied areas, using U.S. air power and ground
troops.[594] In 2016, Trump advocated sending 20,000 The Algemeiner Liberty Award for contributions to
to 30,000 U.S. troops to the region,[595][596] a position IsraelUnited States relations.[616] (2015)
he later retracted.[597] Regarding the IsraeliPalestinian
conict, Trump has stated the importance of being a neu- Marine CorpsLaw Enforcement Foundation Com-
tral party during potential negotiations, while also having mandants Leadership Award[617] (2015)
stated that he is a big fan of Israel.[598] During the cam-
paign he said he would relocate the U.S. embassy in Israel Time Person of the Year (2016)
to Jerusalem from its current location, Tel Aviv, although
he has not pursued that proposal as president.[599] Financial Times Person of the Year (2016)
Both as a candidate and as president, Trump repeatedly
said he wants a good relationship with Russia.[600][601]
Trump has pledged to hold a summit meeting with 7 See also
Vladimir Putin.[602] He added that Russia could help the
U.S. in ghting ISIS militants.[603] On April 7, 2017, List of Presidents of the United States
Trump ordered the Shayrat missile strike in retaliation
for the chemical weapons attack in Syria.[604] List of richest American politicians

8 Notes
[1] The number ve includes the elections of 1824, 1876,
1888, 2000, and 2016. Despite their similarities, some of
these ve elections had peculiar results; e.g. John Quincy
Adams trailed in both the national popular vote and the
electoral college in 1824 (since no-one had a majority in
the electoral college, Adams was chosen by the House of
Representatives), and Samuel Tilden in 1876 remains the
only losing candidate to win an actual majority of the pop-
ular vote (rather than just a plurality).[435][436]
9 References
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[2] Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 19.
[3] Panetta, Alexander (September 19, 2015). Donald
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[4] Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 2325.
[5] Blair 2015a, p. 5.
[6] Blair, Gwenda (August 24, 2015). The Man Who Made
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[7] Blair 2005, p. 23.
[8] Pilon, Mary (June 24, 2016). Donald Trumps Immi-
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[9] McGrane, Sally (April 29, 2016). The Ancestral German
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[10] Davidson, Amy (April 8, 2016). Donald Trumps Nu-
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[11] Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 45.
[12] The 75th Anniversary Shrapnel. NYMA. Spring 1964. p.
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[13] New York City Department of Health (June 14, 1946).
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26, 2016.
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[14] Kranish & Fisher 2017, p. 31, 37.
[15] Schwartzman, Paul; Miller, Michael E. (June 22, 2016).
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[20] The Best Known Brand Name in Real Estate. The
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[22] Montopoli, Brian (April 29, 2011). Donald Trump
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[23] Lee, Kurtis (August 4, 2016). How deferments protected
Donald Trump from serving in Vietnam. Los Angeles
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[24] Whitlock, Craig (July 21, 2015). Questions linger about
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Washington Post. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
[25] Barbaro, Michael (September 8, 2015). Donald Trump
Likens His Schooling to Military Service in Book . The
New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
[26] Goldman, Russell (April 29, 2011). Donald Trumps
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[27] Eder, Steve; Philipps, Dave (August 1, 2016). Donald
Trumps Draft Deferments: Four for College, One for
Bad Feet . The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
Retrieved August 2, 2016. Because of his medical ex-
emption, his lottery number would have been irrelevant,
said Richard Flahavan, a spokesman for the Selective Ser-
vice System, who has worked for the agency for three
decades Still, Mr. Trump, in the interviews, said he
believed he could have been subject to another physical
exam to check on his bone spurs, had his draft number
been called. 'I would have had to go eventually because
that was a minor medical' But the publicly available
draft records of Mr. Trump include the letters 'DISQ' next
to his exam date, with no notation indicating that he would
be re-examined.
[28] Michaud, Sarah (October 3, 2011). Donald Trump, Jr.
Welcomes Son Tristan Milos. People. Retrieved October
5, 2011.
[29] Trumps daughter, Ivanka, gives birth to third child. Fox
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2016.
[30] Melania Trump, the Silent Partner. The New York
Times. October 1, 2015.
24
[31] Brenner, Marie (September 1990). After The Gold
Rush. Vanity Fair. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
They were married in New York during Easter of 1977.
Mayor Beame attended the wedding at Marble Collegiate
Church. Donald had already made his alliance with Roy
Cohn, who would become his lawyer and mentor.
[32] Barron, James (September 5, 2016). Overlooked Inu-
ences on Donald Trump: A Famous Minister and His
Church. The New York Times. Retrieved October 13,
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ble, in a ceremony performed by one of Americas most
famous ministers, the Rev. Norman Vincent Peale.
[33] Ivana Trump becomes U.S. citizen. Associated Press.
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dents children. The Guardian. Associated Press. March
16, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
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an instrument for ... slowing the regulatory process,' says Times. Retrieved April 10, 2016.

[599] Moving US embassy to Jerusalem may be slipping down [617] MCLEF Events. Marine CorpsLaw Enforcement
Trumps agenda. The Guardian. Reuters. January 23,
2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
[600] Flores, Reena (January 7, 2017). Donald Trump urges
good relationship with Russia in tweets. CBS News.
Retrieved May 2, 2017.
[601] Berry, Lynn (January 29, 2017). GOP warns Trump not
to lift Russia sanctions after call with Putin. Associated
Press. PBS. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
[602] McElroy, Damien (January 29, 2017). Trump and Putin
agree to hold summit. The Sunday Times. Retrieved
February 2, 2017. (Subscription required (help)).
[603] Trump suggests U.S. accept Russias annexation of
Crimea. PBS. Associated Press. August 1, 2016. Re-
trieved February 19, 2017.
[604] Syria war: Trumps missile strike attracts US praise
and barbs. BBC News. April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 8,
2017.
[605] Jewish National Fund Tree of Life Award Presentation to
Donald J. Trump: Tuesday Evening March 1, 1983, Gala
Dinner Dance, Grand Hyatt Hotel, New York
[606] Weisman, Aly (September 1, 2015). Donald Trump won
a 'worst supporting actor' Razzie award for his role in this
1989 lm. Business Insider. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
[607] The Gaming Hall of Fame. University of Nevada Las
Vegas. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
[608] Donald Trump. Hollywood Walk of Fame.
[609] Robinson, Joanna (April 3, 2016). People Can't Stop
Vandalizing Donald Trumps Star on the Hollywood Walk
of Fame. Vanity Fair.
[610] March 24, 2007 Muhammad Alis Celebrity Fight Night
XIII. Blacktie. March 24, 2007. Retrieved July 12,
2016.
[611] Smith, Pauline; Youngson, Andrew. (September 16,
2010). Donald Trump Honoured by Robert Gordon Uni-
versity Archived July 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
Robert Gordon University.
[612] Holton, Kate (December 9, 2015). More than 250,000
Britons petition to ban Trump from UK. Reuters.
[613] Bible, Mitzi (September 24, 2012).Donald Trump ad-
dresses largest Convocation crowd, praises Libertys
growth. Liberty University News Service, September.
Liberty University News Service.
[614] Donald Trump to Talk Politics, Business and Faith at
Liberty University Convocation. The Christian Post. Re-
trieved March 9, 2016.
[615] Donald Trump cements his WWE legacy: 2013 WWE
Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony. WWE. 2013.
[616] Algemeiner Honors Joan Rivers, Donald Trump,
Yuli Edelstein at Second Annual 'Jewish 100' Gala.
Algemeiner Journal. Brooklyn, NY. February 5, 2015.
41
Foundation. 2015. Archived from the original on August
19, 2015. Donald Trump received our Commandants
Leadership Award.
10 Bibliography
See also: Bibliography of Donald Trump
Blair, Gwenda (2005). Donald Trump: Master Ap-
prentice. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-
7510-1.
Blair, Gwenda (2015a). Donald Trump: The Can-
didate. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1439129371.
Blair, Gwenda (2015b) [First published 2001]. The
Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire.
Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1501139369.
Cramer, Renee (2005). Cash, Color, and
Colonialism: The Politics of Tribal Acknowledg-
ment. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN
9780806136714.
Gallup, George, Jr. (1990). The Gallup Poll: Pub-
lic Opinion 1989. Rowman & Littleeld. ISBN
9780842023443.
Pacelle, Mitchell (2001). Empire: A Tale of Obses-
sion, Betrayal, and the Battle for an American Icon.
John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780471238652.
Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [First pub-
lished 2016]. Trump Revealed: The Denitive Bi-
ography of the 45th President. Simon & Schuster.
ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6.
Light, Larry (2012). Taming the Beast: Wall Streets
Imperfect Answers to Making Money. John Wiley &
Sons. ISBN 9781118084205.
Payment, Simone (2007). Donald Trump: Prole
of a Real Estate Tycoon. Rosen Publishing. ISBN
978-1-4042-1909-0.
Trump, Donald J.; Schwartz, Tony (2009) [First
published 1987]. Trump: The Art of the Deal.
Random House. ISBN 978-0-446-35325-0.
Wooten, Sara (2009). Donald Trump: From Real
Estate to Reality TV. Enslow Publishers. ISBN 978-
0766028906.
11 External links
Presidential website
Donald J. Trump for President campaign website
42 11 EXTERNAL LINKS

President Trump on Twitter (ocial)

Donald Trump on Twitter (personal)

Donald Trump at the Internet Movie Database

Donald Trump at PolitiFact.com

Donald Trump collected news and commentary.
The New York Times.
Donald Trump collected news and commentary.
The Wall Street Journal.
Donald Trump collected news and commentary.
The Guardian.

Appearances on C-SPAN
Donald Trump on the Internet Archive
 43

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text
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Jasper, Lence~enwiki, RaptorRobot, Snake bgd, Tarinth, Tom342342, LeroyVJunker, Michaelversion1, NewEnglandYankee, Antony-22,
Patriot174, Nwbeeson, Guck14, KrewBay, DadaNeem, Carewser, Touch Of Light, 83d40m, Ontarioboy, MKoltnow, Malerin, Sugarbat,
Flatterworld, ThinkBlue, Mufka, Brainspasms, Unavoured, Perel, Chichihcm, IceFrappe, Dateman, Laughxandxcry, KylieTastic, Comet-
styles, Nikki311, Murrain Starscream, HenryLarsen, Yazoo78, PeoplesPeople, Davehart, Xenavion, Mike V, Craklyn, Ajfweb, Jvcdude,
Cavatica, FrankEldonDixon, Q1000101, Enivid, Andy Marchbanks, Jasper lolly pop, Candyeater22, MagicAdvocate, Jawnbreaker, Rj-
Can, Martial75, Hmsbeagle, Kcs32787, MikeLeeds, Bloomarang, Inspector Semenych, Michaeloptv, FoodFanOne, YERP, Black Kite,
Danthelefty, Chinneeb, Deor, Raime, Psychocim, Shiggity, Hammersoft, VolkovBot, CWii, Thedjatclubrock, Alimazir, Fbifriday, MPJ-
DK, Tennisace101, Yeahifnsaidit, Powered, Sjones23, Akld guy, Grammarmonger, Sha0000, WOSlinker, Strongtness, Straps44, Philip
Trueman, Pururav Joshi, Martinevans123, Ferdie33, Drunkenmonkey, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Cachemagic, Ematienne, Mercurywoodrose,
Tavix, EricSerge, Sagittarian Milky Way, Jkeene, WatchAndObserve, Xenophrenic, Flyte35, Toll booth, Ingrid79, Tomrtn, Assassinoc714,
Wrestlinglover420, WHIPP, Dchall1, Wikidemon, Anonymous Dissident, Keegsta16, User001~enwiki, Brandongay, Lx maia, Captain
Wikify, Nic3rack12, NY93, Arthur7171, AmericanIdolFreak22, Ondundozonananandana, Keano62871, Markymarc1981, RasNehemia,
Monkeys316, Bmg916, Tockeg, Thehooliganz100, Cloudswrest, Ghost1229, Hooters2, Mark Miller, Corvus cornix, Dabomb2045, Claid-
heamohmor, Bookblogger27, Peteza1981, Buallobill33, Sirkad, Metasailor, Roachinator, Iamapepe, Viper279, Wwwwzzzz, Stranger-
InMoscow, Bedwa, David in DC, MessiahNIN, BotKung, Bearian, Wiae, LOLLOL123, Khuday, Mr.NorCal55, Urbanrenewal, Sea-
josh9, Romeisburning, Tri400, Greswik, AlexEng, Cosmogoblin, The Chikin, Regwik, Happyme22, Ug88, Dro Boy, Meters, SirThumb,
Y, Joseph A. Spadaro, Number87, Falcon8765, Centerone, Cw6165, Silverlynx555, Madman234, Crazycat04, JustinBlue101, Vchim-
12.1 Text 45

panzee, ChristianLAX, Regemet, Farnishk, NinjaRobotPirate, Insanity Incarnate, Emanuel Kingsley, Jeutz, Bellowed, Brianga, Sue
Rangell, Dick Shane, Karategal, AlleborgoBot, Coxcoxcox, Bostonzjay, Michael Frind, Justin.g85, Yaksar, Ellomate, Legoktm, Sfmam-
mamia, Brandon97, 123Coheed456, GrlGlt, MaxMsWiki, Fanatix, EJF, Ltrooster, Brettfern, Macogle, Froo, Italianlover07, Silvers,
SieBot, MK Dempsey, StAnselm, Coee, DerbyCountyinNZ, Calliopejen1, Strider2552, PlanetStar, Tiddly Tom, Swliv, Dough4872,
Philip002, Uconngijoe, Yodalama, Hertz1888, Rystheguy, Phe-bot, Yohlanduh, Dawn Bard, Jacotto, Revent, Zayiaf62089, M.thoriyan,
Bobmckoy, MOOOOOPS, Brdy~enwiki, AlexHammer, Keilana, McGrupp10799, Bentogoa, Happysailor, Toddst1, Tiptoety, Wikibruger,
MaynardClark, Arbor to SJ, Enti342, JetLover, Monegasque, Jimthing, Bjkeefe, ATC, Mimihitam, Godnger, Oxymoron83, Artoasis,
AngelOfSadness, Harry-, Vanished user oij8h435jweih3, Aspects, KPH2293, Sheepdean, DanDs, KoshVorlon, Lightmouse, Boromir123,
Bede735, Jordan72, Ks0stm, Hotdjdave, IdreamofJeanie, Afernand74, Werldwayd, Reverend Zapanaz, AlanUS, G.-M. Cupertino, Vice
regent, Smilo Don, Bodhi Peace, AtomikWeasel, Capitalismojo, 12bigbrother12, Stakelover, CampKohler, Mr. Stradivarius, Sirlanz,
Dabomb87, Florentino oro, Pjg2m, Hordaland, TubularWorld, Jammy07, Denisarona, A21sauce, Randy Kryn, Jordan 1972, Hibsch,
Explicit, ImageRemovalBot, Khirurg, The sunder king, Barracuda2, Mx. Granger, Faithlessthewonderboy, Randomwae, Escaper27,
Martarius, ClueBot, Jbening, Userafw, Surfeited, Bjoh249, NickCT, 113, Jereystringer, Moleculo, Mfregeau, Snigbrook, Hhollis1,
Kennvido, Foxj, Wikievil666, MopTop, All Hallows Wraith, WaltBusterkeys, Keeper76, SadarMoritz, Plastikspork, 100percentrecord,
Alephb, OcePuter, Clinton Baptiste, Parkjunwung, Pi zero, Powerofjuju, Updater7, Dixiehigh, Richrakh, Drmies, Frmorrison, Mild
Bill Hiccup, Objective3000, Kathryneo, SuperHamster, Shirarae, DragonyDC, Nykole77, ClivePIA, Niceguyedc, Bluerules, Ddmaggs,
Mostargue, AcaiAnswer, Neisi59, Kung fu5675, Parkwells, PatRedaRules, Trivialist, MrKIA11, Cirt, BlueAmethyst, Puchiko, Auntof6,
PMDrive1061, Theartandsound, Airz45, Double Happiness, DaleBamer, F-402, Masterpiece2000, Jimbalaya1978, Excirial, Tehstickmas-
ter, NecroSlayer1490, Nymf, Alexbot, Torin-ru, TonyBallioni, Andy pyro, Drydom, Elopez09227, John Nevard, Bde1982, Jackdude101,
Adel Hosny, Rhododendrites, Ericci8996, Hi2222, Gavatron, Fep70, Dough007, NuclearWarfare, JoelDick, Arjayay, Jay794, Tdi7457,
Bnselby, Emtown, Royksprekk, Dekisugi, QJX, SouljaBoy3, Leroyinc, JasonAQuest, Polly, Avraham shumsky, Another Believer, Un-
clemikejb, Al-Andalusi, Rui Gabriel Correia, Peace Makes Plenty, Light show, Spantesh, Jcrowther, Dalric, Purpledaisyfeet, Rename-
dUser jaskldjslak901, Csprada84, HateSilver4ever, Sstorman, Kate Phaye, Dine12, DerBorg, Cyve, Kbra, Hekademeia, Scalhotrod,
Callinus, Burner0718, Jasonklein, Jonnyc5463, Qwfp, Canihaveacookie, Gik, Apparition11, 3193th, Elephant57960444, Benderzone,
StarMountain, Vanished User 1004, Nimrodboz, DumZiBoT, JE UT, Mft1, Irishdrunk31, Chris1834, 0kdal, Godcthulha, Jax 0677,
Bridies, Aruss1a2s3d, XLinkBot, Vjmlhds, Poprocks123445, Sunny 88us, Prof Wrong, Scca8704, Nathan Johnson, Ematteyring, Cmi-
nard, Xtremeskiboy14, Cheese453, Nomoskedasticity, Thesitechanger1000, Rideoption8002, Jmogh69, Hensontauro, Dthomsen8, Ost316,
Dervorguilla, Nepenthes, Richard-of-Earth, Smerechanski, Zetazetazeta, Ism schism, Doc9871, SilvonenBot, Beach drifter, Borock,
JK Cromwell, Frood, Danger408, Cmr08, Garycompugeek, Ronna Mee Brand, Anonymous013, Ihateborat, Wendy17hotty, Namsu22,
Dwilso, Jmcd88, Good Olfactory, Airplaneman, JohnWilmerding, Backdrifts090789, EEng, 07RyderJ, Kbdankbot, Angryapathy, Rafael-
silveira, Fegegegeg, Kajabla, Addbot, CandyAngel890, JBsupreme, Nerdy117, Andrewsthistle, Oenbach, Freakmighty, Socheid, Jojhut-
ton, Guoguo12, Non-dropframe, CycloneGU, Toyokuni3, Prairieplant, Madshurtie, Charcole125, Globalsolidarity, Blethering Scot, Wulf
Isebrand, Jwfarmer10, Ironholds, Wcm in, ContiAWB, CanadianLinuxUser, Fluernutter, Musdan77, Proxima Centauri, Miss Langkawi,
The Shadow-Fighter, Buster7, Glane23, The C of E, AndersBot, Chzz, Favonian, TheEditor22, Giovanosky, CarTick, 5 albert square,
Immortal Horrors or Everlasting Splendors, Eeeby, Tassedethe, Robert The Rebuilder, Bungalowbill430, Dayewalker, Flappychappy,
Tide rolls, William S. Saturn, Lightbot, Smeagol 17, , Tarheelz123, Jarble, RichardBond, LuK3, Walter Sobchak0, Acmilan15,
Drpickem, Moproducer, Abonazzi, Luckas-bot, Yobot, WikiDan61, JJARichardson, Stoopkitty, HidyHoTim, DisillusionedBitterAnd-
Knackered, Swagger9000, Evans1982, Darx9url, Friarpuckrory, AdamBristol, Wikisurfer61, George183, SwisterTwister, DrFleischman,
TheresNoTime, Plasticbot, TheBigJagielka, Bbb23, Bility, Penguino35, AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, Noq, Ciphers, Archon 2488, Flo-
quenbeam, Phil13, TJD2, Rockypedia, Jim1138, Wickorama, Dafarmer33, Keithbob, Justme89, Darolew, Knowledgekid87, Ulric1313,
, RandomAct, Materialscientist, Citation bot, UnlistedVermin, StrontiumDogs, Kieran4, E2eamon, RevelationDirect, Pate-
sal1, Mk17b, PIL1987, GB fan, ArthurBot, Quebec99, LilHelpa, IP75, Xqbot, Belasted, I Feel Tired, Ulysses elias, Marko Grobelnik, Inte-
lati, Alexlange, Jbruin152, TracyMcClark, Somervillain, Antjohn, Wertdunk999, Live Light, Purplebackpack89, Dimitrihector, Gilo1969,
Jsharpminor, Kieronoldham, Brian Finn, Pelerin2, Tomwsulcer, Mechanic1c, Mlpearc, The Ink Daddy!, Gap9551, Tiller54, Srich32977,
Markell West, Anonymous from the 21st century, CatholicW, Tergum violinae, GrouchoBot, Robert Franks, Ten-pint, Coltsfan, BenHyams,
Kyng, Molandfreak, Alexandru Stanoi, Gerntrash, Eckerslike, Trumpetrep, A Quest For Knowledge, Tokiohotelover, Drdpw, Moxy,
Skashifakram, Smallman12q, Kacir, Chaheel Riens, Petergrin9901, Haploidavey, Bilbo R, Abolishthedarkness, Onesmallnote, Tktru,
Sohollywood, Uusijani, FreeKnowledgeCreator, Edgars2007, Lilypada94, Lionelt, FrescoBot, Surag198, Calibrador, Blackguard SF, To-
bby72, Krj373, Tiramisoo, Grbergs Gra Sng, Adam9389, DinajGao, Ringerfan23, Telome4, Midrashah, Lipsquid, VS6507, Rudolph
Davis, Gnangbade, Edge3, Charles Edwin Shipp, Yonikasz, Drneau, Scaleshombre, Addicted04, AAXenos, Steve Quinn, Ben76266, Juno,
Ag97, HACKER HEADSHOT, Libertao, Wildboy7, Killenberg, Tetraedycal, Highyack07, Porkchop28, Joker123192, DivineAlpha, Can-
nolis, Jun Nijo, OgreBot, Citation bot 1, Former user 9, Imoretti, DigbyDalton, Pshent, Wykx, Yossimgim, Casprings, I dream of horses,
Pink Bull, Grammarspellchecker, KosmischeSynth, HRoestBot, Dexxa90cc, Trijnstel, LittleWink, Jonesey95, Scoundr3l, Supreme De-
liciousness, Tinton5, English06, Moonraker, Fat&Happy, Mmartinnyc, Teddiursa31, Jschnur, Bmclaughlin9, Brian Everlasting, Serols,
Oswich, Cathy Richards, , Kevintampa5, Julio Puentes, Robo Cop, Jujutacular, Calvin999, My very best wishes, Full-date unlinking bot,
Hessamnia, Undertaker5000, Jeppiz, Pristino, Thegoldenconciseencyclopediaofmammals, SW3 5DL, Frindro, IJBall, Cnwilliams, Rob-
vanvee, FoxBot, Victor Victoria, TobeBot, Colchester121891, BaldBoris, FFM784, Animalparty, Mono, Governor Jerchel, Grapesoda22,
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Cline, Checkingfax, Illegitimate Barrister, DavidMCEddy, Emphrase, Antigrandiose, Josve05a, Jerichatham, Neun-x, NathanielTheBold,
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Unreal7, AndrewOne, SporkBot, AManWithNoPlan, GrindtXX, Ocaasi, Neddy1234, KingNicc1998, Reimanova, Jsayre64, Beepoppab,
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Fez9999, Thatwweguy 619, Darren1988cdm, Yekimyarw, Cognissonance, Pinkleader, AmorPatiturMoras, Wikiman483910381, Mlkj,
Celosiakitty, Liance, SamWilson989, WeaponOfChoice1, Sabot Cat, Knowledgebattle, Vcheese101, KINGOFTO, Ninjaknight66, Llmrt,
Spiderjerky, Joebublyface, Cynulliad, EoRdE6, Donottroll, AJFU, Nocturnalnow, Zppix, Thomasalbert5760, What Seems To Be The
Ocer, Problem, Slooppouts34, 3-k-fee, AHC300, Altenmaeren, 65HCA7, Histogenea22, DavidJac, Itsyoungrapper, Joshricci1235,
KaJunl, Orduin, JustinIsAwesome77, Kethrus, LeeBobBlack, Benfxmth, Emilyscarr, Froggyfacts, Narciso003, Tyroze17, StanMan87,
12.2 Images 47

SomeoneNamedDerek, Tritzim, Sarr Cat, Mr. Hyka, Anomymousx09, Cartoonist 101, Eclipsoid, Vami IV, Lja1010, Engineeringi-
sawesome, Benhiggs071, Wikigrammerpolice, Iceman45575, LingLing2100, Godsy, Joobo, Anonymous427, PeterTheFourth, Atvica,
AlphaBetaGamma01, Cheeseman9999, Onifpaz, NHL36, Jackplomer24, SageGreenRider, Ititanthompson, Sundayclose, Joseph2302,
JonasGray35, Asumish, DoulosBen, Dash9Z, DelayTalk, Scottaustin26, Thundergirl1001, Gag0409, NetworkOP, 45plinty, LoudLizard,
Abierma3, Tybomb124, Stinger20, Lapilluminati, MaverickLittle, Gladiator Decimus Meridius, AdrianPurley, Trues&pie, Firebends,
Shoebagshitz, LRXXX, Alienforce2k9, Donald Trump jnr, Caper147, LavaBaron, Bronze2018, FRDHU, Absolutelypuremilk, Skipforty-
four, DouglasKenney18, MelanieN alt, Nepalnepali1522, Tala hayat, Gamingforfun365, Vaze50, Velostodon, NUKKETS, Don2datop, Kit-
tyHawk2015, Wharles05, Simonkluger, ReordCrft, Fieryjaguar1, 814eboydizzle, Bruiserid, Jjw1000, Taterfarmer69, Mj thenovelatre,
MMAGuy8, Micahleon, Jdcomix, Naue7, Biruxx, Noaji, Ddddmn, Eric0928, Sweebs101, SocraticOath, Sondra.kinsey, Nhnewsguy789,
Amccann421, Apple101888, Timothyjosephwood, Vesuvius Dogg, Cosmic Sans, Supdiop, Planecrashexpert, Nkkenbuer, Grammar-
ian3.14159265359, Denniscabrams, TheCorduroyEect, Dukeofappling, Omanyd, Landenrobinson12395, KasparBot, Caltropdefense,
JorisEnter, 3 of Diamonds, MB298, 1305cj, TheTMOBGaming2, Anarchyte, LordStarscream100, Sunwing101, Terald13, 95-Innite,
AlaskanNativeRU, Xcix1980, Politrukki, Tyrobrusks, GuarnDeBiblioteca, TheBeastMan415, WhiteCha, Bungler91, Continentaleurope,
Adam9007, AusLondonder, James J. Lambden, ConAngel2000, Cbls1911, Xaboler, Ergo Sum, Yr, Frenchfry33, Domo Ranger12,
Tangvworp, Ralphw, AuroralColibri, MrVenaCava, My Chemistry romantic, Milos Tripkovic, Jardouin, Jonnyplaxo, MrAsianAnder,
RPF94, Tenor12, BallPlayed, Iady391, Kasrak567, Braybraytz97, Sro23, Professor JR, Flintgamer99, CakeCake18, Scapulus, Alquevron,
Volkstod, Saddiqueimran, AMHC94, KSFT, Wikiwaza899, Kuriboh65655, Bbundu, Murph9000, Misternails, Bertdrunk, BU Rob13,
Mrv3rsac3, RadioGuy98, DCausse (WMF), GopherPA, HappyWanderer15, Jpz79, Alcoaariel, Spaghetti07205, Thursby16, Tyler3418,
TanyaAnn, WakelessGrub, Emb3625, Feminist, TheBlueIguana, Shanzer231, Visnvoisnvo, FanGirl7373848, JohnChristopher8888, Dark
Cocoa Frosting, 217IP, MonsieurNapolon, Bryantriplex, KuddlyKitten420, Adityadn9, Justin Jameson, Mackattack1121, BrookDaCow,
Some of everything, Memesare4me, DonaldTrumpSux, Hurrygane, Dontcarenoonespecial, Carstens95, Bbybaph, JakeR, David Devon,
Dorpater, Ye eunuch, Jhhayes1, Rpgoens, PanamaIsReallyCool, Cronkyjacko, Dolly Cao, Timk1111, Fvckface03, Spark1498, Rmichael-
rugg, Aperiarcam, Swagger14, Aaaaaabbbbb111, Jerichodiverson23, Hawkeye9976, Redneck192qwa, Rickberry21, Jchen881, Wink0519,
Oye289, Yairr, HenryMP02, Laurel Wreath of Victors, StjJackson, ThoDaCuppaJoe, Crispy Dream Milk, Neve-selbert, TheJazzTrum-
pet, JoshMuirWikipedia, OrganicEarth, Kingshowman, Oriole7, Machucanator1000, Proud User, , ABF99, Ontario Teacher BFA
BEd, Jjttmm, Majora, Barbequeue, Betterthanlebis, 15zulu, Philipfolta, Vansockslayer, PatrickJHattman, WSDavitt, SuperMarioMuseum,
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mental, Make America Great Again, Maczkopeti, Jeje1991, Ermahgerd9, Andy19891, Its gonna be yuge, Libarycat, Theophilus An-
dronicus, ShadowDragon343, DonSpencer1, Joseph Clay, Jr., Distrait cognizance, TeLfAnAtOr, Barbara (WVS), Donenne, MartinZ,
Drew McBride2003, Skubydoo, Tonybins, Liamnotneeson, ErieSwiftByrd, Charlotte135, Rollingcontributor, AdmiralAckbar1, Felier-
rrrrr, Auth0RiTy, JCRadical, Jumpingsquirrel, ParkH.Davis, Reattacollector, Dicideaq, RickoTroanman22, D.Creish, Nike4564, Vrra-
jkum, Rileyx2000, Steveodinkirk, Tpdwkouaa, Winterysteppe, Mayweather5, Volvlogia, Hddty., AlejandroR1990, Simplexity22, Cy-
baltM, Voltaireuk123, Torygreen84, Awesomepearse, S.pparkle, Texaseliz, Figres, Dkspartan1835, Jordandlee, Highplainswiki, Fm2004,
Lava03, Cozy00, WClarke, Mypotatolife, Xin Deui, MBUSHIstory, InternetArchiveBot, Skim127, Humanweb, Zaostao, Helmut von
Moltke, SomewhereInLondon, Eurocus47, BluJayPJ, CometEncke, Nagylelk, The Channel of Random, TDMfan23!, Connor Machi-
avelli, TheAWOLTurtle, Newyearbaby, ValarianB, Jkerrigan8, Zupotachyon, Creeperparty568, Khantymansisk, Saturnalia0, Codyydodyy,
Caviar Cohort, Kewldude12, The free ad database, Indy beetle, QianCheng, Arglebargle79, Pillsberrydoo7, TheFancyFedoraWielder, ICat
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VoltaireEditor2016, Ethanbas, This Accounts User, IAreggano, Marianna251, Aleccat, Zezimars, Wallacemj7, Dfaustin23, Theeco2015,
Jar3damos55, Edmodo23, Triplecaa, Colonel Wilhelm Klink, Adalta1884, Seetler, 3v3evev3e, CarolOfTheForest, RandPer, KGirl-
Trucker81, GreenC bot, Tekodian, ThiefOfBagdad, Blight55, PrismTheDragon, Magtf1, Exemplo347, SkyWarrior, Wikipedia-Translator,
Truthistruth777, DynaGirl, Sheepythemouse, Moviebu323, Robot psychiatrist, Unuseableusernameeeee, Simple.bert, Its Harrison!,
JanekTheScribe, U5117629, Kyle99900, Bluesphere, Schmarrnintelligenz, JohnDoewikiuser, Wickypedoia, Meddling meddler, ThePlaty-
pusofDoom, Plankton55, DesertGrass, Jujutsuan, Derranado188, Edpark717, Stnicklaus3, Reallysomething123, John Hannibal Smith,
Adotchar, Timothyc999, Kiliopa, RedBear2040, Sally Book, AlbanGeller, Cheeselandabc, Sieckmannsam15, Dab127, TheSoundofMu-
sic76, MordeKyle, Thenabster126, SethHenderman, B1g Sh2rk, FactProer, Gluons12, Masageee33, CoeeStation95, Someone Not
Awful, Howardth25, SuperMarioForce, Theblacksamster, Sunilmittal15, Lord NnNn, Motivao, Atiru, Ahmad Bougouredi, Raji 000 sci-
entist, Doctor Grant, Wyatt2049, Trepcost, Kamel Tebaast, Kierdt, Bazooka2k, Johnwk, Yankees999, ZSJUSA, The Diaz, King Dubby,
SamHolt6, GringisMan, Leof616, FabulousFerd, JosephFrontroyal, Ale Gandon, Bit7ocker, HeathIsling, Celaur, Optimistic Wikipedian,
Squashport, KAL68, Hawkeye75, Rick4512, Nl5836, Ecarneiro, LS100Studios, Lepricavark, Zwifree, Disneylandlover2006, Pyrusca,
Omosejk12, ApolloFirenze, Emir of Wikipedia, Holy Goo, Nerdcorenet, Usernamen1, Alexander Joshua, Bender the Bot, GhostxRecon74,
James R. Aguilar, NPalgan2, Unknown6660001, 89rbeuud, Archer Raerty, Vests Have No Sleeves, Oneshotofwhiskey, Heart of Destruc-
tion, FuzzyGopher, SeaLion572, Accurateworldwar, 72, Dcfootballdaily, Turkeybutt JC, Joseeee2598, MVP131, We Scholars, Vladisfox,
Dtksguy, Autovision007, UserDe, Zachary lambert14, User1937, Breese1999, Shark32322, Andther, Reel Life, Hotshot1133laskr, Pe-
teWL, Cadmus90, SwineHerd, Imminent77, EditKing666, NationalInterest16, A1b2C3d4, MikePence2020, Octoberwoodland, Sarang1,
Malistare77, 9kiing, Saiph121, Haailo, Chris H of New York, Wikishovel, Von Sprat, HelgaStick, KMilos, Sporcler 10, Sleyece, Walbin420,
IMQFT, Worlds Lamest Critic, Moxhay, Carlos Danger, YelloChoco44, Badass Flare, Rachel.martin.2017, Justanothereditor98027, His-
torybu5182, Chan-ocha, Sandiego91, Polar Cup, IPanda14, Samswik, Catboy7006, What cat?, MassiveYR, Larko321, Ourmin312,
Bohn o'jyrne, Maryfjane, Twitbookspacetube, Sagecandor, ThaiWanIII, MonsterHunter32, Botes, Zhanglei1122, SlackerDelphi, Jason-
Phelps, BoredBored, DrStrauss, Rambabuyadavnp1, Ksenia2727, Xandahar, The smell of perfume, ILOVEMYLIFE, Cjw1, Cynulliad3,
Wiki.Man, Common Yarrow, GabetheEditor, Lawrencegordon, 32zel, The Big 5, Bluetooth Master Man, CubeSat4U and Anonymous:
1672

12.2 Images
File:2006_AEGold_Proof_Obv.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/2006_AEGold_Proof_Obv.png
License: Public domain Contributors: United States Mint Original artist: United States Mint
File:Central_Park_Wollman_Rink.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Central_Park_Wollman_
Rink.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as New York. Central Park. Wollman Rink Original artist:
Toms Fano
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
48 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Decrease2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Decrease2.svg License: Public domain Contributors:

Own work Original artist: Sarang
File:DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors:
Red_ag_waving.svg Original artist: Red_ag_waving.svg: Wereon
File:Donald_Trump_(29273256122)_-_Cropped.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Donald_Trump_
%2829273256122%29_-_Cropped.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: https://flickr.com/photos/22007612@N05/29273256122 Orig-
inal artist: Gage Skidmore from Peoria, AZ, United States of America
File:Donald_Trump_(5440995138).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Donald_Trump_
%285440995138%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Donald Trump Original artist: Gage Skidmore from Peoria, AZ,
United States of America
File:Donald_Trump_Laconia_Rally,_Laconia,_NH_4_by_Michael_Vadon_July_16_2015_19.jpg Source: https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Donald_Trump_Laconia_Rally%2C_Laconia%2C_NH_4_by_Michael_Vadon_July_16_
2015_19.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Michael Vadon
File:Donald_Trump_NYMA.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Donald_Trump_NYMA.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Photos show Donald Trump in military uniform, with athletic teams before dodging the Vietnam draft with
bull---t injury, New York Daily News (July 21, 2015) Original artist: Seth Poppel/Yearbook Library
File:Donald_Trump_Signature.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Donald_Trump_Signature.svg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work by uploader, traced in Adobe Illustrator from http://www.indianautographs.com/prodimages/
m_225025a.jpg Original artist: Connormah, Donald Trump
File:Donald_Trump_and_Melania_Trump_at_Liberty_Ball_Inauguration_2017.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/d/df/Donald_Trump_and_Melania_Trump_at_Liberty_Ball_Inauguration_2017.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: https://www.dvidshub.net/image/3112520/58th-presidential-inauguration-liberty-ball Original artist: U.S. Army/Army Sgt.
Ashley Marble
File:Donald_Trump_and_Mike_Pence_RNC_July_2016.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
7/74/Donald_Trump_and_Mike_Pence_RNC_July_2016.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://m.voanews.com/a/
republican-national-convention-day-three-/3427729.html Original artist: Ali Shaker/VOA
File:Donald_Trump_in_Ypsilanti_(33998674940)_(cropped2).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/
Donald_Trump_in_Ypsilanti_%2833998674940%29_%28cropped2%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This le has been ex-
tracted from another le: Donald Trump in Ypsilanti (33998674940).jpg
Original artist: The White House from Washington, DC
File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_
portrait.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: President Donald J. Trump (from the White House) (direct link) Original artist: United
States Department of State
File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait_(cropped).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Donald_
Trump_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: President Donald J. Trump (from the White House)
(direct link) Original artist: Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:
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svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x'
data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Donald_Trump_swearing_in_ceremony.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Donald_Trump_
swearing_in_ceremony.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Ocial White House Facebook page Original artist: White House pho-
tographer
File:Donald_trump_at_the_game_(3728975319).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Donald_trump_
at_the_game_%283728975319%29.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: donald trump at the game Original artist: Anthony Quintano
from Honolulu, HI, United States
File:ElectoralCollege2016.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/ElectoralCollege2016.svg License: CC
BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: 2012 Electoral College map Original artist: Gage
File:Emblem-money.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg License: GPL Contribu-
tors: http://www.gnome-look.org/content/show.php/GNOME-colors?content=82562 Original artist: perfectska04
File:Flag_of_Albania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Here, based on: http://manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera/creacion-de-la-bandera-nacional/ Original artist: Government
of Argentina
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Belgium.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Van den Bussche, E., Chief of Protocol, Belgian Federal Department of the Interior (2008) Noble Belgique, Mre chrie -
LE PROTOCOLE EN BELGIQUE (PROTOCOL IN BELGIUM), Heule: Editions UGA ISBN: 9789067689359. Original artist: Dbenbenn and
others
File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
12.2 Images 49

File:Flag_of_Brunei.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg License: CC0 Contribu-

tors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: The ag of Bulgaria. The colors are specied at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&
n=000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317 Original artist: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman,
R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370,
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MaGa' title='User:MaGa'>Ma</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png' class='image'><img alt='Croatian squares Ljubicic.png' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/15px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png' width='15' height='15' srcset='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/23px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png 1.5x,
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2x' data-le-width='202' data-le-height='202' /></a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MaGa' title='User
talk:MaGa'>Ga</a> (based on Decision of the Parliament)
File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden
File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847 Original artist: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by User:PeepP
to match the image at [1].
File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
File based on the specication given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi,
User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Orig-
inal artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)
File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/chi/r_flag/index.html Original artist: Tao Ho
File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors:
Flags of the World Hungary Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Islandic National Flag Original artist: var Arnfjr Bjarmason, Zscout370 and others
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: SuKopp
File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: Own work http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0051/a051.pdf#page=2, colors from http://www.
legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1993/0731609/0731609.pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Create based on the Malaysian Government Website (archive version)
Original artist: SKopp, Zscout370 and Ranking Update

File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
50 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_New_York_City.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg Li-

cense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.mch.govt.nz/files/NZ%20Flag%20-%20proportions.JPG Original artist: Zscout370, Hugh Jass
and many others
File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn
File:Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, FOTW Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Peru.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Peru Original artist: David Benbennick
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Colum-
bano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources)
File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public do-
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File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg
License: CC0 Contributors: the actual ag Original artist: Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
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main Contributors: The drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx. Colors from the book: (2001). The
National Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010 Pantone 032 shade from
http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work; here, colors Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work construction sheet from http://flagspot.net/flags/si%27.html#coa Original artist: User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Per specications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National ag Original artist: Flag de-
sign by Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color
guidelines (Russian/English) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/law/vi/1951_to_1960/1955/195511/195511300001 http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/
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File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.
svg License: Public domain Contributors:
-x-'s le
-x-'s code
Zirlands codes of colors
Original artist:
(of code): SVG version by cs:-x-.
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cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
12.2 Images 51

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cense: Public domain Contributors: The design was taken from [1] and the colors were also taken from a Government website Original
artist: User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_
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File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Li-
cense: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Great_Seal_
of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Extracted from PDF version of Our Flag, available here
(direct PDF URL here.) Original artist: U.S. Government
File:JANUS-Tte--Tte-_Sitting_President_&_President-elect,_Barack_Obama_&_Donald_Trump_squatting_
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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/JANUS-T%C3%AAte-%C3%A0-T%C3%AAte-_Sitting_President_%26_
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on_November_10th_2016._%2831196987133%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: JANUS-Tte--Tte: Sitting President &
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Original artist: Pete Souza
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ble)
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tors: Own work Original artist: Headbomb
File:Lower_part_of_The_Trump_Building_in_New_York_City_IMG_1693.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/6/62/Lower_part_of_The_Trump_Building_in_New_York_City_IMG_1693.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own
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File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:President_Trump_with_President_Xi,_April_2017_Cropped.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/
dd/President_Trump_with_President_Xi%2C_April_2017_Cropped.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: President Trump (@PO-
TUS) on Twitter Original artist: The White House
File:Republicanlogo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Republicanlogo.svg License: Public domain
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of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Extracted from the title page of PDF doc-
ument at http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf Original artist: Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
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File:Shinz_Abe_and_Donald_Trump_in_Washington,_D._C._(1).jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
2/2a/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Donald_Trump_in_Washington%2C_D._C._%281%29.jpeg License: CC BY 4.0 Contributors:
29 02 10 -1 - Original artist:
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domain Contributors: Trump-Pence 2016.png from www.donaldjtrump.com. Original artist: 0xF8E8
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inauguration-45th-president-united-states Original artist: U.S. Government
52 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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Headquarters Marine Corps Original artist: Sgt. Gabriela Garcia/Marines Corp
Original release lename: 150422-M-SA716-097.JPG
File:Trump_Meets_Reagan.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Trump_Meets_Reagan.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Original artist: White House photographer.
File:Trump_Rally_in_Cincinnati.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Trump_Rally_in_Cincinnati.jpg
License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: IMG_20161013_195654 Original artist: Bill Huber from Goshen, United States
File:Trump_Taj_Mahal,_2007.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Trump_Taj_Mahal%2C_2007.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: Self-photographed Original artist: Kevin Wong
File:Trump_Tower_-_lower_part.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Trump_Tower_-_lower_part.
jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/achimh/4368159776 Original artist: Achim Hepp
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2015-102.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Victor Grigas
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Vancouver%2C_August_2016.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: SounderBruce
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License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/opensports/3321699182/ Original artist: OPEN Sports
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January_27.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: https://www.facebook.com/POTUS/videos/1235797579823013 Original artist: Sta
of the President of the United States, Donald Trump
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License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/497359 Original artist: Terry Stewart
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SA-3.0 Contributors:
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Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
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