Module 7 (Maintenance Practices) Sub Module 7.6 (Fits and CL

PIATRAININGCENTRE(PTC)
Module 7 MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

Category A/B1 Sub Module 7.6 Fits and Clearances
MODULE 7
Sub Module 7.6
FITS AND CLEARANCES
ISO9001:2008Certified ForTrainingPurposeOnly
PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7/02 Rev.00
7.6 Mar 2014
PIATRAININGCENTRE(PTC) Module 7 MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

Contents
DRILLSIZESFORBOLTHOLES4
CLASSESOFFITS5
COMMONSYSTEMOFFITSANDCLEARANCES10
SCHEDULEOFFITSANDCLEARANCESFORAIRCRAFTANDENGINES12
LIMITSFORBOW13
LIMITSFORTWIST13
LIMITSFORWEAR14
STANDARDMETHODSFORCHECKINGSHAFTS,BEARINGSAND
OTHERS16
7.6 i Mar 2014
FITS AND CLEARANCES
For ease of manufacture and replacement, it is essential that For this reason, limits are imposed on the manufacturing
the components of similar mechanisms should be processes, to ensure that, if any two mating parts are
interchangeable. For this reason limits (tolerances and manufactured to the dimensions as stated on the relevant
allowances) are imposed on the manufacturing procedures. drawings, then the parts will assemble without need of further
major adjustments and in the least time possible.
The limits on dimensions ensure that, if any two mating parts
are manufactured to the tolerances and allowances, stated on The limits are based on the allowances and tolerances imposed
the drawing, then they will assemble without the need of further on the dimensions of the manufactured parts. These
hand working or machining to achieve the required standard of dimensions will be given the accuracy required by the designer
fit. of the respective parts.
Because shafts are much easier than holes to machine small ALLOWANCES
diameters, the main systems of Limits and Fits, for engineering
purposes, is usually the hole-based system. The holes are An allowance is a difference in dimension that is necessary to
created to a certain tolerance and the sizes of the shafts are give a particular class of fit between two parts. If, for example
altered to provide the required class of fit between the two (and using a typical limit system), a shaft were required to
items. locate with a corresponding hole in a component. Then, to
assist in the economy of manufacture, either the hole or the
DIMENSIONS shaft is made as accurately as possible to the nominal size and
an allowance is applied to the associated item. The term shaft
Mass production has long been the basis of the approach to the also includes bolts and pins.
most economic methods of manufacturing and the complete
replacement of a defective item is common practice in the If the shaft is constant and the hole varies in size, then the
maintenance of aircraft and aerospace components. system used is said to be shaft-based. If the hole is constant
and the shaft varies in size, then the system is hole based. The
hole-based system is the one in more general use.
7.6 1 Mar 2014
The item dimensioned to include the allowance also has high

and low limits and, therefore, a tolerance. The correct allowance
would be the difference between the high limit of the shaft and
the low limit of the hole.
TOLERANCES
The tolerance on a dimension is the variation tolerated and may

be considered as a numerical expression of the desired quality
of workmanship. It is the difference between the high and low
limits of size for that dimension (refer to Fig. 1). Thus, a part that
should be exactly 25 mm nominal diameter, will be accepted for
a certain purpose if it is within the limits 25.1 mm, (the high
limit); and 24.9 mm, (the low limit). The difference between the
two (0.2 mm) is the tolerance.
High limit Low limit

Low limit High limit
of hole of hole
of shaft of shaft
Shaft/Hole Tolerance Terms

Fig. 1
7.6 2 Mar 2014
Table 1 shows that tolerances may be stated in one of three

ways, using a hole that has a nominal size of 100 mm diameter
and a tolerance of 0.02 mm as an example.
Table 1
TYPES OF TOLERANCES
Bilateral 100 mm 0.01 mm

Unilateral 100 mm + 0.02 mm
100 mm 0.00 mm
Limits 100.01 mm
99.99 mm
With sheet material, such as patch plates, used in certain

repairs, the dimensions quoted in the repair scheme usually
have a tolerance in one direction only, the nominal size being
the lower limit. In effect the patch plate must never be below the
nominal size, although it can be slightly over, in accordance with
the repair scheme in the manual.
7.6 3 Mar 2014
DRILL SIZES FOR BOLT HOLES
The size of hole to be drilled depends upon the purpose of that

hole. A hole drilled for a rivet with a specific diameter would
differ from those drilled to take a screw thread, or the plain
shank of a bolt, of the same diameter. Similarly the size of a
hole which is to accommodate a shaft will depend on the size of
the shaft and on the manner in which the hole/shaft combination
is to be used.
Additionally, if the hole is to be reamed, then it must be drilled

slightly smaller than its nominal size, to allow for the metal
removed by the reamer.
Drill sizes (as discussed in the Tools topic) are fixed and can be
found on charts that list each standard drill size, together with
other columns such as clearance and tapping sizes. These
charts may also include equivalent sizes displayed in metric,
fractional, letter and in the number/letter system.
7.6 4 Mar 2014
CLASSES OF FITS
There are three principal classes of fit, between shafts and

holes, and they are the:
Interference Fit: where the shaft is larger than the hole
Transition Fit: where the shaft and hole are approximately

the same size
Clearance Fit: where the shaft is smaller than the hole.
Interference Fit Transition Fit Clearance Fit
HOLE-BASED SYSTEM
British Standards System of Fits

Fig. 2
7.6 5 Mar 2014
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
The limits shown on a drawing for a mating hole and shaft are:
The limits shown on drawing for a mating hole and shaft are:
Find what type of fit will exist between the hole and shaft.
Find the type of fit that exists between the hole and shaft.
The smallest hole is 10.000 + 0.000 = 10.000 mm.
The largest hole is 40.000 + 0.025 = 40.025 mm
The largest shaft is 10.000 - 0.006 = 9.994 mm.
The smallest shaft is 40.000 + 0.043 = 40.043 mm
Hence the shaft is always smaller than the hole and a clearance
fit will be obtained. The shaft is always larger than the hole and hence we have an
interference fit.
7.6 6 Mar 2014
EXAMPLE 3
The limits shown on a drawing for a mating hole and shaft are:
Find the type of fit that exists between the hole and shaft.
The largest shaft is 30.000 + 0.018 = 30.018 mm
The smallest hole is 30.000 + 0.000 = 30.000 mm
This combination gives an interference fit.
The smallest shaft is 30.000 + 0.002 = 30.002 mm
The largest hole is 30.000 + 0.025 = 30.025 mm
This combination gives a clearance fit.
Hence, since we can have either interference or clearance, we

have a transition fit.
7.6 7 Mar 2014
Newall system
In the early Newall hole-based system of limits, the holes are

classified as Class A and Class B fits. Class A holes are
manufactured to a closer tolerance than are Class B holes.
Table 2 shows how the shafts are classified, using the letters F,
P, D, X, Y, and Z.
Table 2
Newall System of Fits
7.6 8 Mar 2014
British standards system
The British Standard (BS 4500) hole-based system of fits (refer

to Fig. 2), also uses the basic terminology for holes and shafts.
The terminologies are similar to those used in the Newall
system (and several other systems), the holes and shafts are
identified by a more extensive alpha/numeric identifier.
It can, however, be seen that, in an Interference Fit, the upper

and lower limits of the shaft are greater than the corresponding
limits of the hole and, thus, force is necessary to achieve the fit.
In the Transition Fit, the differences in the upper and lower limits
of both items are negligible so that only light effort is required to
insert the shaft into the hole.
The upper and lower limits of the shaft, in a Clearance Fit, are
always less than those of the hole, so that the shaft moves
easily within the hole.
7.6 9 Mar 2014
COMMON SYSTEM OF FITS AND CLEARANCES Fundamental deviation Fundamental deviation is either the
upper or the lower deviation, depending on which is closer to
Limits the basic size. The fundamental deviation locates the tolerance
zone relative to the basic size.
It is impossible to make anything to an exact size. One way of
getting over this difficulty is to define an acceptable margin Tolerance Tolerance is the difference between the upper and
for every dimension. The extreme permissible values of a lower limit. Where variation either side of the nominal dimension
dimension are known as limits. The larger dimension is called can occur, the tolerance is called bilateral. Where one tolerance
the upper limit and the smaller dimension the lower limit. is zero the tolerance is said to be unilateral.
Nominal size The dimension of an object when variations in International tolerance grade (IT grade) number
size are disregarded International tolerance grade numbers are numbers which for a
particular IT
Basic size Basic Size is the theoretical exact size from which
limits of size are determined by the application of allowances Numbers have the same relative level of accuracy but vary
and tolerances. depending upon the nominal or basic size.
Deviation Deviation is the algebraic difference between a size British Standard Limits and Fits (BS 4500) - Governs limits
and the corresponding basic size. and fits used for holes and shafts in industry.
Upper deviation Upper deviation is the algebraic difference Clearance Clearance is the measured difference in
between the maximum limit and the corresponding basic size. dimensions of two mating parts when the inner member is
smaller than the outer member. Here the reference is to the
Lower deviation Lower deviation is the algebraic difference inner dimensions of the outer part and the outer dimensions of
between the minimum limit and the corresponding basic size. the inner part.
Upper limit - The 'upper limit' is the largest size allowed. Interference Interference is the measured difference
in dimensions of two mating parts when the inner member is
Lower limit - The 'lower limit' is the smallest size allowed. larger than the outer member, where the outer dimensions of
the inner part and the inner dimensions of the outer part is
considered.
7.6 10 Mar 2014
Allowance The minimum stated clearance or the maximum

stated interference for mating parts.
7.6 11 Mar 2014
SCHEDULE OF FITS AND CLEARANCES FOR AIRCRAFT

AND ENGINES
Wear occurs at any time that there is motion between two parts.
This motion can be intentional, such as when a shaft rotates in
a plain (journal) bearing or when a roller moves back and forth
over a track. Wear can also be accidental, where two parts, that
should be immovable, chafe together.
If the parts are intended to move together, then the

maintenance documentation will have a Schedule of Fits and
Clearances, based on the limit system, issued for each
mechanism, used on the aircraft.
If the parts are not intended to move together, it will depend

upon inspection procedures to discover the problem and repair
schemes will be initiated, in an attempt to prevent recurrence.
The Schedule of Fits and Clearances contains tables, which

specify the limits on wear and other characteristics such as:
Ovality (of a hole or shaft)
Bow of a shaft
Twist of a shaft.
7.6 12 Mar 2014
LIMITS FOR BOW LIMITS FOR TWIST
When dealing with shafts and tubes, it is vital that not only are Twist is the result of applied torsion on circular or square-
the ends square with each other, but that the centreline of the sectioned shafts. If the twist disappears, as a result of removing
complete shaft or tube is straight. the force, then the shaft will have been loaded below its elastic
limit. If the shaft remains twisted, after removal of the load, then
If the centre line of the shaft is not straight, then the item is it has been loaded above its elastic limit.
bowed. When the shaft or tube is rotating, especially at a high
speed in a bowed state, there is the risk of vibration, which can The action of a shaft (of whatever section), carrying a torque
lead to mechanical failures, loosening of fasteners and (most load is to twist in proportion to the torque applied. The result of
critical of all) fatigue. cyclic loading of shafts is that, at certain times, the shafts have
to be checked for permanent twist. If the shaft has a square
All cylindrical items, both tubular and solid, can be given a limit section, it can be checked for twist on a surface table using a
to the amount of bow permitted. For example a drive shaft, DTI mounted on a surface gauge.
which rotates about 1500 rpm, may have a limit of 0.25 mm
(0.01 in) bow over the length of the shaft. Solid or tubular shafts that have to be checked for twist will
possibly have witness marks or lines engraved or etched at
This ensures that, within the limits of production, the drive shafts each end of the shaft. The shafts can be checked, by mounting
are effectively straight, giving the least possible vibration. the shaft in V blocks and, then, locating these marks in the
horizontal position.
It is possible to measure the amount of twist, to which a shaft is

subjected, whilst in operation or rotation, by the use of strain
gauges. These emit varying amounts of electric current when
under strain, giving an indication (on a calibrated instrument) of
the load being applied.
7.6 13 Mar 2014
The designer of the aircraft or equipment will set all limits, with LIMITS FOR WEAR
regards to the distortion of parts and set them down in the
relevant manuals. The methods used to measure the distortion The four dimensions typically covered in wear tables are:
will either be standard procedures, such as using a DTI and
surface table etc., or will have a special procedure included in Dimension New
the manuals.
Permissible Worn Dimension
Clearance New
Permissible Worn Clearance.
Dimension New relates to the size of the part when new, and
will show the relevant tolerances.
Permissible Worn Dimension refers to the size to which a part

may wear before it must be rejected as unserviceable. Parts,
which are not worn beyond this size, can be used again,
providing a suitable mating part is chosen to keep the clearance
within the permissible figure. This will frequently involve
choosing a new part to mate with the worn part.
Clearance New is the desired clearance in limit form.

Interference fits are quoted as negative clearances.
Permissible Worn Clearance refers to the maximum allowable

clearance when reassembling the component.
7.6 14 Mar 2014
Limits for Ovality
This usually occurs as a result of the surface wearing, through

friction or linear movement. Ovality and can apply equally to
holes and shafts (refer to Fig. 3).
Holes may be tested for ovality, using such instruments as Wear

Go/No-Go gauges, internal micrometers, or callipers, as were
previously discussed in the Tools topic of this course.
A shaft may be tested for ovality, by the use of snap gauges,

external callipers and micrometers, which were, again, Wear
discussed in the Tools topic.
HOLE SHAFT
It is important to test for ovality of a shaft, before testing it for
bow, as the results may be suspect if bow is done first. Ovality of a Hole or a Shaft
Fig. 3
Bow in a shaft can be determined, in a workshop, by utilising V
blocks, a surface gauge and a DTI (in conjunction with a surface
table).
7.6 15 Mar 2014
STANDARD METHODS FOR CHECKING SHAFTS,

BEARINGS AND OTHERS
Iso system of limits
The International Federation of National Standardizing

Associations (ISA) system has recently been revised by the The British Standards Institution has revised BS 1916 1953 to
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) which is include these additions and modifications. Thus the ISO system
postwar successor to ISA, and the revised system is given in of limits is set out in BS 4500 1969 which allows for 27 types
ISO Recommendation R 286 dated December 1962. of fits and 18 grades of tolerance, covering a size range of zero
to 3150mm.
In the system the 27 possible holes are designated by
Uppercase letters ABCDEetc, and the shafts by
Lowercase letters covering the same range. (Figure A
and B)
Hole basis and Shaft basis fits are available fundamental

deviation in such situations will be H for the hole in the
hole basis system and h for the shaft in the shaft basis
system.
The 18 accuracy grades are covered by the numerals

01, 0, 1, 2 16.
For specifying any particular hole or shaft the rule is to

write the letter followed by the numeral denoting the
tolerance grade, e.g. H7 for a hole or f7 for a shaft. A fit
involving these two elements is written as H7 f7 or
H7/f7.
For ordinary engineering practice the H holes and

particularly H7, H8, H9 and H 11 are recommended as
being satisfactory for most purposes.
7.6 16 Mar 2014
Fig. A Shafts used in ISO hole basis system
Fig. B Holes used in ISO shaft basis system
7.6 17 Mar 2014
Fundamental Deviation forshafts
Basic Size
UpperDeviation Lower Deviation
a b c cd d f g h j k m n p r s t u v x y z za zb zc
3 -270 -140 -60 -34 -20 -6 -2 0 -4 0 +2 +4 +6 +10 +14 - +18 - +20 - +26 +32 +40 +60
3-6 -270 -140 -70 -46 -30 -10 -4 0 -4 +1 +4 +8 +12 +15 +19 - +23 - +28 - +35 +42 +50 +80
6-10 -280 -150 -80 -56 -40 -13 -5 0 -5 +1 +6 +10 +15 +19 +23 - +28 - +34 - +42 +52 +67 +97
10-14 -290 -150 -95 - -50 -16 -6 0 -6 +1 +7 +12 +18 +23 +28 - +33 - +40 - +50 +64 +90 +130
14-18 -290 -150 -95 - -50 -16 -6 0 -6 +1 +7 +12 +18 +23 +28 - +33 +39 +45 - +60 +77 +108 +150
18-24 -300 -160 -110 - -65 -20 -7 0 -8 +2 +8 +15 +22 +28 +35 - +41 +47 +54 +63 +73 +98 +136 +188
24-30 -300 -160 -110 - -65 -20 -7 0 -8 +2 +8 +15 +22 +28 +35 +41 +48 +55 +64 +75 +88 +118 +160 +218
30-40 -310 -170 -120 - -80 -25 -9 0 -10 +2 +9 +17 +26 +34 +43 +48 +60 +68 +80 +94 +112 +148 +200 +274
40-50 -320 -180 -130 - -80 -25 -9 0 -10 +2 +9 +17 +26 +34 +43 +54 +70 +81 +97 +114 +136 +180 +242 +325
50-65 -340 -190 -140 - -100 -30 -10 0 -12 +2 +11 +20 +32 +41 +53 +66 +87 +102 +122 +144 +172 +226 +300 +405
65-80 -360 -200 -150 - -100 -30 -10 0 -12 +2 +11 +20 +32 +43 +59 +75 +102 +120 +146 +174 +210 +274 +360 +480
80-100 -380 -220 -170 - -120 -36 -12 0 -15 +3 +13 +23 +37 +51 +71 91 +124 +146 +178 +214 +258 +335 +445 +585
100-120 -410 -240 -180 - -120 -36 -12 0 -15 +3 +13 +23 +37 +54 +79 +104 +144 +172 +210 +254 +310 +400 +525 +690
120-140 -460 -260 -200 - -145 -43 -14 0 -18 +3 +15 +27 +43 +63 +92 +122 +170 +202 +248 +300 +365 +470 +620 +800
140-160 -520 -280 -210 - -145 -43 -14 0 -18 +3 +15 +27 +43 +65 +100 +134 +190 +228 +280 +340 +415 +535 +700 +900
160-180 -580 -310 -230 - -145 -43 -14 0 -18 +3 +15 +27 +43 +68 +108 +146 +210 +252 +310 +380 +465 +600 +780 +1000
180-200 -660 -340 -240 - -170 -50 -15 0 -21 +4 +17 +31 +50 +77 +122 +166 +236 +284 +350 +425 +520 +670 +880 +1150
200-225 -740 -380 -260 - -170 -50 -15 0 -21 +4 +17 +31 +50 +80 +130 +180 +258 +310 +385 +470 +575 +740 +960 +1250
225-250 -820 -420 -280 - -170 -50 -15 0 -21 +4 +17 +31 +50 +84 +140 +196 +284 +340 +425 +520 +640 +820 +1050 +1350
250-280 -920 -480 -300 - -190 -56 -17 0 -26 +4 +20 +34 +56 +94 +158 +218 +315 +385 +475 +580 +710 +920 +1200 +1550
280-315 -1050 -540 -330 - -190 -56 -17 0 -26 +4 +20 +34 +56 +98 +170 +240 +350 +425 +525 +650 +790 +1000 +1300 +1700
315-355 -1200 -600 -360 - -210 -62 -18 0 -28 +4 +21 +37 +62 +108 +190 +268 +390 +475 +590 +730 +900 +1150 +1500 +1900
355-400 -1350 -680 -400 - -210 -62 -18 0 -28 +4 +21 +37 +62 +114 +208 +294 +435 +530 +660 +820 +1000 +1300 +1650 +2100
Fig. C - Fundamental Deviations for ISO Holes
7.6 18 Mar 2014
Fundamental Deviation for holes

Basic Size
Upper Deviation Lower Deviation
A B C CD D F G H J K M N P R S T U V X Y Z ZA ZB ZC
0-3 +270 +140 +60 +34 +20 +6 +2 0 -4 0 2 -4 -6 -10 -14 - -18 - -20 - -26 -32 -40 -60
3-6 +270 +140 +70 +46 +30 +10 +4 0 -4 -1 -4 -8 -12 -15 -19 - -23 - -28 - -35 -42 -50 -80
6-10 +280 +150 +80 +56 +40 +13 +5 0 -5 -1 -6 -10 -15 -19 -23 - -28 - -34 - -42 -52 -67 -97
10-14 +290 +150 +95 - +50 +16 +6 0 -6 -1 -7 -12 -18 -23 -28 - -33 - -40 - -50 -64 -90 -130
14-18 +290 +150 +95 - +50 +16 +6 0 -6 -1 -7 -12 -18 -23 -28 - -33 -39 -45 - -60 -77 -108 -150
18-24 +300 +160 +110 - +65 +20 +7 0 -8 -2 -8 -15 -22 -28 -35 - -41 -47 -54 -63 -73 -98 -136 -188
24-30 +300 +160 +110 - +65 +20 +7 0 -8 -2 -8 -15 -22 -28 -35 -41 -48 -55 -64 -75 -88 -118 -160 -218
30-40 +310 +170 +120 - +80 +25 +9 0 -10 -2 -9 -17 -26 -34 -43 -48 -60 -68 -80 -94 -112 -148 -200 -274
40-50 +320 +180 +130 - +80 +25 +9 0 -10 -2 -9 -17 -26 -34 -43 -54 -70 -81 -97 -114 -136 -180 -242 -325
50-65 +340 +190 +140 - +100 +30 +10 0 -12 -2 -11 -20 -32 -41 -53 -66 -87 -102 -122 -144 -172 -226 -300 -405
65-80 +360 +200 +150 - +100 +30 +10 0 -12 -2 -11 -20 -32 -43 -59 -75 -102 -120 -146 -174 -210 -274 -360 -480
80-100 +380 +220 +170 - +120 +36 +12 0 -15 -3 -13 -23 -37 -51 -71 91 -124 -146 -178 -214 -258 -335 -445 -585
100-120 +410 +240 +180 - +120 +36 +12 0 -15 -3 -13 -23 -37 -54 -79 -104 -144 -172 -210 -254 -310 -400 -525 -690
120-140 +460 +260 +200 - +145 +43 +14 0 -18 -3 -15 -27 -43 -63 -92 -122 -170 -202 -248 -300 -365 -470 -620 -800
140-160 +520 +280 +210 - +145 +43 +14 0 -18 -3 -15 -27 -43 -65 -100 -134 -190 -228 -280 -340 -415 -535 -700 -900
160-180 +580 +310 +230 - +145 +43 +14 0 -18 -3 -15 -27 -43 -68 -108 -146 -210 -252 -310 -380 -465 -600 -780 -1000
180-200 +660 +340 +240 - +170 +50 +15 0 -21 -4 -17 -31 -50 -77 -122 -166 -236 -284 -350 -425 -520 -670 -880 -1150
200-225 +740 +380 +260 - +170 +50 +15 0 -21 -4 -17 -31 -50 -80 -130 -180 -258 -310 -385 -470 -575 -740 -960 -1250
225-250 +820 +420 +280 - +170 +50 +15 0 -21 -4 -17 -31 -50 -84 -140 -196 -284 -340 -425 -520 -640 -820 -1050 -1350
250-280 +920 +480 +300 - +190 +56 +17 0 -26 -4 -20 -34 -56 -94 -158 -218 -315 -385 -475 -580 -710 -920 -1200 -1550
280-315 +1050 +540 +330 - +190 +56 +17 0 -26 -4 -20 -34 -56 -98 -170 -240 -350 -425 -525 -650 -790 -1000 -1300 -1700
315-355 +1200 +600 +360 - +210 +62 +18 0 -28 -4 -21 -37 -62 -108 -190 -268 -390 -475 -590 -730 -900 -1150 -1500 -1900
355-400 +1350 +680 +400 - +210 +62 +18 0 -28 -4 -21 -37 -62 -114 -208 -294 -435 -530 -660 -820 -1000 -1300 -1650 -2100
Fig. C - Fundamental Deviations for ISO Holes

7.6 19 Mar 2014
Iso tolerance grade numbers
The magnitude of the tolerance zone is the unilateral variation in

part size and is the same for both the internal and the external
dimensions. The tolerance zones are specified in international
tolerance grade numbers, called IT numbers. The smaller grade
numbers specify a smaller tolerance zone. This range from IT
01 to IT 16, but only grades IT06 to ITII are needed for
the preferred fits.
7.6 20 Mar 2014
Fig. A
7.6 21 Mar 2014

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PIATRAININGCENTRE(PTC)

Module 7 MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

FITS AND CLEARANCES

FITS AND CLEARANCES

The item dimensioned to include the allowance also has high

The tolerance on a dimension is the variation tolerated and may

High limit Low limit

Shaft/Hole Tolerance Terms

Table 1 shows that tolerances may be stated in one of three

Bilateral 100 mm 0.01 mm

With sheet material, such as patch plates, used in certain

DRILL SIZES FOR BOLT HOLES

The size of hole to be drilled depends upon the purpose of that

Additionally, if the hole is to be reamed, then it must be drilled

There are three principal classes of fit, between shafts and

Interference Fit: where the shaft is larger than the hole

Transition Fit: where the shaft and hole are approximately

Clearance Fit: where the shaft is smaller than the hole.

Interference Fit Transition Fit Clearance Fit

British Standards System of Fits

The largest shaft is 30.000 + 0.018 = 30.018 mm

The smallest hole is 30.000 + 0.000 = 30.000 mm

This combination gives an interference fit.

The smallest shaft is 30.000 + 0.002 = 30.002 mm

The largest hole is 30.000 + 0.025 = 30.025 mm

This combination gives a clearance fit.

Hence, since we can have either interference or clearance, we

In the early Newall hole-based system of limits, the holes are

British standards system

The British Standard (BS 4500) hole-based system of fits (refer

It can, however, be seen that, in an Interference Fit, the upper

Allowance The minimum stated clearance or the maximum

SCHEDULE OF FITS AND CLEARANCES FOR AIRCRAFT

If the parts are intended to move together, then the

If the parts are not intended to move together, it will depend

The Schedule of Fits and Clearances contains tables, which

Ovality (of a hole or shaft)

LIMITS FOR BOW LIMITS FOR TWIST

It is possible to measure the amount of twist, to which a shaft is

Permissible Worn Clearance.

Permissible Worn Dimension refers to the size to which a part

Clearance New is the desired clearance in limit form.

Permissible Worn Clearance refers to the maximum allowable

Limits for Ovality

This usually occurs as a result of the surface wearing, through

Holes may be tested for ovality, using such instruments as Wear

A shaft may be tested for ovality, by the use of snap gauges,

STANDARD METHODS FOR CHECKING SHAFTS,

Iso system of limits

The International Federation of National Standardizing

Hole basis and Shaft basis fits are available fundamental

The 18 accuracy grades are covered by the numerals

For specifying any particular hole or shaft the rule is to

For ordinary engineering practice the H holes and

Fig. A Shafts used in ISO hole basis system

Fig. B Holes used in ISO shaft basis system

Fig. C - Fundamental Deviations for ISO Holes

Fundamental Deviation for holes

Fig. C - Fundamental Deviations for ISO Holes

Iso tolerance grade numbers

The magnitude of the tolerance zone is the unilateral variation in

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