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1. Why is it important to know about centrifugal pumps? 2
8. Installation 15
10. Troubleshooting 19
Glossary 21
1
1. Why is it important to know about
centrifugal pumps?
A centrifugal pump is typically the most common sanitary pump
type used in sanitary processes. Benefots include a relatively low
purchase cost, wide selection, simple design and easy
maintenance.
CIP
Milk
2
Standard Multi-stage High-clean
Adapter
Motor
Shaft
Casing
Shaft Impeller
seal
3
2. Who should know about centrifugal pumps?
All people in touch with flow equipment during its life cycle should
know about centrifugal pumps.
It is important that the target group knows the various aspects of centrifugal
pumps, including principle and design, available types, selection, suitability
and limitations related to given processes.
This ensures that processes are optimised and that errors, damage and
personal injuries are avoided. The target group includes:
1. Process designers, who should know what centrifugal pump types and
configurations to select so that the process is optimised related to
quality and costs.
2. Sales and sales support people, who should know the possibilities and
limitations of centrifugal pumps related to applications/processes in
question.
3. Field operators, who should know the possible causes of centrifugal
pump malfunction and know how to solve them.
4. Beginners in the flow industry, who should have a basic understanding
to work efficiently.
4
3. The Principle of a centrifugal pump
General principle:
Fluid enters the pump casing and impeller center and is forced into a
circular movement by the impeller vanes and the centrifugal force. The
fluid thus leaves the casing with increased pressure and velocity.
Typically suitable for low viscous, non-particulate and non-aerated fluids
such as beer, CIP, cream, juice, milk, soft drinks, water etc.
Single-stage principle:
The fluid inlet, the built-up of velocity and pressure and the fluid outlet all
happens in one stage (one casing and one impeller).
Multi-stage principle:
Fluid enters the pump casing and impeller center, and fluid pressure and
velocity are built up in the first stage (casing and impeller) similar to the
single-stage pump.
Fluid with increased pressure and velocity is directed to the second
stage (casing and impeller), where the fluid pressure and velocity is
further increased.
The result is a pressure increase (boost) in each stage, where the total
pressure increase depends on the number of stages in the pump.
Typically available with 2-4 stages.
5
Flow/pressure
Rotating Fluid
impeller out Casing
Casing 3
Fluid
in
1
2 Rotating
impeller
Fluid Fluid
Stage/casing
out Stages out
2 1
2 1
Rotating
Fluid impellers Fluid
in in
Several stages
Pressure increase
(casings/impellers)
during stages!
Fully fluid
filled casing!
Pinlet
6
4. Typical parts in a centrifugal pump
7
Adapter
Motor
Shaft
Casing
Shaft Impeller
seal
8
5. Sanitary centrifugal pumps
Drainage:
Drainage ensures that the pump can be emptied completely so that
there are no remains (no sump) of processed fluid or cleaning agents.
Drainage is typically achieved through a drain fitted on the bottom of the
pump casing or by rotating the casing outlet so that fluid can drain from
it.
The critical area is the bottom of the pump casing.
9
Wrong! Correct!
Impeller
Fluid
area
Seal
Impeller
nut
10
6. Typical range of centrifugal pumps
Standard pump:
For most applications, typically with max. system pressure of 10 bar
(147 psi).
Typically available in many sizes to cover a wide range of duties.
High-pressure pump:
For example for filter applications, typically with max. system pressure of
approx. 40 bar (588 psi).
Typically with a heavy casing/backplate design, with internal shaft seal
and special motor (bearings) to withstand high inlet/system pressures.
Multi-stage pump:
Working as pumps coupled in series. Typically a booster pump for high
pressure at relatively low capacity.
Typically with a heavy casing/backplate design, with internal shaft seal
and special motor (bearings) to withstand high inlet/system pressures.
Self-priming pump:
Working as a liquid-ring pump for aerated fluids, such as CIP return.
High-clean pump:
For pharmaceutical or similar applications with demand of increased
cleanability.
Typical design features are 45 casing outlet, casing drain, flushed shaft
seal, polished surface finish and material traceability.
11
Special Internal
motor shaft seal
High
pressure!
Heavy casing/
backplate
Casing
Heavy casing/ drain
Flushed
backplate seal
Heating/cooling Casing
jacket
Heating/
cooling Heating/
supply cooling
supply
12
7. Centrifugal pump selection
Pump selection/configuration:
Select suitable pump configuration according to guidance shown and
according to recommendations of pump suppliers.
Select/size suitable pump from pump curve or pump selection program.
Ensure correct pump/motor type, size, porting, shaft seal, surface finish
and elastomer grade.
H
Process curve
Fig.7.1. (Selection principle)
The pump is sized by using the pump Pump curve
duty (QD,HD) in the pump curve. Correct
pump/impeller size is the intersection HD
point between the process and pump
curves. D3 D2 D1
QD
Q
13
SELECTION:
1. Get process/ Standard sanitary? Standard pump
fluid data:
- Check compatibility
6. Get elastomer NBR, HNBR, EPDM, - Check with pump
grade FPM, PTFE, other suppliers
14
8. Installation
Pump/piping alignment:
Align pump/piping and support piping so pump casing is not stressed.
Stressing of the pump casing can cause seal leakage and cause metallic
contact between impeller and casing so that the parts are damaged.
Align pump/motor/coupling carefully (for base-mounted pump).
Electrical supply:
Connect and supply electricity to the motor according to instructions.
Ensure that motor data are in accordance with given site electrical
supply (voltage and frequency).
Before use, check the pump after installation to ensure smooth operation
and correct rotation of direction of the impeller.
Priming of pump:
Ensure that the pump casing is filled with fluid before starting.
Check the installation/suction conditions to ensure that available suction
pressure (NPSHa) is higher than required (NPSHr) from the pump. This
minimises the risk of cavitation.
15
Align casing
and motor! Align piping Compensate
and casing! vibration/
Motor Coupling thermal
expansion!
Support
Base Casing piping! Compensator
Correct direction
of rotation!
Start/stop fluid
flow correctly!
Impeller
Correct seal Voltage?
flush data! Frequency?
Fully fluid
filled casing!
Pinlet
NPSHa > NPSHr No cavitation!
Sufficient
inlet pressure!
16
9. Operation and service
Pump operation:
Prior to use, check the pump after installation to ensure smooth
operation and correct direction of rotation of the impeller.
Start and stop the pump carefully. Use soft starter or frequency
converter if required of the motor or process.
Pay attention to moving parts and hot equipment.
Pay attention to possible leakage from the shaft seal.
Never throttle/block both suction and discharge sides of the pump.
Pump cleaning:
Handle cleaning agents according to instructions; use protective gloves
and goggles.
Clean frequently according to instructions.
Pay attention to hot equipment, hot cleaning agents/water and possible
steam supply.
Pay attention to possible leakage from the shaft seal.
Use flushed shaft seal to clean seal faces from sticky and crystallising
fluids.
Pump service:
Disconnect fluid supply/pressure and electrical supply before service.
If fitted, disconnect seal flushing supply before service.
Pay attention to moving parts and hot equipment.
Service and replace parts according to instructions and regulations.
Before use, check the pump after service to ensure smooth operation
and correct direction of rotation of the impeller.
17
Flow
Frequency meter Flow
converter out
Never block
both lines! Shut-off
valve
Flow
in
Hot
pump/line!
Leaking
cleaning agent!
Shaft Casing
seal gasket
Replace
wear parts!
18
10. Troubleshooting
General information:
Good description of pump failure and process, get sketches and
possible worn parts, if possible.
Check and compare nominal/original process conditions with actual.
What has changed in process since satisfactory operation?
Has the pump been undergoing recommended/routine maintenance?
Have any spare parts been replaced on the pump?
When was the last maintenance of the pump?
How was the condition of internal pump parts?
How long did the pump operate satisfactorily before failure?
19
Noise! Vibration!
Hot
motor! Check impeller
rotation!
No
High
flow!
current!
Meter
Impeller
Check impeller
Check for air rotation!
in casing/line!
No
suction!
20
Glossary
External seal Seal design where most rotating seal parts are
outside the pumped fluid. The most common seal
type.
Inlet pressure Fluid pressure entering the pump inlet. Will affect
the seal faces.
Internal seal Seal design where most rotating seal parts are
inside the pumped fluid. Suitable for high pressure.
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Other handbooks in this series
1. Pressures in flow systems
2. Cavitation
3. Fluid properties
4. Pumps for sanitary processes
5. Centrifugal pumps
6. Sizing centrifugal pumps
7. Rotary-lobe pumps
8. Sizing rotary-lobe pumps
9. Pump motors
10. Pump-shaft seals
11. Troubleshooting pumps
12. Flow control
13. Materials for flow equipment
14. Valves for sanitary processes
15. Single-seat valves
16. Mix-proof valves
17. Regulating valves
18. Troubleshooting valves
19. Valve automation
20. Standards and regulations
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