Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RECOPILACION DE CLAVES
PARA LA DETERMINACION DE
ANFIBIOS Y REPTILES DE MEXICO
RECOPILACION DE CLAVES
PARA LA DETERMINACION DE
ANFIBIOS Y REPTILES DE MEXICO
1
Museo de Zoologa, Facultad de Ciencias. UNAM. Apartado Postal 70-399, Mxico D.F. 04510, Mxico.
2
Departamento de Biologa, Facultad de Ciencias. UNAM. Mxico, DF 04510, Mxico.
Publ. esp. Mus. Zool. 10: 1-285 (1995)
i
INDICE
INTRODUCCION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
AGRADECIMIENTOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
LITERATURA CITADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
DIBUJOS GENERALES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
CLAVES PARA LA DETERMINACION DE LOS ANFIBIOS DE MEXICO . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Bufo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
CLAVE PARA LOS GENEROS y ESPECIES DE LA FAMILIA HYLIDAE DE MEXICO. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Agalychnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES Y SUBESPECIES DE Hyla EN MEXICO (NOROESTE DEL
ISTMO DE TEHUANTEPEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES Y SUBESPECIES DE Hyla EN EL NORTE DE
CENTROAMERICA (ISTMO DE TEHUANTEPEC-HONDURAS INCLUYENDO LA
PENINSULA DE YUCATAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Pternohyla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES Y SUBESPECIES DE Ptychohyla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Smilisca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES Y SUBESPECIES DE Triprion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Plectrohyla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
CLAVE PARA LA DETERMINACION DE RENACUAJOS DE Plectrohyla . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
CLAVE PARA LOS GENEROS DE LA FAMILIA LEPTODACTYLIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
CLA VE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Eleutherodactylus DE LOS GRUPOS mexicanus y
hobartsmithi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DEL GRUPO rugulosus DE Eleutherodactylus . . . . . . . . . . . .44
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DEL GRUPO Eleutherodactylus gollmeri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Syrrhopus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Tomodactylus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Gastrophryne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Rana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Ambystoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Bolitoglossa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Chiropterotriton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
ii
iii
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE LA FAMILIA XANTUSIIDAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Xenosaurus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Adelophis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Adelphicos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Clelia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Conophis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Conopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
CLAVE PARA LAS SUBESPECIES DE Drymarchon corais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Drymobius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Ficimia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Geophis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Gyalopion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Heterodon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Lampropeltis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Leptodeira . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Leptodeira DEL SUR DE MEXICO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Leptophis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
CLAVE PARA LAS SUBESPECIES DE Leptophis mexicanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Masticophis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Natrix = Nerodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES Y SUBESPECIES DE Ninia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
CLAVE PARA LAS SUBESPECIES DE Ninia sebae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
CLAVE PARA LAS SUBESPECIES DE Ninia diademata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Oxybelis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Pliocercus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Rhadinaea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Sibon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Stenorrhina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Tantilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Thamnophis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Trimorphodon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
CLAVE PARA LOS GENEROS DE FALSOS CORALILLOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Leptotyphlops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
CLAVE PARA LAS ESPECIES DE Typhlops y Rhampotyphlops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263
2.
iv
INTRODUCCION
Existen muy pocas obras (entre monografas, revisiones, y descripciones de nuevos taxa)
que incluyan claves de determinacin para los grupos que constituyen la herpetofauna de
Mxico. Por otro lado, las que existen son de difcil acceso a investigadores y estudiantes que
se hallan interesados en la Herpetologa, debido principalmente a la escasez y poca fluidez de
publicaciones peridicas especializadas en las bibliotecas institucionales de Mxico. Este trabajo
es una recopilacin de las claves para las especies (y en algunos casos subespecies) de anfibios
y reptiles de Mxico que han sido publicadas hasta la fecha, hacindolas disponibles en un slo
documento, aunque es necesario aclarar que no todas las especies mexicanas estn incluidas en
dichas claves.
El nico trabajo previo de este tipo fue publicado en tres partes, entre 1945 y 1950, por
dos herpetlogos norteamericanos: Hobart M. Smith y Edward H. Taylor. Una reimpresin de
su obra fue editada en 1966, en donde se anexaban los cambios taxonmicos reconocidos hasta
ese momento. Desde 1966 han habido muchos cambios taxonmicos, se ha descrito un gran
nmero de especies, y se han propuesto nuevas clasificaciones de la herpetofauna mexicana, por
lo que es necesario actualizar las claves de los anfibios y reptiles de Mxico mediante una
recopilacin que incluya hasta donde sea posible estas modificaciones y novedades.
Entre las principales fuentes de consulta que incluyen listas anotadas y claves de anfibios
y reptiles de Mxico, destaca la obra monumental de Smith y Taylor (1966) "Herpetology of
Mexico", que como ya se mencion es la reimpresin de los nmeros 187 (sobre serpientes),
194 (sobre anfibios), y 199 (sobre tortugas, anfisbnidos, lagartijas y cocodrilos) del Bulletin
of the U.S. National Museum. La informacin contenida en estos libros se bas en varias
expediciones de los autores a Mxico, en las cuales se recolectaron ms de 50,000 ejemplares.
En esta obra se indican algunos problemas taxonmicos de algunos gneros de reptiles como
Anolis, Cnemidophorus, Uta, y Thamnophis, as como de las salamandras de las familias
Plethodontidae, y Ambystomatidae, y de las ranas de la familia Leptodactylidae. La problemtica
de estos grupos an persiste en la actualidad. En ese trabajo la herpetofauna de Mxico se
agrupa en 41 familias, 191 gneros, 995 especies y 1165 especies y subespecies (Flores-Villela
1993a,b): "Herpetology of Mexico" sigue siendo til como una obra de consulta de la
2 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
Por ltimo, la edicin desde 1963 de los apuntes del "Catalogue of American Amphibians
and Reptiles" por la Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, ha sido una fuente
continua de nueva informacin taxonmica que en muchos casos trata con especies de anfibios
y reptiles de Mxico, incluyendo para cada especie o taxn una breve descripcin, historia
nomenclatural, distribucin geogrfica, literatura pertinente, comentarios generales y en varios
casos claves de identificacin.
La recopilacin que aqu se presenta incluye la mayora de las claves que se han publicado
despus de 1950, y cubre 721 especies que representan el 70.3% del total de la herpetofauna de
Mxico (186 especies de anfibios y 535 de reptiles, los cuales representan respectivamente el
61.6% y el 73.9%, del total en cada grupo).
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 3
No se incluye una clave para los gneros que solamente tienen una especie en Mxico
o que son monoespecficos en toda su distribucin; en esos casos las claves de Casas y McCoy
(1979) son adecuadas para su determinacin a nivel de gnero. Muchas de las claves que se
incluyen no contemplan descripciones de especies nuevas y/o cambios nomenclaturales
publicados recientemente. Hay muchos gneros para los que no se han publicado claves, por lo
que no estn incluidos aqu, como por ejemplo: Thorius, Dendotriton, Nototriton, Spea,
Celestus, Holbrookia, Petrosaurus, Sphenomorphus, Bogertophis, Chersodromus, Chilomeniscus,
Chionactis, Coniophanes, Dipsas, Dryadophis, Elaphe, Enulius, lmantodes, Opheodrys,
Phyllorynchus, Pituophis, Salvadora, Sonora, Storeria, Symphimus y Tantillita, entre otros; en
otros casos se incluye una clave que cubre parcialmente el nmero de especies en un
determinado gnero; tal es el caso de Bufo, Eleutherodactylus, Hyla, Bolitoglossa,
Chiropterotriton, Pseudoeurycea, Sceloporus, Anolis, Leptodeira, Leptophis, Nerodia,
Pliocercus, y Tantilla, entre otros. Varias de las claves que se incluyen en esta recopilacin
contienen especies que no se distribuyen en Mxico; tal es el caso de las que se tomaron del
Catalogue of Neotropical Squamata y otras del Catalogue of American Amphibians and
Reptiles, principalmente.
AGRADECIMIENTOS
Queremos agradecer a todos los colegas, autores y editores que muy amablemente nos
autorizaron a reproducir las claves que se recopilan en este trabajo. En cada caso se dan los
crditos respectivos. Tambin agradecemos de forma muy especial a los investigadores que
elaboraron claves para este volumen: James R. Dixon, Edmundo Prez Ramos, Gustavo Casas,
Carl S. Lieb, Adrin Nieto Montes de Oca, Robert L. Bezy, Jos Luis Camarillo, Douglas A.
Rossman, Jerry D. Johnson y Kristopher P. Kofron. George R. Zug, C. Jack McCoy y William
E. Duellman nos ayudaron en diferentes formas durante las fases iniciales de esta publicacin.
En la parte final de este trabajo tambin colaboraron con nosotros Alfonso Delgadillo,
Francisco Vargas Santa Mara, Ela Martnez Sols, Walter Schmidt B., Adrin Nieto Montes de
Oca, Sol de Mayo Mejenes, Laura Contreras, Flora Garca, Ricardo Reyes y Miriam Benabib.
A Isabel Vargas que nos proporcion su ayuda en el aspecto editorial, nuestro reconocimiento.
A nuestro colega Ubaldo Guzmn Villa quin elabor el dibujo de la portada, nuestro profundo
agradecimiento. El apoyo de Armando Luis Martnez hizo posible la publicacin de este
trabajo, por lo que le debemos nuestro ms sincero agradecimiento. El apoyo financiero para el
desarrollo de la presente publicacin fue obtenido de la Direccin General de Asuntos del
Personal Acadmico (IN 201789, Y IN 203493) Y PADEP (proyecto 003 y 001).
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 5
LITERATURA CITADA
DIBUJOS GENERALES
8 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 9
DEDOS DE LA MANO
SURCOS COSTALES
PLIEGUES
COSTALES
DEDOS DE LA PATA
CLOACA
CRESTAS CRANEANAS
GLANDULA PAROTIDA
PLIEGUE SUPRATIMPANICO
TIMPANO
COANAS
DIENTES VOMERIANOS
PALADAR
TUBERCULOS SUBARTICULARES
TUBERCULOS
DISCO
SUPERNUMERARIOS
TUBERCULOS PALMARES
ACCESORIOS
ESPINA
TUBERCULO PALMAR
PREPOLICA
TUBERCULOS
TENAR
DISCO
MEMBRANAS
TUBERCULOS
SUPERNUMERARIOS
TUBERCULOS
SUBARTICULARES TUBERCULOS PLANTARES
PLIEGUE
TARSAL
TUBERCULO METATARSAL
INTERNO
TORTUGA
CARAPACHO PICOS
ARISTA
ALVEOLAR
PLASTRON
AX
ARTICULACION MOVIL
PUENTE
LAGARTIJAS
ESCAMAS
POSTANALES MEMBRANA
AGRANDADAS DIGITAL
LAMINILLAS
LAGARTIJAS
DISCO TRASLUCIDO
SUPRACILIARES ABERTURA
SUPRALABIALES AUDITIVA
INFRALABIALES
SUBOCULAR ABANICO
GULAR
POSTMENTALES
GENIALES
GULARES
PLIEGUE
GULAR
ROSTRAL
POSTNASAL NASAL
PREFRONTALES
SUPRANASAL
FRONTOPARIETAL
SUPRAOCULARES
OJO
PARIETAL
PINEAL
INTERPARIETAL
OCCIPITALES
PUPILA REDONDA
PREOCULAR
TEMPORALES POSTERIORES
LOREAL
PRENASAL
MENTAL
ROSTRAL
POSTMENTAL
INTERNASALES
PREFRONTALES GENIALES
FRONTAL ANTERIORES
PARIETAL GENIALES
POSTERIORES
VENTRALES
ANAL
ANAL ENTERA
DIVIDIDA
SUBCAUDALES
OCULAR
ROSTRAL
SUPRANASAL
PREFRONTAL
FRONTAL
SUBOCULAR
PREOCULARES
BOTON
CASCABEL
PRELACUNAL
FOSETA LOREAL
COCODRILOS
CRESTA
TRANSVERSA
CAIMAN CROCODYLUS
QUILLA DORSAL
CRESTA CAUDAL
FUENTE: Porter, K. R. 1964. Distribution and taxonomic status of seven species of Mexican Bufo. Herpetologica
19(4): 229-247.
1. Parietal crest always absent; length of parotoid gland at least twice its width,
pulse rate of mating call less than twenty notes per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bufo canaliferus
Parietal crest generally present; length of paratoid gland less than twice its
width; pulse rate of mating call greater than twenty notes per second (not
known for B. cristatus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Parotoid gland globular; narrow vertebral line present; pulse rate of mating
call greater than 85 notes per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bufo coccifer
Parotoid gland ovoid or triangular; vertebral stripe, if present, not a narrow
line, pulse rate of mating call less than 60 notes per second (not known for B.
cristatus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Parietal crests high, expanded laterally and merging with postorbital crests so
as to fill space between parotoid gland and eye; parotoid gland swollen with
length approximately 20% of snout-vent length . . . . . . . . . Bufo cristatus
Parietal crests and postorbital crests not greatly expanded, do not fill space between
parotoid gland and eye; parotoid gland length generally less than 20% of snout-vent
length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Parietal crests always present, species not known from Pacific Coast north of
Isthmus of Tehuantepec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Parietal crests reduced or occasionally absent; species found only on the Pacific
Coast north of Isthmus of Tehuantepec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5. A linear series of warts present on side of body; dominant frequency of mating call
approximately 1800 c. p. s. at 25 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bufo valliceps
No linear series of warts on side of body; dominant frequency of mating call about
1300 c. p. s. at 25 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bufo cavifrons
6. Species known only from lowlands about Acapulco, Guerrero; parotoid gland
generally not swollen; length of supratympanic crest generally greater than diameter
of tympanum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bufo gemmfer
Species widely distributed along Pacific lowlands of northern Colima, Jalisco,
Nayarit, Sinaloa, and Sonora; parotoid gland generally moderately swollen,
supratympanic crest length gene rally less than diameter of tympanum . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bufo mazailanensis
22 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
1. Pupil vertically elliptical (fig. 5A), dorsum 7. A fleshy proboscis (fig, 41); head triangular in
usually bright green in life (blue in pre- dorsal view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Hemiphractus
servative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 No fleshy proboscis; head not triangular in dor-
Pupil horizontally elliptical (fig. 5B); dorsum sal view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 8. Skin co-ossified with skull; long dorsally direc-
ted spines on periphery of roofing bones of
2. No webbing on hands and feet; palpebral
skull; no brood pouch in females . . . Anotheca
membrane clear . . . . . . . . . Phyllomedusa
Some webbing on hands and feet; palpebral Skin co-ossified or not; no spines on skull; a
membrane usually reticulated (fig. 5B) . 3 brood pouch in females . . . . . . . . .Gastrotheca
3. Head shallow, depth less than 40 per cent of len- 9. Skin on dorsum thick, glandular, and tubercula-
gth, discs large: fingers at less one-half we- te; hands and feet large with large discs and
bbed; iris red or orange and palpebral membra- extensive webbing; males having paired lateral
ne reticulated (iris yellow and palpebral mem- vocal sacs behind angles of jaws (fig. 7D) and
brane clear in calcarifer) . . . . . . . . Agalychns lacking projecting prepollical spines (fig. 11D)
Head deep, depth more than 50 per cent of len- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phrynohyas
gth, fingers webbed basally: iris gold with Skin on dorsum not thick and glandular, or, if
black reticulations; palpebral membrane reti- so, hands and feet not having large discs and
culated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pachymedusa extensive webbing and males having single
4. Skin co-ossified with skull, extensive bonv la- subgular vocal sacs and projecting prepollical
bial flanges present; fingers no more than one- spines; vocal sacs not behind angles of jaws . .
half webbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Skin not co-ossified with skull, or, If so, bony la- 10. Head large, deep, arms robust; skin thick and
bial flanges absent; webbing variable . . . . . . .6 glandular; males having projecting prepollical
5. A prenasal bone (fig, 17D) present; labial shelf spines (fig. 11D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plectrohyla
greatly expanded laterally; body moderately Males lacking projecting prepollical spines, or,
slender; head much longer than wide . . . . . . . . if present, head shallow, arms slender, and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Triprion skin not thick and glandular, or hands and feet
Prenasal bone absent: labial shelf moderately ex- fully webbed and dermal fringes present on
panded laterally; body short, squat, toad-like, arms and feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
head only slightly longer than wide . . . . . . . . 11. Small frogs having pointed snouts, small or un-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pternohyla expanded discs, and only rudimentary web-
6. Fingers long, essentially unwebbed, lacking nup- bing on hands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
tial excrescences in males; head as broad as Frogs of variable size; if snouts pointed, discs
long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 expanded and hands at least one-third webbed
Fingers not long and lacking webs, or, if so, ma- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
les having; nuptial excrescences or size small
12. Dorsum rugose; discs not expanded; feet exten-
(less than 30 mm. in snout-vent length); head
sively webbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acris
variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Dorsum smooth, discs barely expanded: feet sli-
ghtly webbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pseudacris
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 23
3
Females of Smilisca and Ptychohyla, as well
as non-breeding males of the latter, will key out to
Hyla.
24 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano
Quijano y Gonzlez
Gonzlez-Porter
18. Toes about two-thirds webbed, dorsum 25. Dorsum tuberculate; webbing absent on
smooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. regilla curta hand, dorsum dull gray or tan with iregu-
Toes about one-half webbed; dorsum lar darker spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
postulate . . . . H. regilla hypochondriaca Dorsum smooth, or, if tuberculate, web-
19. Posterior surfaces of thighs brown with bing present on hand and coloration not
yellow spots . . . . . . . . . .H euphorbiacea as described . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Posterior surfaces of thighs lacking yellow 26. Feet about three-fourths webbed; diameter
spots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 of tympanum about one-half that of eye;
20. Fifth toe webbed to base of penultimate discs small . . . . . . . . . . . . H. cadaverina
phalanx (larger males to 44 mm. in snout Feet about one-half webbed; diameter of
vent length) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H. plicata tympanum about two-thirds that of eye,
Fifth toe webbed to distal end of ante- discs larger . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. arenicolor
penultimate phalanx; smaller (males to 27. Vocal slits present in males . . . . . . . . . . 28
36 mm in snout-vent length . . .H. eximia Vocal slits absent in males . . . . . . . . . . .37
21. Large frogs with a dermal fringe along the 28. Small frogs (snout-vent length in males
lateral edge of the forearm and foot (fig. less than 30 mm.); snout pointed, dor-
4A); feet nearly fully webbed; fingers sum gray, tan, pale green, or yellow with
two-thirds webbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 or without dull green or brown markings
Size variable, feet no more than three- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
fourths webbed, or if so, fingers webbed
Larger frogs; snout not pointed, or, if so,
only basally, no dermal fringe on edge of
color pattern not as described . . . . . . .30
forearm and foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
29. Head narrow, snout protruding; webbing
22. Dorsum and flanks mottled reddish brown
vestigial between first and second toes
and dark brown, prepollex in males spa-
(fig. 4D); nuptial excrescence absent . . .
tulate, bare . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. valancfer
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. staufferi staufferi
Dorsum pale, flanks and anterior and pos-
Head broad, flat; snout not protruding;
terior surfaces of thighs dark, prepollex
webbing present between first and se-
in males bearing a clump of spines (fig.
cond toes; nuptial excrescence present . .
11C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. echinata
23. Moderate-sized frogs having round snout, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. smaragdina
pale dorsum usually without pattern), ex- 30. Dorsum uniform green or with tan mot-
tensive axillary membrane (fig. 4E) and tling posteriorly; venter uniform white or
fingers more than one-half webbed . . .24 yellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Size variable; axillary membrane absent, Dorsum uniform brown or marked with
or, if present, pattern not as described dark blotches or spots; venter variable . .
and hands less than one-half webbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 31. Snout acutely rounded in dorsal profile: li-
24. Webbing and hidden surfaces of thighs red mbs slender; anal opening at upper level
in life: canthus rounded, snout bluntly of thighs, belly white . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
rounded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H loquax Snout bluntly rounded in dorsal profile; li-
Webbing and hidden surfaces of thighs mbs more robust; anal opening at mid-
yellow in life; canthus angular; snout level of thighs, belly yellow or dull cre-
acutely rounded . . . . . . . . . . H. godmani am . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
32. Axillary membrane present (fig. 4E); feet
two-thirds webbed, white stripe on outer
edges of limbs distinct; iris red in life . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H. erythromma
Axillary membrane absent; feet three-
fourths webbed: white stripe on outer ed-
ges of limbs indistinct; iris golden in life
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. miotympanum
30 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
33. Venter yellow; canthal stripe bronze; we- 39. Snout in dorsal profile truncate; diameter
bbing on hands vestigial, feet one-half of tympanum less than 50 per cent of
webbed, snout rounded in lateral profile . eye, feet three-fourths webbed; dorsum
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H. hazelae dark green with darker reticulations . . . .
Venter white to dull cream; canthal stripe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. charadricola
black; hands one-fourth webbed, feet Snout in dorsal profile pointed; diameter
two-thirds webbed, snout truncate in la- of tympanum more than 50 per cent of
teral profile . . . . . . . .H. arborescandens eye; feet two-thirds webbed; dorsum ye-
34. Snout short, truncate; venter white with llowish tan with brown flecks . . . . . . . . .
black spots on chest . . . . . . .H. thorectes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H. chryses
Snout variable; venter not white with black 40. Tympanum concealed by supratympanic
spots on chest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 fold; nuptial excrescence consisting
35. Transverse bands on dorsal surfaces of clump of spines (fig, 11C); snout round .
limbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H. pachyderma
Transverse bands absent on dorsal surfaces Tympanum not concealed: nuptial excres-
of limbs; posterior surfaces of thighs cence consisting of small spinules, snout
marked with creamy yellow flecks . . . . . variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H. bistincta 41. Snout truncate in dorsal view; rostral keel
36. Dorsum tuberculate; diameter of absent, thoracic fold absent; dorsum pa-
tympanum less than 50 per cent that of le; flaks and edges of limbs dark brown .
eye; anal opening at midlevel of thighs: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. pentheter
snout truncate in both sexes . . . . . . . . . . Snout rounded in dorsal view, or, if trunca-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H. chaneque te, a rostral keel present (fig. 4G); webb-
Dorsum smooth, diameter of tympanum ing on hand vestigial; thoracic fold pre-
more than 50 per cent that of eye; anal sent or absent, dorsum not paler than fla-
opening at ventral surfaces of thighs; nks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
snout acuminate and protruding in ma- 42. Snout truncate in dorsal and lateral profi-
les, blunt in females . . . . . . H. taeniopus les; rostral keel present (fig. 4G) . . . . . . .
37. Snout acuminate, fingers one-half webbed, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H. siopela
distinct transverse bands on limbs; ven- Snout rounded in dorsal and lateral profi-
ter yellow; prepollex moderately enlar- les; rostral keel absent . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
ged and devoid of a nuptial excrescence . 43. Venter uniformly white . . . . . .H. bogertae
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .H. altipotens Venter dusky or spotted . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Snout bluntly rounded or truncate; fingers 44. Thoracic fo1d present (fig. 4F); feet four-
less than one-half webbed;' coloration fifths webbed . . . . . . . . . . . .H. thorectes
not as described, prepollex greatly enlar- Thoracic fold absent, feet fully webbed . . .
ged with or without nuptial excrescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. crassa
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
38. Axillary membrane present (fig. 4E); nup-
tial excrescences absent, skin thin . . . .39
Axillary membrane absent, nuptial excres-
cences present, skin thick and glandular .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 31
KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES 4. A distinct, broad, white lateral stripe usua-
OF PTYCHOHYLA lly present; usually a distinct white line
above anus; a distinct white stripe on up-
1. A weak tarsal fold, outer fingers one-third
per lip . . . . . P. euthysanota euthysanota
webbed; males having nuptial spines
No white lateral stripe; faint white stripe
(fig. 11C); color in life tan or brown with
above anus; no distinct white stripe on
blotches or reticulations; never green;
upper lip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iris bronze or copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
. . . . . . . P. euthysanota macrotympanum
No tarsal fold; outer fingers having; only 5. A distinct, broad, lateral stripe; a white
vestige of web; males lacking nuptial tu- stripe on upper lip expanded to form a
berosities; color in life green or brown, large spot below eye; hidden surfaces of
iris red or bronze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 thighs and webs of feet not orange to red
2. Chest, throat, and flanks usually having in life; internarial area slightly depress-
black or brown spots; no distinct white ed; diameter of tympanum greater than
stripe on upper lip or on flanks; a faint one-half diameter of eye . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
white line usually present above anus; a No lateral white stripe; no stripe on upper
rostral keel present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 lip; in life dorsum green; hidden surfaces
of thighs and webs of feet orange or red;
Chest, throat, and flanks usually unspotted; internarial area flat; diameter of tympa-
distinct white line on upper lip and on num less than one-half diameter of eye .
flank present or not; white line above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .P. ignicolor
anus faint or well defined; no rostral keel 6. Webs of feet and posterior surfaces of
................................4 thighs cream, dorsum in life reddish
3. Interorbital distance much greater than wi- brown; iris bright red . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dth of eyelid; spots on throat and chest . . . . . . . . . P. schmidtorum schmidtorum
black; spots only occasionally present on Webs of feet and posterior surfaces of
belly, flanks marbled with black and thighs pale brown; dorsum in life green;
white; nuptial spines small, as many as iris reddish bronze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80 on one thumb . . .P. leonhardschultzei . . . . . . . . . . . . P. schmidtorum chamulae
Interorbital distance about equal to width
of eyelid; spots on chest and throat
brown or black; spots usually present en
belly, flanks having round brown or
black spots; nuptial spines moderate in
size, conical, seldom more than 60 on
one thumb . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. spinipollex
34 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
NOTAS: Desde la publicacin de esta monografa se han descrito varias especies: H. juanitae (Snyder, D. H. 1972. Hyla
juanitae, a new tree frog from Southern Mexico and its relationship to H. pinorum. Jour. Herpetol. 6(1):5-15); H. mykter, e
H. trux (Adler, K. and D. M. Dennis. 1972. New tree frogs of the genus Hyla from the cloud forest of western Guerrero,
Mxico. Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 7: 1-19); Hyla cembra, Hyla cyanomma, e H. sabrina (Caldwell, J. 1974.
A re-evaluation of the Hyla bistincta species group, with descriptions of three new species (Anura: Hylidae). Occas. Pap.
Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 28:1-37.); H. chimalapa, e H. xera (Mendelson, J. R. y J. A. Campbell. 1994. Two new species
of the Hyla sumichrasti group (Arnphibia: Anura: Hylidae) from Mxico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 107(2):398-409) y se han
hecho varios cambios nomenclaturales a nivel de gnero como algunas especies de Ptychohyla a Duellmanohyla (Campbell,
J. A. and E. N. Smith. 1992. A new frog of the genus Ptychohyla (Hylidae) from the Sierra de Santa Cruz, Guatemala and
description of the new genus of middle american stream-breeding tree frogs. Herpetologica 48(2): 153-167) y una especie de
Ololygon (en sta clave se reconoce como Hyla) a Scinax (Duellman, W. E. and J. J. Wiens. 1992. The status of the hylid
frog genus Ololygon and the recognition of Scinax Wagler, 1830. Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas. 151: 1-23.
36 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Duellman, W. E. and J. Campbell. 1992. Hylid frogs of the genus Plectrohyla: Systematics and
phylogenetic relationships. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 181:1-32.
oped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. sagorum
Lateral processes on upper jaw sheath absent . . . . . . . 12
12. Numerous small papillae lateral to jaw sheaths . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. tecunumani
No more than two to four large papillae lateral to jaw
sheaths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. glandulosa
40 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Lynch, J. D. 1971. Evolutionary relationships, osteology and zoogeography of leptodactylid frogs. Univ.
Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Publs. 53: 1-238.
Males with paired lateral vocal sacs 30. Tympanic annulus absent . . . . . . .31
or none; nuptial spines absent; Tympanic annulus visible externally
prevomerine teeth usually present; or concealed beneath skin . . . . . . 33
quadratojugal present . . . . . Hylodes
31. Fingers short, especially fourth
20. Tips of at least outer digits bearing finger . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Euparkella
transverse, terminal groove along
edge of digital pad . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Fingers of normal proportions to
long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Tips of digits without terminal
grooves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 32. Toes fully webbed . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Batrachophrynus
21. Maxillary arch toothless . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sminthillus Toes free to two-thirds webbed . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eupsophus (part)
Maxillary arch toothed . . . . . . . . 22 . . . . . . . . . . . and Niceforonia (part)
22. Lumbar gland present . . . . . . . . . . . . 33. Tympanum visible externally . . . 34
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tomodactylus
Tympanum concealed beneath skin .
Lumbar gland absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
. . Eleutherodactylus and Syrrhophus
34. Large frontoparietal crests present . .
23. Terminal phalanges T-shaped or Y- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amblyphrynus
shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
No cranial crest . . Eupsophus (part)
Terminal phalanges knobbed . . . .26 . . . . . . . . . . . and Niceforonia (part)
24. Digital pads large, tympanum absent 35. Inner metatarsal tubercle spade-like
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crossodactylodes elevated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Digital pads relatively narrow; tym- Inner metatarsal tubercle not
panum visible externally . . . . . . . 25 elevated or spade-like . . . . . . . . . 37
25. Quadratojugal bone present . . . . . . . 36. Large cranial crests present, parotid
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Thoropa glands absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quadratojugal bone absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proceratophrys (part)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Batrachyla
Frontoparietal region flat or edge of
26. Quadratojugal bone absent . . . . . . . . frontoparietals slightly ridge-like,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pseudopaludicola parotoid glands present or absent . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Odontophrynus
Quadratojugal bone present . . . . . 27
37. Cranial crests present . . . . . . . . . . . .
27. Sternum an osseous plate . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . Proceratophrys (part)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paratelmatobius
Cranial crests absent . . . . . . . . . . 38
Sternum cartilaginous . . . . . . . . . 28
38. Metatarsal tubercles flat, sub-equal
28. Supernumerary plantar tubercles
in size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Holoaden
large, numerous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Inner metatarsal tubercle at least
Supernumerary plantar tubercles
twice as large as outer . . . . . . . . . 39
absent or small . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
39. Outer metatarsal tubercle minute,
29. Discoidal fold present . . . . . . . . . . . .
less than one-fourth size of inner;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hylactophryne
toes webbed . . . . . . . . . Telmatobius
Discoidal fold absent .. Ischnocnema
42 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Lynch, J. D. 1970. Taxonomic notes on some mexican frogs (Eleutherodactylus: Leptodactylidae).
Herpetologica, 26(2): 172-180.
FUENTE: Savage, J. M. 1975. Systematics and distribution of the mexican and central american stream frogs
related to Eleutherodactylus rugulosus. Copeia, 1975(2):254-306.
Se reproduce con permiso del editor de Copeia.
1a. Inner tarsal fold absent; dorsum extremely 6b. Throat, venter and underside of limbs mar-
tuberculate and pustular; a distinct para-anal ked with distinct large dark spots; posterior
light bar on posterior surface of each thigh . thigh surface marked with large clear light
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2 spots on a "dark brown background, some
1b. Inner tarsal fold a distinct ridge or flap; dor- spots at least twice as large as toe disks; a
sum smooth to rugose; no para-anal light complex marking of dark with large light
bar on posterior surface of thighs . . . . . . .. 3 spots in groin; a' weak inner tarsal ridge
2a. Basal toe webbing only, much more than 4 (Guatemala) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . brocchi
phalanges on toe IV free of webs; tympa- 7a. Moderate toe webbing, about 4 phalanges
num indistinct in males, hidden in females; free of webs on toe IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8
adult males with vocal slits and nuptial pads 7b. Basal toe webbing, considerably more than
(Honduras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . milesi 4 phalanges free of webs on toe IV . . . .. 11
2b. Moderate toe webbing, about 4 phalanges 8a. Posterior thigh surface usually with small
on toe IV free of webs; tympanum distinct discrete light spots on a dark brown ground
color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
in males, indistinct in females; adult males
8b. Posterior thigh surface mottled, blotched,
without vocal slits but with nuptial pads
lineate, suffused or uniform . . . . . . . . . . 10
(Guatemala) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. matudai 9a. Adult males with vocal slits but lacking
3a. Strong to extensive toe webbing, considera- nuptial pads; dorsum uniform; venter pale
bly less than 4 phalanges on toe IV free of yellow in live adults; first finger usually
webs; a distinct fleshy toe fringe . . . . . . . . 4 equal to or shorter than second (Panama) . .
3b. Basal to moderate toe webbing, 4 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. azueroensis
phalanges free of webbing on toe IV; usua- 9b. Adult males without vocal slits and nuptial
lly no distinct fleshy toe fringes . . . . . . . .. 6 pads; dorsum usually spotted or blotched;
4a. Toe disks definitely to strongly expanded, venter usually white in live adults, but
at least 1.5 times width of digit; adult males some populations have pale or golden
yellow venters; first finger usually longer
with vocal slits and nuptial pads . . . . . . . . 5
than second (Mexico to Panama) . . . . . . . .
4b. Toe disks weak, barely wider than digit;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rugulosus
adult males with vocal slits but lacking 10a. Toe disks definite, about 1.5 times width of
nuptial pads (Costa Rica and Panama) . . . . . digit; venter white in life; dorsum obscure-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . taurus ly blotched; adult males with vocal slits but
5a. Canthus rostralis rounded; underside of ti- lacking nuptial pads (Mexico) . . . .. vocalis
bial segment barred; venter white in life 10b. Toe disks weak, barely expanded; venter
(Honduras) . . . . . . . . . . . . .. merendonensis pale yellow in adults in life; dorsum uni-
5b. Canthus rostralis sharp; underside of tibial form or spotted; adult males with both vo-
segment clear or reticulated; venter pale ye- cal slits and nuptial pads (Costa Rica and
llow in adults in life; dorsum strongly gra- Panam) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fleischmanni
11a. Toe disks definite; about 1.5 times width of
nulate to rugose (Costa Rica and Panama) . .
digits; posterior thigh surface usually su-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . punctariolus
ffused or uniform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6a. Throat, venter and underside of limbs with- 11b. Toe disks weak, barely expanded; posterior
out large discrete dark spots, although, often thigh surface usually mottled or blotched,
marked with dark pigment; posterior thigh rarely lineate, suffused or uniform . . . . . 10
surface without large light spots, although 12a. Finger disks weak, barely expanded; dor-
small light spots rarely larger than toe disks, sum brown to grey, spotted; venter in
often present; groin uniform, dark spotted adults in life pale yellow, bright orange or
or mottled, never with a strong inner tarsal red; adult males without vocal slits but
fold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 with nuptial pads (Costa Rica) . . angelicus
n de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 45
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin
FUENTE: Savage, J. M. 1987. Systematics and distribution of mexican and central american rainfrogs of
Eleutherodactylus gollmeri group (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). Fieldiana Zool. 33: 1-57.
FUENTE: Lynch, J. D. 1970. A taxonomic revision of leptodactylid frogs genus Syrrhopus Cope. Univ. Kansas
Publs. Mus. Nat. Hist. 20(1): 1-45.
14. Dorsum spotted with discrete black spots; pattern definite ... S. modestus
Dorsum reticulate or vermiculate, pattern poorly delined 15
15. Adults small, less than 21 mm. snout-vent length; upper arm not banded
.. S. pallidus
Adults larger, usually greater than 21 mm. snout-vent length; upper arm
banded S. teretistes
NOTAS: Todas estas especies actualmente se consideran dentro del gnero Eleutherodactylus.
54 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Dixon, J. R. 1995. Key to Tornodactvlus. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza Q., y G. Gonzlez P. (comps.).
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de anfibios y reptiles de Mxico. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM.
NOTAS: Todas estas especies actualmente se consideran dentro del gnero Eleutherodactylus
56 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Nelson, C. 1973. Gastrophryne Fitzinger, Narrow-mouthed toad. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 134.1-
134.2.
Se reproduce con permiso del editor del Catalogue American Amphibians and Reptiles.
FUENTE: Prez-Ramos, E. y G. Casas A. 1995. Clave de las formas mexicanas del gnero Rana. En O. Flores
V., F. Mendoza Q., y G. Gonzlez P. (comps.). Recopilacin de claves para la determinaci6n de anfibios y
reptiles de Mxico. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM.
3. Tmpano visible, del tamao (en hembras) o mucho m{as grande (en machos) que
la rbita del ojo; macho sin sacos vocales externos; dorso sin pstulas
alargadas y sin pliegues dorsolaterales; tubrculos subarticulares grandes y
alargados. BCN, CHIH, DF, MICH, MOR, NL, PUE, SLP, SIN, SON, TAMPS,
VER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .catesbeiana
4. Tmpano presente, su dimetro menos de la mitad del dimetro del ojo; con una
lnea blanca que corre por debajo del ojo, a lo largo del labio superior, hasta la
insercin del brazo; sin pliegues dorsolaterales; longitud de la tibia muy corta;
tubrculos subarticulares muy alargados y afilados; puntas de los dedos en
forma de discos adhesivos bien desarrollados y libres de membrana
58 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
interdigital; sin franja obscura ventrolateral; cabeza larga y angosta HGO, SLP
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .johni
alargados; sin franja obscura ventrolateral; cabeza corta y ancha. AGS, CHIH,
7. Los talones se traslapan ampliamente cuando las patas posteriores son plegadas
7. Los talones se tocan cuando las patas posteriores son plegadas, longitud de la
tibia larga; con un pliegue de piel por encima y detrs del tmpano, tmpano
distinguible, su dimetro 2/3 o menos del dimetro del ojo; franja labial
durante la poca de apareamiento. CHIH, DGO, JAL, NAY, SIN, SON, ZAC . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . magnaocularis
expandidas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
60 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
angostos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
9. Machos con sacos vocales externos; punta del hocico generalmente sin mancha
10. Dorso con grnulos blancos; pliegues dorsolaterales generalmente ausentes; las
res distales sobre los dgitos tercero y cuarto; el primer dgito ligeramente ms
corto o casi del mismo tamao que el segundo; las patas posteriores presen-
coloracin del vientre reticulado de claro y obscuro. JAL, GTO, MICH, NAY . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . megapoda
10. Dorso con pliegues pustulares alargados entre los pliegues dorsolaterales
desplazados posteromedialmente . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
desplazados posteromedialmente o no . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
muslo, cada uno de los cuales est asociado con un punto pequeo
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.
62 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
14. La articulacin tibiotarsal llega a la punta del hocico; las puntas de los dedos de
las patas posteriores expandidas, ms anchas que los dgitos; tmpano pe-
queo, mucho ms pequeo que el dimetro del ojo; sacos vocales y abertu-
ras internas presentes; franja supralabial presente; mscara facial negra pre-
de caf a verde brillante uniforme o con manchas de caf a verde brillante, la-
15. Articulacin tibiotarsal entre el ojo y la punta del hocico; tubrculos subarticulares
15. Articulacin tibiotarsal no ms all del extremo anterior del ojo (como dunni y
16. Articulacin tibiotarsal entre el ojo y el nostrilo; puntas de los dedos de las patas
16. Articulacin tibiotarsal al nostrilo o entre el nostrilo y la punta del hocico; primer
18. Tibia corta, relacin entre la longitud de la tibia y la longitud de la cabeza- cuerpo
18. Longitud de la tibia relativamente corta; patas cortas, la parte distal de la tibia no
19. Patas relativamente largas, el extremo distal de la tibia se extiende ms all del
dorsal, generalmente con una mezcla de colores entre caf obscuro, caf y
verde claro; con veintiun manchas dorsales obscuras, rodeadas por una
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 65
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . neovolcanica
19. Patas relativamente largas, el extremo distal de la tibia se extiende ms all del
20. Pliegues dorsolaterales angostos, con un borde negro a todo lo largo de los
una franja cantal negra, una barra negra postimpnica y una barra negra
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.
66 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
blancos sobre la parte anterior del vientre y en las patas anteriores; vrtebras
del fondo del cuerpo; superficie dorsal del cuerpo cubierta de pstulas
cuerpo caf claro sobre un fondo caf verdoso obscuro, numerosos puntos
ausente; las barras transversales sobre los muslos son generalmente tan
anchas como los interespacios claros; superficie posterior de los muslos con
cabeza relativamente corta y ancha. COL, GRO, JAL, MEX, MICH, MOR,
OAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .zweifeli
21. Puntas de los dgitos expandidas; superficie dorsal con grnulos blancos; tibia
presente. DF, GTO, HGO, JAL, MEX, MICH, ORO, TLAX . . . . . . montezumae
21. Puntas de los dgitos no expandidas, terminando en punta; superficie dorsal con
FUENTE: Tihen, J. A. 1969. Ambystoma. Mole salarnanders. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept , 75.1-75.4.
Se reproduce con permiso del editor del Catalogue Arnerican Amphibians and Reptiles.
1. Tongue with a median furrow, from which the plicae 14. Diploid; bisexual; erythrocyte area less than 850 2
diverge ... (subgenus, Lnguaelapsus) ... laterale (48)
No median furrow on tongue; plicae longitudinal, Triploid; males unknown; erythrocyte area greater than
nearly parallel or radiating slightly from posterior 850 2 tremblayi (50)
portion of tongue ...... (subgenus Ambystoma) 6 15. Diploid; bisexual; erythrocyte area less than 890 2
2. Multiple rows of maxillary teeth .... 3 ... jeffersonianum (11)
Single row of maxillary teeth or almost indistinct and Triploid; males extremely rare; erythrocyte area more
incomplete suggestions of an additional row ... mabeei than 8902 ... platyneum (41)
3. Dark brown to black with conspicuous, narrow yellow 16. Color pattern consisting of a dark background with
buff or whitish cross bands (some of which may be prominent (though not necessarily large) yellowish,
incomplete or interrupted) ... annulatum (19) olive, orange or cream-colored blotches on back or
No conspicuous cross bands in pattern .. 4 sides, or both (spots to form a prominent ventrolateral
4. Ground color chocolate to black; grayish light mark- light side) ...
ings forming a "frosted" or reticulated pattern, or
series of light rings, over most of back and sides Dorsum nearly uniform in color, or with dark markings
. cingulatum (57) on lighter background
Light markings lacking, or in the form of small spots, 17. Light markings confined to lower portion i.e., lateral or
flecks, or lichen-like blotches 5 ventrolaleral, or both .
5. Small, total length about 90 mm; small, scattered, Light markings not confined to sides; some or a dorsal
cream-colored spots on sides of head, body and tail; or dorsolateral in position ..
venter yellowish . schmidtii 18. Light spots moderately large, confined to a ventral
Variable in size and color, but usually over 90 mm lateral row on each side; individual spots may te to
total length; light markings in form of flecks or lichen- coalesce to form a ventrolateral light line
like gray blotches, but not spotted; venter usually not . amblycephalum
yellowish . texanum (37) Light markings consist of flecks, dots, or small spots,
6. Dorsum boldly marked with contrasting black and irregularly distributed on sides ... mexicanum
light gray or white; light markings basically cross 19. Body and limbs slate black, with numerous small
hands but may coalesce to enclose dark spots bright yellow spots scattered over dorsal surface of
............... opacum (46) head, body, tail and limbs; venter with broad black
Dorsum not so marked ... 7 stripe enclosing two longitudinal, broken yellow lines
7. Integumentary glands in region back of eye very nu- ... flavipiperatum
merous and concentrated to form a parotoid gland; a Color pattern variable, but not as above ... 20
prominent glandular ridge along top of tail, at least in
proximal one-half or one-third ... 8 20. Pattern of irregular blotches, or of fairly numerous
No parotoid gland or prominent glandular ridge along yellowish to olive spots irregularly distributed on body
top of tail 9 and tail ... tigrinum (part) (52)
8. Palmar tubercles lacking; parotoid gland prominent; Four or five pairs of large buff or cream-colored spots
glandular ridge along most of length of tail .. on body, tending to be arranged into a dorsolateral
.. gracile (6) row; a similar number of spots on tail ... subsalsum*
No palmar tubercles; parotoid gland less prominent; 21. Uniformly dark above, or dark with scattered light
glandular ridge tends to be limited to proximal portion flecks that tend to disappear in preservative 22
... rosaceum Not uniformly dark above; often with blackish
9. A broad, conspicuous, yellowish to tan or orange markings on a lighter background 25
middorsal stripe on body, extending onto tail ... 22. Fewer than 50 premaxillary-maxillary teeth on each
.. macrodactylum (11) side; black or grayish black above; venter nearly
No conspicuous broad middorsal stripe ... 10 uniform dull creamy gray ... ordinarium
10. One or no palmar tubercles; adpressed limbs often More than 50 premaxillary-maxillary teeth on each
overlap by less than two costal folds 11 side; color variable ... 23
Two palmar tubercles; adpressed limbs usually over- 23. Grayish brown to lavender brown above; skin appears
lap by at least two costal folds . 16 exceptionally smooth and shining; a diastema between
11. Pattern of moderately large yellowish to orange spots, palatine and vomerine teeth bombypellum
arranged in an irregular dorsolateral row on each Dark gray to blackish above; skin not exceptionally
side maculatum (51) smooth and shining; usually no diastema between
Pattern without yellow or orange spots; often with palatine and vomerine teeth . 24
grayish or bluish to white flecks or lichen-like blotches
along sides 12 24. Venter mottled or blotched; usually at least 24 teeth on
12. Costal grooves 10 or 11; relatively short (usually each side in vomeropalatine series
uuder 100 mm. maximum 125 mm. total length) and ... tigrinum (part) (52)
very stout-bodied; head broad (width more than 22% Venter dark and relatively uniform; fewer than 24 teeth
of snout-vent length) talpoideum (8) on each side in vomeropalatjne series ..
Costal grooves usually more than 11; body and head ... lermaensis*
relatively slender (head width 14-18% al snout-vent 25. Dorsal caudal fin high; fewer than 24 teeth on each
length); usual1y over 100 mm. total length . 13 side in vomeropalatine series; yellowish olive to olive,
13. Snout-vent length usually less than 69 mm in mature with scattered dark spots that may become obsolete on
males, 75 mm in mature females; internarial distance body, but remain distinct on tail granulosum
usually less than .062 of snout-vent length in males, Caudal fin represented only by a low ridge; usually at
less than .059 of snout-vent length in females; least 24 teeth on each side in vomeropalatine series;
adpressed limbs of males overlap by 1 costal folds or color and pattern variable . 26
less; black to gray, often with light flecks, venter only 26. Dull olive above, with a few scattered dark spots or
slightly lighter than dorsum . 14 flecks on head and back; lighter (yellowcream) color
Snout-vent length usually 69 mm or more in mature of venter extends halfway up sides . lacustris
males, 75 mm or more in mature females; internarial Pattern variable, but light color of venter not extending
distance .062 or more of snout-vent length in males, halfway up sides tigrinum (part) (52)
.059 or more in females; adpressed limbs of males
usually overlap by more than 1 costal folds or less;
brownish gray, sometimes with light flecks, venter
decidedly lighter than dorsum .. 15
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 69
FUENTE: Smith. H. M. and E. H. Taylor. 1948. An annotated checklist and key to the amphibia of Mexico. Bull. U. S. Natn.
Mus. 194: 1-118.
1. Teeth absent on maxilla; diminutive form; tail much shorter than head and body
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . rufescens
Teeth present on maxilla, arising from a flat surface, not from edge of jaw . . . . . . . . 2
2. Diminutive species; tail much shorter than head and body . . . . . . . . . . . . . occidentalis
Large species, the tail in adults as long as, nearly as, or little longer than head and body
......................................................................... 3
5. Dorsum orange to orange-brown with usually a dark triangular occipital spot and often a
few irregular or rounded, small, dorsal, black marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . platydactyla
Dorsum yellowish or cream with numerous dark spots occasionally or continuous lines,
or rows of black spots; belly and sides with small cream flecks . . . . . . . . . . . . moreletti
NOTAS: Desde la publicacin de sta clave se han descrito varias especies: Bolitoglosa veracrucis (Taylor, E. H. 1951. A
new Veracrucian salamander. Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull. 34(2): 189-193); Bolitoglosa riletti (Holman, J. A. 1964. New and
interesting amphibians and reptiles form Guerrero and Oaxaca, Mexico. Herpetologica 20(1): 48-54); Bolitoglosa hartwegi y
B. stuarti (Wake D. B. y A. H. Brame. 1969. Systematics and evolution of neotropical salamanders of Boliloglosa helmrichi
group. Contr. Sci. Los Angeles Co. Mus. 175: 1-40); Bolitoglosa hermosa (Papenfuss , T. J., D. B. Wake, y K. Adler. 1984.
Salamanders of the genus Bolitoglossa from the Sierra Madre del Sur of southern Mexico. J. Herpet. 17(4): 295-307) y se han
hecho varios cambios nomenclaturales a nivel de gneros (ver Flores-Villela, O. 1993. Herpetofauna Mexicana. Spec. Publs.
Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. (17): 1-73.
70 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and E. H. Taylor. 1948. An annotated checklist and key to the amphibia of Mexico. Bull. U. S.
Natn. Mus.194:1-118.
2. Skull poorly ossified in adults; adpressed limbs separated by two costal folds;
maxillary-premaxillary teeth about 20 on each side in females, 16 to 18 in
males on each side; tail longer than head and body; parasphenoid teeth closely
approximated; terrestrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chondrostega
3. Maxillary-premaxillary series of teeth not greatly reduce in males (more than half);
tails distinctly longer than head and body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Maxillary-premaxillary teeth greatly reduced in adult males, usually less than half
number of teeth in females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Teeth larger, curved; arms touch or overlap when adpressed; digit more dilated at
tips; maxillary-premaxillary series about 21 on each side; females darker on
venter than males; arboreal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . arborea
Adpressed limbs separated usually in both sexes (may touch in xolocalcae males)
...................................................................7
NOTAS: Desde la publicacin de sta clave se han descrito varias especies: Chiropterotriton priscus (Rabb, G. B. 1956. A new
plcthodontid salamander from Nuevo Len, Mexico. Fieldiana Zool. 39(3): 11-20); Chiropterotriton magnipes (Rabb. G. B. 1965.
A new salamander of the genus Chiropterotriton (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from Mexico. Breviora 235: 1-8) y se han descrito
otros gneros como Nototriton (Papenfuss, T. J. and D. B. Wake. 1987Two new species of plethodontid salamanders (genus
Nototriton) from Mexico. Acta Zool. Mex. N. S. 21: 1-16; y se han hecho varios cambios nomenclaturales a nivel de gneros
(ver Flores-Villela. O. 1993. Herpetofauna Mexicana. Spec. Publs. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. (17): 1-73) y Darda, D. M. 1994.
Allozyme variation and morphological evolution among mexican salamanders of the genus Chiropterotriton (Caudata:
Plethodontidae). Herpetologica 50(2): 164-187).
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 73
FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and E. H. Taylor. 1948. An annotated checklist and key to the amphibia of Mexico. Bull. U. S. Natn.
Mus. 194:1-118.
1. Body black or lead color in life, with paired series of red or orange markings; very
large forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. A pair or large red marks on occiput; adpressed limbs in males separated by three
costal folds; teeth less numerous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . belli
No pair of red or orange spots on head; adpressed limbs of males touch or are
separated by a single costal fold; teeth more numerous . . . . . . . . . . . . . gigantea
3. Premaxillary teeth of males large, bifid, the outer section elongate, curved,
clawlike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Paired series of small yellow spots on back and one lateral series, more or less
distinct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Lavender above, yellow cream below; limbs proportionally shorter, teeth fewer in
all series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gadovi
Black above, gray-black below, limbs proportionally longer; teeth more numerous
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . melanomolga
74 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
Olive to gray or brownish with some dark-brown or reddish-brown flecks, the costal
grooves usually with the dark line; limbs shorter, the adpressed limbs separated
by two or more costal folds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . smithi
Web between middle toes including entire phalanx; toes broad, narrowing toward
tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10. Teeth less numerous (22-24); body brownish to brownish gray with cream flecks
(rarely darker flecks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . altamontana
11. Teeth small with reddish-brown tips; toes not widened terminally; maxillary-
premaxillary teeth about 40 on each side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . leprosa
12. Large (70 mm. snout to vent); maxillary-premaxillary teeth 59 on one side; vomerine
teeth 18-20; tail, rarely body, spotted white; terminal pads under digit tips well
developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . galeanae
13. Body dark, limbs red; tip of tail red or lighter colored than body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cephalica rubrimembris
14. Body in life lead-colored, flecked and clouded with cream-white, especially on
venter; central western plateau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cephalica manni
NOTAS: Desde la publicacin de sta clave se han descrito varias especies: Pseudoeurycea werleri (Darling, D.M. and H. M.
Smith. 1954. A collection of reptiles and amphibians from eastern Mexico. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 57(2): 180-195);
Pseudoeurycea brunata (Bumzahem, C. B. y H. M. Smith. 1955. Additional notes and description of plethodontid salamander
from Mexico, Herpetologica 11(1): 73-75); Pseudoeurycea firscheini (Shannon, F. A. y J. E. Werler. 1955. Report on a
small collection of amphibians from Veracruz with a description of a new species of Pseudoeurvcea. Herpetologica 11(2):
81-85); Pseudoeurycea praecellens (Rabb, G. B. 1955. A new salamander of the genus Parvimolge from Mexico. Breviora
42: 1-8); Pseudoeurycea scandens (Walker, C. F. 1955. A new salamander of the genus Pseudoeurycea from Tamaulipas.
Occ. Pap Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan 567: 1-8); Pseudoeurycea juarezi (Regal, P. J. 1966. A new plethodontid salamander
from Oaxaca, Mexico. Am. Mus. Novit. 2266:1-8); Pseudoeurycea anitae, P. conanti, y P. mystax (Bogert, C. M. 1967. New
salamanders of the plethodontid genus Pseudoeurvcea from the Sierra Madre del Sur of Mexico, Am. Mus. Novit. 2314: 1-
27); Pseudoeurycea longicauda (Lynch, 1. F., D. B. Wake, y S. Y. Yang. 1983. Genic and morphological differentiation in
Mexican Pseudoeurycea (Caudata: Plethodontidae), with a description of a new species. Copeia, 1983(4): 884-894);
Pseudoeurycea parva y P. saltator (Lynch, 1. F. Y D. B. Wake. 1989. Two new species of Pseudoeurycea (Amphibia:
Caudata) from Oaxaca, Mexico. Nat. Hist. Mus., Los Angeles CO. Contr. Sci. 411: 11-22) y se han hecho varios cambios
nomenclaturales a nivel de gneros (ver Flores- Villela, O. 1993. Herpetofauna Mexicana. Spec. Publs. Carnegie Mus. Nat.
Hist. (17): 1-73.
76 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Martof, B. S. 1974. Siren Linnaeus. Sirens. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 151.1-151.2.
Se reproduce con permiso del editor del Catalogue American Amphibians and Reptiles.
FUENTE: Savage, J. M. and M. H. Wake. 1972. Geographic variation and systematics of the Middle American caecilians,
genera Dermophis and Gymnophis. Copeia, 1972(4): 680-695.
A. Tentacle and tentacular foramen located well G. Primaries 150-192, secondaries 28-62,
posterior to nostril on side of head or just total 209-252 . C. nigricans
anterior to eye. (extreme eastern Panama south to
B. Tentacle just anterior to eye, tentacular northwest Ecuador).
foramen at or near center of maxillary bone; GG. Primaries less than 149.
orbit roofed by squamosal bone; a single H. Primaries 131-147, secondaries 12-
splenial tooth on each ramus of lower jaw 21, total length 143-168 ..
so that there are two tooth series (dentary .. C. tentaculata
and splenial); primary folds 112-133, (extreme eastern Panama south to
secondaries 61-117, total 193-250 ... Surinam and Peru).
Gymnophis multiplicata (Guatemala to HH. Primaries 112-124, secondaries 14-
western Panama on the Caribbean slope and 31, total 126-156 C. volcani
Costa Rica and western Panama on the (El Valle de Anton, Panama).
Pacific coast). F. Primaries 226-231, no secondaries
BB. Tentacle about halfway between eye and C. elongata (extreme eastern Panama)
nostril, tentacular foramen in anterior FF. Primaries less than 200, at least 14
margin of maxillary bone; orbit not roofed secondaries.
by bone; no splenial teeth so only one tooth
row in each lower jaw .. Dermophis.
C. Primary folds 121-137, secondaries 101-
121. total 222-258 .. D. oaxacae
southern Pacific Mexico).
CC. Primary folds less than 120, second-
aries less than 100, total less than 220.
D. Total number of folds usually less
than 145; adults less than 360 mm
total length; secondary folds less
than 50 D. parviceps
(both slopes of southern Costa Rica,
northwestern Panama, south into
northern Colombia).
DD. Total number of folds usually
more than 144; adults 300-600 mm
total length; secondary folds usually
more than 50 ............. D. mexicanus
(both coasts of Mexico, south to
Honduras on the Atlantic and
Nicaragua on the Pacific; Atlantic
slopes of Costa Rica and Pacific
western Panama).
AA. Tentacle and tentacular foramen immediately
below nostril.
E. Orbit roofed over by bone; primary folds
169-189, secondaries 16-31, total length
200-218 ... Oscaecilia ochrocephala
(eastern Panama to northern Colombia).
EE. Orbit not roofed over by bone .
... Caecilia.
FUENTE: Hunt, L.E. 1983. A nomenclatural rearrangement of the genus Anniella (Sauria: Anniellidae). Copeia,
1983(1): 79-89.
Se reproduce con permiso del editor de Copeia; adaptada y traducida por Walter Schmidt Ballardo.
Se reproduce con permiso del editor del Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, adaptada y traducida por Walter
Schmidt Ballardo.
1. Sin rayas o pigmentacin oscura debajo del pliegue lateral. Una banda oscura medio
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ceroni
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . incomptus
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 83
FUENTE: Papenfuss, T. J. 1982. The ecology and systematics of the amphisbaenian genus Bipes. Occ. Pap. California Acad.
Sci. 136: 1-42.
FUENTE: Good, D. A. 1988. Phylogenetic relationships among gerrhonotine lizards: an analysis of external morphology.
Univ. California Publs. Zool. 121:1-139.
l. Arboreal lizards with relatively long, well-clawed limbs; lateral fold lacking
between the forelimb and ear; vertical temporal scale rows 4 or fewer; transverse dorsals
fewer than 40; nuchals 6 or fewer (except in Abronia bogerti and A. chiszari, each with 8)
......... 2
1. Primarily terrestrial lizards with relatively short limbs; lateral fold between
forelimb and ear present; vertical temporal scale rows 5; transverse dorsals more than 40
(except in Barisia imbricata and B. rudicollis); nuchals 8 or more (except in B. rudicollis,
with 4-6) ... 20
2. Postmental 1; suboculars usually 3; contact of penultimate supralabial with the
orbit through loss of the posterior supralabial usually present; high elevation species east
of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec ... 3
2. Postmentals 2; suboculars usually 2; posteriormost supralabial usually not lost;
species west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec .. 9
3. Protuberant supra-auriculars; pre-auriculars granular ... 4
3. Supra-auriculars not protuberant; pre-auriculars not granular ... 8
4. Lateral longitudinal ventrals expanded to almost twice the width of the other
ventrals ... 5
4. All longitudinal ventral rows more-or-less equal in width 6
5. Longitudinal dorsal scale rows 16; primary temporals 3; Volcn Tacan and
Volcn Tajumulco, Mexico and Guatemala . Abronia matudai
5. Longitudinal dorsal scale rows 14; primary temporals 4-5; Sierra Madre de
Chiapas, Mexico . Abronia ochoterenai
6. Posterior infralabial expanded to almost twice the length of the other infralabials .
. 7
6. Posterior infralabial more-or-less equal 10 the other infralabial . Abronia aurita
7. Anterior canthal usually (?) lacking; labials blood red; Chiapas, Mexico
... Abronia lythrochila
7. Anterior canthal present; labials not blood red; south-central Guatemala
... Abronia vasconcelosii
8. Interoccipitals more than 1; longitudinal ventrals 12; superciliary-cantholoreal
contact present; 3 large and 1 small pair of chinshields . Abronia montecristoi
8. Interoccipital 1; longitudinal ventrals 14; supercilary-cantholoreal contact lacking;
4 pairs of large chinshields ... Abronia salvadorensis
9. Nasal often contacting the third supralabial; posterior internasals approximately
twice the size of the anterior; anterior canthal lacking; postoccipitals rugose; dorsal
crossbands 6-8 .. 10
9. Nasal-third supralabial contact lacking; anterior and posterior internasals
approximately equal in size; anterior canthal present; postoccipitals relatively smooth;
dorsal crossbands 10-11 ... 14
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 85
10. Strongly knoblike posterior head scales; 4 pairs of large chinshields; longitudinal
dorsals 10- l3; longitudinal dorsals at hind limbs 6; lateral dorsals posteriormedially
rounded and in rows oblique to the lateral fold; osteoderms reduced or lacking on the
dorsum; lateral fold reduced; scales on the trailing edges of the limbs not granular or
subgranular ... 11
10. Posterior head scales not strongly knoblike; 3 pairs of large and 1 pair of small
chinshields; longitudinal dorsals 14; longitudinal dorsals at hind limb 8; lateral dorsals
not posteromedially rounded, in rows perpendicular to the lateral fold; osteoderms present
on the dorsum (in adults); lateral fold stronger; scales on trailing edge of limbs granular
or subgranular ... 13
11. Fourth temporal row often lost; third primary temporal often lost; interoccipitals
3; postmentals reduced in size; suboculars 2; lowermost primary temporal not fused with
the penultimate supralabial .. 12
11. Fourth temporal row present; third primary temporal present; interoccipital 1;
postmentals not reduced; subocular 1; lowermost primary temporal fused with the
antepenultimate supralabial .. Abronia deppii
12. Frontonasal large; tertiary temporals 4; antepenultimate supralabial usually
contacting the orbit; nuchals 6 ... Abronia mixteca
12. Frontonasal small or absent; tertiary temporals 2; penultimate supralabial
contacting the orbit; nuchals 4 .. Abronia oaxacae
13. Color bright green in the male, duller green in the female; crossbands faint or
lacking in the adult; nuchals often 4; Veracruz and Puebla, Mexico . Abronia graminea
13. Color white or off-white with 6-8 very distinct bluish to black dorsal crossbands;
Sierra Madre Oriental from Hidalgo to Tamaulipas, Mxico ... Abronia taeniata
14. Subocular-temporal contact present; supranasals at least somewhat expanded;
fourth temporal row unreduced; secondary temporals 4 .. 15
14. Subocular-temporal contact lacking; supranasals unexpanded; fourth temporal
row reduced; secondary temporals 3 17
15. Midline contact of the supranasals; 3 primary temporals contacting the orbit;
interoccipital 1; postoccipital rows 2 ... 16
15. Midline contact of the supranasals lacking; 2 primary temporals contacting the
orbit; interoccipitals 2; postoccipital row 1 .. Abronia mitchelli
16. Prefrontal-superciliary contact present; osteoderms reduced on the dorsum;
anterior canthal lacking .. Abronia reidi
16. Prefrontal-superciliary contact lacking; osteoderms present; anterior canthal
present ... Abronia ornelasi
17. Anterior superciliary almost twice the length of the other superciliaries; lower
primary temporals expanded so that only 2-3 primary temporals are present; nuchals 8;
longitudinal ventral rows 12 . 18
17. Anterior superciliary more-or-less the length of the other superciliaries; lower
primary temporals not expanded; primary temporals 4; longitudinal ventral rows 14
... 19
18. Anterior internasals may be longitudinally divided; primary temporals 2; south
western Oaxacan highlands, Mexico .. Abronia bogerti
18. Anterior internasals not divided; primary temporals 3; supposedly Sierra de los
Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mxico Abronia chiszari
86 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
19. Midline contact of the frontoparietals present; partial fusion of the frontoparietals
and frontal; midline contact of the second pair of chinshields; dorsal osteoderms reduced;
bright turquoise color; Cerro Peln, Oaxaca, Mexico ... Abronia kalaina
19. Frontoparietal contact absent; frontoparietal-frontal fusion absent; chinshield
contact absent; dorsal osteoderms not reduced; green color; Cerro Zempoaltepec, Oaxaca,
Mexico ... Abronia fuscolabialis
20. Anterior internasals absent ... 21
20. Anterior internasals present . 27
21. Longitudinal dorsals 16; venter immaculate or with longitudinal stripes between
the scale rows ... 22
21. Longitudinal dorsals 14; venter with longitudinal stripes or speckles in the middle
of the scale rows ... 23
22. Body size very small; keels lacking; infralabials 11-12; suffuse dark pigmentation
between dorsal crossbands; Nuevo Len, Mexico Elgaria parva
22. Body size moderate to fairly large; keeling strong or reduced, but always present;
infralabials 8-10; dorsal crossbands lacking or, if present, without suffuse pigmentation
between; western United States and Canada . Elgaria coerulea
23. Lower subocular somewhat triangular; dorsal crossbands extending into the
lateral fold; keeling weak, lacking on the limbs .. 24
23. Lower subocular not triangular; dorsal crossbands not extending into the lateral
fold; keeling strong, present on the limbs . Elgaria multicarinata
24. Suffuse dark pigmentation between prominent dorsal crossbands; United States
and mainland Mexico ... 25
24. Dorsal crossbands usually weak and always lacking suffuse pigmentation; Baja
California .. 26
25. Body elongate, limbs relatively short: labials with distinct black-and- white
markings; venter spotted; New Mexico, Arizona, and western Mexico Elgaria kingii
25. Body not elongate, limbs not short; labials without distinct markings; venter with
longitudinal stripes; southeastern California .. Elgaria panamintina
26. Crossbands often indistinct; ventral stripes distinct; Cedros Island .
... Elgaria cedrosensis
26. Crossbands usually relatively distinct; ventral stripes often indistinct; mainland
Baja California .. Elgaria paucicarinata
27. Suboculars differentiated from pre- and postoculars; 3 large and 1 small pair of
chinshields present; sublabials 4-5; caudal whorls fewer than 100; scales per whorl (near
base of tail) 15-17; species usually sexually dichromatic; high-elevation species .. 28
27. Suboculars undifferentiated from pre- and postoculars; 4-5 pairs of large
chinshields; sublabials 5-7; caudal whorls more than 100; scales per whorl 20-24; not
sexually dichromatic; low- to moderate-elevation species .............. 36
28. Supranasal and upper post nasal fused; frontonasal lacking; superciliaries 3 or
fewer; snout short and deep; lateral fold strong ... 29
28. Supranasal and upper postnasal not fused; frontonasal usually present;
superciliaries 5 or more; snout not short and deep; lateral fold somewhat reduced 31
29. Nasal-rostral contact present; keeling very strong, scales acuminate; postoccipitals
keeled; nuchals 4-6; longitudinal ventrals 14; limbs relatively long and well clawed;
possibly arboreal .. Barisia rudicollis
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 87
29. Nasal-rostral contact lacking; keeling present but scales not acuminate; post-
occipitals not keeled; nuchals 8; longitudinal ventrals 12; limbs shorter; terrestrial ... 30
30. Superciliary 1; longitudinal dorsals 16; transverse dorsals more than 40
Barisia levicollis
30. Superciliaries 3; longitudinal dorsals 14; transverse dorsal s fewer than 40
.. Barisia imbricata
31. Postmental 1; lateral supraoculars often 2 ... 32
31. Postmentals 2; lateral supraoculars 3 ... 34
32. Longitudinal dorsals 18-20; nuchals 10 .. Mesaspis moreleti
32. Longitudinal dorsals 1416; nuchals 8 . 33
33. Longitudinal dorsals 14; frontonasal usually absent; anterior internasals often
longitudinally divided; canthal-cantholoreal fusion Mesaspis viridiflava
33. Longitudinal dorsals 16; frontonasal present; anterior internasals not
longitudinally divided; canthal and cantholoreal separate ... Mesaspis monticola
34. Body size small; keeling reduced or absent; supranasal somewhat expanded;
suboculars 2; postrostral present; frontal-parietal contact broad; anterior superciliary
almost twice the length of the other superciliaries ... 35
34. Body size moderate; keeling present; supranasal unexpanded; subocular 1;
postrostral absent; frontal-parietal contact narrow; superciliaries more- or-less equal in
length Mesaspis gadovii
35. Posterior internasal divided; cantholoreal sometimes partially fused to preocular;
male much more robust than female; Pico de Orizaba, Veracruz .. Mesaspis antauges
35. Posterior internasal not divided; cantholoreal and preocular not fused; male
similar to female in robustness; Sierra de Jurez, Oaxaca Mesaspis juarezi
36. Postrostrals probably usually 2; 5 pairs of large chinshields; scales per vertical
temporal row 5; nuchals 12; keeling lacking; longitudinal ventrals 10; suboculars more
than 3 .. Coloptychon rhombifer
36. Postrostrals 0-1; 4 pairs of large chinshields; scales per vertical temporal row 4;
nuchals 10; keeling present; longitudinal ventrals 12-14; suboculars 3 or fewer 37
37. Body size small; keeling reduced: longitudinal ventral s 14; postrostral absent;
suboculars 3 Gerrhonotus lugoi
37. Body size large; keeling strong; longitudinal ventrals 12; postrostral present;
suboculars 2 .. Gerrhonotus liocephalus
NOTAS: Revisiones recientes en los gneros Abronia (Campbell, J. A. y D. R. Frost. 1993. Anguid lizards of the genus
Abronia: Revisionary notes, descriptions of four new species, a phylogenetic analysis, and key. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
216:1-121) y Gerrhonotus (Good, D. A. 1994. Species limits in the genus Gerrhonotus (Squamata: Anguidae). Herp.
Monogr. 8: 180-202) ofrecen un mejor tratamiento taxon6mico de las especies que los componen.
88 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Lang, M. 1989. Phylogenctic and biogeographic patterns of Basiliscine Iguanians (Reptilia, Squamata "lguanidae").
Bonner Zoologische Monographien 18:1-171.
la. Ventral scales keeled; 1-2 chin shields contact an infralabial. Head crest of adult
male and large juvenile males single, triangular in outline. Ground color brown to
olive, often with a distinct reddish to yellow dorsolateral stripe from eye to shoulder or
beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basiliscus vittatus
lb. Ventral scales smooth; 3-4 chin shieds almost always contacting infralabials. Head
crest of adult males rounded in outline or with a posteriorly directed lobe. Ground co-
lor often bright to dull green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2a. Middorsal scale row consisting of an alternation of a large and small scales (2-4);
adult males without prominent dorsal and caudal crest . . . . . . . . . Basiliscus galeritus
2b. Middorsal scale row of females and juveniles uniform in size; adult males with
prominent dorsal and caudal crests supported by elongated neural spines . . . . . . . . . . 3
3a. Head crest single in adult and large juvenile males. Throat of juveniles with three
distinct longitudinal lateral stripes. Ground color of adults brown, olive or bronze. Ju-
veniles are pale green, lacking the series of distinet large light spots along sides. Two
pairs of lateral stripes usually present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basiliscus basiliscus
3b. Head crest of adult males and large juveniles comprised of two lobes; a small
anterior lobe and a pronounced posterior lobe. Adult females and juveniles have only a
single small parietal extension. Throat of adults and juveniles uniform, usually dark.
Ground color of adults dark bluish-green, with one or two series of large light spots
along sides. Dorsum of juvenile bright green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Basiliscus plumifrons
Key to species of Corytophanes
1a. Nuchal crest interrupted, not continuous with dorsal crest, but following the outline
of the parietal blade.Supraorbital semicircles with a distinct lateral keel. The adpressed
hind limb reaches considerably beyond the tip of the snout . Corytophanes hernandezi
lb. Nuchal crest continuous with dorsal crest. Supraorbital semicircles lacking longitu-
dinal keels. The adpressed hind limb reaches the tip of the snout or a little beyond . . 2
2a. Upper head scales distinctly keeled or rugose, prominent lateral squamosal spine
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corytophanes percarinatus
2b. Upper head scales smooth, no lateral squamosal spine . . . . Corytophanes cristatus
Key to species of Laemanctus
la. Anterior dorsal head scales large and regular, consisting of paired or both paired
and azygous scales. Posterior edge of head serrated, consisting of a series of conical
scales. Middorsal scale row forming a serrated crest . . . . . . . . . . Laemanctus serratus
lb. Anterior dorsal head scales small and irregular. Posterior edge of head smooth
lacking serration. No distinct middorsal scale row . . . . . . . . . . . . Laemanctus longipes
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 89
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 89
FUENTE: Smith, N. M. y W. W. Tanner. 1974. A taxonomic study of the western collared lizards, Crotaphytus collaris and
Crotaphytus insularis, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. 29(4):1-29.
2. Supraorbital semicircles absent; body pattern with spots but not reticulated . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wislizenii
3. Two collars present on dorsum of neck, first collar often incomplete dorsally and
with spotting in the dorsum between the two lateral arms of collar . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . collaris
FUENTE: Smith, N. M. y W. W. Tanner. 1974. A taxonomic study of the western collared lizards, Crotaphytus collaris and
Crotaphytus insularis, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. 29(4):1-29.
1. One or more spots in dorsum on the first collar; adult males lack a dark pigmented
gular and groin; first collar not united ventrally; second collar usually extends
Spots absent in dorsum of first collar; adult males have a dark pigmented gular
and groin and first collar unites ventrally or nearly so; second collar not
2. Interorbitals form two rows, usually without a fusion of the scales in these two
reticulated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. c. collaris
3. Sody dorsum brown with no trace of green, head cream colored with no trace of
4. Head yellow or white; if yellow, not extending under the chin or caudally past
Head yellow with yellow extending under the chin and caudally to or just past
5. Body dorsum blue, green or gray, with large light dorsal elongate spots; second
Body dorsum brow or tan, with transverse bands of yellow, orange, or white;
6. Second collar meets, or nearly meets dorsally, usually never more than 10 scales
separate the two dorsal arms of the second collar; first collar separated by 1-9
scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. c. bicinctores
Second collar reduced or absent, usually with distinct white transverse dorsal
7. Second collar very reduced or absent; fourth toe subdigital lamellae 39-45 . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. i. insularis
Second collar less reduced and usually a portion of it present; fourth toe
NOTAS: Esta clave considera a la especie wislizenii, aunque actualmente dicha especie est incluida en el gnero Gambelia.
Se han descrito nuevas especies, Crotaphytus grismeri (McGuire, J. A. 1994, A new species of collared lizard (Iguania:
Crotaphytidae) from northeastern Baja California, Mxico; y Crotaphytus nigromaculatus (McGuire, J. A., F. Mendoza
Quijano, y R. R. Montanucci. 1995. A new species of collared lizard (lguania: Crotaphytidae) from southern Coahuila,
Mxico. Herpetologica. En Prensa) en este gnero, no contempladas en ninguna clave.
92 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Dixon, 1. R. 1995. Key to Coleonyx. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza Q. y G. Gonzlez P. (comps.). Recopilacin de
claves para la determinacin de anfibios y reptiles de Mxico. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM.
FUENTE: Peters, J. A. and R. Donoso-Barros. 1986. Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata. Part l. Lizards and
Amphisbaenians. Smithsonian Institution Press. 1-293 p.
FUENTE: Dixon, J. R. 1995. Key to Phyllodactylus of Mexico (exclusive of Baja California and associated islands). En O.
Flores V., F. Mendoza Q. y G. Gonzlez P. (comps.). Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de anfibios y reptiles de
Mxico. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM.
FUENTE: Dixon, J. R. 1995. Key to Phyllodactylus of Baja California. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza Q. y G. Gonzlez P.
(comps.). Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de anfibios y reptiles de Mxico. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM.
FUENTE: Harris, D. M. and A. G. Kluge. 1984. The Sphaerodactylus (Sauria: Gekkonidae) of Middle America. Occ. Pap.
Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan 706:1-59.
l. Narrow middorsal row of fine granules separates large, tectiform, dorsal ........
scales. To 39 mm. SVL (see Wilson and Hahn, 1973: 106). Islas de la ............
Bahia, Honduras .............. rosaurae
Without a middorsal zone of small scales between large tectiform scales ..... 2
2. Large species, adult SVL exceeding 40 mm.; supranasals single, small
with wide gap in-between (separated by 2-4 small scales). Also, dorsals
strongly keeled; escutcheon abdominal; small (10-16 scales); median
subcaudals alternate; dorsal pattern crudely blotched in adults plain in
juveniles. Endemic to Isla del Coco, Costa Rica pacificus
Small species, not exceeding 34 mm. SVL, pattern not as described ...
above ... 3
3. Snout strongly protuberate, dorsally convex in profile; eye spine behind ...
mideye. Also, dorsal scales keeled, large (30-36 axilla-groin); subcaudals ..
arranged alternately; two supranasals or one when anterior supranasal is ..
fused to rostral. Northern Honduras .. dunii
Snout flat, sloping straight from eyes to rostral; eye spine lies anterior to .
mideye ..................................................................................................................... 4
4. Supranasal single; escutcheon abdominal ... 5
Two supranasals; escutcheon abdominal or abdominal and subfemoral . 8
5. Median subcaudals aligned in series; no dark bands in dorsal pattern. ..
Also, dorsals and parietals keeled; dorsal count 51-63; escutcheon ab- .
dominal with 22-61 total scales. Southern Costa Rica to Pacific western ..
Panam graptolaemus
Subcaudals not in straight series; young banded . 6
6. Dorsals smooth; six dark bands or their remnants on head and body. ..
Also, subcaudal scales alternate; dorsal count 70-81. Northwestern ..
Ecuador to southwestern Colombia .. scapularis
Dorsal keeled; four dark bands on head and body of juveniles especially . 7
7. Dorsal scales strongly keeled, knobby; parietal scales keeled; subcaudals ..
alternate; dorsal count 48-67; escutcheon with 38-79 total scales; bands ..
of juveniles persist in adult, faded but define. Caribbean versant of ..
southern Nicaragua to western Panam homolepis
Dorsal scales moderately keeled, parietals usually without keels; dorsal ....
count 62-81; subcaudals arranged in the repeating sequence of a small, a ........
large and a pair of small scales;) escutcheon with 20-52 total scales; broad .............
dark of juveniles become indefinite and are replaced by variegation in .
adults. Pacific western Panam to northwestern Colombia . lineolatus
8. Dorsal scales smooth. Dorsal count 46-71; median subcaudals aligned in ....
series; escutcheon of 19-97 total scales, extending to knees. Southern ....
Mxico to extreme northwestern Honduras .. glaucus
Dorsal scales keeled 9
9. Space between anterior supranasals as wide as a supranasal; rostral ..........
deeply notched behind, counting 1-3 small scales; escutcheon abdomi- ..
nally confined 10
Space between anterior supranasals much narrower than a supranasal; ..
rostral notch shallow or absent; escutcheon may extend to knee .. 11
10. Subcaudals alternate; escutcheon small (13-38 total scales; dorsal count ...
63-83; continuous light dorsolateral stripes present, faded in males with ...
black and yellow-white striped heads: Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, and ...
Guyana .. molei
Median subcaudals aligned in series, escutcheon huge (94-154 total ...
scales), dorsal count 62-80; Dorsolateral series of spots in females; in ...
male, trunk and tail reticulated, head orange. Lowlands immediately ...
west of the Santa Marta Mountains in northern Colombia ... heliconiae
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 97
11. Dorsal scales large (18-36 axilla-groin); three supralabials to below eye; ........
dorsum brownish gray with small brown spots; nape with large dark ....
brown spots between smaller light spots. Cuba, Bahamas, Florida, pan- .
Caribbean. One specimen recorded from northwestern Colombia
(Harris, 1982) notatus
Dorsals small to moderate (38-74 axilla-groin); four supralabials to .
below eye ... 12
12. Dorsals 38-50 axilla-groin; young with six distinctive; light stripes on .
head and nine running length of body, changing to rows of ocellar spots
on a densely dark-spotted dorsum in adults; five spotting on limbs. ..
Coastal sites in northern Yucatn, Mxico; Bocas del Toro and San
Blas, Panam, besides Jamaica and other Caribbean islands ... argus
Dorsals 47-71 axilla-groin; young usually with prominent dark markings ...
on body near forelimbs, a large, round, dark spot above pelvis, and
feeble head lines on a uniform tan background; adults finely speckled to
strongly variegated with dark color; head of male may become boldly
marked, but never with rows of ocellar spots; three large, light spots on
each limb. Isthmus of Tehuantepec to northern Costa Rica, and
Cozumel, and Roatn, Guanaja, and Maiz Grande islands millepunctatus
FUENTE: Bogert, C. M. and R. Martn del Campo. 1956. The gila monster and its allies. The relationships, habits, and
behavior of the lizards of the family Helodermatidae. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 109(1): 1-238.
H. h. alvarezi H. h. exasperatum
FIG. 11. Diagram showing the position of the FIG. 10. Diagram showing the position of the
scales on the snout of Heloderma horridum scales on the snout of Heloderma horridum ex-
alvarezi, with the supranasal separated from the asperatum, with the supranasal in contact with
postnasal by the first canthal, and the second the postnasal and the second supralabial reaching
supralabial excluded from contact with the nasal the prenasal. Compare with figure 11.
and prenasal by a lorilabial.
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 101
DICHOTOMOUS KEY
1a. Rostral scale frequently subdivided so that no median scale is evident, or if median
longitudinal row of mid-dorsal scales; body strongly depressed; tail short (tail
length/snout vent length 1.25), never with whorls of large, spinous scales;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sauromalus 4
1b. An unpaired, median rostral scale several times larger than surrounding scales;
auricular scales not or only slightly enlarged and not projecting posteriorly more
various degrees and row may be interrupted in the lumbosacral region); body
scales (especially those of digits II-IV) strongly keeled and asymmetrical (i.e.,
2a. Cephalic scales of dorsal midline and snout few and large, 2-4 sea les between
subequal in size or largest less than 2 times longer than next largest;
nonextensible gular fan (dewlap) with row of large, pointed, compressed scales
forming crest along anterior margin; maxillary and dentary teeth serrated, with
numerous (at least some teeth with 10) small cusps; one row of labiomental
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iguana iguana
2b. Cephalic scales of dorsal midline and snout numerous and small, 6-9 scales
subocular scale 2-3 times longer than next largest; gular fan and crest absent;
maxillary and dentary teeth tricuspid to polycuspate, but with fewer than 8
scales at posterior end of lower jaw ventral to tympanum subequal in size and
all much smaller than tympanum (largest < 20% tympanic diameter); nape
3a. Head moderately to strongly elongate (distance from snout to anterior edge of
moderately elongate and overlapping; tail with whorls of large, spinous scales
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 103
at least anteriorly; 4-13 femoral pores (one thigh); species from 155 mm to 489
3b. Head short (snout-anterior edge of tympanum/maximum head width < 1.20 in
adults), superciliaries greatly elongate and strongly overlapping; tail without large,
spinous scales; 16-26 femoral pores (one thigh); 145 mm maximum SVL
4. Sauromalus 1
4a. Dorsal body scales relatively small, largest nuchals smaller than scales in frontal
region, usually more than 20 dorsal scales in the length of the head (measured
halfway between fore and hind limbs on mid-dorsal line; range 20-42); scales
on dorsal surface of limbs and tail weakly to moderately keeled; except for S.
varius, maximum SVL 223 mm (Van Denburgh 1922; Shaw 1945; Case,
1982). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4b. Dorsal body scales relatively large, largest nuchals equal to or larger than scales in
frontal region, usually less than 20 dorsal scales in the length of the head
measured halfway between fore and hind limbs on mid-dorsal line; mean 18,
KK.
1
Subsequent to the revision of Sauromalus by Shaw (1945) and the description of S. shawi by Cliff (1958),
several taxonomic changes have been proposed for the southern insular taxa ater, klauberi, shawi , and slevini, and
those inhabiting the peninsular mainland of Baja California, australis and obesus--all of which were recognized as
separate species by Shaw and Cliff (Soul and Sloan 1966; Robinson 1972, 1974; Seib 1980; Case 1982; Etheridge
1982; Murphy 1982, 1983a, b; Murphy and Ottley 1984; Stebbins 1985). Although some of these changes may be
warranted, they have not been adopted here because no evidence has been presented to support them, and I do not
wish to perpetuate this practice.
104 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
range 16-21); scales on dorsal surface of limbs and tail spinous and strongly
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sauromalus hispidus
transverse bands on a lighter background, but may be grey with fine spots of dark
brown or black, red flecked with yellow and black spots, or more or less
1982). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5b. Dorsal color pattern consisting of large, irregular, dark-brown or black blotches on
6a. Ventral scale rows between gular fold and vent 125 or more (mean for each
6b. Ventral scale rows between gular fold and vent fewer than 125 (mean 116, range
7a. Transverse body bands, if present, with light centers and dark-brown or black
7b. Transverse body bands, if present, more or less uniform; if absent, dorsal color
pattern highly variable but not as above (some possibilities are yellow spotted
with brown, yellowish-gray spotted with black and red, and more or less
8a. Ventral scale rows between guiar fold and vent usually fewer than 151 (mean for
8b. Ventral scale rows between gular fold and vent 151 or more (mean 164, range
9a. Dorsal color pattern of body consisting of small dark brown or black spots on a
9b. Dorsal color pattern consisting of 4-5 dark brown or black transverse bands with
or black spots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10b. Islas Danzante, Santa Cruz, San Diego, San Jos, San Francisco, Partida Sur, or
11. Ctenosaura
11a. Usually four postmental scales in contact with mental; scales on dorsal surface
in size; at least some of proximal (first ten) whorls of large, spinous caudal
11b. Usually two postmental scales in contact with mental; scales on dorsal surface
spinous scales on shank or shank and thigh; proximal (first ten) whorls of large,
spinous caudal scales separated dorsally by no more than one row of intercalary
scales; relatively small body size (maximum SVL < 175 mm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enyaliosaurus 15
slightly anterior to level of groin or as little as 2/3 the distance from back of
head to that level); scales of mid-dorsal row of adult males tail (height
12b. Mid-dorsal scale row continuous from neck to tail or only narrowly interrupted in
of adult males tall (height length) and pointed on neck, shoulders, and most
of back. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
13a. Parietal roof of skull remains deeply notch posteriorly throughout ontogeny so
that braincase remains broadly exposed in dorsal view; central Veracruz (east)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ctenosaura similis
13b. Parietal roof of skull extends posteriorly during postembryonic ontogeny so that
northward. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 107
14a. At least some whorls of large, spinous caudal scales separated dorsally by a
14b. AII whorls of large, spinous caudal scales separated dorsally by at least two
15. Enyaliosaurus
5a. Scales of mid-dorsal row tall (height > length) and compressed, strongly
differentiated from adjacent body scales, at least in neck region of adult males;
mid-dorsal scale row extends about to level of sacrum; marginal teeth with
distally and always longer than SVL (tail length/SVL 2! 1.30); spinous dorsal
caudal scales forming 5 rows, one mid-dorsal row and two on each side
15b. Scales of mid-dorsal row short (height < length) and depressed, scarcely
differentiated from adjacent body scales, even in neck region of adult males;
middorsal scale row extends to about level:of groin or as little as 1/3 distance
from back of head to that level; marginal teeth with maximum of four or more
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.
108 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
cusps; tail strongly spinose throughout length and usually shorter than SVL
(TL/SVL 1.10); spinous dorsal caudal scales usually not forming 5 distinct
rows, adjacent scales of enlarged caudal whorls subequal, those on either side
of mid-dorsal row not markedly less spinous than others or, if in 5 rows, the
lateral and mid-dorsal rows separated by 2-3 rows of les s spinous scales at
sixth whorl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
16a. Usually 7 (range 5-9) premaxillary teeth; marginal teeth with maximum of four
cusps; parietal eye visible externally; a patch of large, spinous scales on dorsal
surface of shank, but not of thigh; anterior surfaces of subdigital scales at base
of pedal digit III unfused basally; intercalary scales between whorls of large,
caudal scales forming 9-11 longitudinal rows at sixth whorl; 4-6 femoral pores
16b. Less than seven (range 5-6) premaxillary teeth; marginal teeth with maximum of
spinous scales on dorsal surface of both shank and thigh; anterior surfaces of
comb; intercalary scales between whorls of large, spinous caudal scales absent
caudal scales forming 7 longitudinal rows at sixth whorl; 5-11 femoral pores
FUENTE: Reeve, W. L. 1952. Taxonomy and distribution of the horned lizards, genus Phrvnosoma. Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull.
34(14): 817-960.
11. Frontal scales large, convex, smooth. Southern California and the ....
northwestern part of Baja California. coronatum blainvillii
11. Frontal scales small, convex, rugose. 12
12. Head as wide as long or slightly wide than long; temporal spines ,..
curving posteriorly. Central to southern California, ..
.. coronatum frontale
12. Head slightly longer than wide; temporal spines projecting lat-....
erally, appearing serrate. Between lat. 2850 to near 3150....
Baja California. coronatum schmidti
13. Length of occipital spines three or four times their basal diameter.. 14
13. Length of occipital spines less than two and one-half times their ..
basal diameter.. 17
14. Two rows of soft spines in lateral abdominal fringe; tail markedly ...
flattened; dark mid-dorsal streak; ventral abdominal scales im-....
maculate white. Southeastern California, southwestern Ari-....
zona and northeastern Baja California mcallii
14. One row of soft spines in lateral abdominal fringe; tail rounded or ...
only slightly flattened; dark mid-dorsal streak absent; dark ..
flecks usually present on the ventral abdominal scales... 15
15. Three long temporal spines, occipital spines tend to curve later-
ally; usually only the last three chinshields greatly enlarged. ..
Southern Arizona and northwestern Sonora.. platyrhinos goodie
15. Five medium sized temporal spines; occipital spines usually ...
straight; chinshields enlarging gradually from first to last.. 16
16. Occipital spines long (48-60% of length of head) and broad, .
giving them a heavy appearance; tail often slightly flattened .
posteriorly. Southern Utah, Arizona, southern Nevada, Cali-..
fornia into northeastern Baja California. platyrhinos ordinarium
16. Occipital spines short (45% or less length of head), tail rounded..
posteriorly. From Washington to southern Utah and southern..
Nevada platyrhinos platyrhinos
17. No lateral abdominal fringes; gular scales subequal. Southern..
Texas, New Mexico and northern Mexico.. modestum
17. One row of soft spines in lateral abdominal fringe; one row of..
slightly enlarged gular scales usually present on each side. 11
18. Head not strongly notched in occipital area; occipital spines one and...
one-half to two times as long as their basal diameter.. 19
18. Head distinctly notched, occipital spines usually less than one and ...
one-half times their basal diameter.. 22
19. Frontal area of head concave; occipital spines nearly erect;
temporal spines nearly horizontal; gular scales faintly keeled.
Guanajuato and Hidalgo.. boucardii
19. Frontal area flat; occipital and temporal spines both horizontal;....
gular scales smooth.. 20
20. Temporal spines extending backward farther than occipital .
spines; femoral pores usually in single series. Veracruz.....
... orbiculare cortezii
20. Temporal spines equal to or shorter than occipital spines; femoral ...
pores in single or double series 21
21. Occipital spines extending posteriorly beyond temporal spines; ..
femoral pores often forming a double series mesially; ventral ...
abdominal scales often covered with a dark reticulate pattern. ..
Plateau of Mexico. orbiculare orbiculare
21. Occipital spines and temporal spines projecting posteriorly an ..
equal distance; femoral pores 14-14 confined to a single row; ...
ventral abdominal scales not greatly darkened. Colima.
orbiculare dugesii
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 111
FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and E. H. Taylor. 1950. An annotated checklist and key lo the reptiles of Mexico exclusive of the
snakes. Bull. U. S. Natn. Mus. 199:1-253.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . maculosus
3. Tail strongly compressed in males, rounded and light pink in females; femoral pores
Tail rounded in both sexes, not pink in females; femoral pores 20 or less . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . variabilis
5. Preanal scales keeled in females; males with poorly developed postanals; no distinct
Preanal scales smooth in females; males with well-developed postanals; lateral belly
patches distinct in males; tail less than twice length of body . . . . . . . . . . merriami
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scalaris
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . siniferus
8. Ventral scales, at least laterally, pointed, not notched; preanal scales keeled in
females; no lateral belly markings in males; femoral pore series widely separated
Ventral scales notched, or, if pointed, femoral pore series closely approximated
medially (separated by four scales or less); preanal sea les smooth in females.
............................................................... 9
Males with lateral belly patches distinct or, if not, anterior section of frontal
entire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10. Femoral pores series closely approximated medially; two postrostrals; lateral
scales rows parallel or nearly so; scales on posterior surface of thigh granular;
scales on posterior surface of thigh not granular; lateral scale rows strongly
13. Lateral nuchal scales much smaller than and well differentiated from dorsal
nuchal scales; scales of lateral row of dorsal nuchals enlarged, strongly keeled
Lateral nuchal scales not well differentiated from dorsal nuchal scales . . . . . . . . . 14
14. Throat light blue, barred or mottled with white; lateral belly parches confluent
medially; preanal scales large, about seven in a row from a line between femoral
Throat not as described or, if so, lateral belly patches not confluent medially
15. Scales on posterior surface of thigh granular, femoral pore series widely
separated medially, the folds defining the preanal area passing between the
femoral pore series; throat mottled with blue and white, never with a distinct,
Scales on posterior surface of thigh not granular or, if so, femoral pore series more
closely approximated medially, the folds defining preanal area not or barely
16. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral scales subequal in size; small species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . megalepidurus
Dorsal, ventral, and lateral scales distinctly differing in size; large or small
species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
18. Gular region mottled, not barred nor with a median or two lateral blue spots
posteriorly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . torquatus
19. Gular region barred in males and lacking a median posterior dark blue or
Gular region not barred; or if barred, with a median posterior dark blue or
black spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
20. Gular region barred in males, with a median posterior dark blue or black
spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . undulatus
21. Supraoculars large, separated from superciliaries by no more than one complete
and one incomplete row of small scales; and one or more of the posterior
Supraoculars large or small, if any of the posterior supraoculars are in contact with
median head scales, the supraoculars are separated from superciliaries by three
23. A pair of dark blue or black spots on posterior part of gular region . . . . . . . undulatus
24. Three or more rows of small scales between supraoculars and superciliaries; or,
if two, the scales of inner row considerably larger than those of outer row . . . .
116 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
One complete and one incomplete row of small, subequal scales between
25. One canthal, or. if two, the first forced above canthal ridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . formosus
26. A broad, black nuchal collar complete about neck dorsally, or anterior section of
Not so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spinosus
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 117
2. Dorsals about 31; internasals large, keeled, 3 from rostral to median frontonasal
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . prezygus
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . malachiticus salvini
no nuchal collar; ventrals a fourth, laterals not more than two-thirds, size of
dorsal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . asper
6. Femoral pores 12-16; one or more supraoculars generally in contact with median
Femoral pores 16-21; supraoculars not in contact with median head scales . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . stejnegeri
118 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
7. Males without yellow on throat; dorsal scale rows black edged; dorsal head sea
Males with yellow or orange on throat; dorsal surface uniform blue; head scales
Sides of belly blue, frequently dark-bordered, in males; gular region barred in males,
3. Supraoculars completely in contact with superciliaries, or with one to four very small
4. Femoral pores on both thighs total 12 or less; 4 supraoculars, the fourth in contact
Femoral pores on both thighs total 13 or more; or, if 12, al! supraoculars separated
7. Snout black; a broad, black bar across head at middle of supraocular region; chest
and middle of belly orange in males; gular region in females white with
irregular, black marks; first canthal not in contact with lorilabials; ventral scales
44-54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Snout not black, similar in color to rest of head; no black bar across head; chest
and middle of belly not orange; gular region in both sexes bluish, with light lines
following scale rows at anterior part of throat; first canthal in contact with
8. Femoral pores usually (84 percent) 20 or less on each side; total pore counts
Femoral pores usually (78 percent) 21 or more on each side; total pore counts
usually (83 percent) 41 or more; lateral belly patches usually not confluent
9. Lateral nuchal pocket greatly reduced, with very few if any granules, and very little
Lateral nuchal pocket with numerous granules, considerable bare skin, and
12. Dorsal scales usually more than 30; femoral pores usually more than 9 (one side);
Dorsal scales usually 30 or less; femoral pores usually 9 or less (one side);
13. Belly patches in males continuous across chest; prefrontals never in contact; no
nearly immaculate or with a narrow, short black line near insertion of hind leg
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . olivaceus
17. Outer row of labiomental scales in contact with mental . . . . . . . . . . magister magister
19. Lateral scales about one-half size of dorsal scales; median frontonasal not in
contact with frontal; lateral belly patches in males not passing over chest . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Lateral scales considerably more than one-half size of dorsal scales; median
frontonasal usually in contact with frontal; lateral belly patches in males passing
over chest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
20. Dorsal markings absent or very dimly visible; a broad, light line on posterior
Dorsal markings present and distinct at least in females, consisting of narrow, dark
22. First canthal rarely in contact with lorilabials; gular region never barred; outer row of
First canthal usually in contact with lorilabials; guiar region barred, or outer row of
23. First canthal separated from labiomentals; femoral pores 16 or less; lower
First canthal in contact with lorilabials, lower forelegs not barred distinctly . . . . . . . 24
24. Outer row of labiomentals in contact with mental; guiar region not barred;
Outer row of labiomental scales separated from mental; gular region barred or
25. Dorsal scales 32 to 40; femoral pores 13-19; usually one or more scales in
shoulder patch Dorsolateral light lines present, indistinct posteriorly, the medial
Dorsal scale s 28 to 36; femoral pores 10-15; usually 2 complete rows of lorilabials
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . orcutti orcutti
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . magister magister
27. No dark lines in adult males on sides of lateral scale rows; femoral pores (one
side) usually less than 19; lateral belly patches confluent medially in adult males
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . magister rufidorsum
Dark lines on sides of lateral scale rows present in adult males; lateral belly patches
28. A distinct, narrow dorsal stripe about 11/2 scale rows wide; females and young
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . magister monserratensis
A broad, light-colored dorsal area about 6 scale rows wide; dark spots on back
1. Supraoculars large, entire; femoral pore series separated by 9 or more scales; gular
Supraoculars smaller, divided; femoral pore series separated by 8 or fewer scales, or,
2. Femoral pore series separated by 9 sea les or more; scales on posterior surface of
thigh abruptly differentiated from dorsal sea les of same member, the median
posterior scales not distinctly larger than adjacent lateral posterior scales . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . occidentalis biseriatus
Femoral pore series separated by 8 scales or less; sea les on posterior surface of
thigh gradually merging with larger dorsals of same member, at least the median
posterior sea les distinctly larger than the adjacent lateral posterior scales . . . . 3
3. Males without lateral belly patches; dorsolateral and lateral light stripes very clearly
Males with lateral belly patches; dorsolateral and lateral light stripes poorly defined
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . undulatus consobrinus
1. Dorsal scales unequal; a series of enlarged scales on each side of middorsal line,
2. Scales on sides of neck not abruptly differentiated from dorsal nuchal scales; no
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grammicus grammicus
Scales on sides of neck abruptly differentiated from dorsal nuchal scales; two
series of enlarged scales on sides of neck posterior to ear; dorsal scale 52-
93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
belly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pictus
Supraoculars in 2 series; or, if in one series, with one or more scales divided . . . . . 9
3. Dorsal nuchal collar broadly interrupted medially by a space about 5 scales wide;
4. Femoral pare counts on both sides usually total more than 21; dorsal scales usually
Femoral pare counts on both sides usually total les s than 22; dorsal scales generally
6. Nuchal collar divided on each side of neck, the area between lighter in color; dorsal
color light, with dark and light spots irregularly placed; size large (maximum
snout-vent measurement 129 mm.); dorsal scales more strongly keeled and
Nuchal collar broad, complete; dorsal color dark, without light spots; maximum
8. Dorsal scales 40 or more; nuchal collar narrow, with light borders broken; a light
line on side of head and another on side of neck; each dorsal scale usually with
Dorsal scales usually less than 40; nuchal collar broad, with unbroken light borders;
no light lines on sides of head and neck; no spots on dorsal scales . . . . . . bulleri
9. Lateral scales with the terminal point arising well within the free posterior margin;
Lateral scales with the terminal point arising at or very near the free posterior
margin; head scales not microscopically rugose; no oblique dark blue lines on
throat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10. Dorsal scales 47 to 54; throat with very distinct, oblique, dark blue lines; head
scales not microscopically rugose; oblique dark bands on sides of body distinct;
Dorsal scales 41 to 50; throat without or with very faint oblique lines; head scales
absent; maximum snout-vent measurement 87.5 mm; femoral pores not over
13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dugesii dugesii
13. Tail with very distinct, broad, alternating dark and light bands, most distinct
toward tip, where they are complete; supraoculars in 2 complete rows; head
scales very irregular; light borders of nuchal collar broad; a broad light band
across neck behind occiput; preocular usually entire; inner row of labiomental
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 127
Tail without distinct alternating dark and light bands of nearly equal width; bands
15. A middorsal series of very large, dark blotches, sometimes fused bandlike; all
except males with a pair of parallel, closely placed dark lines down middle of
No middorsal series of dark blotches; parallel throat lines absent; collar involving
16. Each dorsal scale row, in adult males, with a longitudinal light line; dorsals 30 to
38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mucronatus aureoles
17. Nuchal black collar 4 or 5 scales wide, bordered anteriorly and posteriorly by a
light band 1 or 11/2 scales wide; each border interrupted medially by a light
scale; snout-vent length often more than 100 mm., reaching 143 mm . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cyanogenys
18. Lateral body scales distinctly decreasing in size laterally, at a point halfway
Lateral body scales not decreasing in size laterally at least up to a point halfway
between axilla and groin, where they are still subequal to, or even a little larger
19. Dorsal scales on lower foreleg about half size of those on upper foreleg; dark
transverse streaks in lateral belly patches; nuchal collar covering six scales
Dorsal scales on lower foreleg but little if any smaller than those on upper foreleg;
no dark streaks in lateral belly patches; nuchal collar less than four scales long
scales much smaller than those of inner row, and usually number no more than
Supraoculars in 2 rows, those of outer row a little smaller than those of inner,
21. Adult males black above and below, with orange areas and spots on sides of
head, belly, and tail; only throat, underside of tail, and posterior surface of hind
leg not black; females somewhat similar, very dark above, the collar poorly
defined, young with poorly defined, narrow, light borders on neckcollar; dorsal
Adult males light brown above, with very broad, very well defined nuchal collar;
a median area on belly white except in very largest males; sides of abdomen
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 129
blue, black-edged; females and young with more distinct light borders on nuchal
2. Dorsal scales 69 to 76; scales around body 70 to 81; dorsal scales rows at nape
18 to 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parvus scutulatus
Dorsal scales 58 to 69; scales around body 61 to 69; dorsal scales rows at nape
15 to 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . parvus parvus
3. Ventral interfemoral scales separated from ventral thigh scales by a group of small
lateral scales much less than half size of ventral scales; dorsal scales 69 to
83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . couchii
Ventral interfemoral scales more or less continuous with ventral thigh scales; no
rudimentary gular fold; lateral scales more than one-half size of ventral scales;
4. Dorsal 36 to 47; subnasal usually absent; shank and posterior surface of lower
foreleg distinctly banded; spots on back distinct in both sexes; preocular usually
5. Males and females immaculate below; femoral pores usually 9 or less on each side
present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Males white red, blue-bordered areas on sides of abdomen, sub nasal usually
............................................................... 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cozumelae (mainland)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cozumelae (typical)
Dorsal scales usually less than 59; Dorsolateral light lines 1 and 2 half scales rows
8. Dorsolateral light stripes very distinct, 2 and 2 half scales rows wide posteriorly;
females with sides of belly marked as in males, but less distinctly; maximum
Dorsolateral light stripes not so distinct, 1 and 2 half scale rows wide posteriorly;
spots between dorsolateral light stripes very distinct; females with sides of belly
1. Anterior section of frontal usually divided; frontoparietals usually divided; outer row
of labiomental scales rarely terminating with the first scale wedged between
first infralabial and first postmental; head scales rugose; subcaudal surface
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . merriami annulatus
Anterior section of frontal rarely divided; frontoparietals rarely divided; outer row
of labiomentals terminating with the first scale wedged between first infralabial
and first postmental; head scales smooth; subcaudal surface nearly or quite
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . merriami merriami
Nasal and anterior internasals separated from rostral by two or more postrostrals;
2. One canthal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Two canthals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . siniferus siniferus
rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . goldmani
3. One canthal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Two canthals, the first occasionally forced above canthal ridge by contact of
4. Males with much black in ventral coloration; females suffused with black below;
gular region never barred; black shoulder spot with a light blue spot, if present,
on its anterior edge; tail with a continuous dark median dorsal stripe; tibia/head
mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aeneus aeneus
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 133
Black, if present of ventral surface, confined to bars in guiar region, and a few
dark, transverse bars on sides of abdomen; black shoulder spot with the light
5. Tibia/head proportion usually less than 0.90; scales of second pair of postmentals
separated medially; dorsal scales usually more than 40; maximum snout-vent
Tibia/head proportion usually more than 0.90; scales of second pair of postmentals
usually in contact medially; dorsal scales usually less than 40; maximum snout-
6. Males with much black in ventral coloration; black shoulder spot with the light blue
spot, if present, on its anterior edge; tail with a continuous dark median dorsal
Black, if present on the ventral surface, confined to bars in gular region, and a few
dark transverse bars on sides of abdomen; black shoulder spot with the light
blue spot in its middle; tail with dark chevron-shaped bars; tibia/head proportion
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scalaris scalaris
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gadoviae
pocket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Dorsal scales larger, 36-41; females not red-headed; males with unbroken lateral
belly patches; dark spot on interparietal not enclosing or touching light pineal
spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nelsoni
throat; males (and usually females) with a series of broad dark bars on each
NOTAS: No se incluyen claves para las especies de los grupos maculosus, chrysostictus y utiformis que los autores consideraban
como monotpicas (otros autores ubicaron a stas especies en otros grupos). Se han descrito varias especies desde la publicacin
de esta clave como S. macdougalli (Smith, H. M. and C. B. Bumzahem. 1953. A new lizard of the genus Sceloporus from the
Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Herpetologica 9: 185-188); S. internasalis (Smith, H. M. and C. B. Bumzahem. 1955. The identity
of the transisthmic populations of the malachite tree-lizard (Sceloporus malachiticus Cope). Herpetologica 11: 118-120.); S.
subpictus (Lynch, J. D. and H. M. Smith. 1965. New or unusual amphibians and reptiles from Oaxaca, Mxico l. Herpetologica
21: 168-177); S. cryptus (Smith, H. M. and J. D. Lynch. 1967. A new cryptic lizard (Iguanidae: Sceloporus) with comments
on other reptiles from Oaxaca, Mexico. Herpetologica 23: 18-29); S. insignis (Webb, R. G. 1967. Variation and distribution
of the iguanid lizard Sceloporus bulleri, and the description of the related new species, Copeia 1967: 202-213); S. exsul (Dixon,
J. R., C. A. Ketchersied , and C. S. Lieb. 1972. A new species of Sceloporus (undulatus group; Sauria, Iguanidae) from Mexico.
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 84: 307-312); Sceloporus adleri (Smith, H. M. and A. H. Savitzky. 1974. Another cryptic associated
of the lizard Sceloporus formosus in Guerrero, Mexico. J. Herpetol. 8: 297-303); S. tanneri (Smith, H. M. and K. R. Larsen.
1975. A new species of the formosus group of the lizard genus Sceloporus, Copeia 1975: 47-50); S. hunsakeri (Hall, W. P. and
H. M. Smith, 1979. Lizards of the Sceloporus orcutti complex of the Cape region of Baja California. Breviora 452: 1-26); S.
anahuacus y S. palaciosi (Lara Gngora, G. 1983. Two new species of lizards genus Sceloporus (Reptilia, Sauria, Iguanidae)
from the Ajusco and Ocuilan Sierras, Mxico. Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 19: 1-14); S. chaneyi (Liner E. A. y J. R. Dixon.
1992. A new species of the Sceloporus scalaris group from Cerro Pena Nevada, Nuevo Len, Mxico (Sauria: Iguanidae). Texas
Jour. Sci. 44(4): 421-427); as mismo varios taxones han cambiado su estatus taxonmico a nivel de especie y subespecie (Flores-
Villela, 1993.
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 135
FUENTE: Peters, J. A. and R. Donoso-Barros. 1986. Catalogue of the Neotropical Squarnata. Part II. Lizards and
Amphisbaenians. Smithsonian Institution Press. 1.293 p.
FUENTE: Stuart. L. C. 1971. Comments of the malachite Sceloporus of southern Mexico and Guatemala. Herpetologica
27(3): 235-250.
FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and E. H. Taylor. 1950. An annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of Mexico exclusive of the
snakes. Bull. U. S. Natn. Mus. 199: 1-253.
1. Two strongly enlarged auricular lobules; a black bar on rear of femur; dorsal pattern
with 3 median rows of spots and black chevrons with reticulum outlining whitish
dots or blotches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . exsul
Four strongly enlarged auricular lobules; no black bar on femur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Ventrolateral blotch smaller; femoral pores 20-31, usually fewer than 26 . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . notata notata
Ventrolateral blotch larger; femoral pores 23-32, usually more than 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . notata cowlesi
NOTAS: Esta clave no incluye la especie Uma paraphygas, descrita posteriormente (Williams, K. L., P. S. Chrapliwy, and
H. M. Smith. 1959. A new fringe-footed lizard (Uma) from Mexico. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 62(2): 166-172).
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 139
FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and E. H. Taylor. 1950. An annotated check list and key to the reptiles of Mexico exclusive of the
snakes. Bull. U. S. Natn. Mus. 199: 1253.
small scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Enlarged dorsals separated into two or more parallel series by the presence of a
3. Tail two or more times length of head and body combined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . graciosus
4. Dermal folds, when present, not heavily crested with tubercles; blue abdominal
Dermal folds present, always crested with tubercles of fairly large size; abdominal
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nigricaudus
6. Four to sevcn rows of enlarged dorsal scales; abdomen of both sexes with a blue
wash and/or blue patches; dorsolateral folds not converging in sacral region
140 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gadovi
About three rows of enlarged dorsal scales; only males with a blue abdomen;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . irregularis
8. Enlarged dorsal commencing caudad of a line joining the anterior point of insertion of
Enlarged dorsal commencing craniad of a line joining the anterior point of insertion
of the forelimbs, for else equal with such a line; dorsals prominently keeled,
rugose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
gular surface generally stippled, with a light median area; blue abdominal
General appearance somewhat less rugose; enlarged dorsals not so often mucronate;
10. Ventrals rounded; dorsolateral and lateral tubercles very poorly developed; enlarged
11. Ventrals mucronate, prominently carinated laterally; gular scales with the
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bicarinatus anonymorphus
portions of the belly, or else not at all; gular scales imbricate; gular region with an
even blue wash, an only barely flecked it at all; abdominal blue of males evenly
13. Enlarged dorsals strongly keeled; scales of primary and secondary series almost
Enlarged dorsals not so rugose, sea les of primary series prominently larger than
14. Tail two or more times length of head and body combined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . graciosus
142 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
15. Enlarged dorsals extending onto basal portion of tail for a distance equal to length
Enlarged dorsals extending onto basal portion of tail for a distance equal to less
than length of femur; entire gular region including sublabials never completely
blue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
16. Enlarged dorsals often irregularly arranged; lateral tubercles not affecting diagonal
17. Scales of primary series not twice as large as those of the secondary series;
largest of the dorsals inferior in size to enlarged femorals and tibials; ventral
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ornatus schmidti
largest of dorsals equal to, or larger than, enlarged femoral and tibial scales;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ornatus ornatus
18. Largest of dorsals equal to, or larger than enlarged femoral; vertebral extending
onto basal portion of tail for a distance equal to half, or slightly more, of length
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 143
of femur; entire gular region in males, except sublabials, an intense blue; head
onto rump, or but slightly farther; no uniform intense blue color present in male
19. Enlarged dorsals separated into 2 parallel series by width of vertebral series,
frontonasals usually 3 each; general coloration pallid. light tan above, whitish
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ornatus symmetricus
Enlarged dorsals separated by vertebral series whose with is less than that of
frontonasals 5; general color variable, but usually dark brown or gray with dark
patches in males dark blue 10 indigo; average head length/head width ratio 70.6
NOTAS: Recientemente Wiens (1993. Phylogenetic systematics of the tree lizards (genus Urosaurus). Herpetologica 49(4):
FUENTE: Ballinger, R. E. and D. W. Tinkle. 1972. Systematics and evolution of the genus Uta (Sauria: Iguanidae). Misc.
Publs. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan (145): 1-83.
Se reproduce con permiso del autor.
NOTAS: Se han descrito nuevas especies (Grismer, L. L. 1994. Three new species of intertidal side-blotched lizards (genus
Uta) from the Gulf of California, Mxico. Herpetologica 50(4): 451-474) en este gnero, no contempladas en ninguna clave.
146 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Lieb, C. S. 1995. Preliminary key to the anole lizards of Mexico. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza Q. y G. Gonzlez
P. (comps.). Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de anfibios y reptiles de Mxico. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM.
Elaborada por el autor para esta recopilacin.
Consequently, this key will work best (only?) when one has in
will note that not all the species considered part of the Mexican
from the key are nominal taxa that have yet not been studied
here may not be considered valid in the future, and there are
the I have included couplets for two subspecies for which there
Chiapas]....................................... compressicaudus
3b. Throat fan orange with dark spots; ear opening usually less
.................................................. tropidonotus
variable..................................................... 5
.................................................. cristatellus
7b. Hind limbs short; not; from Cozumel Island; throat fan of
males reddish............................................... 22
9a. Anoles from the valley of the Rio Bravo del Norte in
Veracruz, or Hidalgo........................................ 11
diverse habitats............................................ 18
exceeds 45mm................................................ 13
18a. Lower leg very long, greatly exceeding distance from tip of
distance, or shorter........................................ 19
Isthmus of Tehuantepec...................................... 21
20b. Anoles from west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, but not from
21a. Lower leg much shorter than distance from tip of snout to
................................................... rodriguezii
24a. Hind leg short, not reaching to ear opening when adpressed;
Guerrero................................................ gadovi
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 153
Guerrero]............................................ liogaster
28a. More than two rows of enlarged dorsal scale rows present.... 29
somewhat enlarged........................................... 33
29a. Enlarged dorsal scale rows grade into granular laterals over
...................................................... sericeus
154 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
31a. Enlarged dorsal scale rows 8-14; anterior head scales and
red-purple.................................................. 32
34a. Anoles from rocky slopes and foothills on south side of the
Puebla].............................................. guercorum
35b. Not fitting the above in throat fan color, maximum size
............................................................ 37
................................................ microlepidotus
...................................................... schmidti
............................................................ 42
42a. Ventral scales between axilla and groin less than 60; dorsum
both versants).............................................. 44
45b. Dorsal body scales about same size or larger than ventrals
..................................................... crassulus
158 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Nieto-Montes de Oca, A. 1995. Key to the species of the Anolis schiedi group, north and west of the Isthmus of
Tehuantepec. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza Q. y G. Gonzlez P. (comps.). Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de
anfibios y reptiles de Mxico. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM.
2A Nasal and postrostral scales fused or distinct; paravertebral scales not distinctly
larger than scales in adjacent rows; middorsals 66--100 between levels of axilla
and groin; black U-shaped mark bordering parietal region posteriorly and
series of four or five small, dark, oval or irregular middorsal markings
usually present in males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3B Middorsal scales 66--89 between levels of axilla and groin; some to most
preantebrachials and supra-antebraehials usually multicarinate; dorsal
head scales usually slightly to moderately bulging in large specimens,
especially males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. schiedii
4A Maximum SVL in males and females = 54.4 and 49.5 mm, respectively;
4--7 gorgetal-sternal rows; scales along middepth gorgetal-sternal rows
20--30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. milleri
4B Maximum SVL in males and females = 41.0 and 46.1 mm, respective/y;
6--8 gorgetal-sternal rows; scales along middepth gorgetal-sternal rows
17--21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. cymbops
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 159
FUENTE: Nieto-Montes de Oca, A. 1995. Key to the species of the Anolis schiedi group, south and east of the Isthmus of
Tehuantepec. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza Q. y G. Gonzalez P. (cornps.). Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de
anfibios y reptiles de Mxico. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM.
2A Dewlap well developed in both sexes; yellow-orange with a royal blue central spot
in males; maximum SVL = 69.6 mm; no middorsal scale row on tail
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. johnmeyeri
2B Dewlap small in females; dewlap uniform purple or rose with purplish spot;
maximum SVL s 60.0 mm; middorsal scale row on tail . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3A Horizontal loreal rows 6--7; middorsal scales 43--54 between levels of axilla and
groin; dorsal ridge absent or not prominent; dewlap rose with purplish spot
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. pijolense
3B Horizontal loreal rows 7--9; middorsal scales 52--2 between levels of axilla and
groin; dorsal ridge prominent, at least in males; dewlap uniform purple
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. purpugularis
5A Lorilabial row usually incomplete; three or four faint, pale, oblique lines usually
on flank, especially in males (one 011 region dorsal to arm and two or three
between levels of axilla and groin); nasal and postrostral scales usually fused;
shank length usually DSME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. cobanensis
160 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
5B Lorilabial row usually complete; faint, pale oblique lines on flanks absent; nasal
and postrostral scales distinct, or shank length usually smaller than DSME . . . 6
7A Ventral scales usually weakly to moderately keeled on belly and chest; extensive,
black, diffuse coloration on flanks common in males . . . . . . . . . A. cuprinus
7B Ventral scales smooth or only faintly keeled; black flank coloration in males
absent
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. matudai
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 161
FUENTE: Lieb, C. S. 1995. Key to Eumeces in Mexico. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza Q. y G. Gonzlez P. (cornps.).
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de anfibios y reptiles de Mxico. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM.
2a. Top of head and neck dark with broad dorsolateral light
stripes; snout-vent length maximum in excess of 100 mm;
Yucatan Peninsula ...................... schwartzei
2b. Top of head mottled, neck light with narrow dark lines;
snout-vent maximum less than 75mm; known only from valley of
the Ro Tepalcatepec, Michoacn ................ altamirani
species key, p. 2
11a. Dark lateral stripe extends onto tail for at least half of
its length tail blue in juveniles ..... skiltonianus
species key, p. 3
13b. Dorsolateral light line on scale rows two and three on neck,
or on rows two, three and four ......................... 14
species key, p. 4
1
The distribution of Eumeces multivirgatus in Mxico is poorly
understood
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 165
FUENTE: Dixon, J. R. 1969. Taxonomic review of the mexican skinks of the Eumeces brevirostris group. Contr. Sci. Los
Angeles Co. Mus. 168: 1-30.
FUENTE: Lieb, C. S. 1985. Systematics and distribution of the skinks allied to Eumeces tetragrammus (Sauria: Scincidae).
Contr. Ser. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co. 357: 1-19.
FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and E. H. Taylor. 1950. An annotated check list and key to the reptiles of Mexico exclusive of the
snakes. Bull. U. S. Natn. Mus. 199: 1-253.
scales KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... 2
side KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... 6
contact with parietal; the 26-28 scale rows around middle of body; limbs short,
Two pairs of nuchals, or fewer; upper tertiary temporal separated from parietal by
Limbs, when adpressed separated from each other by 1 or more scale lengths;
5. Usually nuchals of the two sides 1-2 or more (89 percent); lateral light line along
Usually nuchals of the two sides 1-1 or less (88 percent); lateral light line along
head and neck fairly well defined; axilla-groin/snout-vent percentage 56; 54 mm,
dark bars visible lateral or by transverse series of light spots; legs longer,
Tail pink or reddish, with no traces of a cross-banded pattern, but instead with a
longitudinal dark line on each side at least at base; legs shorter never
dark bars visible laterally or by transverse series of light spots; legs longer,
Tail pink or reddish, with no traces of a cross-banded pattern, but instead with a
longitudinal dark line on each side at least at base; legs shorter, never
NOTAS: Las especies assatum y cherrei fueron transferidas al gnero Sphenomorphus (ver Flores-Villela, O. 1993.
Herpetofauna Mexicana. Spec, Publs. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. (17): 1-73.
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 173
FUENTE: Echternacht , A. C. 1971. Middle American lizards of the genus Ameiva (Teiidae) with emphasis on geographic
variation. Misc. Publ. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat Hist. 55: 1-86.
Fuente: Smith, H. M. and E. H. Taylor. 1950. An annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of Mcxico exclusive of the
snakes. Bull. U. S. Natn. Mus. 199: 1-253.
3. Lateral stripes more or less broken; at least a few spots or cross bars present;
Lateral stripes distinct and in even, continuous lines; spot and cross bars absent;
5. Usually 3 light lines along middle of back; second supraocular usually without
Usually 2 light lines; second supraocular usually at least in part separated from
6. Dorsal stripe not of same intensity and width as lateral stripes but fainter and
7. More than half of second supraocular usually in contact with frontal KKKKK...
Half or less than half of second supraocular usually in contact with frontal KKK
8. Ground color of sides (between the 2 distinct lateral stripes) reddish gray; dorsal
ground color gray or black, abruptly contrasted with lateral ground color KK..
Ground color of sides not usually reddish gray, but often reddish or brownish;
dorsal ground color of same general shade as that of the sides and not in
11. Adults and subadults spotted, the spots often dim KKKKK.. guttatus guttatus
Adults and subadults (as well as young) striped, the strip es sometimes broken
12. An accessory scute between frontoparietal and parietal KK.. deppii cozumelus
14. Lower preocular generally (79 percent) in contact with loreal; a broad middorsal
Lower preocular generally (73 percent) not in contact with loreal; narrow light
15. Enlarged scales immediately preceding gular fold (mesoptychials) small (not
more than 3 times diameter of smallest scales in median part of pregular fold);
adults; no dark spots on throat below level of ear openings; or, if less than 3
times diameter of smallest seales in median part of pregular fold, 7 light lines
disconnected KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.. 28
18. No spotting in area above level of tympanum and anterior to insertion of forearm,
spots relatively well defined, very small, not yellowish KKKKKK. bacatus
19. Ventral surfaces of tail and limbs more or less suffused with red or pink KK. 20
Not so KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... 21
178 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
20. Black markings on temporal regions absent or few or ill-defined; dorsal and
Black markings on temporal region well defined; dorsal and lateral markings on
alternate longitudinal chains of black and white, individual snots in black chain
21. Dorsal markings consisting of either fine reticulations or light spots, and these
23. Dorsal light lines only 3 on each side (exclusive only of a pair of lateral lines),
Dorsal pattern of fewer than 6 unbroken light stripes; at least lower lateral stripe
25. Dark fields between dorsal ligth stripes unspotted and unbroken throughout life;
At least some of dark fields broken into rows of spots; ventrum not enterely black
in adults KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... 26
26. Middorsal dark field or row of spots distinctly wider than paravertebral light
stripes; throat white, spotted or barred with black KKK... tigris multiscutatus
paravertebral ligth stripes; throat and chest black; belly spotted .......................
27. Four longitudinal light stripes persisting unbroken in middorsum of adults, the
dark fields between represented by rows of black spots, sides with bold
Six longitudinal light stripes persisting unbroken in adults, or, if any broken,
dorsal pattern generally light and without any bold markings KKKKKKK...
28. Anterior nasal in contact with second upper labial; femoral pores never more than
14 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK. 42
Anterior nasal usually separated from second upper labial; if in contact, femoral
29. Enlarged scales preceding gular fold relatively small, frequently grading into
Enlarged scales preceding gular fold relatively large, abruptly differentiated from
30. Postantebrachials enlarged; ventral surfaces light bluish in adults; juvenile striped
31. In addition to a dorsolateral light stripe on tail, a lateral light stripe present,
bordered below by a black line (near base of tail) continuing onto otherwise
unicolor posterior surface of thigh; no light spot in dark field between stripes in
adults; postantebrachials not enlarged in either sex; neither sex dark blue or
No lateral light stripe on tail, at least not distinguishable from ventral tail color;
indicates at insertion of leg; light spots often present in dark fields between
females; males frequently dark blue on belly or chest, or else cream, not at all
bluish KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... 32
32. Only 5 light lines, including a vertebral, 2 dorsolateral and 2 lateral lines through
the ear; ventral surfaces cream even in males, never blue; light lines very
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.
broad, more than half width of intervening dark spaces in adults; no marking
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 181
between light lines, except series of small spots in dark spaces in juveniles
Not so KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... 33
33. Space between paravertebral light stripes (i. e., those originating even with
parietal scales, not with median interparietal narrower or at least no wider than
space between dorsolateral and upper lateral light stripes; if stripes not visible,
Space between paravertebral light stripes wider; if stripes not visible, they are
35. Dark interspaces or rows of dark spots continuing to area above hind legs KK...
Dark interspaces or rows of spots disappearing anterior to area above hind legs
37. Hind legs mottled in adults, but not with small light spots; dorsal pattern cross-
Hind legs with small light spots in adults; dorsal pattern not cross-barred K... 38
182 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
38. Stripes absent in adult, replaced by numerous, scattered light dots especially
39. Collar black in adults; stripes obsolete except for lateral stripes; keels on caudal
Collar light; stripes not obsolete; keels on caudal scales strongly oblique K... 40
40. Ventral surfaces of tail and lirnbs pink KKKKKKKKKK sackii angusticeps
41. Stripes becoming rows of light spots in adults KKKKKKK. sackii communis
NOTAS: Existen numerosos problemas sistemticos en este gnero y varios intentos en clarificar la posicin de muchas especies
han sido realizados, a partir sobretodo del descubrimiento de especies partenogenticas. Algunos autores han propuesto varios
grupos, pero an no se ha confirmado la composicin de cada uno de ellos y sus relaciones, para una mejor revisin y
conocimiento del nmero de especies reconocidas a la fecha consultar: Wright , J. W. 1993. Evolution of the lizards of the genus
Cnemidophorus . Pp. 27-81 In J. W. Wright and L. J. Vitt (eds.), Biology of whiptail lizards. Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist. and
Univ. Oklahoma, Herps League Spec. Publ. 3: 1-417.
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 183
FUENTE: Duellman, W. E. and J. Wellman. 1960. A systematic study of the lizards of the deppei group (Genus
Cnemidophorus) in Mexico and Guatemala. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, 111: 1-81.
1. Dorsum brown; only a lateral light stripe present; more than 180 dorsal granules ...
(Veracruz) . guttatus guttatus
Dorsum black; seven to eleven longtudinal light stripes; dorsal granules variable ... 2
2. Dorsal stripes narrow and wavy; more than 20 granules between paravertebral ..
stripe; 100 to 120 dorsal granules (Yucatn Peninsula) .. deppei cozumelus
Dorsal stripes not wavy; usually less than 20 granules between paravertebral stripes; ..
dorsal granules variable . 3
3. Seven stripes (8 if vertebral is bifurcate); no upper dorsolateral stripe; more than
140 dorsal granules 4
Eight or more stripes; if 8, vertebrals absent; upper dorsolateral stripe present; dorsal
granules variable 5
4. Seven stripes, of which vertebral is often bifurcate; 153 to 198 (177) dorsal gran- ...
ules (Pacific Coast of Guerrero and Oaxaca) .. guttatus immutabilis
Seven stripes, of which vertebral is sometimes bifurcate; 142 to 184 (159) dorsal
granules (Pacific Coast and Cintalapa Valley, Chiapas) ... guttatus flavilineatus
5. Eight or nine stripes (sometirnes vertebral, if present, is bifurcate to form ten stripes
at midbody; 120 dorsal granules or less and fewer than 16 granules between the
enlarged ventrals and lower edge of lateral stripe (except in Chiapas and Guate- .
mala) .. 9
Usually ten (sometirnes 9 or 11) stripes; more than 108 dorsal granules; more than
15 granules between ventrals and lower edge of lateral stripe (Michoacan to ...
Nayarit) .. 6
6. Ten or 11 stripes; 125 to 164 dorsal granules (coast of Michoacn, Jalisco, and
Nayarit) .. 7
Nine or 10 stripes; 110 to 140 dorsal granules (Colima and Tepalcatepec Valley ....
in Michoacn) 8
7. Ten stripes; 126 to 164 (118) dorsal granules; 32 to 48 (38) fernoral pores; supra- ..
orbital semicircle series not complete (coast of Michoacn) .. lineatissimus lividus
Ten or 11 stripes (somtirnes extra stripe between vertebrals); 125 to 142, (133) ...
dorsal granules; 28 to 37 (33) femoral pores; supraorbital semicircle series usually
complete (Jalisco and Nayarit) . lineatissimus duodecemlineatus
8. Usually 10 stripes; 29 to 39 (33) femoral pores (Colima) lineatissimus lineatissimus
Usually 9 stripes; 32 to 47 (39) femoral pores (Tepalcatepec Valley in Michoacn) ...
... lineatissimus exoristus
9. Usually 8 stripes, of which the lateral is noticeably wider than others; 88 to 120 ...
(99) dorsal granules (Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin) deppei infernalis
Usually 9 (sometimes 8 or 10) stripes, of which the lateral is not m uch wider than
others; 90 to 142 (111) dorsal granules (Guerrero and Veracruz to Costa Rica) ...
. deppei deppei
184 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
1. One pair of dorsolateral stripes (or rows of distinct or faint spots); more than
140 dorsal granules; snout-vent length to more than 100 mm ...... 2
Two pairs of dorsolateral stripes; less than 165 dorsal granules; snout-vent length
usually less than 100 mm ....... 4
2. Vertebral stripe usually single, broad, and yellow; other stripes persistent; lateral ...
and paravertebral fields darker than dorsolateral field and flank; 142 to 184 (159) ...
dorsal granules (Pacific Coast and Cintalapa Valley, Chiapas) . guttatus flavilineatus
Vertebral stripe usually paired; some or all of stripes replaced by rows of spots; only ....
lateral field darker than others ... 3
3. All stripes (lateral sometimes is exception) represented by spots; 184 to 208 (199) ...
dorsal granules; supraorbiral semicircle series usually complete (Veracruz) .
guttatus guttatus
Spots formed in all stripes, but most stripes not fragmented into rows of spots;...
153 to 198 (177) dorsal granules; supraorbital semicircle series seldom complete...
(Pacific Coast of Guerrero and Oaxaca) . guttatus immutabilis
4. Spots present in lateral stripe, or lateral stripe fragmented into spots; vertical bars...
present or not on flanks . 6
Spots not present in lateral stripe; no vertical bars on flanks .... 5
5. Stripes narrow and wavy; lateral stripe not much wider than others; paravertebrals...
sometirnes indistinct or absent, not fused to form middorsal greenish stripe (Yucatn...
Peninsula) deppei cozumelus
Stripes not wavy; lateral stripe distinctly wider than dorsolaterals; paravertebrals...
fused with vertebral to form middorsal greenish stripe (Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin)...
deppei infernalis
6. Lateral stripe usually fragmented into row of spots; no distinct vertical bars on...
flanks; less than 120 dorsal granules (except in Chiapas and Guatemala); para-...
vertebrals distinct or fused with vertebrals (Guerrero and Veracruz to Costa...
Rica) .. deppei deppei
Lateral stripe fragmented or not; distinct vertical bar, on flanks, sometimes reaching...
lower dorsolateral stripe; a yellow middorsal stripe .. 7
7. Paravertebral stripes fused to form middorsal stripe; lateral stripe usually not...
fragmented; 108 to 140 (122) dorsal granules (Tepalcatepec Valley in Michoacan)...
... lineatissimus exoristus
Paravertebral stripes separated from middorsal stripe or absent; lateral stripe frag-...
mented or not . 8
8. Flanks and lateral field dark brown or black; upper dorsolateral and paravertebral...
stripes sometimes indistinct; 125 to 164 (140) dorsal granules . 9
Flanks and lateral field not distinctly darker than other fields; 110 to 133 (120) dorsal...
granules (Colima) . lineatissimus lineatissimus
9. Dorsolateral and paravertebral stripes narrow, but distinct; vertebral stripes fused and...
bordered by black or dark brown; 126 to 164 (148) dorsal granules; 32 to 48 (38)...
femoral pores; supraorbital semicircle series not complete (coast of Michoacan)...
... lineatissimus lividus
Dorsolateral and paravertebral stripes indistinct or absent; middorsal stripe some-...
times faint, not bordered by black; 125 to 142 (133) dorsal granules; 28 to 38 (33)...
femoral pores; supraorbital semicircle series usually complete (Jalisco and Nayarit)...
lineatissimus duodecemlineatus
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 185
FUENTE: Peters, J. A. and R. Donoso-Barros. 1986. Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata. Part II. Lizards and
Amphisbaenians. Smithsonian lnstitution Press. 1-293 p.
2. Frontonasal entero------------------------------3
Frontonasal dividido---------------------motaguae
4. Supraoculares tres------------------------------9
Supraoculares cuatro-----------------anagusticeps
FUENTE: Bezy , R. L. and J. L. Camarillo. 1995. Key to the species of the xantusiidae in Mexico. En O. Flores V., F.
Mendoza Q. y G. Gonzlez P. (comps.). Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de anfibios y reptiles de Mxico.
Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM.
tubercular scales............................................5
pores.............................................L. dontomasi
blotches.......................................L. pajapanensis
scales.......................................L. flavimaculatum
FUENTE: KING. W. F. and F. G. THOMPSON. 1968. A review of American lizards of the genus Xenosaurus Peters. Bull.
Florida St. Mus. Biol. Sci. 12(22): 93-123.
Se reproduce con permiso del ler autor; modificacin y actualizacin por Edmundo Prez Ramos y Luca Saldaa de la Riva.
AA.(1) Sin canto temporal. (2) Las hileras paravertebrales de tubrculos grandes no
B.(5) Cabeza ampliamente triangular, 0.79-0.96 veces tan ancha como larga K.. C
BB.(5) Cabeza escasamente triangular, 0.73-0.83 veces tan ancha como larga K. E
C.(6) La cola 0.86-1.10 veces la longitud del cuerpo. (7) Patrn de tubrculos
del pliegue lateral. (8) Escamas del pecho arregladas en series reticulares de
hileras cortas de escamas o arregladas sin ningn orden. (4) El vientre claro
(9) Patrn dorsal con bandas claras transversales sobre el fondo del cuerpo
(14) Los tubrculos grandes sobre la superficie dorsal del brazo, separados
uno del otro por 1-2 hileras de grnulos diminutos. (15) Vrtebras
presacrales de 28-30. La cola 0.99 veces la longitud del cuerpo. (7) Patrn
pliegue lateral. (5) Cabeza triangular 0.81 veces tan ancha como larga. (8) El
que estn en las reas claras. (10) Marca nucal transversal y restringida a la
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((.
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 191
comunmente presentes, unidas por una lnea vertebral clara, sobre la parte
CC.(6) La cola de 0.79-0.97 veces la longitud del cuerpo. (7) Tubrculos laterales
D. (9) Coloracin del fondo dorsal muy obscuro, las bandas transversals claras
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK... X. g. arboreus
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..
192 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
grandes sobre la superficie dorsal del brazo, separados uno del otro por 1-2
DD.(9) Coloracin del fondo dorsal variable, desde un caf intermedio hasta un caf
sobre la superficie dorsal del brazo, separados cada uno por 1-2 hileras de
E.(9) Patrn dorsal con bandas transversales claras sobre el cuerpo, frecuentemente
cuerpo. (7) Tubrculos laterales generalmente sin un arreglo bien definido. (8)
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK.
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 193
generalmente no estn divididas por una lnea ventral media. (10) Marca
grandes sobre la superficie dorsal del brazo, separados cacia uno por una
EE.(9) Patrn dorsal con bandas transversales claras sobre el cuerpo siempre ms
claras que la coloracin del fondo dorsal. Las bandas obscuras irregulares se
(4) Vientre con barras obscuras sobre un fondo claro. En juveniles las marcas
obscuras se extienden desde las partes laterals del cuerpo como barras
reducen o son menos definidas. (6) La cola de 0.88-1.03 veces la longitud del
generalmente sin dividirse por una lnea medioventral. (10) Marca nucal obscura
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK..
194 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
grandes sobre la superficie dorsal del brazo, separados cada uno por 1-2
F.(5) Cabeza escasamente triangular, de 0.75-0.83 veces tan ancha como larga;
(12) Tmpano liso, sin escamas pequeas. (13) Un pliegue lateral tnue,
anterior o a la parte media del cuerpo. (6) Cola de 0.93-1.09 veces la longitud
las hileras de escamas ventrales. (8) Escamas del pecho tendiendo a estar
hilera lnea medioventral. (9) Patrn dorsal con bandas transversals claras
grandes sobre la superficie dorsal del brazo en contacto cada uno, no separados
FF.(5) Cabeza ampliamente triangular, de 0.86-0.97 veces tan ancha como larga;
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 195
(12) Tmpano cubierto por una membrana con escamas pequeas. (13) Un
replegar. (6) Cola de 0.92-1.13 veces la longitud del cuerpo. (7) Tubrculos
con las hileras de escamas ventrales. (8) Escamas del pecho acomodadas en
por los tubrculos esmaltados de blanco. (10) Marca nucal obscura en forma
dorsal del brazo, separados cada uno por 1-2 hileras de grnulos diminutos.
5 sep 1994
NOTAS: Se ha descrito recientemente una especie que no se incluye en esta clave Xenosaurus rectocollaris (Smith, H. M.
and J. B. Iverson. 1993. A new species of knobscale lizard (Reptilia: Xenosauridae) from Mxico. Bull. Maryland Herpetol.
Soc. 29(2): 51-66.
196 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Rossrnan D. A. and Van Wallach. 1987. Adelophis Duges. Mountain Meadow Snakes. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept.
408.1-408.2.
Se reproduce con permiso del editor del Catalogue American Arnphibians and Reptiles.
FUENTE: Campbell, J. A. and L. S. Ford. 1982. Phylogenetic relationships of the colubrid snakes of the genus Adelphicos in
the highlands of Middle America. Occ. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas 100: 1-22.
1b. Third infralabial not so reduced; chin shields not expanded ...
toward lip 2
FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas-Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squamata. Part 1. Snakes. U. S. Natn. Mus. Bull.
297: 1-346.
1. Escamas dorsales en 19 filas al medio del 4. Subcaudales 53-62 en machos, 42-54 en hembras,
cuerpo---------------------------------------2 todas pares; dorso oliva oscuro; vientre in-
Escamas dorsales en 17 filas al medio del maculado o con pigmento oscuro dispuesto en
cuerpo---------------------------------------5 diseos transversales; usualmente juveniles
2. Usualmente siete supralabiales (raramente ocho) sin collar occipital claro distinto; cuando
ocho infralabiales; con ocho supralabiales y est presente la banda oscura mediodorsal es
ocho o nueve infralabiales, las subcaudales de menos de cinco escamas de ancho-----rustica
son menos de 60 en machos y 54 en hembras; Subcaudales en machos 59-79, en hembras 51-69,
usualmente trece o menos dientes maxilares sin frecuentemente algunas de las basales no divi-
canal; loreal rectangular y ms pequea que la didas; dorso pardo oscuro o negro; vientre
preocular------------------------------------3 irregularmente tiznado de oscuro en juveniles,
Ocho supralabiales, usualmente nueve infra- frecuentemente negro casi uniforme en adultos;
labiales; normalmente 15-17 dientes maxilares juveniles con collar claro occipital siempre
sin canal; loreal alargada, aproximadamente de presente y banda mediodorsal oscura de ms de
igual tamao que la preocular----------bicolor cinco filas de ancho-------------occipitolutea
3. Subcaudales menos de 80 en machos, 70 en hem- 5. Subcaudales en machos 78-92, en hembras 70-81;
bras; si estos nmeros se sobremontan, vientre ventrales en machos 202-212, en hembras 216-
prominentemente tiznado (en juveniles) o todo 228; hoyuelos apicales pares; dientes maxi-
oscuro; juveniles con una banda oscura medio- lares sin canal 13-14; fila mediodorsal y
dorsal continuo con la mancha nucal o casi placas de la cabeza normales---------scitalina
uniforme incluyendo diseo de la cabeza------4 Subcaudales 60-82 en machos, en hembras 56-78;
Ms de 75 subcaudales en machos, 64 en hembras; ventrales 208 en machos, en hembras 202-
vientre inmaculado excepto por la pigmentacin 223, frecuentemente sin hoyuelos apicales,
dorsal que invade los lados de las placas aunque usualmente hay numerosos hoyuelos
ventrales; juveniles con rojo coral, parte su- diminutos situados en el centro de la escama;
perior de la cabeza y nuca con manchas oscuras dientes maxilares sin canal 11-13; fila medio-
separadas por collar crema--------------clelia dorsal frecuentemente ensanchada; tambin es
comn reduccin de 17 filas dorsales poster-
ior y anterior; placas ceflicas frecuente-
mente reducidas por ausencia de loreal, menos
de 1+2 oculares o 2+3 temporales---equatoriana
FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas-Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squarnata. Part 1. Snakes. U. S. Natn. Mus.
Bull. 297: 1-346.
Clave de subespecies
FUENTE: Goyenechea, I. 1995. Revisin taxonmica de Conopsis Gnther y Toluca Kennicott (Serpentes: Colubridae). Tsis
Maestra en Ciencias (Biologa Animal). UNAM, Mxico. 74 p.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conopsis biserialis
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conopsis lineatus
NOTAS: Goyenechea (1995 y en prep.) concluye que Toluca es sinnimo de Conopsis, por lo que las especies se renombran,
ubicandose todas dentro del gnero vlido.
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 201
FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas-Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squamata. Part 1. Snakes. U. S. Natn. Mus. Bull.
297: 1-346.
Diseo dorsal negro con bandas transversas irregulares grises, difusa o distinta
Diseo dorsal en pardo oscuro ms intenso en el tercio posterior del cuerpo y toda
la cola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . melanurus
202 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas-Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squamata, Part 1. Snakes. U. S. Natn. Mus. Bull.
297: 1-346.
Clave de subespecies
1. Borde anterior de escamas dorsales medianas
azul en adultos, claro en especmenes
marchitados, gris en juveniles; bien di-
ferenciado de pices negros de escama----2
Diseo dorsal no como el anterior----------
------------------------------occidentalis
2. Adultos reteniendo el patrn juvenil de
unas 35-45 manchas o bandas dorsales que
se extienden hasta el origen de las
ventrales; color de fondo verde-tur-
quesa en vida (gris opaco o azulado en
lquido preservativo), dorsales color
verde-turquesa con grados variables de
pigmentacin negra o gris oscura; pice de
las dorsales siempre negro----------maydis
No como el anterior----------margaritiferus
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 203
FUENTE: Hardy, L. M. 1990. Ficimia Gray. Southern Hook-nose snakes. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 471.1-471.5.
Se reproduce con permiso del editor del Catalogue American Amphibians and Reptiles.
NOTAS: Ficimia hardyi fue descrita para el estado de Hidalgo y no se incluye en la clave (Mendoza Q. F. and H. M. Smith.
1993. A new species of the hooknose snake, Ficimia (Reptilia, Serpentes). Jour. Herpetol. 27(4): 406-410.
204 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Downs, F. L. 1967. Intrageneric relationships among colubrid snakes of the genus Geophis Wagler. Misc. Publs.
Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan 131: 1-193.
18 (17). Internasals distinct; dorsal scales smooth; lip exposure of fifth supralabial
nearly twice that of fourth .. G. immaculutus (p. 90)
18. Internasals often fused with prefrontals; dorsal scales usually keeled above
vent region; lip exposure of fifth supralabial only slighty greater than
that of fourth ...... G. dubius (p. 84)
19 (8). Supraocular distinct; color of rostral and prenasal similar to adjacent scales 20
19. Supraocular absent; parietal enters orbit; rostral and prenasal whitish, con-
trasting with adjacent head scales . G. godmani (p. 72)
20 (19). Five suprlabials, venter mostly light 21
20. Six supralabials venter light or not ...... 22
21 (20). Two supralabials behind eye; dorsum light with dark saddles ..
.............. G. semidoliatus (p. 133)
21. One supralabial behind eye; dorsum uniformly dark (light collar in young)
.... G. hoffmanni (p. 155)
22 (20). Internasals fused with prefrontals; dark dorsal saddles separated by narrow
light interspaces; venter light and immaculate . G. cancellatus (p. 129)
22. Internasals distinct; coloration not as above ... 23
23 (22). Sum of ventrals and caudals less than 225; body without complete dark and
light rings . 24
23. Sum of ventrals and caudals more than 225; body with alternating dark
and light rings . G. aquilonaris (p. 52)
24 (23). Combination of black dorsum with narrow light crossbars and black venter
with few light blotches .. G. laticinctus (p. 131)
24. Combination of dorsal and ventral coloration not as above .. 25
25 (24). Head distinct from neck; eye contained twice in snout length; supraocular
as long or longer than loreal .. 26
25. Head not or scarcely distinct from neck; eye contained twice or more in
snout; supraocular distinctly shorter than loreal . 28
26 (25). Venter whitish, spotted with black; dorsum with dark crossbands or irregu-
lar markings .. 27
26. Venter immaculate whitish; dorsum blackish, with 0-7 narrow white cross-
bands on anterior third of body . G. dugesi (p. 59)
27 (26). Irregular blackish markings on neck, disappearing on posterior part of body
... G. tarascae (p. 65)
27. Numerous narrow dark crossbands throughout length of body and tail
.. G. nigrocinctus (p. 63)
28 (25). Dorsal scales smooth, or faintly keeled above the vent region . 29
28. Dorsal scales keeled on at least the posterior half of body 31
29 (28). Sum of ventrals and caudals more than 170; dorsal scales keeled above the
vent region; snout bluntly rounded from above .. 30
29. Sum of ventrals and caudals less than 170; dorsal scales smoth throughout
length; snout acuminose from above . G. championi (p. 70)
30 (29). Venter predominantly blackish; rostral length less than one-third its distance
from frontal G. zeledoni (p. 174)
30. Venter whitish; rostral length more than half its distance from frontal
. G. petersi (p. 164)
31 (28). Loreal longer than combined nasals; greatest internasal length less than half
as long as prefrontal suture; frontal a third longer than parietal suture 32
31. Loreal shorter than combined nasals; greatest internasal length as long as
prefrontal suture; frontal twice as long as parietal suture .
. G. ruthveni (p. 75)
32 (31). Prefrontal suture more than three-fourths as long as parietal suture; dorsum
grayish brown; scales of first row with light centers; venter whitish ..
.. G. sallaei (p. 168)
32. Prefrontal suture less than three-fourths as long as parietal suture; dorsum
unicolor, blotched, or whit lateral stripe; scales of first row dark; dark
pigment usually present along anterior edges of at least some ventrals ..
G. brachycephalus (p. 146)
206 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Hardy, L. M. 1976. Gyalopion Cope. Hook-nosed snakes. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 182.1-182.4.
Se reproduce con pemiso del editor del Catalogue American Amphibians and Reptiles
FUENTE: Platt, D. R. 1983. Heterodon Latreille. Hognose Snakes. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 315.1-315.2.
Se reproduce con permiso del editor del Catalogue American Amphibians and Reptiles.
FUENTE: Blaney, R. M. 1973. Lampropeltis, Fitzinger Kingsnakes. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 150.1-150.2
Se reproduce con permiso del editor del Catalogue American Amphibians and Reptiles.
FUENTE: Duellman, W. E. 1958. A monographic study of the colubrid snake genus Leptodeira. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
114(1): 1-15:2.
FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas-Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squarnata. Part 1. Snakes, U. S. Natn. Mus.
Bull. 297: 1-346.
FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas-Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squarnata, Part 1. Snakes. U.S. Natn. Mus. Bull.
297:1-346.
1. Loreal presente--------------------------------2
Loreal ausente---------------------------------3
FUENTE: Henderson, R. W. 1976. A new insular species of the colubrid snake Leptophis mexicanus (Reptilia, Serpentes,
Colubridae) from Belize. Jour. Herpetol. 10(4): 329-331.
1. Lateral dark stripe on entire length of body or nearly so; dorsum grey to bronze-brown ... 2
Lateral dark stripe absent from body or extending only to neck region; dorsum uniform
green or with black points on lateral anterior dorsum ......................................................... 3
2. Lateral dark stripe on posterior one-third of body usually occupying only upper edge of
scales of dorsal scale row 2 and lower edge of scales in row 3 KKKKK... m. mexicanus
Lateral dark stripe on posterior one-third of body occupying upper edge of dorsal scales of
row 2, all of scales in row 3, and lower edge of scales in row 4 KKKK... m. yucatanensis
3. Postocular stripe reaching to region of neck; black points on lateral scales of anterior
dorsum ..................................................................................................... m. septentrionalis
Postocular stripe faint and reaching only to temporal region; no black spotting on anterior
dorsum ............................................................................................................... m. hoeversi
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 217
FUENTE: Johnson, L D. 1995. Key to mexican species of Masticophis. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza Q. y G. Gonzlez P.
(cornps.). Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de anfibios y reptiles de Mxico. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM.
FUENTE: Conant, R. 1969. A review of the water snakes of the genus Natrix in Mexico. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
142(1):1-140.
.
more or less prominent, semicircular spots.
Coahuila, Nuevo Len, and Tamaulipas
. . . . . . . . . . Natrix rhombifera rhombifera
Two or three preoculars; dorsal pattern dark,
not clean-cut in some specimens; dark
markings on belly, if present, often small,
irregular, or diffused. Southern Veracruz
and Tabasco . . . . Natrix rhombifera werleri
8. Lateral blotches wide, 1 involving one and one-
half or more scales (longitudinally); usually
two supralabials entering eye; head (in
adults) brown or gray, in some cases with a
reddish tone. Coahuila, Nuevo Len, and
Tamaulipas . Natrix erythrogaster transversa
Lateral blotches narrow, involving one scale or
less; usually one supralabial entering eye . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9. General appearance of adults pale and pinkish;
lateral blotches very narrow, involving only
fractions of adjacent scales and with all dark
pigment virtually confined to skin between the
scales; head decidedly reddish or orange-
brown; usually one supralabiaI entering eye;
young more strongly patterned, with dark
gray blotches on apinkish ground color. Ro
Nazas, Durango . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . Natrix erythrogaster bogerti
General appearance of adults dark, including
head; lateral blotches one scale wide; one
supralabial entering eye; young similar to
young of bogerti, Ro Aguanaval, Zacatecas
. . . . . . . . . . . . . Natrix erythrogaster alta
220 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas-Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squamata, Part 1. Snakes, U.S. Natn. Mus. Bull.
297:1-346.
NINIA DIADEMATA
Clave de subespecies
FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas-Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squamata. Part 1. Snakes. U.S. Natn. Mus. Bull.
297: 1-346.
NINIA SEBAE
Clave de subespecies
FUENTE: Burger, W. L. and J. E. Werler. 1954. The subspecies of the ring-necked coffee snake, Ninia diademata, and a
short biological and taxonomic account of the genus. Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., 36(10):643-672.
FUENTE: Keiser, E. D. 1974. A systematic study of the neotropical vine snake Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler). Texas Memorial
Mus. Univ. Texas, 51 Pp.
*Oxybelis boulengeri Procter (1923), although synonymized by Amaral (1929), may be a rare but
valid species which is closely allied with Oxybelis argenteus. I have not seen the holotype, but
additional specimens closely matching Procter's description of the holotypes are extant. The specimens
I have examined differ from typical argenteus in at least seven distinctive features involving both
scutellation and coloration. Several of these features are not mentioned in Procter's description. I am
recognizing the species only tentatively until I have occasion to examine the holotype.
224 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas-Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squamata. Part 1. Snakes. U. S. Natn. Mus. Bull.
297: 1-346.
PLIOCERCUS ELAPOIDES
Clave de subespecies
FUENTE: Myers, C. W. 1970. The systematics of Rhadinaea (Colubridae), a genus of new world snakes. Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist. 153(1): 1-262.
..
..
narrow stripe on scale row 4 or 5 (or, if
wider, not touching row 5, or ventral
plates conspicuously tipped with dark
pigment); lower sides and ventral tips
light or dark; ventrals 110-186; decorata
group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
28(27). Middorsal brown stripe occupying median
five scale rows plus an edge or larger part
of each adjacent (sixth) row; a darker
vertebral line present (fig. 20F) . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . omiltemana
Middorsal stripe brown or black and not so
broad, occupying median three scale rows
plus part of each adjacent (seventh) row; a
darker vertebral line present or absent . . 29
29(28). Lateral and dorsal stripes brown, with con-
spicuously darker edges; lateral stripe
centered on row 4 and overlapping onto
each adjacent row (fig. 20E) . . . . fulvivittis
At least lateral stripe is black, without darker
edges; lateral stripe not centered on row 4
(except in some intraspecific hybrids) . . 30
30(29). Lateral black stripe completely covering
scale rows 4 and 5 as well as adjacent parts
of rows 3 and 6; dorsal stripe also black;
dorsolateral white stripe continuous above
eye to snout (figs. 19D, 20D) . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . taeniata aemula
Lateral black stripe narrower, occupying
parts of rows 4 and 5; dorsal stripe usually
brown and containing a darker vertebral
line; dorsolateral pale brown stripe inter-
rupted at eye (figs. 19A, 20A) . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . taeniata taeniata
31(27). Lateral dark line usually confined to middle
or lower edge of scale row 5, or, sometimes
equally shared between rows 4 and 5 . . . 32
Lateral dark line mainly on row 4, sometimes
including lower edge of row 5 . . . . . . 33
32(31). A distinct dark line down middle of vertebral
row of sca1es (fig. 11 K-M); ventrals 139-
177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hesperia
230 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
NOTAS: Las figuras al final de la clave siguen el orden en la cual aparecieron en el artculo original. Se ha descrito una nueva
especie Rhadinanea kanalchutchan para Mxico y se suprime R. hempsteadae (Mendelson, J. R. III y D. A. Kizirian. 1995.
Geographic variation in Rhadinanea hempsteadae (Serpentes: Colubridae) with the description of a new species from Chiapas ,
Mxico. Herpetologica, 51(3):301-313.
232 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 233
234 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 235
236 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 237
238 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 239
240 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 241
242 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 243
244 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 245
246 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Kofron, K. P. 1995. Key to the species of Sibon in Mexico. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza Q. y G. Gonzalez P.
(comps.). Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de anfibios y reptiles de Mxico. Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM.
4. Dentary teeth 13-17, loreal entering orbit KKKKKKK f. fischeri INCERTAE SEDIS
Two infralabials in eontaet with each other (1 pair) behind mental, no postmental K. 8
Vertebral scales about 1 1/4-1 1/3 times wider than other dorsals KKK. nebulata ssp
Ventrals about 198-200, dorsals scales without keels KKKKK.. sartorii macdougalli
10. Ventrals 172-192, venter with alternating light and dark areas, some dark bands
Ventrals 188-200, venter white or mostly white, or a few dark bands extending to the
ventral midline but none complete across venter KKKK.. fasciata guerreroensis
248 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Peters, J. and B. Orejas-Miranda. 1970. Catalogue of Neotropical Squamata. Part 1. Snakes. U. S. Natn. Mus. Bull.
297:1-346.
1. Ventrales ms de 160---------------freminvillii
Ventrales menos de 160-------------degenhardtii
Se reproduce con permiso del editor Catalogue American Amphibians and Reptiles.
NOTAS: La clave no incluye a Tantilla tayrae (Wilson, L. D. 1983. A new species of Tantilla of the taeniata group from
Chiapas, Mexico. Jour. Herpetol. 17(1): 54-59.
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 253
FUENTE: Rossman, D. A. 1995. Key to the species of garter snakes (Thamnophis) in Mexico. En O. Flores V., F. Mendoza
Q. y G. Gonzlez P. (comps.). Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de anfibios y reptiles de Mxico. Facultad de
Ciencias, UNAM.
Lateral stripe, if present, not involving 4th dorsal scales row anteriorly . . . . . . . . . 3
suture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. proximus
A maximum of 21 dorsal scale rows; vertical dark bars present on at least some
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. chrysocephalus
5. Infralabials usually 8 on at least one side; lateral stripe faint, but usually present
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. exsul
variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Lateral stripe often faint but usually present; maxillary teeth <20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Top of head unpatterned; two rows of relatively small black spots between
Top of head usually with light lines along some sutures; one or two rows of large,
11. One or two rows of large, black-edged brown spots or blotches between vertebral
12. Subcaudals < 60 in males, < 50 in females; posterior supralabials same color as
Vertebral stripes involving vertebral row and at least 1/2 width of scales in
14. Ventrals < 151 in males, < 143 in females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. postremus8 (part)
15. Large dark spots present below lateral stripe; tongue red with blak tips . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. pulchrilatus8
No large dark spots present below lateral stripe; tongue black, not red stalk . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. errans (part)
18. Posterior supralabials same color as temporals, set off fore-and-aft by black-
edged light areas; lateral stripe, if present confined to 3rd dorsal scale row
19. Vertebral stripe involving vertebral row and at least 1/2 width of scales in
Vertebral stripe confined to vertebral row or, at rnost, involving least than 1/2
22. Ventrals < 151 in males, < 143 in females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. postremus (part)
23. Posterior supralabials same color as temporals, set off fore-and-aft by black-
edged light areas; lateral stripe, if present confined to 3rd dorsal scale row
Posterior supralabials same color as other supralabial; lateral stripe not confined
25. Subcaudals > 80 in males, > 75 in females; black nuchal collar not divided
27. Posterior supralabials same color as temporals, set off for-and-aft by black-
edged light areas; lateral stripe, if present, confined to 3rd dorsal scale row
29. Lateral stripe usually present or, if absent, venter with out dark spots or bars . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. hammondii
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. nigronuchalis
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T. rufipunctatus
1
At, or behind the level of the 10th ventral scute.
2
Counting across the back at the level of the 10th ventral scute.
3
"Usually" in this key refers to at least 90% of the specimens examined.
4
Counting empty sockets as well as attached teeth.
5
Works for complete tails only.
6
Recognition of scaligcr as a distinct species is based on evidence presented by Rossman and Lara Gongora (1991, Abstracts
Ann, Meet. Soc. Study Amphibians & Reptiles and Herpetol. League, p: 93).
7
Because of intraspecific variation in one or more "key" characters, a species may key out in more than one place.
8
Recognition of postremus and pulchrilatus as distinct species based on evidence presented by Rossman (1992, Abstracts
Ann. Meet. Amer. Soc. Ichthyol. & Herpetol. and Herpetol. League, p. 160).
9
Tanner (1985, Great Basin Naturalist 45:615-676) reduced T. nigronuchalis to subspecies of T. rufipunctatus, but he found
no intergrades. Rossman (1993, Abstracts Ann. Meet. Soc. Study Amphibians & Reptiles, no pagination) presented evidence
that nigronuchalis is a valid species.
258 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Scott, N. and R. W. McDiarmid. 1984. Trimorphodon Cope. Lyre snake. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 352.1-352.4.
Se reproduce con permiso del editor del Catalogue American Amphibians and Reptiles.
FUENTE: Campbell, J. A. and W. W. Lamar. 1989. The venemous reptiles of Latin America. Ithaca, New York, Cornell
Univ. 415 pp.
45. Vertebral region with an orange caste; remainder of pattern consisting of black
and white rings Scolecophis (Fig. 526)
Vertebral region not distinct from rest of dorsum; pattern tricolored or bicolored
.46
46. Loreal absent ..venomous coral snake
Loreal present .47
47. Dorsal scale rows 17 or fewer, unreduced; apical pits absent; pattern usually of
distinct rings Erythrolamprus (Figs. 471-482)
Dorsal scale rows 17 or more, reduced; apical pits usually present; pattern often
indistinct ...Liophis3 (Fig. 499)
48. Subcaudals 40 or fewer ..venomous coral snake
Subcaudals more than 40 .Hydrops (Fig. 488)
49. Dorsal rings extending across venter ..Pliocercus (Figs. 510-517)
Dorsal bands not extending across venter ...Scaphiodontophis (Figs. 522-525)
262 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
FUENTE: Hahn, D. 1979. Leptotyphlopidae Stejneger. Slender blind snake. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 230.1-230.4.
Se reproduce con permiso del editor Catalogue American Amphibians and Reptiles.
FUENTE: Dixon, J. R. 1979. The wormsnakes (Family Typhlopidae) of the neotropics, exclusive of the antilles. Zoologische
Verhandelingen 173: 1-39.
FUENTE: Campbell, J. A. and W. W. Lamar. 1989. The venomous reptiles of Latin America. Ithaca, New York, Cornell
Univ. 425 pp.
1. No loreal pit between eye and nostril; loreal scale absent (Fig. 100); dorsal scales
smooth; fangs permanently erect (Fig. 19); Elapidae.2
A loreal pit between eye and nostril (Fig. 320); loreal scale(s) present; dorsal
scales keeled; fangs fold back (Fig. 253). Viperidae....18
2. Tail strongly flatened laterally (Fig. 110); marine habitat; usually a longitudinal
black-and-yellow pattern (Fig. 111)..Pelamis platurus
Tail round in cross section; pattern consisting of some combination of black,
yellow, or red rings or spots...3
3. Pale parietal or nuchal ring followed by a red ring (Figs. 108-109)
..Micruroides euryxanthus
Pale parietal or nuchal ring followed by a black ring....4
4. Black body rings arranged in triads (Fig. 65)....5
Black body rings not arranged in triads (Fig. 36)..6
5. Yellow or white rings on body bisected with black pigment dorsally and later-
ally, forming short "double" rings -1 scale long (Fig. 45); pale head ring
narrow and incomplete dorsally (Fig. 13); temporals 1 + 1 (Fig. 13)..
..Micrurus elegans
Center black ring of each triad set off from other black rings by relatively long
(2-3 scales) yellow rings not bisected with black; pale head ring long and
uninterrupted (Fig, 65); temporals 1 + 2 (Fig. 15)..Micrurus laticollaris
6. A bicolored dorsal pattern consisting of alternating red and black rings or spots,
or body mostly red..7
A tricolored pattern consisting of black, yellow, and red rings.9
7. Dorsum of body with 24-42 transversely elongated black blotches on red
ground color; western Hidalgo to northern Puebla (Figs. 27, 28)....................
Micrurus bernardi
Pattern not as described; from Veracruz southward or Yucatn Peninsula...6
8. Black head cap including all or most of parietals; more than 25 black body rings
or spots (Figs. 72, 73).Micrurus limbatus
Black head cap induding less than anterior half of parietals; or fewer than 10
black body rings (Figs. 36-38)...Micrurus diastema
9. Red body rings, usually interrupted dorsally with black (Figs. 46-48)...
..Micrurus ephippifer
Red body rings not interrupted dorsally with black.10
10. Fewer than 10 black body rings (Fig. 66).Micrurus lalifasciatus
More than 10 black body rings....11
11. Most red scales black tipped....12
Most red scales not black tipped..15
12. Black nape ring not involving posterior tips of parietals; pale spot on snout
involving rostral and or internasals, anterior supralabials pale or with pale
spots (Fig . 41)...Micrurus distans
Black nape ring involving posterior tips of parietals; snout (including rostral,
internasals, and anterior supralabials) entirely black....13
13. Dorsally red body rings one to one and a hall times as long as black body rings
(Fig.29)..Micrurus browni
Dorsally red body rings nearly two times or more as long as black body rings
..........................................................................................................................14
14. Yellow rings 1 dorsal scales long on anterior part of body; supra-anal keels
absent in males; coastal Oaxaca....Micrurus bogerti
Yellow rings never more than 1 dorsal scale long on anterior part of body; supra-
anal keels present in males; Pacific versant of Chiapas, barely reachng moun-
tains of extreme southeastern Oaxaca (Fig. 90)....Micrurus nigrocinctus
15. Lower part of anterior supralabials pale; usually a pale rostral internasal spot;
lower jaw mostly pale with mottling on the border of the first infralabials and
anterior chinshields; Nayarit and Jalisco (Fig. 41)....Micrurus distans
Snout entirely black, including anterior infralabials....16
16. Red rings more than twice as long as black rings; Atlantic drainage, Veracruz
southward (Figs. 36, 37).Micrurus diastema
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 265
Red rings not more than twice as long as black rings, often very nearly equal in
length....17
17. Supra-anal keels present in males; south of 18N latitude (Fig. 29).......
...Micrurus browni
Supra-anal keels absent; north of 18N latitude (Figs. 56, 57)
Micrurus fulvius
18. Tail terminating in rattle or button...19
Tail not terminating in rattle....50
19. Dorsum of head covered with 9-11 large plates (Fig. 439).....20
Dorsum of head covered with more than 11 scales.21
20. Head with distinct markings; upper preocular in contact with postnasal; sharp
canthus (Figs. 437, 438).Sistrurus catenatus
Head without distinct markings; upper preocular not in contact with postnasal;
rounded canthus (Figs. 439-443)..Sistrurus ravus
21. Supraoculars extended into distinctly raised, flat, hornlike processes (Figs. 320,
327)...Crotalus cerastes
Supraoculars not extended into hornlike processes.22
22. Subcaudals more than 30.....23
Subcaudals fewer than 30....24
23. lntersupraoculars 4 or fewer (Fig. 356)...Crotalus lanommi
lntersupraoculars 5 or more (Fig. 410)..Crotalus stejnegeri
24. Tip of snout raised into a sharp ridge; usually distinct pale facial stripes extend-
ing from about nostril to angle of mouth (Figs. 431-436, 458, 459)
...Crotalus willardi
Tip of snout not raised into a sharp ridge; no distinct pale stripes extending from
about nostril to angle of mouth.25
25. Prenasals generally separated from rostral by small scales; upper preoculars
often divided horizontally, vertically, or both (Figs. 371-379)
.Crotalus mitchelli
Prenasals in contact with rostral; upper preocular usually not divided, or divided
only vertically...26
26. Body pattern of crossbands..27
Body pattern of dorsal blotches.......29
27. Dark body crossbands 34 or fewer (Figs. 357-359, 363)..Crotalus lepidus
Dark body crossbands 35 or more...28
28. Supralabials 10 or fewer; infralabials 9 or fewer; ventrals 155 or fewer (Fig. 415)
.Crotalus transversus
Supralabials 11 or more; infralabials 11 or more; ventrals 156 or more (Figs.
411, 412)...Crotalus tigris
29. Anterior subocular contacting at least one supralabial (Fig. 452)...30
Anterior subocular separated from all supralabials (Fig. 444)....35
30. Upper preocular divided vertically, the anterior portion higher than the pos-
terior and extending over the edge of the canthus in front of the supraocular
(Figs. 357-370, 454).......Crotalus lepidus
Upper preocular usually single or, if divided, not as described...31
31. One upper loreal; midbody scale rows usually 23 or fewer.32
Two upper loreals; midbody scale rows 25 or more (Figs. 392, 393).
..Crotalus polystictus
32. No prefoveals (Figs. 352-355, 452)...Crotalus intermedius
One or more prefoveals33
33. Sixth or seventh supralabial below posterior edge of eye; midbody scale rows
usually 23......34
Fifth supralabial below posterior edge of eye; midbody scale rows usually 21
(Figs. 394-399).Crotalus pricei
34. Canthals (prefrontals) expanded to contact each other at midline (Figs. 400,
401)...Crotalus pusillus
Canthals separated from each other by at least one or two scales (Figs. 416-427,
456)...Crotalus triseriatus
266 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
35. Rattle matrix shrunken or poorly developed, no loose rattle segments (Fig. 325)
......36
Rattle matrix normal, usually one or more loose rattle segments....37
36. First infralabial not transversely divided; ventrals generally less than 186; Isla
Santa Catalina, Gulf of California (Fig. 324).Crotalus catalinensis
First infralabial transversely divided; ventrals 186 or more; Isla San Lorenzo del
Sur, Gulf of California (Figs. 405, 406)...Crotalus ruber
37. Usually more than 2 scales between the nasals in contact with rostral (Figs. 428-
430, 451)..Crotalus viridis
Two scales between the nasals in contact with rostral.38
38. Upper preocular usually divided vertically, the anterior portion situated higher
than the posterior and extending over the edge of the canthus in front of the
supraocular (Fig. 454); dorsal body markings occupying less longiludinal
space than the interspaces (Figs. 357-369)....Crotalus lepidus
Upper preocular not divided vertically or, if divided, the anterior portion not
conspicuously higher than the posterior and not extending over the edge of the
canthus; dorsal body markings occupying more longitudinal space than the
interspaces....39
39. Ventral scales 161 or fewer; scales on dorsum of head flat and without keels
(Figs. 416-427, 457)..Crotalus triseriatus
Ventral scales 162 or more; or, if less than 162, then scales on dorsum of head
knobby with definite keels....40
40. No alternating, strongly contrasting dark and pale tail rings...41
Tail with alternating, strongly contrasting dark and pale rings...45
41. A pair of longitudinal paravertebral dark stripes on the neck (Figs. 329, 332,
341, 343)...Crotalus durissus
No pair of longitudinal paravertebral dark stripes on the neck....42
42. A pair of large flat internasals that contact each other at midline; a pair of large
flat prefrontals (canthals) that contact each other at midline (Fig. 447)...43
Internasals not in contact with each other; prefrontals (canthals) not in contact
with each other; scales on dorsum of head knobby with definite keels (Figs.
347-349).Crotalus enyo
43. Tail dark brown or black, usually with no pale crossbars in evidence posteriorly
(Figs. 380, 381, 384-389)....Crotalus molossus
Tail gray with pale gray crossbars in evidence posteriorly..44
44. Ventrals fewer than 177 in males and 184 in females; number of body blotches
usuaIly less than 30; Oaxaca and Puebla (Figs. 390, 391)..Crotalus molossus
Ventrals more than 177 in males and 183 in females; number of body blotches
usually greater than 30; central Michoacn northward (Figs. 319-321)...
...Crotalus basiliscus
45. Top of head anterior to supraoculars and frontal region usually covered by 4-6
large flat plates including paired internasals and prefrontals (canthals) (Figs.
319-321).Crotalus basiliscus
Top of head anterior to supraoculars and frontal region covered by numerous
irregularly arranged plates....46
46. First pair of infralabials usually not divided transversely47
First pair of infralabials usually divided transversely..48
47. Upper preocular usually in contact with the postnasal (Fig. 344) or such contact
prevented by an upper loreal (Figs. 317, 318)..Crotalus atrox
Upper preocular usually not in contact with postnasal, and no upper loreal
present (Figs. 413, 414)...Crotalus tortugensis
48. lnterchinshields usually absent; prenasals generally in contact with first su-
pralabials; dark tail rings equal to or shorter than pale tail rings.49
A pair of interchinshields usually present; generally no contact between pre-
nasal and first supralabial; dark tail rings broader than pale tail rings (Figs.
350, 351)Crotalus exsul
49. Ground color of tail ash gray or white, with distinct black rings, both in sharp
contrast with the posterior body color (Figs. 402-404)....Crotalus ruber
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 267
Ground color of tail essentially the same as that of the body posteriorly, with
dark brown or black rings (Figs. 407-409)Crotalus scutulatus
50. Darsum of head with 9 large plates..51
Dorsum of head with 11 or more plates or scales....52
51. A pair of prominent pale lines extending posteriorly from the rostral on each side
of head (Figs.113-116).Agkistrodon bilineatus
No pale lines as described (Fig. 119, 120)..Agkistrodon contortrix
52. Subcaudals paired (Fig. 316)...53
Subcaudals single (Fig. 316)....54
53. Supraoculars extended into soft, hornlike processes (Fig. 261); intersupraocu-
lars more than 15 (Fig. 260); dorsal pattern a zig-zag stripe (Figs. 254-256)
....Ophryacus undulatus
Supraoculars flat (Fig. 175); intersupraoculars fewer than 10 (Fig. 176); dorsal
pattern of Xshaped (triangular laterally) blotches (Figs. 184, 185)
......Bothrops asper
54. Supraoculars extended into soft spinelike or hornlike processes.55
Supraoculars flat..56
55. Nine or fewer supralabials (Fig. 165); 21 midbody scale rows; arboreal, tail
prehensile; Chiapas (Fig. 138)...Bothriechis schlegelii
Ten or more supralabials (Fig. 308); usually 23 midbody scale rows; terrestrial,
tail not prehensile; highlands of Puebla and Oaxaca (Fig. 277-280)
.Porthidium melanurum
56. Snout noticeably turned up (Figs. 312, 314); pattern of pale middorsal line with
alternating or opposite blotches on either side.57
Snout not noticeably turned up; pattern not as described....60
57. Rostral usually about one and a half (or more) times higher than wide (Figs. 281,
282)..Porthidium nasutum
Rostral usually less than one and a half times higher than wide.58
58. Dorsal scale rows 21 on posterior part of body; Yucatn Peninsula (Figs. 298,
299)...Porthidium yucatanicum
Dorsal scale rows fewer than 21 on posterior part of body; western Mexico
......................................................................................................................59
59. Middle preocular not divided vertically; intercanthals comprised of 4 equal-
sized scales; dorsal scale rows 17 on posterior part of body; Colima and proba-
bly Michoacn (Fig. 272)..Porthidium hespere
Middle preocular divided vertically (Fig. 312); intercanthals comprise 2 large
scales, or 2 large scales separated by smaller scales (Fig. 313); dorsal scale
rows usually 19 on posterior part of body; Oaxaca and Chiapas (Figs. 267,
268)...Porthidium dunni
60. Ground color green..61
Ground color brown, gray, tan, or rust.63
61. Seven or more intersupraoculars; dorsal scale rows at midbody 21; Pacific
versant of Chiapas (Figs. 123, 124)...Bothriechis bicolor
Five or fewer intersupraoculars (Fig. 164); dorsal scale rows at midbody gener-
ally 19...........62
62. Generally a well-defined black postocular stripe (Fig. 122); black-and-yellow
dorsal markings; northeastern highlands of Chiapas (Fig. 121)...
....Bothriechis aurifer
No black postocular stripe (Fig. 135); rnarkings, if present, generaly pale blue or
purple (Figs. 134-137).......Bothriechis rowleyi
63. Supraoculars extremely narrow or divided into small scales (Fig. 305); more
than 7 intersupraoculars (Fig. 305); scales in internasal and prefrontal regions
strongly keeled..64
Supraoculars large and well differentiated frorn other head scales; 7 or fewer
intersupraoculars; dorsal scale rows 23 or fewer at midbody..65
64. Usually 2 or fewer nasorostrals per side; more than 115 ventrals; usually 25
anterior dorsal scale rows; usually most of the lateral body blotches separated
from the dorsal blotches by 1-2 scales; Sierra Madre Oriental, southeastern
Oaxaca, Tabasco, and Chispas (Figs. 286-289).Porthidium nummifer
268 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
Usually 3 nasorostrals per side; fewer than 115 ventrals; usually 27 anterior
dorsal scale rows; usually most of the lateral body blotches coalesced with the
dorsal blotches or separated by no more than 1 scale; Sierra de los Tuxtlas in
Veracruz (Figs. 290, 291)Porthidium olmec
65. Dorsal scale rows at midbody 19 or fewer (Figs. 263-266, 300, 301).
.Porthidium barbouri
Dorsal scale rows at midbody 21 or more...66
66. Most lateral body blotches encompassing an area not greater than 2-3 scales
(Figs. 295-297)Porthidium tzotzilorum
Most lateral body blotches encompassing an area equal to 5-7 scales (Figs. 269,
270)..Porthidium godmani
NOTAS: Existen varias revisiones a diferentes niveles y con distintos mtodos en donde se proponen cambios nornenclaturales
principalmente para nauyacas del gnero Bothrops a Atropoides (Werman, S. D. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships of central and
southamerican pitvipers of the genus Bothrops (sensu lato): Cladistic analysis of biochemical and anatomical characters. Pp, 21-
48 In Campbell, J. A. and E. D. Brodie, Jr (eds). Biology of the Pitvipers, Selva, Tyler Texas. 467 pp.), y Cerrophldion.
Tambin algunas subespecies de Crotalus han sido elevadas a estatus especfico como Crotalus aquilus (Dorcas, M. E. 1992.
Relationships among montane populations of Crotalus lepidus and Crotalus triseriatus. Pp. 71-87 In Carnpbell, J. A. and E. D.
Brodie, Jr (eds). Biology of the Pitvipers. Selva, Tyler Texas. 467 pp.) y de Bothriechis a Cerrophidion (Campbell; J. A. and
W. W. Lamar, 1992. Taxonomic status of Miscellaneous Neotropical Viperids, with the Description of a New Genus. Occas.
Pap. Mus. Texas Tech Univ. 153: 1-31. Las figuras a las que se hace referencia en sta clave son fotografas a color por lo que
no se reproducen aqu.
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 269
FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and R. B. Smith. 1980. Synopsis of the Herpetofauna of Mexico. Volume VI. Guide to Mexican
turtles, bibliographic addendum III. North Bennington. Vt., John Johnson, 1044 Pp.
:.
FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and R. B. Smith. 1980. Synopsis of the Herpetofauna of Mexico. Volume VI. Guide to Mexican
turtles, bibliographic addendum III. North Bennington, Vt., John Johnson, 1044 Pp.
FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and R. B. Smith. 1980. Synopsis of the Herpetofauna of Mexico. Volume VI. Guide to Mexican
turtles, bibliographic addendum III. North Bennington, Vt., John Johnson, 1044 Pp.
FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and R. B. Smith. 1980. Synopsis of the Herpetofauna of Mexico. Volume VI. Guide to Mexican
turtles, bibliographic addendum III. North Bennington, Vt., John Johnson, 1044 Pp.
FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and R. B. Smith. 1980. Synopsis of the Herpetofauna of Mexico. Volume VI. Guide to Mexican
turtles, bibliographic addendum III. North Bennington, Vt. John Johnson, 1044 Pp.
FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and R. B. Smith. 1980. Synopsis of the Herpetofauna of Mexico. Volume VI. Guide to Mexican
turtles, bibliographic addendum III. North Bennington, Vt. John Johnson, 1044 Pp.
1A. Numer ous s mal l li ght spot s above, on head, neck and
c ar apac e; ventr al s urf ac es all or most l y whitis h,
s omet imes r et ic ul at ed wit h dark; a mi ddor s al whit e
l i ne on t ail; Paci fic and I ndi an oc eans --- ---- ---- --- ---- sc hl egel i
FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and R. B. Smith. 1980. Synopsis of the Herpetofauna of Mexico. Volume VI. Guide to Mexican
turtles, bibliographic addendum III. North Bennington, Vt. John Johnson, 1044 Pp.
FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and R. B. Smith. 1980. Synopsis of the Herpetofauna of Mexico. Volume VI. Guide to Mexican
turtles, bibliographic addendum III. North Bennington, Vt. John Johnson, 1044 Pp.
FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and R. B. Smith. 1980. Synopsis of the Herpetofauna of Mexico. Volume VI. Guide to Mexican
turtles, bibliographic addendum III. North Bennington, Vt. John Johnson, 1044 Pp.
FUENTE: Ernst. C. H. 1989. Turtles of the world. Washington, D. C., Smithsonian Inst. 313 pp.
1a. Some skin showing along seams separating plastral scutes; pectoral scutes
squared; gular scute (if present) is the shortest scute along plastral midline .
...........................................................2
b. No skin showing along plastral seams; pectoral scute usually triangular (much
narrower along plastral midseam than at edge of plastron); gular scute never the
2a. Two light stripes on side of head; barbels on chin and throat; nonoverlapping
b. Light stripes absent from head; barbels on chin only; overlapping carapicial
scutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
b. Gular scute present; vertebral keel not strongly developed (but two dorsolateral
4a. Carapace wide and flattened, its sides slope at an angle greater than 100; mean
b. Carapace not greatly flattened, its sides slope at an angle less than 100; mean
6a. Carapace with three longitudinal light stripes; abdominal scute long . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. bauri
long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
9a. Plastron reduced in size (much smaller than carapacial opening); carapace
with one or three keelsm but with medial keel evident at least posteriorly; 1st
(always posteriorly lacking a distinct medial keel); 1st vertebral scute narrow
11a. Anterior pair of chin barbels very long; subequal to orbit diameter . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. sonoriense
b. Anterior pair of chin barbels not long; never approaching orbit diameter in
length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12a. Bridge very narrow, its length less than 21% of carapace length . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. angustipons
280 Flores-Villela, Mendoza-Quijano y Gonzlez-Porter
b. Bridge not so narrow, its length more than 21% of carapace length . . . . . . . 13
14a. Males with roughened scale patches (clasping organs or vinculae) on their thighs
and crus; carapace lacking a keel; 11th marginal usually as high as 10th . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. dunni
b. Males lacking roughened scale patches on their thighs and crus; carapace typically
with three keels, but obscure in some older individuals; 11 th marginal rarely as
high as 10th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
15a. Width of plastral forelobe at anterior hinge more than 67% of greatest carapace
width; maximal width of plastral hind lobe greater than 59.5% of gratest
length lees than 46% of bridge length, and less than 12% of maximum plastron
length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K. integrum
b. Width of plastral forelobe at anterior hinge less than 67% of greatest carapace
width; maximal width of plastral hind lobe less than 59.5% of greatest
carapace width in males and less than 62% in females; interfemoral seam
length greater than 38% of bridge length, and more than 9% of maximum
16a. Gular scute broader on dorsal surface of plastron than on ventral surface; males
with clasping organs (vinculae) present; usually with a single, broad, light
males lack clasping organs; no single, broad, light postorbital stripe on head
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
17a. Abdominal scute very long, more than 33% of total plastron length; 1st vertebral
b. Abdominal scute not extremely long, less than 33% of total plastron length; 1st
vertebral may contact seam between 1st and 2nd marginal, but seldom touches
much of marginal 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
b. Anterior margin of posterior plastral lobe not straight across, but instead angled
FUENTE: Ernst. C. H. 1989. Turtles of the world. Washington, D. C., Smithsonian Inst. 313 pp.
1a. Dorsolateral carapacial keels extend the length of carapace from anterior to
posterior marginals; anterior plastral lobe shorter than posterior lobe; head and
but end on 1st and 4th pleurals; anterior plastral lobe longer than posterior lobe;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. salvinii
Recopilacin de claves para la determinacin de Anfibios y Reptiles de Mxico 283
FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and R. B. Smith. 1980. Synopsis of the Herpetofauna of Mexico. Volume VI. Guide to Mexican
turtles, bibliographic addendum III. North Bennington, Vt. John Johnson, 1044 Pp.
FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and R. B. Smith. 1980. Synopsis of the Herpetofauna of Mexico. Volume VI. Guide to Mexican
turtles, bibliographic addendum III. North Bennington, Vt. John Johnson, 1044 Pp. Actualizacin por Fernando Mendoza
Quijano y Walter Schmidt Ballardo.
carapace rugose, ragged, specially in large females; light marginal rim absent
B. Carapace relatively light; plastron unmarked; rear margen of carapace smooth; light
FUENTE: Smith, H. M. and R. B. Smith. 1980. Synopsis of the Herpetofauna of Mexico. Volume V. Guide to Mexican
Amphisbaenians and Crocodilians, bibliographic addendum II. North Bennington, Vt. John Johnson, 187 Pp.