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AURTHORS DECLARATION

I declare that the work in the thesis was carried out in accordance with regulation of
University Teknologi MARA. It is original and is the result of my own work, unless
otherwise indicated or acknowledged as referenced work. This thesis has not been
submitted by any other academic institution or non-academic institution for any
degree or qualification.

I , hereby ,acknowledge that I have been supplied with the Academic,Rules and
Regulations for Post Graduate, University Teknologi MARA, regulation the conduct
of my study and research

Name of student : Muhammad Afandi bin Muhammad Ammar Tan

Student I.D No : 2013640346

Programme : EH223

Faculty : Faculty Chemical Engineering

Thesis Title : Optimization zinc oxide nano particles at

different pH and rheology of drilling fluids.

Signature of Student :

Date : January 2017

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ABSTRACT

Hydrogen sulfide is one of pollution product which been produced during drilling
operation for oil and gas industry. Hydrogen sulfide is soluble into water which
essential parts of WBM that used in drilling operation.Hydrogen sulfide is very
dangerous gaseous that cause hazard to workers and damage the drilling equipment
Drilling fluid is play important role in drilling operation.Drilling fluid help to maintain
borehole,bring drill cut from bottom to surface and cool down bits however hydrogen
could diffused into drilling fluid which could lead to hazard. Aim of this research is to
optimize of zinc oxide added to drilling fluid at different pH value and to compare
mud rheology after zinc oxide been added after end product reaction all done with
before the reaction complete.Zinc oxide nano particles at 25nm will be used as
additive to treat hydrogen sulfide in drilling mud which will be use is WBM.After all
hydrogen sulfide been remove from drilling fluid it rheology will tested and
recorded.Rheology of drilling fluid is important to avoid fluid loss which can cost a
lot loss where drilling fluid is essential in operation,it can stop the drilling operation if
fluid loss too great which cost a lot for company.There by this research could show
that best pH level of drilling fluid that would not cause the loss of circulation and
success remove all hydrogen sulfide.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
AUTHORS DECLARATION
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF ABBREVIATION/NOMENCLATURE

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND


1.2 OBJECTIVE
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.4 SCOPE OF RESEARCH

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH ,ETHODOLOGY

REFERENCE

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to thank to God for give chance to continue study
in degree and complete this journal with God bless.I would like to thanks for my
supervisor Final Year Project Sir Nik Khairul Irfan bin Nik Ab.Lah,Dr Putri and Dr.
Husna Hayati Jarni. I very grateful with all support that given by them,inspire me and
assist me in any way they could help in this project.
Finally,I would like to thanks also to my father and mother which fuel my
spirit to pursuit better career and knowledge.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/NOMENCLATURE

ABBREVIATIONS
WBM Water Base Mud

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND

Water based mud(WBM) is one type of drilling fluid that be used in drilling
wells progress. Drilling fluid is one main key to successful drilling operation. Drilling
fluid been used as medium to carry drilling cut from well to above surface via
borehole, it helps to cool down bits, avoid influx, maintain the borehole and maintain
well stability. During drilling process, hydrogen sulfide will diffuse into drilling fluid
due to different pressure between formation and drilling fluid or it due to kick or
blowout which the amount of hydrogen sulfide will be higher concentration compare
to first way that stated. Hydrogen sulfide is very toxic life and environment. A lot of
companies use zinc oxide as additive add in drilling fluid to treat hydrogen sulfide. It
is called as hydrogen sulfide scavenger.
There are studies that show use of Nano particles zinc oxide more effective
there by I will conduct the study of optimization use of zinc oxide in Nano size
particles as additives in drilling fluid to treat hydrogen sulfide and what pH will affect
the performance of zinc oxide Nano particles size and also rheology of drilling fluid
when it mixed up with zinc oxide at different pH.

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1.2 OBJECTIVE

1.To compare effectiveness of zinc oxide added to drilling fluid at different pH value
2.To compare mud rheology after zinc oxide been added after end product reaction all
done with before the reaction complete

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1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Hydrogen sulfide is known as very toxic gas which need to treat to ensure
safety of workers. Hydrogen sulfide in higher concentration and long expose to human
will causes death and due to it effect exposed to hydrogen sulfide could affect sense
smell of human which make it harder to detect by smell sense and become more threat
to us. Besides that, hydrogen sulfides could cause a lot of drilling equipment to
corrode due to present of it. This will increase cost of drilling well which need to be
treated to cut cost of operations. The solution to treat hydrogen sulfide is by using
hydrogen sulfide scavenger which will treat it and break down it into more stable
condition. Therefore, we required the optimize amount of zinc oxide in nano particles
as hydrogen sulfide scavenger to treat it.Beside pH value,size of zinc oxide play an
important factors in optimize useage of nano zinc oxide particles as hydrogen sulfide
scavenger in real drilling operation.Normally high pH value at real drilling condition
which need to research to assemble how pH affected performance of nano zinc oxide
particles.

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1.4 SCOPE OF RESEARCH

Zinc oxide is known as one of common hydrogen sulfide scavenger. However,


size of zinc oxide give significant effect on performance of zinc oxide as hydrogen
sulfide scavenger. Therefore, in this research, zinc oxide nanoparticle with different
size will be used to see it performance on remove hydrogen sulfide efficient and also
pH value also affected the performance of hydrogen sulfide scavenger. The
importance of to study effect pH due to real environment drilling condition whereas
pH at drilling operation affect the performance of zinc oxide as hydrogen sulfide
scavenger. There by learn how pressure going to effect the effectiveness of zinc oxide
on drilling fluid as additive which function as hydrogen sulfide scavenger will
optimize the size of zinc oxide nano particles at optimum quantity.

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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

Hydrogen sulfide is one of waste product that been produced during drilling
operation at well. Hydrogen sulfide is known as toxic gases which bring a lot of
harmful to surrounding.In addition,it will also fatal to human if exposed to high
concentration of hydrogen sulfide and damage the drilling equipment which will
increase cost of drilling operation. Therefore, hydrogen sulfide need to treat to
minimize hazard in operation and also friendly toward environment. Hydrogen sulfide
scavenger will added to drilling fluid to treat hydrogen sulfide that dissolve in drilling
fluids. There by I will conduct studies optimize usage of zinc oxide nano particles in
drilling fluid which at different pH value.
Amosa, Mohammed and Yaro studies is to review all hydrogen sulfide
scavenger available that used to minimize or remove totally hydrogen sulfide and list
out it pro and cons for each type. Based on Amosa,Mohammed and Yaro professional
paper states that hydrogen sulfide more than 100 ppm already be deathly enough to
human as exposed to it more than 10 hours without realize it due to smell sense
affected by hydrogen sulfide. In addition, concentration at 12 000 ppm of hydrogen
sulfide expose could cause death directly without any symptom. Besides corrosion of
metal due to present of hydrogen sulfide and water is stated in paper.In
Amosa,Mohammed and Yaro professional paper also stated that zinc oxide higher rate
of solubility at low ph or high ph which indicate that normally drilling operation,
drilling fluid at around ph 11 which high ph which it indicate use of zinc as hydrogen
sulfide scavenger. This due to nature of zinc compound which could be advantaged to
drilling fluid because high concentration of zinc ions available to react with hydroxide
ions to form zincate ions.This help to make zinc oxide as effective hydrogen sulfide
scavenger because complete reaction between zinc ions and hydroxide ions will
increase and make make hydrogen sulfide into more stable condition. Cons of using
zinc oxide is that due to high production of end product zinc-based will affect badly to
mud rheology. If mud rheology been affected it lead to one drilling problem which is
fluid loss due to flocculation and it became worse at high ph especially at practice
drilling in paper state that drilling fluid at operation normally ph 11.Conlusion that
stated in paper that to test particular sulphide scavenger source and know whether it
suit to all application of remove or minimize hydrogen sulfide at production and
processing process.Besides addition of hydrogen sulfide will it affect the change of
rheology of drilling fluid that use at different pH.

Sayyadnejad,Ghaffarian and Saeidi studied about efficiency of zinc oxide


nanoparticles to remove or minimize of hydrogen sulfide in WBM.Material that been
used in studied is bulk of zinc oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles.Zinc oxide
nanoparticles that been used in studies are in raged size of 14-25nm and 44-56
millimetre square. Sayyadnejad, Ghaffarian and Saeidi studies highlight that zinc
oxide is good candidates as hydrogen sulfide scavengers in industry. Zinc oxide
reaction with hydrogen sulfide will form zinc sulphide which at more stable condition
and zinc oxide and zinc oxide is environment friendly for solid waste disposal. In
studies they use three sample which synthesized with different surface areas.They
used Debye-Sherrer equation to calculate diameter of zinc oxide and specific surface
area of samples by used BET technique. Procedure to measure performance of

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samples was by mix 125 mL WBM with 125mL water into beaker then add 1.5g
sodium sulphide nonahydrate which equal to 800 ppm hydrogen sulfide.The slurry
was mix well by stirring for 30min then 50 mL of solution was take out and filter
used as blank.Sample 1 been which 3.42g added to rest of slurry and stir continuous.A
portion of of slurry taken out after 10 minutes and interval each 5 minutes and
filtered.The different hydrogen sulfide remove in sample and blank is measured using
standard method.The experiment continue with other two sample with different size
and surface area and bulk zinc.Result of studies show that all sample zinc oxide
nanoparticles achieve 100 percent remove of hydrogen sulfide at 15 minutes after
slurry been stir but for bulk zinc oxide only 2.5 percent at 90 minutes. Conclusion
from studies show that size of zinc oxide play important factor as hydrogen sulfide
scavenger.
In both journal highlight that how important that hydrogen sulfide scavenger
needed in oil and gas industry to treat hydrogen sulfide.It important to remove it due
to it pollute to environment and harmful to human which could lead to death if
exposed to it. These highlights how significance to optimize using nano zinc oxide
particles during remove hydrogen sulfide. However in Sayyadnejad,Ghaffarian and
Saeidi studies it just consider size of zinc oxide as main role.How actually it real
performance at different different ph which related to our industry Zinc oxide is
sensitive toward ph which it significant to include as one of variables that affect the
performance of zinc oxide nano particles which Amosa, Mohammed and Yaro paper
state that zinc compound such as zinc oxide are higher soluble in drilling fluid at low
ph or high ph and in real drilling condition drilling mud at ph 11. This help my studies
to further the optimize of zinc oxide by consider size of zinc oxide using which will be
nano zinc oxide particles at pH level. Amosa, Mohammed and Yaro paper also stated
that high production of end product zinc-based will affect badly to mud rheology and
recommend that further research on how hydrogen sulfide scavenger effect on drilling
fluid rheology.This will also been cover in studies where at end after all hydrogen
sulfide been remove in experiment rheology of drilling fluid will be measure along
with it ph,viscosity and density.

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CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

The experiment that will conduct will check effective of zinc oxide nano
particles at different pH and rheology of drilling fluid after it be add with zinc oxide
nano particles.
3.1 Materials

Zinc oxide nano particles size 25nm ,sodium carbonate ,water ,caustic soda ,
viscossifier ,emulsifier,NaCl,calcium carbonate
3.2 Method

Preparation of drilling fluid was made with water as base,add with 1g caustic
soda,viscosifier,emulsifier,Nacl and calcium carbonate.Those mixture will be mix
using mixer.The pH value of the new mixture will be take. Rheology of drilling fluid
will be test using rotational viscometer.Density of fluid been measure using mud
balance.Checking the new viscosity of drilling fluid by using mash funnel which
record time need to flow into one quart of drilling fluid into beakers.
The WBM that been produced will be added with 125 ml water and add 1.5g
sodium sulphide nonahydrate and will be stir for another 30 minutes. Take 50mL
portion from the drilling fluid as reference and will filter.Next,I will add 3.42 g of zinc
oxide nano particles which size 25nm into drilling fluid and stir for another 20
minutes.After 20 minutes,the drilling fluid will be filtrate then the filtrate and
reference sample will be use to measure according to standard method.
The result will be take down.The new rheology test will take next as
density,viscosity,pH value will measure.Repeart the experiment from beginning with
add more caustic soda which will increase pH value to higher.The amount of caustic
soda that will be used are 2g,3g,4g and 5g.

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REFERENCES

Sayyadnejad,M.A.;Ghaffarian,H.R.;Saeidi,M.,(2008).Removal of hydrogen sulfide

by zinc oxide nanoparticles in drilling fluid. Int. J. Environ,Sci,Tech.,5 (4),

565-569.

Amosa, M. K., Mohammed, I. A., Yaro, S. A.(2010c): Sulfide Scavengers In Oil and

Gas Industry-A Review,NAFTA Scientific Journal,61(2)85-92.

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