Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2

Bill Mosley
John Bungey
&
Ray Hulse

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 Foundation Design

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 Foundation Design

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Design in accordance with BS EN 1997 EuroCode 7

Categories of design situation:
category 1 : small and simple structures Structural Engineers

category 2 : conventional with no difficult ground or

loading conditions Either

category 3 : all other types with high risk of

Geotechnical Engineers
geotechnical failure

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 Foundation Design
GENERAL APPROACH - Actions
Persistent or
Transient Permanent Leading Variable Accompanying
Design Actions Action Variable Action
Q Q
Situation
Gk k ,1 k ,i
Unfavourable Favourable Unfavourable Favourable Unfavourable Favourable
(a) for
consideration of
structural or
geotechnical
failure
1.35 1.00* 1.50 0 1.50 0
:combination 1
(STR) & (GEO)
(b) for
consideration of
structural or
geotechnical
failure
1.00 1.00* 1.30 0 1.30 0
:combination 2
(STR) & (GEO)
(c) for checking
static
equilibrium 1.1 0.9 1.50 0 1.50 0
(EQU)

STR = structural failure GEO= geotechnical failure EQU= loss of equilibrium

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 Foundation Design

GENERAL APPROACH - Materials

Partial Safety Factors applied to Geotechnical Material Properties
Angle of Effective Undrained Unconfined Bulk
Shearing Cohesion Shear Strength density
Resistance Strength
c cu qu
Combination 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1
Combination 1.25 1.25 1.4 1.4 1.0
2

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 Foundation Design
Alternative Methods for Simple Foundation Design
1. The Direct Method where calculations are required
for each limit state using the partial factors of safety
for actions and material properties as appropriate
2. The Indirect Method which allows for a
simultaneous blending of ultimate limit state and
serviceability limit state procedures
3. The Prescriptive Method where an assumed safe
bearing pressure is used to size the foundations
based on the Serviceability Limit State followed by
detailed structural design based on the Ultimate
Limit State

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 Foundation Design
Alternative Methods for Simple Foundation Design
1. The Direct Method where calculations are required
for each limit state using the partial factors of safety
for actions and material properties as appropriate
2. The Indirect Method which allows for a
simultaneous blending of ultimate limit state and
serviceability limit state procedures
3. The Prescriptive Method where an assumed safe
bearing pressure is used to size the foundations
based on the Serviceability Limit State followed by
detailed structural design based on the Ultimate
Limit State

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 Foundation Design
Typical allowable bearing values
Rock or soil Typical bearing value
kN / m
2

Massive igneous 10 000

bedrock
Sandstone 2000 to 4000
Shales and 600 to 2000
mudstone
Gravel, sand and 600
gravel, compact
Medium dense 100 to 300
sand
Loose fine sand Less than 100
Very stiff clay 300 to 600
Stiff clay 150 to 300
Firm clay 75 to 150
Soft clay Less than 75

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 Foundation Design
10.1 PAD FOOTINGS
Breadth of footing = B, Ec centric ity (e) = M/N

N N N

M M

D D
Y/3 e
Centroid
P2
P P1 P
Y

N N My 2N
p p p
BD BD I BY
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 Foundation Design

Pad footings - reinforcement details

Dowels

lap length

As
B

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 Foundation Design

Pad footings - design

1. Calculate plan size based on serviceability

2. Calculate bearing pressure at ULS

h d

3. Check maximum shear resistance

at face of column
Maximum Punching shear perimeter
shear = column perimeter + 4 d
2.0d

4. Check punching shear

Shear
5. Design bending reinforcement
Bending
1.0d
6. Final check on punching shear
7. Check shear force
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 Foundation Design
Pad footings - design: Ex 10.1
Service: 1500
Ultimate: 1875 kN
+150 kN 1. Calculate plan size based on serviceability

2. Calculate bearing pressure at ULS 239 kN/m2

d
600 h 520
2.8m 3. Check shear resistance at face of column
4393kN > 1875 kN
Maximum
shear
4. Check punching shear 0.15 N/mm2
Punching shear perimeter
= column perimeter + 8 x 1.5d
2.0d

5. Design bending reinforcement 12H16@225 ew

Shear

6. Final check on punching shear

vRd,c =0.4N/mm2
Bending
1.0d
7. Check shear force VRd,c = 1691 > 626 kN
=582kN > 455 kN

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10.2 COMBINED FOOTINGS

Centroid of base and
resultant load coincide

Rectangular Trapezoidal

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10.3 STRAP FOOTINGS
Centroid of bases
D to coincide with S
resultant of N1
and N2

B S

f L

N1 Loads at the ult. limit state N2

1.35Ws

1.35W2
1.35W 1

R1 R2
D/2

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10.4 STRIP FOOTINGS

N N N N1 N2 N3
= =

Uniform pressure Non-uniform pressure

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10.5 RAFT FOUNDATIONS

P edestal

(a) Flat slab (b) Downstand beam (c) Upstand beam

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 Foundation Design

10.6 PILED FOUNDATIONS

Bulb of
pressure

Gravel
Soft clay

Pile group Single pile

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 Foundation Design

10.7 DESIGN OF PILE CAPS

10.7.1 Truss analogy method
N

C d C
C C
T T

N/2 N/2
2l

(a) (b)

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 Foundation Design

From the geometry of the force diagram in figure 10.20(b):

T l Nl
T=
N /2 d 2d
Hence required area of reinforcement T N l
(10.7)
0.87 f yk 2d 0.87 f yk
Where the pile cap is supported on a four-pile group, as shown in
figure 10.21 the load can be considered to be transmitted equally
by parallel pairs of trusses, such as AB and CD, and equation
10.7 can be modified to give required area of reinforcement in
each truss T /2 N l (10.8)

0.87 f yk 4d 0.87 f yk
and this reinforcement should be provided in both directions in
the bottom face of the pile-cap.
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 Foundation Design
Table 10.4: Tension forces in pile cap

Number Group
Arrangement Tensile Force
of Piles

2 A B TAB= N l
2l 2d
2l

A
A B
2l
3
TAB= TBC = TAC = 2Nl
2l 9d

C B
2l
C D

A B
4
TAB= TBC = T
CD
= T = Nl
2l AD
4d
Figure 10.22: Four pile group

D C
2l

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 Foundation Design
av = distance from the
face of the column to 10.7.2 Design for shear
the critical section
/5
Shear enhancement
check shear along this section av / 2d VEd
may be applied

across the whole
Punching shear section where pile
perimeter
spacing is less than
2d
3x pile diameter.
Otherwise apply to
strips of width 3x
av pile diameter

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 Foundation Design

10.7.3 Design for punching shear

(1) Check for
/5 punching shear if
check shear along this section pile spacing > 3x
pile diameter.

(2) Design shear
Punching shear force at column face
perimeter
should not exceed
2d
0.5 1fcd ud = 0.5 1(fck / 1.5)ud
where u is the perimeter
of the column and 1 ,
av
the strength reduction factor,
0.6(1 f ck / 250) .
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 Foundation Design

10.7.4 Reinforcement detailing

Normal detailing rules must be checked:
maximum and minimum steel areas
bar spacings
cover
anchorage lengths
provide minimum 0.0013bd (grade 500) orthogonal steel
top and bottom
provide horizontal links, size not less than 12 mm:
spacing less than 250mm
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10.7.5 Sizing of pile cap

Pile size (mm) 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

Cap depth (mm) 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 140

Depth of pile cap

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Design example : Ex 10.5

Example 10.5 Design of a Pile Cap
A group of four piles supports a 500mm square column which transmits an
ultimate axial load of 5000 kN. The piles are 450mm diameter and are spaced at
1350mm centres as shown. Design the pile-cap for fck = 30 N/mm2 and fyk = 500
N/mm2

(a ) Dimensions of pile-cap
Try an overall depth of 1000mm and an average effective depth of 875mm.
Allow the pile-cap to extend 375mm either side to give a 2100mm square cap.

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 Foundation Design

2100

column starter bars 9H20 e.w.

375

3H16 horizontal links

450
500

875
1000
2100

1350

500
375

15H20 e.w.
290

(a) Plan (b) Reinforcement Details

Pile-cap design example

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(b) Design of main tension reinforcement

From equation 10.8, the required area of reinforcement in each truss is:

T /2 N l 5000 103 (1350 / 2)

As 2216mm2
0.87 f yk 4d 0.87 f yk 4 875 0.87 500
The total area of reinforcement required in each direction

2 As 2 2216 4432 mm2

As the piles are spaced at 3 times the pile diameter this reinforcement may
be distributed uniformly across the section. Hence provide fifteen H20
bars, area = 4710 mm2, at 140mm centres in both directions.

100 As 100 4710

0.26 ( 0.15)
bd 2100 875

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 Foundation Design
(c) Check for shear
Shear force, VEd , along critical section = 5000/2 =2500 kN and to allow for shear
enhancement this may be reduced to:
av 290

VEd 2500 2500 414kN
2d 2 875

vRd ,c 0.12k (100 rfck )1 / 3 ( 0. 035k1.5 fck )

0.5

200
where: k 1 + 200 / d 1 + 1.49( < 2) and r = 0.0026
850

vRd ,c 0.12k (100 rfck )1 / 3 0.12 1.49 (100 0. 0026 30)1 / 3 0. 35 N / mm2
vRd ,c (min) 0. 035k1.5 fck 0.035 1.491.5 300.5 0.35 N / mm2
0.5
and

therefore the shear resistance of the concrete,VRd is given by:

VRd vRd ,c bd 0. 35 2100 875 10 3 643kN ( VEd 414kN )
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 Foundation Design

(d) Check for punching shear

As the pile spacing is at three times the pile diameter no punching shear check is
necessary. The shear at the column face should be checked:
Maximum Shear Resistance:
f f
VRd ,max 0.5ud 0.6 1 ck ck
250 1.5
30 30
0.54 500 875 0.6 1 103
250 1.5
9240kN ( NEd 5000kN )

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 Foundation Design

End of chapter 10

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