1 History and Future of Construction Equipment

5 April 2017
History and Future of Construction

Plant and Equipment
5 April 2017 Management of Construction Plant and Equipment: By Ashok K. Shrestha Slide No. 1
Construction Equipment ??
Construction equipment are basically used for earthmoving,
excavating, transporting, compacting, lifting etc. for making
infrastructure such as canal, roads, bridges, buildings etc.
The main goal of construction is to transformation conceptual
design of a project into its actual physical shape and size which
is accomplished by men and machines
Equipment makes construction work better and more
convenient, without construction equipment, the world
wouldn't be the same place as of todays.
Construction machines are also very helpful in the disaster area
for rescuing, demolishing and debris management
Construction equipment make it possible to work safely in
hazardous and dangerous area which otherwise be impossible.
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5 April 2017
History of Construction Equipment

It is believed that the
development and use of
tools started with human-
beings, made some kinds
of stone knife, wooden
stick and bone etc.
Tools were evolved as to
fulfill basic needs for
making shelters, improve
hunting skill and safety.
1913
1914 1919
1954 1958
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5 April 2017

Development of tools/simple
machine such as Lever, Pick,
Shovel, Pulley, Axe improved
the amount of work and speed.
Human and animal was the
energy sources to run such
tools/ simple machine.
Pile scaffolding, roller, sledge
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5 April 2017

Most major heavy construction equipment advances
have been made around in the last 185 years.
Todays machines are not the result of one single
invention, but a culmination of numerous mechanical
and operating advancements.
Heavy construction machines used today are the result
of improvement after improvement based on the need
to work more efficiently, effectively, and safely.
The main aim improving construction equipment is
simply put, the design and development goal to
reduce cost, increase speed/ productivity, and
enhance safety features.

Many fundamental mechanical and operating principles for
earth moving, excavating, compacting, and lifting
equipment were already used well before 1800.
The challenge was to mechanize crude man, horse, mule,
or ox-drawn construction equipment that had evolved over
several centuries of design enhancement.
Finding a greater and more reliable power source and
mechanizing the operation were the key for design change.
At the turn of the 19th century, the power source for heavy
construction equipment was changing from man or
livestock power to steam engine.
Historians point to the late 19th century as the era of
turning-point developments in construction equipment
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5 April 2017

The reaper (shows in figure) developed by Cyrus McCormicks in 1831
opened a new era for the development of mechanized equipment.
It is believed that McCormicks invention of Reaper started the
transition point of time of development from tools to machines.
The reaper was a mechanized land-operating unit pulled by horse.
The turning wheel on the reaper supplied power to operate a
reciprocating knife that cut the grain.
The primary reason for the huge success of this machine was that it
can work the job of 14 men with reaping hooks.
The first steam power excavator

The development of the
first steam-powered single-
bucket land excavator
designed by William S. Otis
in 1835 shown in Figure.
The shovel was rail-
mounted and depended on
tracks for mobility.
This is perhaps the first
manufactured piece of self-
powered, land-operating
heavy construction
equipment.
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5 April 2017
The first steam power tractor

The first the steam-powered tractor was introduced in
1868. Development of this tractor formally started the
evolution of heavy construction equipment.
Tractors ran on steel tires and soon began to be
manufactured in different sizes. Numerous accessories
were developed for use with a tractor. Blades were
attached to the tractor front to push dirt around.
Buggies pulled by tractors were used to transport
excavated soil. Tractors were used for a long time as the
power components for many different types of
construction equipment
The first steam power crawler tractor

The Holt Manufacturing Company manufactured
the first steam-crawler tractor in 1904, shown in
Figure below.
This started a new direction for construction
industry as the back wheels were replaced with
tracks. The front wheel is called a tiller wheel.
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5 April 2017
The first front end loader

The tractor loader
shown in Figure was
manufactured in the
1920s and included a
cable-operated bucket
attached to the front.
Dirt was loaded into
the bucket by
propelling the tractor
into a dirt pile
Technological Advancement
In the 1950s engines, transmissions and tires evolved
into predictable efficient and maintainable components
of heavy construction equipment
The 1960s, tremendous advances in construction
techniques and associated technology for high-rise
construction
The 1970s became the decade of steel-frame skyscraper
construction in metropolitan areas.
Development efforts were focused on building
mechanized cranes with safer and more reliable control
systems that could serve greater heights and capacities.
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5 April 2017
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(OSHA) was created in 1971.
Ensuring safe and healthful working conditions for
working men and women included ensuring the
safety of construction equipment
Protective cab enclosures, automatic safety devices,
noise, vibration, and dust control were only a few of
the issues concerning construction equipment that
OSHA included in its regulations
Diesel Engines provide the power, high torque rise, reliability and
performance, increases fuel efficiency, reduces smoke, improves cold
starting and enhances diagnostic capabilities.
Electronic Unit Injection (EUI). Reduced exhaust smoke, automatic
altitude compensation and cold start protection
Common Rail fuel injection system optimizes performance and fuel
consumption, minimizes heat rejection and lowers emissions.
Differential steering allows infinitely variable turning radius, allows
the tractor to make a power turn keeping both tracks working for
more traction and higher performance
Electronic Hydrostatic Power Train System allows power turns, step-
less speed range, smooth modulation, dynamic hydrostatic braking,
superior maneuverability and excellent controllability.
Sealed and Lubricated Track reduces pin and bushing wear for lower
undercarriage repair costs
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5 April 2017
Construction Equipment at Present

Equipped with advance technologies.
Combination of any two or more systems (Mechanical,
Hydraulic, Electrical and Electronic) such as Hydro-
Mechanical, Electro-mechanical, Mechatronic, Electronic
Control Module (ECM) which have greatly improve the
controlling and operation system of a machine resulting
Highly efficient/ better performance
Compact and powerful
Multiple attachment/ implements
Precisely controlling and monitoring
Low fuel consumption/ less emission
Environment friendly
Self diagnostic

Available in very small to huge sizes and capacity.
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5 April 2017

Available in large ranges of standard production.

Available in large range of different varieties
Special purpose and site specific design equipment
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5 April 2017
Excavator at work: Temporary bypass road being made at the adjacent side of the road
Wheel Dozer at Work: Landslide being clearing on road

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5 April 2017
Future of Construction Equipment

The physical needs to perform construction work will have not
changed very much.
The work to be done changes based on the type of project, but
the activities that have to be performed are similar for all
projects.
The amount and types of machines required may vary, but the
need for heavy construction equipment will always exist.
It is interesting to note that earthmoving, excavating,
compacting, and lifting mechanical principles incorporated into
todays designs will probably not change much in the future.
The work environment, power source, and operator may
change drastically to something that we have not imagined or
not yet discovered.

Application of computer technology will provide the most
significant changes in equipment design and use.
Computer control of equipment systems is used to regulate and
control fuel delivery and efficiency, exhaust emissions, hydraulic
systems, power transfer, load sensing, and operation tracking,
recording, and regulating.
Wireless and information technologies will increase monitoring
and controlling features for equipment fleet management and
production, eventually making remote operation of equipment a
commercially available reality
Environmental considerations and mandates will play a larger role
in the development of construction equipment. This will always
remain an important consideration for equipment design
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5 April 2017

As with vehicles, incorporation of pollution control
systems and sensing equipment will become more
prevalent as environmental concerns become greater.
As new power solutions such as alternate cleaner
performing fuels, electric power, and hydrogen fuel cells
are developed and incorporated into automobiles, they
will probably be developed to power heavy construction
equipment too.
Some of today's new construction machines can
recognize a site through a satellite or can be operated
remotely with a computer.
Some equipment manufacturer are

constantly working to design and
improve the construction equipment
incorporating modern technologies.
Example / Application of such modern

Technology in Operation and
Management of Future Construction
Equipment are shown in next slides
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5 April 2017
Application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

for Construction Equipment Management
Remote machine operation management system
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5 April 2017
Purpose and Application of ICT to construction machinery

The final purpose is to create a system that contributes overall
reduction of operating cost, maintenance cost and downtime.
Improve machine productivity,
to improve their
Reliability and Availability. operation management,
the increase of customer
satisfaction level
to provide to incorporate
proper and design and
efficient product development
support tool approach of
the products
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5 April 2017
Application ICT for Operation of Construction

Machinery in the field Recently, the Information
and Communication
Technology (ICT) such as
GNSS (Global Navigation
Satellite Systems) for
positioning, satellite
communication, cellular
phone, Internet, etc., have
been developed
remarkably and applied to
various fields of
production, logistics
supports, sales, and
service activities
GPS system
This system is made up by combining the GNSS and rotary laser
transmitter to increase the vertical positioning accuracy
This system uses the GNSS for horizontal positioning and uses a
laser system for vertical positioning. As a result, the leveling
accuracy is improved to about 10 mm, while it is bout 30 mm
when only the GNSS is used
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5 April 2017
TS system
This system does not use the GNSS for positioning but
uses optical measuring instruments
The automatic tracking total station (TS) monitors the
prism installed on the blade to calculate the position of
the work equipment
This system can increase the leveling accuracy to as high
as about 10 mm
Leveling of road surface: Performance test
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5 April 2017
Traditional Method of Digging and Trenching
Digging and Trenching with AccuGrade

Increases Productivity and
Efficiency.
Increases productivity
Reduces guesswork and
costly rework by moving dirt
right the first time
Reduces survey costs
Increases material utilization
Reduces operating costs
Extends the work day
Assists with Labor Shortage.

Worksite Safety. Reduces labor requirements and costs by freeing up
Removes stakers and checkers additional job-site resources
from the worksite and away Customers can get the job done more quickly and
from the heavy equipment efficiently
Reduces need for staking and checking
Empowers operator and improves operator confidence
by delivering excavation information to the cab
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5 April 2017
AccuGrade Grade Control System for Motor Graders

The AccuGrade System is designed and integrated into the machine and
hydraulic systems to create an automatic blade control system that allows
operators to grade with complete accuracy.
Material with new technology solutions for earthmoving machines that provide
greater accuracy, higher productivity, lower operating costs, and more
profitability.
Features and Benefits

AccuGrade is easy to use and delivers a wide range of customer benefits.
Improves Employee Satisfaction
and Retention.
In-cab display brings elevation control to
the cab
Empowers operator with real-time results
Real-time feedback on progress increases
job satisfaction, eliminates guesswork and
reduces operator stress
Improves operator skills and takes
performance to the next level
Investing in the latest technology leads to
a sense of value and trust in the operator
Increases Equipment Versatility.

Plug-and-play connections allow fast, easy
conversion from cross slope, to sonic, to
laser, to ATS, to GPS grade control system
Provides consistency and accuracy, turning
your production machine into a fine grading
machine
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5 April 2017
AccuGrade Sonic
Ultrasonic sound waves calculate elevation from a physical reference point,
such as a stringline, curb or gutter, to maintain elevation.
Applications.
New road construction
Highway maintenance
Airport runways
Building pads
Road ditches
Embankments
Indoor applications
AccuGrade Laser
A rotating laser creates a grade elevation reference plane over the work area to
maintain precise elevation control.
Applications.
Flat Planes
Single Slopes
Dual Slopes
Cross Slopes
Building Pads
Parking Lots
Sports Fields
Indoor Applications
16 November 2016 Management of Construction Plant and Equipment: By Ashok K. Shrestha Slide No. 40
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5 April 2017
AccuGrade ATS
Advanced Tracking Sensor (ATS) tracks blade positioning and provides precise
elevation adjustments for fine grade control.
AccuGrade GPS
Global Positioning System satellites provide precise location
information for elevation control with centimeter level accuracy.
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5 April 2017
Systems for soil compaction: Measuring System

1. EVib meter
The instrument is designed to
assist the roller operator to
compact soils and granular
materials. Higher Evib values
signify higher soil stiffness and a
better state of compaction.
2. Economizer
The ECONOMIZER is a measuring and
display system for continuous compaction
control on reversible vibratory plates. A
clearly arranged display in the direct field of
vision of the operator provides continuous
compaction control during ongoing
compaction work and locates soft spots
Compaction Management
for large scale contracts and where surface area
dynamic compaction is required or specified.
This system offers convenient measurement data
management and extensive documentation and
evaluation possibilities
It is used in road, rail and airport construction, in
dam construction, construction of landfill sites
and on embankments.
Global Positioning applications for soil

compaction
This software is developed by BOMAG which is
intended to connect local GPS/ATS systems to
BOMAG measuring systems.
It has interfaces to the usual GPS/ATS systems
and to GPS reference services at the ready.
Depending on the chosen GPS/ATS system a
position can be ascertained with an accuracy of
up to 5 cm.
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5 April 2017

History and Future of Construction

History of Construction Equipment

History of Construction Equipment

History of Construction Equipment

Pile scaffolding, roller, sledge

History of Construction Equipment

History of Construction Equipment

History of Construction Equipment

The first steam power excavator

The first steam power tractor

The first steam power crawler tractor

The first front end loader

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Construction Equipment at Present

Construction Equipment at Present

Construction Equipment at Present

Construction Equipment at Present

Wheel Dozer at Work: Landslide being clearing on road

Future of Construction Equipment

Future of Construction Equipment

Future of Construction Equipment

Some equipment manufacturer are

Example / Application of such modern

Application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Remote machine operation management system

Purpose and Application of ICT to construction machinery

Application ICT for Operation of Construction

Leveling of road surface: Performance test

Traditional Method of Digging and Trenching

Digging and Trenching with AccuGrade

Assists with Labor Shortage.

AccuGrade Grade Control System for Motor Graders

Features and Benefits

Increases Equipment Versatility.

Systems for soil compaction: Measuring System

Global Positioning applications for soil

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