Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Question 1:
International Business conducts business transactions all over the world. These
transactions include the transfer of goods, services, technology, managerial
knowledge, and capital to other countries. International business involves exports
and imports.
International Business is also known, called or referred as a Global Business or an
International Marketing.
An international business has many options for doing business, it includes,
1) Exporting goods and services.
2) Giving license to produce goods in the host country.
3) Starting a joint venture with a company.
4) Opening a branch for producing & distributing goods in the host country.
5) Providing managerial services to companies in the host country
Question 2:
Disadvantages of Globalization:
The following are some of the disadvantages:
(i) Globalization paves the way for redistribution of economic power at the world
level leading to domination by economically powerful nations over the poor nations.
(ii) Globalization usually results greater increase in imports than increase in exports
leading to growing trade deficit and balance of payments problem.
(iii) Although globalization promote the idea that technological change and increase
in productivity would lead to more jobs and higher wages but during the last few
years, such technological changes occurring in some developing countries have
resulted more loss of jobs than they have created leading to fall in employment
growth rates.
(iv) Globalization has alerted the village and small scale industries and sounded
death-knell to it as they cannot withstand the competition arising from well-
organized MNCs.
(v) Globalization has been showing down the process to poverty reduction in some
developing and underdeveloped countries of the world and thereby enhances the
problem of inequality.
(vi) Globalization is also posing as a threat to agriculture in developing and
underdeveloped countries of the world. As with the WTO trading provisions,
agricultural commodities market of poor and developing countries will be flooded
farm goods from countries at a rate much lower than that indigenous farm products
leading to a death-blow to many farmers.
(vii) Implementation of globalization principle becoming harder in many industrially
developed democratic countries to ask its people to bear the pains and
uncertainties of structural adjustment with the hope of getting benefits in future.
Question 7:
The major difference between Chinese and Western culture is that China is an
oriental country, and its traditional culture is completely different from western
heritage. Chinese culture is older than 5000 years, and Chinese people have
developed their own music, musical instruments, painting techniques, traditional
Chinese medicine, and not to forget, cooking methods etc. completely different
and unique when compared to Western culture. Chinese believe in healthy eating,
and have a holistic approach towards health. The Western culture is more advanced,
and loves adventure and exploration. The Chinese focus more on collective gain
instead of individual gain by making the right decisions, and believe in adopting a
middle way to avoid extremism.
Westerners find the Chinese culture complex, and hard to understand, as the
Chinese culture has its own values, background and belief system. The Chinese are
very friendly and helpful to a stranger, compared to Westerners who would never
entertain a stranger. Western culture has a wealthy and luxurious lifestyle, but
Chinese mostly have a modest way of living, for example, on average, the Chinese
may have no more than 40 sq. feet of living space. Chinese use sir names, and are
strictly moral to avoid public displays of affection. The Western culture has the
freedom to express them freely. When compared to Western culture, the Chinese
culture differs a lot, as they value relationships more than their Western
counterparts.
There is a vast difference between the major philosophies of eastern and western
life. Westerners believe in self dedication to achieve their goals of success and
happiness etc., whereas the Chinese have behavioral ethics, and are dependent on
their inner world and perceptions of eternal recurrence. The Western approach is to
search outside of yourself, whereas the Chinese prefer to adopt a systematic
approach, and search within themselves.
Summary:
1. Westerners believe in individualism, and Chinese believe in collectivism.
2. The Western culture has the freedom to express affection freely, whereas the
Chinese culture is puritanical.
3. Western and Chinese philosophies are unique and entirely different to each other.
4. The Chinese believe in relationships, and searching for inner bliss and happiness
through meditation.
5. The Western culture believes in a materialistic approach, and has a pragmatic
and emotional attitude.
Section B:
Question 1:
Cultures change and cultural diversity is created, maintained and lost over time.
Social learning and choosing, acquiring and assimilating and rejecting information
and knowledge is a necessary aspect of the formation of cultural repertoire.
Human culture is the inevitable result of the way our species acquires its behavior.
Expertise in exploiting our environment, values about what matters in life are,
among other things, what constitute culture.
This suggests that we are descended from a relatively small population with limited
individual and sub-cultural variation. How did such diversity in peoples, societies
and communities come about? How did all this massive diversity of cultures we see
today come about? It was, at least partly, a result of communication and
information transmission.
There are many elements that make up the vast body of information comprising a
populations culture. Culture and cultural change is best viewed as a population
level phenomenon. Single individuals are largely prisoners of the culture they inherit
but the decisions they makebased on the information and knowledge they have,
or acquire to reinforce or reject, or choose to ignore at the outsetand the
outcomes of those decisions are what drive cultural revolution.
Summed over a population of individuals and over a span of time, some culturally
characteristic behaviors, beliefs and values become more common in the
population, some become less common and some disappear altogether. New
cultural characteristics arise and either survives and spread through the population,
or they fade away.
Thus, the all-important population level phenomena of cultural evolution are a result
of the aggregation of myriad events and decisionsat the individual and societal
levels. This involves learning from information and accumulation of knowledge.
Question 2:
Question 3:
Negotiating contracts is a skill that every organization and business owner will need
at one time or another.
Whether it is the decision to outsource a service, or negotiate the price for new
office equipment, business leaders will need to fine tune their negotiation skills.
Most of us dont have the natural ability to negotiate so the trick is to use a
systematic and unbiased approach to negotiate vendor contracts.
1. Identify a Need
Whether you are looking for help cleaning your building, repairing an HVAC unit or
identifying the right IT company to help with some strategic initiatives, you need to
understand what your need is before you can look for a vendor to help you. Take
some time to educate yourself so that you will be able to define the problem with a
vendor.
Vendors always have their own language to make sure you understand what all of
the lingo means before you sit down with them!
2. Identify Team
Identify a team of employees who can help identify the need, research the industry
and interview the vendor. This team will be your think tank to make sure every
aspect of the agreement is thought through. You only need a few people for this but
it is always beneficial to have several eyes and brains on this type of project.
3. Research Vendors
Once you know what the need is, have your team help research vendors that
specialize in the particular area you need help with. Talk to friends and others in
your field for referrals.
The internet is a great resource and many organizations have ratings on their
services. Use these resources and read customer comments. You can learn a lot
from just doing a little online research and listening to their customers.
Check with the BBB on the vendors you pick and see if they have any prior
unresolved customer issues. This can also be done online and is a great resource
not only for finding a good vendor but also if you make Charity Donations.
You want to do this type of checking before you ask for a proposal so you wont be
wasting your time negotiating a bid only to find out the vendor has unresolved
customer issues.
Whether it is the decision to outsource a service, or negotiate the price for new
office equipment, business leaders will need to fine tune their negotiation skills.
Identify three vendors that look the best to you. Think about the big name vendors
that do a lot of advertising.
You can expect to pay a little more for them so make sure you list at least one
vendor that does not have the big name recognition. Smaller vendors that have not
been around as long are hungry and might be able to do a really good job for you at
a lower cost.
7. Vendor Interview
Have the vendor come in and present the proposal to the team. Allow the team to
ask questions and clarify any uncertainties. This is when you make sure the
proposal is written to meet all of your needs and criteria.
Once you have all three proposals, review each of them side by side to make sure
they are comparable. Call the vendor and get clarification on anything that does
not make sense or may need further clarification.
9. Negotiate Differences
Once you have a good understanding of the proposed agreements, go back and
negotiate any sticking points that might hold you back. Everything is negotiable so
dont hesitate to ask if you think it is something important to the agreement.
Once you are settled on an agreement, start calling the list of references and ask
questions like:
Once you feel comfortable with an agreement, have another set of eyes look at it to
see if there are any outstanding things that may be missing. This should be another
person who is familiar with looking at contracts.
Tell them how you came up with the list of vendors, what your criteria was and why
you have chosen this one. Then let them pick it apart. Dont take any questions
personally, just allow the process to work. This step may save you from signing
something you regret later.
12. Sign
Ok, now is when you sign the agreement and agree on a start date. Take the
agreement and tickle your calendar or the appropriate persons calendar with
anything you may be responsible for in the agreement ie; payment schedule,
auditing process, inspections, etc.
MCQ:
https://www.scribd.com/doc/91023453/The-International-Marketing-Manager