Heejin Kwon

25 May 2017
G/T Independent Research
Annotated Source List
Arbetter, S. (1996, April). Taking a look at self-esteem. Current Health 2, a Weekly Reader
publication, 22(8), 6+. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A18170376/

The article interprets the definition of the self-esteem. Teenagers experience the
challenges to understand oneself in the positive ways. The reasons vary: academic
accomplishment, physical appearance, involvement in the community, and the family conflicts.
Self-esteem is an ability to accept ones value physically, intellectually, emotionally and morally.
It is composed of two factors: self-efficacy, a trust in self, and the self-respect, the recognition of
the self-worth. As an important factor, parents must encourage children to gain their confidence,
and teach them to understand the responsibility. For instance, a woman suffered from the eating
disorder due to her mothers negative criticism on her appearances. People who trust themselves
can manage emotions, gain coping skills, and be more tolerant to others. Additionally, the article
suggests the habits and the treatments for the development of self-regard.
The source provides the definition of the self-esteem, the self-concept. The fact that the
low self-esteem is a common problem that many teenagers suffer could challenge the assumption
that negative self-concept comes more from the traumatic events. The source also demonstrates
the context of the importance of the life experience and the role of the family members, which
are the characteristics of the childhood trauma. The researcher can use the information to define
the self-esteem and apply its definition in different sources and data. Additionally, the article
includes information about the effect of the negative self-concept on coping skills that provides
connection to the annotated source 17.

Ashby, J. S., Rice, K. G., & Martin, J. L. (2006). Perfectionism, shame, and depressive
symptoms. Journal of Counseling and Development, 84(2), 148+. Retrieved from http://l

The article evaluates the role self-concept on maladaptive perfectionism, depression and
the shame. Among the unstable perfectionists, a self-concept, a self-criticism and a low self-
esteem are the factors that cause the distress and the negative effects on individuals idea toward
self. Shame is another factor that occurs by the failure and the dissatisfied demand, resulting the
self-hatred. The researchers conducted a study on 215 students who were 94% White or
European American, with 175 women and 40 men and an age range of 18 to 67. The experiment
used Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R), Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS),
Internalized Shame Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem (RSI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
to evaluate participants aspects of perfectionism and the scale of shame and confidence. As a
result, both men and women had the self-esteem and shame as the mediators that hold the central
role in the correlationship between the perfectionism and the depression. In the research, women
received more impact on the self-concept that leads to the hopelessness in direct and indirect
ways; while men received the impact on perfectionism to shame and self-esteem as the only
direct paths.
The source proves the central role on the self-concepts of individuals, and introduces new
factor: gender. The experiment used RSI, that was used in the experiment in Annotated Source
17. Additionally, the source declares the life events as the important factors that cause the social
relationship problems, which are also the effects of the childhood trauma. The experiment had
unbalanced rate of gender, age and ethnicity; and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) stated that the
test was not containing much variation. However, the use of KMO for its reliability and the
authors suggestions on the limitations confirm the credibility.

Bates, K. (2009, December 9). Childhood trauma lingers in mind, body. Futurity. Retrieved from
http://www.futurity.org/childhood-trauma-lingers-in-mind-body/

The article proposes that youth trauma can affect victims mentally and physically. A
study conducted by researchers from Duke University concluded that many maturity-related
health risks are formed from suffering at a young age, such as abuse, neglect, social isolation and
economic hardship. The agony that occurs due to immaturity is associated with stress-response
systems and health conditions. According to the research, adults age of 32 who are not treated
properly in their youth are twice as likely to suffer from depression and chronic inflammation.
Also, a person with two or more cases of troubling childhood incidents are twice more likely to
develop disease risk factors in adulthood. A poor childhood results in a difficult adulthood.
This article is useful because it enlarges the perceived effect of the youth agony by
providing studies of adults who have experienced difficulties of childhood trauma. The article
does not explain specific diseases, but this source is helpful to add additional evidences to
support negativity of immaturity incidents. The author intends to alert the readers of the problem
and provide ideas to help victims of youth trauma. The author suggests addressing youth poverty,
abuse, and neglect to prevent the risks of health disease. The researchers can use the study of
depression and chronic inflammation to support the negative aspect of a childhood trauma.

Barsalou, J. (2001, 17 Dec). Training to help traumatized populations. United States Institute of
Peace Special Report Retrieved from http://sks.sirs.com

The source defines the avoidant as a state of avoiding other people, feeling detachment
from the others. Researchers can use this source to provide a solid definition of avoidant as a
behavior, supporting the Annotated Source 24 that describes the avoidant personality disorder.

CMHC. (n.d.). Self-Esteem. Retrieved from CMHC UT Counseling and Mental Health Center
website: https://cmhc.utexas.edu/selfesteem.html

The source provides the explanation of the self-esteem. The self-esteem depends on
rather an individual accepts its own quality or not. The experiences and the surrounding
behaviors develops the self-esteem. As the consequences of the low self-esteem, a person
become an imposter, rebel and victim. It also causes conflicts in the friendship and the
relationship. The source is useful because It informs the cause and the result of the low self-
esteem, which are the surrounding and the background of a person, and the roles the victims
take.

Craparo, G., Schimmenti, A., & Caretti, V. (2013). Traumatic experiences in childhood and
psychopathy: a study on a sample of violent offenders from Italy. European Journal of
 The article is about an experiment that was built to find a link between childhood trauma
and offenders high scores on psychopathy. The experiment was proceeded with twenty offenders
chosen by Italian Ministry of Justice, and their possession of traumatic experience, Traumatic
Experience Checklist (TEC) and Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R) were defined.
The result showed that there is higher possibility for someone who experienced early trauma is
more likely to have psychopathic traits, and have higher scores in PCL-R. Following to the
research, all participants contained at least one childhood trauma, and the risk of developing
psychopathic traits increased when the person was exposed in earlier age. As a result, possession
of early childhood trauma increases the risk on development of psychopathic traits.
This article is useful because it addresses an idea of childhood trauma and its effect on
development of psychopathic traits specifically. This had some absent study and possible errors
such as limitation on complex research following to small amount of data, and the test that was
"self-reported measure" by the violent offenders, but the general idea on link between trauma and
psychopathy is proven. This article provides the idea on trauma and its specific effect on building
psychopathy traits.

Cook, A., Ph.D, Blaustein, M., Ph.D, Spinazzola, J., Ph.D, & Kolk, B. V. D., M.D. (Eds.). (n.d.).
Complex trauma in children and adolescents. Retrieved from National Child Traumatic

The article describes the definition, effects, and the issues of complex childhood trauma.
Complex childhood trauma is a dual problem that produces both instant and long-term outcomes.
Insufficient caregiving system or social environment in individuals immaturity causes complex
childhood trauma. Its consequences affect in excessively wide range; complex childhood stress
influences childrens development, attachment patterns, emotional adjustments, disconnection,
behavioral control, awareness, and self-concepts. For example, unsettled children illustrate
rejections against themselves, and distrusts of own emotions. According to the source, children
who experience stressful events, such as maltreatments from their caregivers in their youth, are
likely to form disorders and will struggle in accomplishing relationships with peers and adults.
This source is useful because it provides specific evidences and supports for each impact
that are created by complex childhood trauma. The details promote better understanding of
contexts, allowing future writers to use the evidences to attract readers attention. The authors
purpose is to define and demonstrate the impacts of complex childhood trauma. Through
explaining its effects, the source warns society to be alerted by childhood trauma. This article can
be used to define the specific type of trauma and also describe its every effect. The next
annotated source includes contents of adaptations, factors, and approaches to assessments and
treatments.

Cook, A., Ph.D, Blaustein, M., Ph.D, Spinazzola, J., Ph.D, & Kolk, B. V. D., M.D. (Eds.). (n.d.).
Complex trauma in children and adolescents. Retrieved from National Child Traumatic

The article introduces multiple perspectives of childhood agony on various communities,

factors that contribute to the trauma, and the ways to approach for treatments. There are many
factors that contribute to the trauma. It may be family, communities, or ethno cultural context.
The roles of family and environment are very critical to the child. The support of the caretaker
affects individuals development and self-identification. For young victims, it is important to
build coping skill, resilience and positive aspects through consistent and accurate assessments
and treatments. The treatments should be processed through steps to accommodate, and dealt
with their past traumatic events. Additionally, future directors of the treatments are suggested to
have awareness, care, and recognition for proper communities and goals.
The source is useful because it describes general ideas of the factors that contribute to the
complex childhood trauma. It also includes evidences and survey that demonstrate varying
effects of the stress, and a study which reveals the large number of population who suffer from
the complex childhood stress. The ideas authors establish allow students to learn broad facts of a
trauma which ultimately allow narrowing down the research topic.

Dawes, R. M. (1998, Oct). The social usefulness of self-esteem: A skeptical view. Harvard
Mental Health Letter Retrieved from http://sks.sirs.com

Healthy self-esteem provides individuals a strength to face others and problems. For
example, poor self-esteem usually do not result good consequences. One way to develop
academic self-esteem is to achieve the academic objectives. In order to gain academic
achievement, individuals need to avoid failure, which would cause a person to become over-
striver, decreasing ones self-esteem.
The source research about the correlationship between the self-esteem and the
individuals behaviors. Researchers can use the information about the cause of the poor self-
esteem and the common consequences of the high self-esteem to create deeper connection to the
other possible issues such as interpersonal issues and depression.

Depression. (1998, Oct). Mayo Clinic Health Letter, , 1-8. Retrieved from http://sks.sirs.com

The causes of the depression are the history of the traumatic events such as loss in
relationship, rejections, and failure to reach the expectations; and the personality that is
dependent, self-critical, negative, and low self-recognition. The effects of the depression are the
low self-esteem and the suicide thoughts. The signs of the depression includes the desire to be
alone, vulnerable to the criticism and the problems in focusing and completing tasks.
The source provides information about the depression. The researcher can use the source to
develop the connection between criticism and low self-esteem.

Eisenbarth, C. (2012). Does self-esteem moderate the relations among perceived stress, coping,
and depression? College Student Journal, 46(1), 149+. Retrieved from
http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A285532028/SUIC?u=elli85889&xid=78d24dfb

The article proves the impact of low self-esteem to the development of a depressive
symptoms. In the article, in order to seek a link between confidence, stress, and the depressing
symptoms, the researchers conducted a test on college students that involves seventy percent of
the White and European American. The researchers used self-reported survey, stress scale, COPE
(COPE is not an acronym), Rosenbergs self-esteem scale, and Lovibonds depression scale to
measure participants self-esteem and to assess their coping skills. As a result, the studies proved
that there is an interaction of self-esteem and the distinguished agony and avoidance. As a person
receives a pressure and loses ones competency; he or she is likely to experience sadness and
hopelessness, and become more self-restraint to challenging events. Comparing to a person with
a high pride, who is better at coping with problems; a person with low pride is less active and has
negative aspects toward the problems and oneself.
The source is useful because it provides detailed effects of low self-esteem on the self-
recognition and a depression. The research uses self-constructed survey with unbalanced
participants, which may be biased; with some omitted graphs. These factors challenge the
articles credibility; however, the article recognizes its limitation, which allows readers to accept
the sources reliability. The researchers can use the tests such as Rosenbergs self-esteem scale or
Lovibonds depression scale to measure and assess different participants self-assurance and a
helplessness.

Funkhouser, J. E., & Mulligan, N. (1997, 01 Jan). Keeping youth drug-free: A guide for parents,
grandparents, elders.. KEEPING YOUTH DRUG-FREE: A GUIDE FOR PARENTS,
GRANDPARENTS, ELDERS, MENTORS, AND OTHER CAREGIVERS Retrieved
from http://sks.sirs.com

The article describes the importance of having a good role model. The role model affects
childs decisions for his or her friends, self, and goals. Also, the authors suggest the parents to
support their children to have good role models for their self-efficacy and positive goals. This
implies that the role model affects the individuals idea toward himself or herself. The researcher
can use this article for confirmation of relationship between development of role model and self-
concept.

Galley, M. (2003, Dec). Student self-harm: Silent school crisis. Education Week Vol.23, no.14, ,
1+. Retrieved from http://sks.sirs.com

The article provides a way to prevent a self-harm: raising self-esteem. This information
allows audience to view the relationship of the low self-esteem and the self-injury.

GATELEY, G. (1999). ESCAPING FROM THE SELF-ESTEEM TRAP. ETC.: A Review of

General Semantics, 56(4), 440. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A60

The article suggests way to cope with the low self-esteem. People need self-esteem, but
they easily lose the confidence from the traumatic events such as failing school, experiencing
depression, self-hate, child abuse, domestic violence and general faults. People with self-
disrespect blame themselves for their weaknesses. Three reasons of self-contempt are the nature
of self-esteem that requires individuals to be responsible for their accomplishments and the
failures; the way how people compare themselves to others and feel resentment and hatred; and
that the people over-trust their own ability to judge others quality. The author suggests the
readers to own the credits for ones achievements with less anger on its mistakes, and accept
oneself and admit the inabilities under reality-based. Nobody is the expert in everywhere;
everyone started from the ignorance, and they all have received helps from the others. According
to the author, when a person admits his or her lack of strength, the anxiety decreases.
The source provides a suggestion for the people who have low self-esteem, which include
the victims of the childhood trauma, to grow the self-respect. The author uses the first and
second point of view, and a tone is not fully professional; however, considering its audience who
would be the people with low self-recognition justifies the authors intended purpose. The
researchers can use the definition of the nature of self-esteem and the self-acceptance to expand
the ideas in different ways from the formal definitions.

Harris, N. B. (2014, September). How childhood trauma affects health across a lifetime [Video
file]. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/nadine_burke_harris_how_childhood_t

Childhood trauma affects greatly on brain development, especially to the children who
are more sensitive to stress. When the body receives stress, the functions of immune, hormonal,
and DNA system are negatively affected. For example, when a person encounters a bear, the
body sends a signal to brain and establishes reaction, providing individuals the choice of fight-
or-flight. As the body continuously gets disrupted by the brain signal and reaction, the person is
more likely to receive health damage. Mental damage disturbs the brain development and the
body physically; it causes weak individuals to develop diseases that would ultimately result early
death. According to the survey that was conducted with 17,500 ordinary people on Adverse
Childhood Experiences Study, the researchers proposed that the high ACE rate, an outcome of
trauma, increases future lifelong health risks.
The source is useful because it enlarges the idea why childhood agony changes person
negatively. Video analyzes the effects of trauma that occur in immaturity. There was not enough
explanation about ACE itself, but the general information maintained its purpose successfully for
the audience. Researchers can use the datas and studies given from this source to give examples
and details on how the specific functions are affected by the trauma. The authors purpose is to
introduce the seriousness of childhood trauma and to encourage audience to engage preventions
and treatments.

Jacobs, A. (2014, December 2). Do kids inherit grit when parents survive trauma? Futurity.
Retrieved from http://www.futurity.org/trauma-genes-parents-811272/

The article suggests that stress can have a positive effect. An experiment was conducted
in which mice were stressed due to being irregularly separated from their mothers. The study
presented the beneficial effect on stress by demonstrating that stressed mice and also their
offspring displayed more efficiency in their abilities to complete tasks and goal-related actions.
The separation of parents from their young would not have allowed the younger generation to
learn the more efficient strategies. Researchers instead believe that the offsprings increased
ability was obtained from their stressed parents through germ cells and discovered alterations in
genes. Stress and trauma are often seen as negative but could also have positive effects on the
brain and behavior.
The article is useful because it contains information contrary to the prejudice of stress.
Trauma is usually defined as negative factors that may cause mental illness, but the author
provides new concepts of the effects of stress on individuals. The source did not identify exact
causes of inheritance, but students can use the information learned from the experiment to
present possible opposition to the perception of trauma. The authors purpose was to initiate a
different theory of mental therapy for people who suffer from depression.

Lazar, K. (2013, 11 Mar). The urge to injure. Boston Globe Retrieved from http://sks.sirs.com
 The article describes about the self-harm. A person harm himself or herself to provide a
relief from the stress. It allows him or her to deal with emotions and events. Self-injury is a
symptom of the mental illness such as depression and personality disorder. The researcher can
use this information to define the significance of the self-injury, relating to the depression.

McGlashen, A. (2012, December 18). Anxiety raises risk of PTSD after trauma. Futurity.
Retrieved from http://www.futurity.org/anxiety-raises-risk-of-ptsd-after-trauma/

The article claims that anxiety is the important factor that causes post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD). The study on neuroticism with 1,000 randomly selected participants in
Michigan. The neuroticism scale was used to score individuals; and to ultimately compare
participants in trait, such as constant nervousness, depression, and behavioral effect on traumatic
events. Through this study, researchers recognized the comparison between the before and after
the traumatic experiences among the population they studied. Also, comparing to the fact that
many suffer stress, only few established PTSD.
The article is useful because it analyzes about the specific factor that leads to the PTSD.
However, the author does not fully explains the result and how a factor, anxiety is the most risky
factor in the study. The source gives more details to the aspects on PTSD that was described in
the previous sources, annotated sources 8 and 9. The authors purpose is to discover effective
ways to respond to patients who undergo agonies.

McVerry, J. (2014, March 4). After child abuse, avoidance may raise PTSD risk. Futurity.
Retrieved from http://www.futurity.org/internalizing-child-abuse-may-raise-risk-ptsd/

The article introduces theories that lead victims of child abuse to develop post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD). The 40 percent of maltreated girls who are not willing to share their
sufferings are more likely to develop PTSD, comparing to the 60 percent who are willing. One of
two theories that cause PTSD is dysregulation in neurobiological processes. The dysregulation,
which includes cortisol deficiencies and suppression of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, affects
individuals abilities to maintain the calmness. Other theory is the psychological theory that
contains an experiential avoidance. The avoidance, which is the factor that 40 percent of
maltreated adolescents who formed PTSD had, comes from the fear, depression and the disgrace.
The source is useful because it proposes two major factors that cause PTSD. The effects
of the complex childhood trauma have possibilities in development of PTSD. The article does
not fully explain the specific examples of dysregulation in neurobiological processes and
experiential avoidances. However, the researchers can create new question related to avoidance
behavior and PTSD, a possible effect of child abuse for the further research.

Orenstein-Brown, D. (2013, July 22). Childhood abuse raises drug users' suicide risk. Futurity.
Retrieved from http://www.futurity.org/childhood-abuse-raises-drug-users-suicide-risk/

The article claims that the increase of the suicide risk is an effect of the childhood trauma.
There are several evidences that support the connections between the childhood abuse and the
suicide attempts. First, a study from Vancouver, Canada suggested that severe-to-extreme abuses
are more likely to increase the risk of the future suicide attempts. Also, according to National
Institute of Drug Abuse, a study conducted with 1,600 people generated that 80 participants
operated 97 suicide attempts in six months of study time range. It may sound comparatively less
among 1,600 people, but it is five times larger than the general population who has tried to
commit suicide. In the article includes a score from Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, which is
investigated by self-assessment on the degree of the trauma they experienced. All these studies
support the idea that early childhood trauma obtains the risk of suicide on individuals in any
types of trauma.
This article is useful because it organizes the connections of the suicide attempts and the
abuse that occur in victim's immaturity. The author of the newsletter does not include
information about drugs as the title suggests, but the focus on the link between trauma and
suicide risk is well developed. Author's purpose is to present and promote society's attention
toward the severity of trauma on a specific result, suicide. This article and its organized datas are
useful to add examples of the effect of childhood agony.

Pallarito, K. (n.d.). Can trauma trigger violent crime in mentally ill? Short-term risk was
heightened in healthy people, but was higher in those with psychosis, study contends.

The article analyzes about how victims who establish mental disorder from stressful
events are more likely to commit crimes. Trauma develops mental disorders such as bipolar and
schizophrenia. For example, the terrified victims of mass shooting expressed symptoms of
depression and isolation. The psychosis does affect the each selfs behavior. The research
suggests that people with mental derangement have a higher possibility to commit violent
misconduct. When a person experiences any traumatic event, he or she formulates suffering and
mental illness, and it ultimately leads into involvement of violations. According to the research,
any disturbing or fearsome incidents provoke the victim to become another perpetrator.
This study is useful because it proves that the agony increases the crime rate. The article
has small amount of samples and evidences, but the explanations allow the readers to understand
the concept of the research easily. The author provides the connection between trauma, mental
illness, and the violent crimes. The researchers can use the evidences and samples of the source
to demonstrate the relationship between trauma and crime.

Panic disorder. (2001, Mar). Harvard Mental Health Letter Retrieved from
http://sks.sirs.com

Panic disorder develops from the panic attacks that is related to the personality disorders.
For example, some patients of the panic disorder also suffer from the avoidant personality
disorder. The factors that affect the panic disorder are the personal relationship and the self-
esteem. Understanding individuals own traumatic events that stimulated the panic attacks help
patients to accomplish therapy effectively.
The source provides links among the self-esteem, panic disorder, and the avoidant personality
disorder. Researchers can use this information to prove the impact of the self-esteem on the
personality disorder.

Personality disorders. (2007). In World of Health. Gale. Retrieved from

http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2191500992/SUIC?u=elli85889&xid=23e81a18
 The article describes the various personality disorders. The personality disorder creates
the conflicts in a persons surroundings, with the emotional pain and difficulties. One of the
disorders is the avoidant personality disorder. The cause of this mental disturbance is the
unprotected relationship of the family, such as parental disapproval in childhood. The symptoms
of the avoidant personality disorder are having fear of rejections, and feeling uncomfortable
toward new situations. Researcher can use this information to identify the relationship between
avoidance and the consequence of the complex childhood trauma.

Personality disorders: The anxious cluster--part II. (1996, Mar). Harvard Mental Health Letter
Retrieved from http://sks.sirs.com

A person with a thought process that limits oneself constructs a limitation to oneself. This
false thought process causes avoidant personality disorder and the fear. The source proposes that
understanding and overcoming this allow supporters such as therapist be able to clarify the
factors of the personality disorder. The researchers can use this source to recognize the
importance of the focusing at the patients thoughts.

Rathbone-McCuan, E. (1996, Self-neglect in the elderly: Knowing when and how to intervene.
Aging Today, , 44-49. Retrieved from http://sks.sirs.com

The article examines about the possible ways to provide support for the elders. Elders do
not ask for help for various reasons. Elders believe that they will lose their independence or the
lack of information of the service they get stop elders from seeking help. However, if a supporter
understands their self-esteem, he or she can help elders from having self-neglect. The article
proves the importance of understanding the self-esteem for the prevention of the neglect
problems.

Research from Yale University broadens understanding of depression. (2008, July 29). Science
Letter, 745. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A366031436/SUIC?u=el

The article examines a integration process that supports the ability to gain a decent life.
The integration is the process that individuals balance and achieve a satisfactory life from self-
managing the chronic illness. To study the individuals processes, the researchers conducted an
experiment with English adults who had a constant disease, such as heart disease and parkinson
disease. The participants varied: age range of 25 to 80 and various duration of the sickness of 1
to 39 years, including 63% female and 63% whites. Additionally, there were four average
chronic illnesses among the participants, with some developing the depressive symptoms. The
results of the interview were collected with the population data, presence of continuing diseases,
and hopelessness. As a result, an unclear illness path, comorbidity, bad conditions, economic
difficulties, and social conflicts are represented as factors that interrupt achieving a desiring life.
Also, it is shown that the changes of the diseases symptoms and the emotions may result
devastating.
The source proves that the traumatic factors such as economic difficulties and social
conflicts cause interruptions in the integration. The research includes multi factors among the
participants, and the complexity of the co-existence between having a sickness and not having it;
causing an inaccuracy to the result. For example, when a test contains too much variables, the
result cannot be stable. However, the researchers can use this source to introduce the link
between traumatic events and the disruption of integration process on a specific group of people:
chronic illness patients.

Research reports from A.J. Tapia and co-authors provide new insights into depression.
(2008, February 12). Science Letter, 900. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps

The article discusses the relationship between low self-esteem and depressive
symptomatology. Prior to commit a suicide, there is a steps to process: suicidal consideration,
reflection, plan and prepare, try, and consummation. The risk factor of adolescents suicidal
ideation is the low self-recognition, severe depression, and the inability to maintain a stable
emotional status. The researchers were not able to find a consistent correlation between gender
difference, self-esteem and discouraging symptoms; however, they discovered an impact of
biological factor that men express less unfavorable thinking and fatal thoughts comparing to
women. The study also revealed that a depressive symptomatology has a possibility of domino
effect that would cause suicidal thoughts to discouraged individuals.
The source explains the most important risk factors of a suicide: a depressive
symptomatology. The information is useful for developing a link between negative self-concept
and other childhood trauma effects. For example, a low self-esteem, an element of a denying
perspective of self is a self-destructive behavior that leads to the suicide commitment.
Furthermore, researchers can use the idea of depressive symptomatology to the annotated source
8 to relate to the negative self-identity and depression which are caused by the complex
childhood trauma. The author leaves some questions about the definitions and examples of the
suicidal behavior and the suicidal ideation; however, readers can easily understand its context.

Roy, A., Gorodetsky, E., Yuan, Q., Goldman, D., & Enoch, M.-A. (2010). Interaction of FKBP5,
a Stress-Related Gene, with Childhood Trauma Increases the Risk for Attempting Suic

The article discusses about the interactions between the childhood trauma and the HPA
axis gene FKBP5, or the stress-related gene, that raise the suicide attempts. The experiments on
African American sample to test the correlation between the existence of the youth pain and the
genetic factors on the self-destruction discovered risk components that lead individuals suicidal
behaviors. There are distal genetic and developmental risk factors that raise self-harm when
individuals get stressed. For example, the stress-related serotonin transporter promoter
polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and the childhood agony demonstrated the increase of suicide
attempts. Researchers observed that the participants who tried to commit suicide contained a
history of worse childhood stress comparing to the participants who did not try a self-murder.
Furthermore, they identified that the substance abuse such as dependence diagnoses that follow
as an effect of traumatic events increases the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ).
The article contains limitations that place a boundary to fully accomplish its credible
study. For example, CTQ, a self-reported questionnaire cannot assess participants hidden
traumatic events. However, CTQ is proven as a reliable census that is not affected by the
persons various mental status. Even though the article includes restrictions, it is useful because it
leads researchers to study about other possible reasons of suicide such as negative self-
recognition. The article is helpful for understanding and extending an area to consider about the
effects of childhood trauma.
Sayrafiezadeh, S. (2016, August 14). How to Write About Trauma. New York Times, p. 10(L).
Retrieved from http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/suic/NewsDetailsPage/NewsDetailsWindow?

The article introduces and explains that an experience of writing about traumatic pasts
provides people an outlet to reveal their devastating events. The author, who has encountered
sexual assaults and never healed from the damage with no interest of family members, suggests a
way for people to release their own trauma. According to the authors own experience, victims
suffer from confused states of mind that are created by the dangerous ordeals. They believe
undergoing the danger of the perpetrators is necessary before escaping it. The author, a professor,
requires his class to write their own story of agony. This assignment is built to provide
individuals a space of freedom and confidence through revealing the events that were previously
unable to express. To improve the writing, the professor advises that the story should be focused
on the certain aspects of the trauma to cover the main importance. The thorough account of
devastating experiences can both improve writing and be therapeutic.
The source is a real life example of a victim who could not resolve and respond to the
earlier traumatic experience under an uncontrollable factors. In the article, the author shares his
own story of sexual assaults at young ages. His own experience makes the writing more
attracting to readers and be more specific. The article is useful to understand the recounting of
stories of childhood trauma to better comprehend research done on the subject. The source
suggests an activity writing traumatic event as another therapy for the victims of the childhood
trauma which would improve research project with more possible treatments.

Sociocultural and environmental processes. (1995, 01 Jan). BASIC BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE

RESEARCH FOR MENTAL HEALTH: A NATIONAL INVESTMENT Retrieved from
http://sks.sirs.com

The article explains how past experience affect individuals entire life. A person with
experience of discrimination and rejection is more likely to feel uncomfortable from the group of
people that reminds him or her about the rejection. As a result, it interrupts his or her
development of social interaction. The author provides multiple examples about the problem how
people become incapable to have relationship with others. The researcher can use the examples
to create credible work. Also, the information of this article can explain the effect of childhood
trauma on victims social interaction.

Suicide Prevention. (2016). In Gale Student Resources in Context. Detroit: Gale.

Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/QDVYPH203795441/SUIC?u=el

The article provides an implication to prevent a suicide. Suicide is one of the dominant
causes of the death. It is essential to recognize the people who are under risk of self-destruction
through the symptoms they express. The common symptoms are hopelessness, mood shift,
personality and manner change, and a loss of interest in the look. Additionally, the family and the
environment around the individuals, such as a family experience of self-murder, trauma of a loss
and a history of maltreatment are the important risk factors. The author suggests Universal
Prevention, the program that prevents the suicide that focuses on the social health, through
providing the educational sources, and reducing the suicidal motivations and the use of weapons
such as guns. Behavioral therapy, counseling, psychotherapy and medications are other options
of the treatments.
The source provides the connection of suicide to the effects of the complex childhood
trauma. First, the treatments for the people who contain the risk of suicide are similar to the
treatments for the victims of the childhood trauma. Also, self-murder is known as an extreme
effect of a depression, which has a similarity to the negative self-concept according to annotated
sources 16, 17, 20 and 22. The source is useful to provide the further steps for the victims of the
complex childhood trauma.

Ted-Ed. (2015, August 11). Who am I? A philosophical inquiry - Amy Adkins [Video file].
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UHwVyplU3Pg

The source questions the definition of the word, I. It asks if the settings where a person
exists determine the person, or the aspects such as actions and feelings establish the person.
Greek historian Plutarch related the definition of I, or the self to the mythical ship of Theseus.
The ship maintained over thousand years by replacing old parts of the initial ship with the
identical pieces. This example links to the persistence of the identity. The persistence of identity
questions what causes a ship to be an identical ship throughout the great amount of time. It
suggests an idea that the concept depends on where a person focuses on. However, even though
individuals change, the identities stay the same.
The source answers complex question, what is I. It develops its own idea through
including past historian Plutarchs belief in persistence of identity. Victims of complex childhood
trauma suffers from negative self-concept. For example, they are not able to define themselves in
a positive perspective. The video is useful to define individual and also provides the inference to
understand child victims own definition of themselves. The authors purpose is to construct the
sense of self, which might be easily defined with simple, common thoughts.

Tedx Talks. (2015, August 10). You're going to be okay; Healing from childhood trauma - Kay
Pasquariello [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArOfv

The article demonstrates the effect of childhood trauma on individuals in a real life. The
speaker of this source is a victim of the childhood trauma. Katy Pasquariello, a speaker had an
early trauma in young age of eight through high school from her dad. In the youth, every child
must receive care and love from caretaker, which are mostly defined as parents responsibilities.
However, her father was not a caretaker, but an abuser who made a victim. Contrasting to the
common myth that children easily forget events easily, kids do not; so as Katy. She suffered
depression and developed negative self-concept. Childhood trauma affects a person emotionally,
which causes self-hatred and negative perspective toward the community. It is common for
victims to feel that the traumatic events are the outcomes of their wrongdoing. A caretaker can
improve this negativity with sincere efforts, and this is the reason why caretakers role so
important. Furthermore for the case of Katy Pasquariello, careful and honest words from her
caretakers saved her from a deep distress.
The source reaches audiences with the sympathy and the empathy. The speakers voice is
not steady, but her effort to put her own experience into the piece appeals to audience. By adding
specific examples, she facilitates the understanding of the focus. This source can be used as an
example of a real life effect of a childhood trauma.
Too much undeserved self-praise can lead to depression. (2011, November 6). NewsRx Health,
65. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A271182797/SUIC?u=elli85889&

The article recognizes the development of the depression as the consequences of the
disapproval on self. Individuals who can accurately evaluate themselves achieve fair emotional
health with the accomplishment of the essential self-enhancement under the positive feedbacks.
The researchers conducted an experiment that collected the data through the questionnaire from
the participants in Hong Kong and United States, who rated and analyzed themselves to the
others students under the academic achievements, or else assessed themselves under the false
observations on their athletic skills. The result revealed that the students who rated themselves
highly felt more depressed following to their inability to evaluate themselves precisely, which is
also causing stress. Additionally, the experiment discovered the cultural difference among the
participants that Americans assessed themselves more excessively comparing to Chinese.
The source discovers the aspects of the negative self-concept on the self-assess.
According to the source, it is shown that regardless of the high or low self-assessment, the
individuals can still achieve self-improvement without being discouraged; which rejects an idea
that inability of self-assess is a sign of low self-esteem. Also, the experiment the researchers
conducted on the students in Hong Kong in the article is very similar to what researchers might
have planned for the project. The researchers can use this information to revise and conduct the
questionnaire effectively.

Vulnerability and resilience. (1995, 01 Jan). BASIC BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE RESEARCH

FOR
MENTAL HEALTH: A NATIONAL INVESTMENT Retrieved from http://sks.sirs.com

The article describes about the factors that contribute to the poor mental health. When a
person do not earn emotional need that he or she deserve, he or she may avoid interactions with
others because of the fear. The researcher can use this article to prove the impact of the parents
maltreatment to the development of the positive self-concept and high self-esteem.

Wexler, B. (2013). Physical Fitness and Exercise. In E. P. Manar (Ed.), Healthy Living (2nd ed.,
Vol. 1, pp. 43-75). Detroit: UXL. Retrieved from
http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX2763900010/SUIC?u=elli85889&xid=7537eb08

Physical Fitness and Exercise are the good stress reliever that improves ones life. Better
life usually signifies good flexibility, endurance, management, and improved self-esteem.
The source allows readers to make inference that stress cause the low self-esteem. The source
also provides the definitions for the words that would help improving the final result of the
project. The authors purpose is to inform and suggest the possible solution for the problems that
are caused by the stress.

Yasmin Anwar-UC Berkeley. (2015, March 4). Trauma and ADHD may lead women to
self-harm. Futurity. Retrieved from http://www.futurity.org/trauma-adhd-women-sel
 The article proposes the relationship between trauma and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD), specifically to female. According to the study, there was an overlapping
population that suffered ADHD and maltreatment in childhood and adolescence. Data from
Berkeley Girls with ADHD Longitudinal Study was conducted in San Francisco on young
female through immaturity, youthfulness and to adulthood. It suggested that women are more
likely to hide their suffering as they mature. However, hiding the pain internally causes higher
possibility to develop depression, self-harm, eating disorders and suicide attempts. Also, other
evidence supported that women with trauma experience and ADHD are more likely to attain
great predisposition for nervousness, discouragement, and self-mutilation.
This source is useful because it reveals on relationship between trauma and ADHD
respectively on female. The author does not contain reasons why girls would decide to hide their
suffering more than boys, but it is possible to describe its main focus on the link of trauma and
ADHD strongly to the audience. The purpose of the article is to introduce the effect of early
abuse on ADHD, peculiarly to girls.