Operation Siemens

6 Synchronization Facilities

Fig. 104

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6.1 Clock Supply

Frequency synchronous network operation requires synchronization of all equipment
operating in the network to a central reference clock pulse.

The following reference signals are suitable as clock pulse sources:

l An external 2048-kHz clock pulse signal, T3, that can be applied at a
synchronization input of a terminal multiplexer or add/drop multiplexer,
l an external 2 Mbit/s clock pulse signal, T3, that can be applied at a
synchronization input of an SMA series 4 equipped with an additional CLA module,
l a clock signal derived from a SDH-signal received on the line or tributary side
(timing source T1),
l a clock signal derived from a 2 Mbit/s PDH-signal received on the tributary side
(timing source T2),
l a clock signal from the internal quartz oscillator.

Up to six different timing sources can be selected as input signals.

The T0, the T1 or the T2 are available for use as a synchronization source for the
output timing signal T4.
The clock pulse of each network element can be synchronized with a very precise
clock pulse source (Primary Reference Clock, PRC) according to the master-slave
principle.
The clock pulse information is distributed via the transport network.

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external source external source

input output

T3(1) T3(2) T4(1) T4(2)

SN64
SDH port: T0 SDH port:
T1(1...4) SN64 T1(1...4)

SDH port: PDH port:

T1(1...4) T2(1...2)

T0 System Clock
T1 SDH clock reference signal
T2 PDH clock reference signal
T3 External clock reference signal, incoming
T4 External clock reference signal, outgoing
SN64 Switching Network
Fig. 105 Possible synchronization sources

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6.2 Synchronous Equipment Timing Source SETS

Within each network element (except for regenerators), the SETS (Synchronous
Equipment Timing Source) function on the SN64 module controls local
synchronization.
Signals T1 (SDH signals), T2 (PDH signals) and T3 (2048 kHz or 2 Mbit/s) feed the
clock pulse information into the SETS. One of the three signals is used as the current
synchronizing source. The SETS function derives the clock pulse T0 from this
source. Each outgoing SDH signal is synchronized from this T0 clock pulse and T0 is
also used as the central clock pulse within the network element.
The SETS function not only supplies the synchronous clock pulse to the modules
within the network elements, but also, via the T4 interface, to other equipment. After
a synchronization fault in the transmission route, sections of the transmission range
are no longer permanently coupled to the Primary Reference Source PRC. In this
case, the clock pulse synchronization has to be configured anew in the network
structure. For this reason, each SETS can be synchronized with different T1, T2 or
T3 sources. When commissioning the synchronous equipment, a priority is assigned
to the clock pulse sources to be used.

Holdover & Free-Running Modus

If an existing reference clock pulse source is no longer available, the SETS switches
from synchronous operation to holdover mode.
If the SETS has never been synchronized with an external clock pulse source, it
remains in free-running Mode.
In both modes, holdover and free-running, the SETS independently supplies clock
pulse T0 from the Timing Generator SETG, but with reduced frequency and phase
quality. In this case, the external clock pulse, T4, is suppressed (Squelch Function).

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Selection Selection T4
A C Squelch

x
T1
y T0
T2 Selection
T3 z B SETG

OSZ

x
4 x+
+y
4
y
2
z
2

Fig. 106 Selection of timing sources

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6.3 Timing Marker

Because it is possible to choose between clock pulse sources of different precision, it
is useful to transmit information about the quality of the clock pulse used. Otherwise,
the reference clock pulse used is selected according to a given priority list.
The Synchronization Status Message (SSM) is contained in the S1-byte within the
MSOH of the STM-N signal.

For information about the precision of the clock pulse of the signal, six quality levels
have been specified by ITU-T.

Quality Frequency stability S1 Meaning

Level (demanded by ITU-T) (hex)
PRC (Primary Reference Clock as per ITU-T Rec.
Q1 1*10 -11 2
G.811)

SSU-T
4 (Secondary Reference Clock as per ITU-T Rec.
Q2 1*10 -9 per day
G.812)

SSU-L

Q3 -8 8 (Secondary Reference Clock as per ITU-T Rec.

2*10 per day
G.812)

Q4 -6 SEC (Synchronous Equipping Timing Source as per

4,6*10 B
ITU-T rec. G.813) holdover or Freerun mode

Q5 - 0 Unknown quality

Q6 - F Not suitable for synchronization

Fig. 107 Clock quality levels

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T3

PRC

T4

Please add the sent Timing

Marker Bytes.

Fig. 108 Transmission of timing marker

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6.4 Clock Settings "SEC"

The window "Synchronous Equipment Clock" in the "Configuration" menu of the
SN64 allows for configuration of the timing sources used for synchronization. Each
timing source, except internal timing, can be configured according to priorities.
Internal timing always has the lowest priority. The timing source with the highest
priority is used as the timing derivative.
Currently selected timing sources for the clock pulses T0 and T4 are displayed by
means of an arrow. The arrow also displays the mode.

The modes involved are as follows:

l Auto:
The SETS selects from the configured timing sources, to which a priority was
allocated, the best clock pulse according to quality. For the same quality, the lower
value of the set priority is decisive (1 = very good....6 = very bad or do not use).
l Forced:
The operator determines which timing source is used. If the selected (forced)
timing source fails, a second arrow displays Selected in the Holdover field. The
Forced arrow remains on the timing source selected by the operator. If the timing
source becomes available again, the second arrow again disappears after expiry
of the Wait to Restore Time.

The switch from higher timing quality to lower timing quality is accepted immediately.

The switch back from lower timing quality to higher timing quality is only accepted
after expiry of the time set in the Wait to Restore Time field. This applies to the
modes Forced and Auto.

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Fig. 109 Synchronization configuration

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6.4.1 T0 Configuration
Menu Item SEC-T0 Config
In the Timing Source in Use for T0 field, the current T0 timing source is displayed.
In the Requested Timing Source for T0 field, the T0 clock pulse can permanently be
derived from one of the T3 clock pulses (external) or T1/T2 clock pulses (from a
traffic signal) or the best qualitative timing sources can automatically be selected by
the SN64 module (auto Revertive) or configured without reference timing (free
Running). Only the T1-/T2-/T3 clock pulses, which have a priority are displayed in
the context menu.
In the Minimum Quality Level for T0 field, the minimum quality of the T0 clock pulse,
which is required, (Timing Marker) is selected. This selection results in a T0 quality
alarm if the received quality is lower than this minimum value in the case of
"autorevertive mode". The Timing Marker, which has been set as a HEX value is
displayed in front of the context menu field.

Fig. 110 Configuration of T0

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6.4.2 T4 Configuration
Menu Item SEC-T4 Config
First of all, it has to be selected if the T3/T4 mode is 2 MHz or 2 Mbit/s. This should
have been done at the commissioning stage.
In the Timing Source in Use for T4 field, the current T4 timing source is displayed.
The Requested Timing Source for T4 sets whether the T4 clock pulse synchronizes
either to the T0 clock pulse, permanently (Forced) to a T1/T2 clock pulse,
automatically (auto Revertive) to a timing source or the T4 clock pulse is
disconnected (off).
Only the T1/T2 clock pulses, which have a priority, are displayed in the context menu.
In the Minimum Quality Level for T4 field, the minimum quality of the T4 clock pulse
(Timing Marker) is selected. This selection results in a squelch of T4 if the received
quality is lower than this minimum value in a case of "autorevertive mode". The
Timing Marker, which has been set as a HEX value is displayed in front of the context
menu field.

Fig. 111 Configuration of T4

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6.4.3 T1/T2 Configuration

Menu Item SEC-T1/T2 Config
In the T1/T2 Timing References field, 4 different timing sources can be defined to
be used for T0 and/or T4 derivatives.
Only those EIPS1D- and OIS-ports entered in the context menu of the T1(x) fields
can be selected.
In the T1 SSMs field, the received Timing Markers of the selected timing sources
are displayed.
In the "T2 SSMs" field, the quality of the T2 clock pulses are set by selecting a Timing
Marker (it is displayed in the left field as a HEX value). This is necessary because the
2 Mbit/s ports does not contain its own SSM.
If you click on <Apply>, the timing sources set in the T1/T2 Timing References field
are accepted.
If you click on <Update>, the values of the T1 SSMs are updated.

Fig. 112 Configuration of T1 and T2

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6.4.4 T3 Configuration
Menu Item SEC-T3 Config
First of all, it has to be selected if the T3/T4 mode is 2 MHz or 2 Mbit/s. This should
have been done at the commissioning stage.
If the T3/T4 mode is 2 MHz, then in the "T3 SSMs" field, the quality of the T3 clock
pulses have to be specified by selecting a Timing Marker. This is necessary because
T3 (e.g. from the normal frequency equipment SSU 2001) as 2,048 MHz normal
timing does not contain its own SSM. The Timing Marker, which has been set as a
HEX value is displayed in front of the context menu field.

Fig. 113 Configuration of T3

TIP
If the T3/T4 mode is 2 Mbit/s, then the T3 coming from the CLA already contains a
quality level indication (DC offset). In this case SSMs are not configurable.

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6.4.5 Setting Priorities

After the timing signals T1 / T2 are assigned and the external clocksT3 are
configured, priorities have to be assigned to them. Only those timing signals will be
taken into account for synchronization source that are ranked by priorities. In case
two assigned timing signals have the same quality (timing marker) the one with the
higher priority (lower number) will be chosen.

Fig. 114 Priority settings

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7 Supplementary Functions

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7.1 Overhead Functions

The overhead of the STM-N signal is composed of various additional data and user
channels. They can be used for data and speech communication. Each byte of the
overhead offers a transmission capacity of 64 kbit/s.
Some overhead bytes can be accessed without additional hardware equipment.
These bytes are used for the data communication network DCN and offer the data
communication channels DCCR in the RSOH and DCCM the MSOH.
For the other bytes that are allocated for the customer's use, the additional module
OHA has to be configured. It manages the access to:
l two data interfaces based on ITU-T G.703,
l four data channels with sV.11 interface,
l the engineering orderwire with performance of EOW ring management.

The SMA series 4 offers a number of Overhead Functions, making use of the
additional transmission capacities in the SDH Section Overhead for speech and data
communication.
For a number of those features, e.g. the engineering orderwire, the customer
interface, the V.11 and G.703 interfaces it is necessary to configure a number of
different settings.

TIP
The functions of the OHA card are treated in more detail in the chapter "Hardware".

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sV.11

DCC EOW G.703

G.703

STM-16 A
OH STM-16

STM-1/4

Fig. 115 Access to overhead bytes

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7.2 Configuration of Overhead Cross-Connections

To call up the Overhead Cross-Connection window, click with the RMB on the OHA
symbol in the "Module View" and select <Configuration>, <OHCC...>.
In the Overhead Cross-Connections window, various bi-directional overhead cross-
connections between the VC-4 tributary signals are created in the "OH TP List" and
displayed in the "OH CC List".

Fig. 116 Calling up OH CC

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7.2.1 Creation of an OH Cross-Connection

From the list OH Termination Point the start point is selected and marked with <Set
as TP A>. Similarly the end point is selected and marked with <Set as TP B>. Both
selections in the list are marked with a blue frame around the Red Cross symbol. In
the New OH Cross-connection field the termination points A and B and the OH CC
Type are shown. You can either reset your selections by clicking <Reset TPs> or
enable the OH CC by clicking <Apply>.

Fig. 117 Configuration of overhead cross-connections

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7.2.2 Clearing an OH Cross-Connection

Highlight the connection in the OH CC List field and then select "Disconnect" in the
"Action" field. Acknowledge by clicking on Apply. To confirm the deletion press "OK"
in the message window that appears. The connection is then cleared from the "OH
CC list". The field OH CC Type" is inactive, and for information only.

Fig. 118 Clearing of overhead cross-connections

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7.3 Telemetry Interface (TIF)

To call up the "OH Interfaces" window, click with the RMB on the OHA symbol in the
"Module View" and select <Configuration>, <OH Interfaces...>.
In this window, two 64-kbit/s channels for telemetry purposes can be enabled/
disabled and a phone number for the engineering order wire can be configured.

Fig. 119 Opening the OH interfaces window

TIP
One requirement for using the two serial 64-kbit/s channels, which are available for
telemetry purposes, is the corresponding configuration of two hardware switches on
the TIF module. (As the G.703 channels and the customer alarm channels are
transmitted parallel, if G.703 is used, the switch must be in the OFF position,
otherwise G703 transmission is disturbed.)

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By clicking on the G703 symbol with the RMB, a pop-up menu appears to enable
the TIF module. If the TIF module has been enabled, display (Fault) or configuring
(Configuration...) of TIF-alarms and reconfiguration of the G703-interface (Disable
TIF) is possible.

Fig. 120 Enabling of TIF

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Clicking on the TIF symbol with the RMB and selecting "Configuration...", opens the
window to configure the switching channels. You can configure two groups of 8
output (Actors) and 8 input ports (Sensors), each according to your own requirements
for telemetry tasks. Depending on which channel in the TIF module has been
enabled, line 1 to 8 (TIF#1) or line 9 to 16 (TIF#2) are configured.
In the Actors field, outgoing Custom Control Signals can be activated and their
polarity selected. In the adjacent Sensors field the correct polarity must be set if the
alarm is to be active.

Fig. 121 Configuration of TIF

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7.4 Engineering Orderwire

The SMA series 4 has an engineering orderwire as an option. To enable the EOW,
the OHA card is necessary. One conference is possible. The connections are created
via the E1 or E2 byte. A 3-digit telephone number is assigned to the network element.
The connections are created in the OH CC configuration window (see chapter
"Configuration OH CC"): connections can be created between the E1, the E2 Byte
and the OHA_417 EOW-CONF (OHA_414 EOW-CONF in single row NE). One
connection in a ring structure must be made to the "EOW-RGMGR", in order to avoid
loops (Ring-manager). The SDH port to be used is also selected.

Fig. 122 Configuration of EOW

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The three-digit telephone number is set in the OH-IF window (see chapter
"Configuration of TIF"). As the numbers x00, xy0 and xyz are used for collective
calling, they cannot be used as selective phone numbers. Generally, the use of 0 is
forbidden for selective numbers.
To place a call, you simply dial the three-digit number of the subscriber you want to
contact, or use 0 as a "wildcard"; that is, any subscriber with numbers 1 to 9 in that
place are called. A collective call e.g. is made by dialing "000".
An existing conference can be joined by pressing the "#" button.

Fig. 123 Setting of telephone number

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7.5 MCF Functions

The settings for the MCF parameters on the network elements are specified by the
Network Planning Department. In the event of doubt, the default values should be
retained. If access via Ethernet-LAN to the network element is to be available via the
Q-B3 interface, different addresses should be entered as the minimum setting from
network element to network element.

7.5.1 Configuring the Network Address

The NSAP address (Network Service Access Point) must be specified beforehand on
the basis of a network plan so that an individual address is assigned to each NE. The
length of the address can be varied. Within certain limits, its values can be selected
at will.
In the Module View window:
1. Mark the SCU-R2E symbol
2. With the RMB, select <Configuration> <MFC...>
3. In the open window, click the RMB to mark the Stack Parameters field and
select <Configuration...>
4. In the open MCF Stack Parameters Config window, enter:
a) the proposed Area Address (2 to 18 bytes),
b) the System ID (1 to 8 bytes) and
c) the NSAP Selector (1 to 255).
5. Perform additional settings for transport protocol transmission (stack tuning) and
for the network protocol (routing principles) according to the Planning Department
6. Confirm with <Apply> and <Close>

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Fig. 124 Opening the stack configuration window

Fig. 125 Setting the NSAP address

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7.5.2 Configuring the Ethernet Link

All the accessible addresses of the Ethernet interface are shown in a selection list.
1. Mark the SCU-R2E symbol
2. With the RMB, select <Configuration> <MCF...>
3. In the open window, click the RMB to mark the Ethernet symbol and select
<Configuration...>
4. In the open MCF Ethernet Linkage Config window, check the proposed
Ethernet connection address (MAC) and Sub Net Point of Attachment address
(SNPA)
5. Additional accessible addresses can be entered via <Add...>, <Apply> or an
address can be changed by marking with <Modify> or removed with <Delete>
6. Enter the External Domain in the Configuration field (default = no)
7. Define other settings specified by the Planning Department (Default Metric)
8. Confirm with <Apply> and <Close>

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Fig. 126 Configuring the ethernet link

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7.5.3 Connecting and Configuring DCC Channels

15 DCC channels are provided for transmitting management information between the
network elements. All the accessible addresses of the DCC interface are shown in a
selection list.
1. Mark the SCU-R2E symbol
2. With the RMB, select <Configuration> <MCF...>
3. In the open window, click the RMB to mark the DCC symbol and select
<Configuration...>
4. In the open "DCC-Configuration" window DCC connections can be created and
modified. To create a new DCC connection, select a free DCC channel from the
list, choose whether it is a "DCCM" or "DCCR" channel in the field "New DCC
Cross Connection". In the same field, select the required interface (module +
port), select in the "Action" field the action "Connect" an confirm with <Apply>.
5. To modify an existing one, select it in the list with the RMB and open
<Configuration...>
6. In the open MCF DCC#n -Linkage Config window, check the accessible,
proposed DCC connection addresses
7. Additional accessible addresses can be entered via <Add...> <Apply> or an
address can be changed with <Modify...>
8. All the other settings specified by the Planning Department must be defined
9. Enter the External Domain in the Configuration field (default = no)
10. The Interface Type is to be entered alternately in the network line (from network
element to network element) with Network and User
11. The Line Code in the Configuration field must be changed from NRZ to NRZI if,
for example, mixed operation is to be possible with network elements of the
SDH1 family (NRZI) and network elements of the SDH2 family (NRZ/NRZI)
12. Confirm with <Apply> and <Close>

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Fig. 127 Connecting DCC channels

Fig. 128 Configuring DCC channels

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7.5.4 IP-Tunneling

7.5.4.1 The Principle

The IP2OSI gateways are located on the border to IP subnets. On it a TCP/IP - and
an OSI protocol stack exist. The IP2OSI adapter connects the network layers of both
stacks. So it works as the entry as well as the exit of an IP tunnel.
IP traffic to route through an OSI domain enters the OSI domain by passing the
IP2OSI adapter at one IP2OSI gateway and leave OSI at exactly the IP2OSI
gateway, which represents the destination IP subnet.
The pseudo network interface has its own IP address different from the Ethernet
network interface address. Static IP routing entries with this address control the way
of IP packets to the pseudo network interface. If the IP layer receives an IP packet
with an address matching such a routing entry, the IP layer directs it to the IP2OSI
adapter.
The IP2OSI adapter encapsulates the IP packet in an OSI CLNS message with the
OSI NSAP address to reach the respective destination IP2OSI gateway. So the
adapter will put it into the OSI network layer (CLNS). The CLNS layer finds the
destination IP2OSI gateway automatically per OSI routing principles.
In the other direction: the IP2OSI adapter gets an OSI message with an encapsulated
IP packet, extracts the IP packet and forwards it to the IP layer.
The way to reach the IP2OSI adapter is to have a second NSAP additionally
assigned to the original NSAP for the communication interface of the network
element. This second NSAP, the IP-NSAP, is only used for the tunneling. It is
registered by the local adapter and is known in the OSI domain by dynamic routing
principles.

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Fig. 129 Principle of IP tunneling

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7.5.4.2 An Example
Consider Fig. 130. What you have to tell IP/OSI gateway 3 in this situation is
1. Your ethernet-side IP address is 132.29.5.7, subnet mask 255.255.255.0.
Your OSI-side (PseudoNIF) IP address is 192.168.2.44, subnet mask
255.255.255.0 (the pseudo IP subnet must be in the private address range)
2. A table that assigns the OSI-side IP addresses of IP/OSI gateways 1 and 2 to
their IP-NSAP addresses (= their NSAP address, but with NSAP selector 33
instead of 01)
3. IP subnet 1 (128.10.99.0, subnet mask 255.255.255.0) is reachable via
192.168.2.17, which is another Gateway (flag indirect route/Gateway).
IP subnet 2 (134.1.77.0, subnet mask 255.255.255.0) is reachable via
192.168.2.52, which is another Gateway (flag indirect route/Gateway).
IP subnet 4 (126.10.5.0, subnet mask 255.255.255.0) is reachable via LAN (flag
direct route/no gateway required).

WARNING
The pseudo IP subnet must be in the private address range.

Step 1: Configuring the IP addresses

1. In the MCF window, click the RMB to mark the IP Address symbol and select
<Configuration...>
2. In the "MCF - IP Address Config " window configure the Ethernet side and the
OSI-side IP addresses (including network masks). Turn the Interface Up if you
want to enable the gateway functionality at your NE. Confirm your settings with
<Apply>.

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OSI
OSI
NSAP: ...01
NSAP: ...01 IP-NSAP: ...33
IP-NSAP: ...33

Private 192.168.2

OSI
NSAP: ...01
IP-NSAP: ...33

Fig. 130 An IP-tunneling example

Fig. 131 Configuring the IP addresses

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Step 2: Configuring the IP addresses

1. In the MCF window, click the RMB to mark the IP Gateway symbol and select
<Configuration...>
2. In the "MCF - IP Gateway Config " window, enter the OSI-side IP address and
the OSI-NSAP address of a remote gateway. Remember that the OSI-NSAP is
equal to the "normal" NSAP address, but with NSAP selector 33 instead of 01.
Confirm your settings with <Apply>.

Step 3: Creating static IP routing entries

1. In the MCF window, click the RMB to mark the IP Routing symbol and select
<Configuration...>
2. In the "MCF - IP Routing Config " window
a) Specify a reachable subnetwork (IP address and network mask)
b) Specify the gateway which has to be used to reach this network (if applicable).
c) Set the Up flag to enable this route.
d) In case the reachable subnetwork is reachable via LAN (i.e. directly attached
to the Q-interface), a remote gateway is not required. In any other case set the
gateway flag to indicate that the gateway specified above shall be used.
e) Set the host flag if you want to create a routing entry for a single host. In this
case you have to specify the full IP address.
f) Confirm your settings with <Apply>.

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Fig. 132 Adding remote gateways

Fig. 133 Creating IP routing entries

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