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    Aircraft Electricity & Electronics-Eismin PDF

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    Aircral Electricity & Electron RL A ae oe wo \ a i ir a rd GLENCOE Aviation Technology Series Aircraft Electricity & Electronics Fifth Edition Thomas K. Eismin GLENCOE McGraw-Hill New Yr NewYork Colum Ohio Woodard Hil, Clann Pea ins LUbrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Eismin, Thomas K ‘Alrralt electro and electronics / Thomas K.Eismin.—Sth ed p._ cm—(viation technology series) Includes inex ISBN 0-02-201850-1 1. Alplanes—Electic equipment. 2. Aplanes —Electronic equipment. 3. Avionics. |.Tile Il. Series. TLs90E37 1994 620, 195'4—de20 sstsa08 cr Aircraft Electricity and Electronies, Fifth Edition Imprint 2002 Copyright © 1995, 1989 by Giencoe/McGraw-Hil Al ights reserved. Copyright © 1989 by James L. MeKiney and MeGraw-Hil, Inc. All ghts reserved. Printed inthe United States ‘of Amerce. Except as permited under the United States Copyright Act, no part his pub- lication may be reproduced or cetibuted in any form or by any means, of stored in a dala- base or retrieval system, without prior writen permission from the publisher. Copyright © 1981 by James L MeKiniy. Copysght © 1961, 1971 as Electricity and Electronics for ‘Aerospace Vehicies by James L. McKinley. ‘Send all inquires to: Glencoe/MaGra-Hil {8787 Orion Place Columeus, OH 43240 ISBN 0-02-801859-1 4412 13 14 02809 08 07 06 Preface ix Acknowledgments x 1 Fundamentals of Electricity 7 The Electron Theory 1 Static Electricity 3 Units of Electricity 4 Theory of Magnetism 6 MagneticDevices 9 Methods of Producing Voltage 11 Electromagnetic induction 11 Applications of Ohm'sLaw 13 Ohm’staw 13 Types of Circuits 16 Solving Series Circuits 17 Solving Parallel Circuits 20 Series-Parallel Circuits 23 Kirchhoff’s Laws 26 Solution of a Resistance Bridge Circuit 27 Practical Applications of Ohm's Law 28 Aircraft Storage Batteries 30 Dry Cells and Batteries 30 Lead-Acid Storage Batteries 34 Lead-Acid Battery Maintenance Procedures 39 Battery Ratings 44 Nickel-Cadmium Storage Batteries 46 Nickel-Cadmium Battery Maintenance Procedures 50 Installation of Aircraft Batteries 52 Electric Wire and Wiring Practices 56 Characteristics of Electric Wire 56 Requirements for Open Wiring 62 Electrical Conduit 65 Connecting Devices 66 Bonding and Shielding 77 Wire Identification 78 10. vi Alternating Current 82 Definition and Characteristics 82 impedance 87 Polyphase AC Circuits 92 Alternating Current and the Airplane 93 Electrical Control Devices 95 Switches 95 Circuit-Protection Devices 98 Resistors 100 Capacitors 102 Inductors 106 Transformers 108 Rectifiers 170 Transistors 115 Other Solid-state Devices 119 Printed Circuit Boards 122 Cathode-Ray Tube 123 Digital Electronics 126 The Digital Signal 126 Digitat Numerology 127 Binary Code Systems 130 LogicGates 133 Integrated Circuits 138 Common Logic Circuit Functions 142 Microprocessors 143 Computer Operations 144 Digital Aircraft Systems 150 Troubleshooting Digital Circuits 150 Electric Measuring Instruments 159 Meter Movements 159 The Ammeter 162 The Voltmeter 163 The Ohmmeter 165 AC Measuring Instruments 166 The Multimeter 169 Digital Meters 769 The Oscilloscope 177 ElectricMotors 175 Motor Theory 175 Motor Construction 178 AC Motors 182 Inspection and Maintenance of Motors 188 Generators and Related Control Circuits 190 Generator Theory 190 DC Generator Construction 195, Starter-Generators 197 Generator Control 198 Generator Inspection, Service, and Repair 204 Contents 1 12, 13 14, 15, 16. 7. Alternators, Inverters, and Related Controls 270 ACGeneration 210 Voltage Regulators 274 ACGenerators 219 Inverters 223 \Variable-Speed Constant-Frequency Power Systems 225 Power Dis Systems 228 Requirements for Power Distribution Systems 228 Main Power Distribution Systems 232, Power Distribution on Composite Aircraft. 235, Large-Aircraft Electrical Systems 237 Design and Maintenance of Aircraft Electrical Systems 246 Requirements for Electrical Systems 246 Aircraft Lights 249 Large-Aircraft Electrical Systems 255 Maintenance and Troubleshooting of Electrical Systems 263 RadioTheory 276 RadioWaves 276 Amplifiers 280 Functions of a Transmitter 282 Receivers 287 ‘Communication and Navigation Systems 294 Communications 294 Navigation Systems 303 Long-Range Navigation Systems 317 Installation of Avionics Equipment 327 Antennas 328 Weather Warning Systems 333 Radar 333 Digital Airborne Weather Radar Systerns 337 Radar Maintenance 344 Weather Mapping Systems 345 Electric Instruments and Autoflight Systems 348 RPM-Measuring instruments 348 Temperature Indicators 349 Synchro Systems 352 Fuel-Quantity Indicators 353 Electromechanical Flight instruments 355 Electronic Flight Systems 357 Automatic Flight Control Systems _ 367 Typical Automatic Pilot and Flight Control System 364 Automatic Flight and Landing Systems 366 Flight Management System 371 Strapdown Technology 373 Appendix 377 Glossary 391 Index 403 Contents, In the past decade the aviation industry has truly gone through an electronics revolution. The ‘miniaturization of digital electronics has allowed manufacturers to do more in less space and ‘weight than with conventional systems. Bletronic circuits are found on virtually every system of| modern aircraft. Large transport category airraftullize a variety of computers for navigation and flight management. Today, an aircraft technician must possess a thorough understanding of both the basic electrical theory and advanced electronic systems. Aircraft Electricity and Electronics provides the reader wit practical knowledge that canbe used by students and techni- cians alike Inthis edition of Aircraft Electricity and Electronics several new technologies are introduced to the eader. The chapter on digital systems has been expanded. Modern digital data bus systems, such asthe ARINC 629, ae presented. The chapter on aircraft communication and navigation has been expanded to include state-of-the-att systems such as satellite communications, global posi tioning systems, and data ink equipment. Moder central maintenance computer systems are dis- cussed, and much more. “The fifty edition has also improved some of the basic information necessary o build proper foundation for understanding accraft electrical systems. The current Federal Aviation Regulations concerning the certification of the Airframe and Powerplant (A & P) mechanics are still a vital component ofthis text. The text also presents information well beyond these basic A & P requite- ‘ments, thus providing the student with a thorough understanding of te theory, design, and main- tenance of current aircraft electrical and electronic systems. ‘The text is written with the assumption thatthe reader possesses no prior knowledge of elee- tricity and electronics; and yet, the text may also be used by experienced technicians to gain abet- ter understanding of advanced systems. In chapers 1 through 5 basic electtial cheory and concepts are discussed, These chapters include the fundamentals necessary fr a strong under- standing ofthe FAA's regulations as they pertain to aircraft electrical systems. Chapters 6 through 12.contain vital information onthe design and maintenance of specific systems. In these chaptes, digital concepts are presented, computerized power distribution systems are discussed, and ele ‘vical test equipment is introduced. Chapters 13 trough 17 inwoduce the reader tothe advanced electronic systems such as communication and navigation equipment, autoflght systems, fy-by- ‘Wire components, and bult-in-test equipment Aircraft Electricity and Electronics i one text ofthe Aviation Technology Series published by the Glencoe Division of Macmillan/MeGraw-Hill School Publishing Company. The other books inthis series ate Aircraft Basic Science, Aircraft Maintenance and Repair Aircraft Powerplants, sa Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Technology. Used together, these texts provide information con- cemmng all areas of aircraft maintenance technology. ‘Thomas K. Eismin Acknowledgments ‘The author wishes to express appreciation tothe following organizations for their generous assis- tance in providing illustrations and technical information for this text: Airbus Industrie, U:S. Division, New York, New York; AiResearch Manufacturing Company, Division of the Garrett, Corporation, Torrance, California; AMP Products Corporation, Southeastern, Pennsylvania; B 8 K-Precision/Dynascan Corporation, Chicago, Ilinois; Amprobe Instrument Division, Lynbrook, sw York; Atlantic Instruments, Inc., Melbourne, Florida; Beech Aircraft Company, Wichita, Kansas; The Bendix Corporation, Aerospace Electronics Sector, Arlington, Virginia, Avionics Division, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Communications Division, Baltimore, Maryland, Blectsic Power Division, Eatontown, New Jersey, Flight Systems Division, Teterboro, New Jersey; Boeing ‘Commercial Airplane Company, Division of the Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington; Cessna Aircraft Company, Wichita, Kansas; Christie Corporation, Gardena, California; Clarostat ‘Manufacturing Co., Plano, Texas; Collins Divisions, Rockwell International, Cedar Rapids, lowa;, Concord Battery Corp., W. Covina, California; Daniels Manufacturing Corporation, Orlando, Florida; Dayton-Granger, Inc., Fort Lauderdale, Florida; Delco Remy Division, AC Spark Plug Division, General Motors Corporation, Anderson, Indiana; The Deutsch Co., Banning, California; Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C.; GC Electronics, Rockford, tlinois; Global Specialties, an Interplex Electronics Company, New Haven, Connecticut; Government Electron: ies Division, Motorola, Inc., Scottsdale, Arizona; Honeywell, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota; Intemational Restifiee Company, El Segundo, California; John Fluke Mfg. Co., Inc., Everett, ‘Washington; Keith and Associates, Lafayette, Indiana; King Radio Corporation, Olathe, Kansas; Lear Sieglar, Inc., Intemational Division, Standford, Connecticut; Lockheed California Company, Burbank, California; Marathon Power Technologies, a Subsidiary of Marathon Manufacturing Companies, Inc., Waco, Texas; McDonnell Douglas Corporation, Douglas Aircraft Division, Long Beach, California; Narco Avionics, Inc., Fort Washington, Pennsylvania; Piper Aircraft ‘Corporatiaa, Vero Beach, Florida; Prestolite Corporation, an Allied Corporation, Toledo, Ohio; Prestolite Wire Division, an Allied Corporation, Part Huron, Michigan; Purdue University, Aviation ‘Technology Department, West Lafayette, Indiana; Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, Missouri; Saft America, Incorporated, Valdosta, Georgia; Simpson Electric Company, Elgin, Illinois; Sperry Aerospace and Marine Group Corporation, Phoenix, Arizona; Stacoswitch, Inc., Costa Mesa, California; Sundstrand Service Corporation, Sundstrand Corporation, Rockford, IMlinois; Sundstrand Data Control, Inc., Redmond, Washington; Sun Electric Corporation, Crystal Lake, Illinois; Teledyne Battery Products, Redlands, California; Texas Instruments, Inc., Dallas, ‘Texas; Thomas and Betts Corporation, Raritan, New Jersey; Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Electrical Systems Division, Lima, Ohio; Weston Instruments Division, Sangamo Weston, Incorporated, Newark, New Jersey; 3M Center, Aviation Safety and Security Systems Division, St.Paul, Minnesota, Fundamentals of Electricity 1 ‘This present period in history may well be called the “age of electronics” or the “electronics revolution” because electric- ity and electronics have become vital in every facet of mod- fem life. The food you eat, your clothes, even the air you breathe, virtually everything you take for granted during a typical day has been affected by the modem age of electron- ies, This is particularly true in the aviation and aerospace fields because all modem aircraft and space vehicles are largely dependent upon electronics and electricity for com- ‘munications, navigation, and control. Electronies is merely a special application of electricity wherein precise manipula tion of elecirons is employed. However, since electricity is considered to'be the movement of electrons, with relatively. Tow precision, the term electronics is usually thought to in- clude the field of electricity. Since electricity and/or electronics is so often used in con- Jjunetion with the mechanical systems of modern aircraft, today’s technician must possess a thorough understanding of all facets of electronics. Typically this knowledge would be ‘used during inspection, installation, and repair of systems on ‘board the aircraft. Once electronic equipment is removed, the repair, overhaul, and testing of such equipment is usvally per- formed by avionic specialists Previous to the last century, little was krown concerning the nature of electricity. However, modem theoretical con- cepts, mathematies, and basic physical laws have explained how electricity acts. We can now predict with extreme accu- racy virtually all aspects of electricity, either through mathe- matics or by observation and documentation of electical actions. The precise reasons why electricity acts as it does, may be debated until the next century; meanwhile, we will continue to make electricity a useful tool by predicting its actions. ‘On modem aircraft, electricity performs many functions, including the ignition of fuels in turbine engines, the opera- tion of communication and navigation systems, the move- ‘ment of fight controls, and analysis of system performance. ‘There are literally thousands of electrical connections con- trolling hundreds of electrical devices, each of which was installed and will be maintained by an aircraft technician. In the nose section alone of a common DC-10 there are over '55 miles of wire. The enormous increase in the use of elec- tronic systems has made it essential forthe aircraft technician to obtain a thorough understanding of electricity and electronics. frases mired The atomic structure of matter dictates the means for the pro- duction and transmission of electrical power. All matter con- tains microscopic particles made of electrons and protons ‘The forces that bind these particles together to create matter are the same forces that ereate electrical current flow and pro- duce electrical power. Every aircraft generator, alternator, and battery, virtually all electrical components, react aecord- ing to the electron theory. The electron theory describes, specifically the internal molecular forces of matter as they pertain to electrical power. The electron theory is therefore a vital foundation upon which to build an understanding of electricity and electronics, Molecules and Atoms Matter is defined as anything that occupies space; hence, everything that we can see and feel constitutes matter. It is, ‘now universally accepted that matter is composed of mole~ cules, which, in turn, are composed of atoms. Ifa quantity of ‘acommon substance, such as water, is divided in half, and the half is then divided, and the resulting quarter divided, and so fon, a point will be reached where any further division will, change the nature ofthe water and turn it into something else. ‘The smallest particle into which any compound can be di- Vided and still retain its identity is called a molecule, If molecule of a substance is divided, it will be found to consistof particles called atoms. An atom isthe smallest pos- sible particle of an element. An element isa single substance that cannot be separated into different substances except by clear disintegration. ‘There are more than 100 recognized elements, several of which have been artificially created from various radioactive elements. Common elements are iron, oxygen, aluminum, hydrogen, copper, lead, gold, silver, and so on. The smallest division of any ofthese elements will still have the properties of that element, A compound is « chemical combination of two or more different elements, and the smallest possible particle of a compound is a molecule. For example, a molecule of water (HO) consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of, oxygen. A diagram representing a water molecule is shown in Figure 1-1 ‘Oxvaen ATOM) wu ATOMT_ pececrmons a Ven @ Xe ~ FIGURE 1-1 Awatermolecuie, Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons Many discoveries have been made that greatly facilitate the study of electricity and provide new concepts concerning the nature of matter. One of the most important of these discov- cries has dealt with the strucure of the atom. It has been found that an atom consists of infinitesimal particles of en- ergy known as electrons, protons, and nevtrons. All matter consists of two or more of these basic components. The sim- plest atom is that of hydrogen, which has one electron and, fone proton, as represented in the diagram of Figure 1—2a. ‘The structure of an oxygen atom is indicated in Figure 1-2b, This atom has eight protons, eight neutrons, and eight elec- trons, The protons and neutrons form the nucleus of the atom; electrons revolve around the nucleus in orbits varying in shape from elliptical to circular and may be compared to the planets as they move around the sun. A positive charge is, carried by each proton, no charge is carried by the neutrons, and negative charge is carried by each electron. The charges carried by the electton and the proton are equal in magnitude but opposite in nature. Anatom that has an equal number of protons and electcons is electrically neutral; thats, the charge carried by the electrons is balanced by the charge carried by the protons. It has been explained that an atom carries two opposite charges: protons in the nucleus have a positive charge, ard electrons have # negative charge. When the charge of the nu- cleus is equal to the combined charges of the electrons, the ‘atom is neutral; but if the atom has a shortage of electrons, it will be positively charged. Conversely, if the atom has an ‘excess of electrons, it will be negatively charged. A posi- tively charged atom is called a positive ion, and a negatively ‘charged atom is called a negative ion. Charged molecules are also called ions. It should be noted that protons remain within, the nucleus; only electrons are added or removed from an ‘atom, thus creating a positive or negative ion. nucteus ‘a o) FIGURE 1-2 Stricture of atoms 2 Chapter Fundamentals of Electricity Atomic Structure and Free Electrons ‘The path of an electron around the nucleus of an ator de- scribes an imaginary sphere or shell. Hydrogen and helium atoms have only one shell, but the more complex atoms have numerous shells. Figure 1-2 illustrates this concept, When ‘an atom has more than two electrons, it must have more than ‘one shelt, since the first shell will accommodate only two clectrons. This is shown in Figure 1~2b. The number of shells in an atom depends on the total number of electrons surrounding the nucleus. ‘The atomic structure of a substance is of interest to the electrician because it determines how well the substance can conduct an electric current. Certain elements, chiefly metals, are Known as conductors because an electric current will flow through them easily. The atoms of these elements give. up electrons or receive electrons in the outer orbits with Tittle difficulty. The electrons that move from one atom to another are called free electrons. The movement of free electrons from one atom to another is indicated by the diagram in Figure 1-3, and it will be noted that they pass from the outer shell of one atom to the outer shell of the next. The only elec- trons shown in the diagram are those in the outer orbits. As shown in Figure 1-3, the movement of free electrons does not always constitute electric current flow. There are often several free electrons randomly drifting through the atoms of any conductor. It is only when these free electrons move in the same direction that electric current exists. A power supply, such as a battery, typically creates a potential

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