The Impact of ICT Infrastructure on Rural

Development
Case Study: Probolinggo Regency

Yanuar Eka Prasetya*1, Meriko Dian Candra I1, AR. Rahman Taufiq
Hidayat2
1
Student of Urban and Regional Planning Department, University of
Brawijaya
2
Urban and Regional Planning Department, University of Brawijaya

Sub-Theme: 7
Abstract Rural Planning and

Rural Development affected by several factors, one of them is Access to

Information and Communication Technology (Ministry of Rural
Development and Transmigration, 2015). In Indonesia, the use of
Information and Communication Technology has developed rapidly
(Ministry of Information and Communication, 2014). One of the objectives
of rural development in 2015-2019 RPJMN is to reduce the number of
underdevelope villages to 5,000 villages and increase the number of
independent villages at least 2,000 villages in 2019 (Bappenas, 2014). In
East Java, one of the districts that have lower Village Development Index
than the the provinces average is Probolinggo Regency with a value of
0.6303 (Ministry of Rural Development and Transmigration, 2015). In other
hands, there are still some unserved signal area, whereas 80% of rural
communities are already using Information and Communication
Technology media either wired or wireless (Cell Plan Probolinggo, 2014).
The existence of inequality of Information and Communication Technology
services in Probolinggo then addressed in this study of its relationship to
the development of the village in Probolinggo. The method used in this
research is Ordinary Least Square that used to determine the influence of
ICT Infrastructure to Rural Development in Probolinggo. From the studies,
found that some of the variables in the Village Development Index is
affected by the ICT infrastructure. The result is very important for rural
development in Probolinggo regency which still relatively in a growing
category

Keywords
ICT; Infrastructure; Rural Development
Yanuar Eka Prasetya. Telephone: 082232514244
E-mail address:yanuarprasetya14@gmail.com

1. INTRODUCTION

The Ministry of Rural Development, and transmigration through the

Directorate General for Development and Rural Community Empowerment
has developed a rural development program which measured by using the
Village Development Index. Based on the Village Development Index,
15,000 villages become the focus of the development program and
community empowerment, which consists of 5,000 Undeveloped, 5000
Underdeveloped illages, 2500 Developing Village and 2,500 Developed
Village, which is in the amount of 15,000 village with all the status of
Village it contained 1,138 Border Village (Ministry of Rural Development
and Transmigration, 2015).
In East Java, one of the region that have lower Village Development
Index than the average index is Probolinggo Regency with a value of
0.6303 (Ministry of Rural Development and Transmigration, 2015). This
shows that in Probolinggo still need improvement and development of the
village in order to create an independent village.
One factor that affect a rural development based on Village
Development Index is Access to Information and Communication
Technology (Ministry of Rural Development and Transmigration, 2015).
Information and Communication Technology is now becoming one of the
things that can not be liberated in the lives of human activity.
Telecommunications today has become a necessity in any activity ranging
from business activities, education, health and even in the planning and
government programs. Telecommunications activities concerning not only
between individuals, but also about the development of the region,
especially in rural areas.
In addition, according to Supriadi (1992), the emergence of a wide
range of modern technologies in life is an assist and facilitate innovation
for all activities. Information and Communication Technology provides
benefits to users both from the social aspects of economic, social
psychology, and social culture. Rural telecommunications development
has advantage of a high and significant impact on rural development,
social economy and the considerable benefits but significant in the social
aspects of psychological and socio-cultural
Probolinggo has 179 BTS and 238 tower spread in 24 District
(Probolinggo Regencys Cell Plan). BTS and towers are generally built on
Urban-District area, 84 tower units are built on 6 Urban Districts while in
rural area, the number of towers is only 2-9 units in each District. That
condition also caused a problem about coverage area of
telecommunication service which has not spread evenly.
The development of telecommunication infrastructure has met
difficult situation in several villages, such as in the village of Pohsangit
Leres, where land owners do not want to approve BTS development.
Although it has been set as BTS development area and also has been
studied by researchers, there are still conflict in the society because
people think that the BTS could negatively bring impact on health.
 On the other side, the service providers have great willingness to
invest because Probolinggo has the potential in the number of mobile
phone user. In 2019, celluler phone users reached 890.159 in number of
users. Based upon this condition, 779 BTS are needed to meet the
demmand of telecommunication (Probolinggos Cell Plan, 2014)
2. THEORYTICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 Teknologi Informasi Dan Komunikasi
According Celebic and Rendulic (2011) ICT covers all technical means
used to handle information and facilitate communication, including
computers, communication lines and all necessary software. In other
words, ICT consists of information technology, telephony, electronic media,
and all types of process and transfer audio and video signals and all the
functions are based on network technology.

In calculating the indicator of ICT Development Index ICT (IDI) (ITU,

2009), is a composite index that combines 11 indicators into a single
measure benchmark. One of the indicators is ICT Infrastructure, that
considering the availability of ICT infrastructure is basically a business
decision / industry infrastructure provider that is strongly influenced by the
opportunities / potential market on the one hand and the decision of the
central government on the other, and it is unlikely ICT applications will run
without the presence of minimum infrastructure.
2.2 Village Development
VillageDevelopment is based on the concept of rural development
(rural) by taking into account the social and cultural characteristic of
people living in rural areas. Rural people in general still have lokasl
wisdom and preserve rural areas are strongly associated with social
characteristics, cultural and geographic, demographic structure, as well as
institutional villages. The rural population in general still face the problem
of poverty, and the lack of availability and access to basic services
infrastructure such as roads, electricity, water and ICT (Bappenas, 2014).
Village Development Index classifies within five (5) status, namely: (i)
Undeveloped Village; (Ii) Underdeveloped Villages; (Iii) Developing village;
(Iv) Developed Village Advancement; and (v) Independet Village.
Classification of the village show the diversity of the character of each
village within the range of scores from 0.27 to 0.92 of Village Development
Index. With the national average value is 0.566 classification status
determined by thresholds as follows:
1. Undeveloped Village : < 0,491
2. Underdeveloped Villages: > 0,491 dan < 0,599
3. Developing village : > 0,599 dan < 0,707
 4. Developed Village : > 0,707 dan < 0,815
5. Independet Village : > 0,815
Rural ability to manage power, chiefly related to the potential,
information/value, innovation / innovation, and entrepreneurship will
support the advancement of motion Evolved into Independent village.
Village status classification based Village Development Index is also aimed
at strengthening efforts to facilitate support to the promotion of the
village.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study uses a OLS method that known as linear regression, is a
popular method used to determine the relationship between independent
variables and the dependent variable. In this study, regression analysis is
intended to seek the influence of ICTs on the Village Development Index.
OLS helps identify and quantify the phenomenon of how the relationship
between independent and dependent variables. Results from OLS to
explain the relationship between variables globally. This study discusses
the Effect related ICT infrastructure in the rural areas of priority in
Probolinggo some 69 villages.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Probolinggos Regency Profile
Probolinggo Regency is located on 112 50 113 30 West
Longitude and 7 40 8 10 South Lattitude. This region has an area of
1.696,28 Km wide. Administratively, Probolinggo regency is divided into
325 villages and 24 Districts. The area is dominated by the nun-residential
usages, such as fields, farm and forest. As one of the regencies in East
Java, Probolinggo have a considerable development, but in some sectors
there are still problems. One is inequality areas, especially the rural areas.
Probolinggo have a diverse natural landscape so that each village has
different characteristics and development. The level of development of the
village can be seen via the Village Development Index. Probolinggo have
Village Development Index which lower than the average Province Village
Development Index with 0.6303. However, the average value Village
Development Index is above the average National Village Development
Index.

Comparison of Village Development Index

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
IKL IKE IKS IDM

NASIONAL JAWA TIMUR PROBOLINGGO

Charts 1 Comparison of Village Development Index

 Source: Ministry of Rural Development and Transmigration, 2015
Probolinggo have Village Development Index which lower than
average index in Province with value is 0.6303. Moreover, in Probolinggo
there are 69 villages including village development program priorities
(Ministry of Rural Development and Transmigration, 2015).

Village Category in Probolinggo's Regency

Undeveloped Underdeveloped
Developing Developed

Charts 2 Category of the Village in Probolinggo Regency

Source: Ministry of Rural Development and Transmigration, 2015
In connection with the construction of the village in Probolinggo have
problems that the gap between the southern and northern regions of
Probolinggo. The village in the northern region is more developed than the
northern coast line villages in the south, especially related services
Information and Communication Technology (Cell Plan, 2014). For the
category of Undeveloped Village, there is a Kedung Sumur Village in
Pakuniran District with Village Development Index value 0,481. For
Underdeveloped Villages category, there are 26 village with Village
Development Index value are between 0,585 to 0,599. On Developing
Village category, there are 27 village by Village Development Index value
between 0,684 to 0,784. Kotaanyar Village has the highest Village
Development Index with value of 0,723 which categorized as developed
village with 14 other villages. This is the mapping of Village Development
Index in Probolinggo:
 Figure 1 Village Development Index in Probolinggo Regency
Source: Ministry of Rural Development and Transmigration, 2015
Based on a survey in 2014, in the area of Probolinggo Regency there
are 239 BTS and 179 existing towers that are located in 24 District
(Probolinggo regencys Cell Plan, 2014). There are six Urban-district
namely Sukapura, Leces, Paiton, Kraksaan, Tongas and Sumberasih, within
which are 84 BTS and 104 towers and the rest spread over 18 in other
district.

Figure 2 The distribution of BTS and Tower in Probolinggo Regency

Source: Probolinggo Regencys Cell Plan, 2014
Distribution of towers and BTS in Probolinggo Regency is dominated
by private telecommunication providers, i.e. Telkomsel , XL Axiata , and
Indosat. Among the total of 239 BTS, Telkomsel operates 91 units of BTS.
Charts 3 Number of the tower according to telecommunications provider
in the Probolinggo Regency
Source: Probolinggo Regencys Cell Plan, 2014
Eventhough Telkomsel is well-known for its biggest coverage area, the
services does not seem to cover all area in Probolinggo Regency. In some
places, there are still no-provider service, so the area requires more BTS or
Towers to overcome this problem. Inspite of coverage problem,
telecommunciation industries have big opportunities to invest. It is known
that areas without coverage area is still dominant, especially in south area
of Probolinggo Regency and the area is a promising location for investment
in the telecommunication industry

Figure 3 Telkomsels coverage services are in Probolinggo regency

Source: Probolinggos Regency Cell Plan, 2014

3.2 Analysis Results

According to Dedi Supriadi (1992), there are several indicators that
show the benefits of Information and Communication Technologies in rural
communities. In the socio-economic aspects, Information and
Communication Technology has benefits in the welfare of village life. From
the research that has been done, the Probolinggos ICT Infrastructure
related data is obtained. The data related to Number of Phone Connection,
Number of Internet Users, Total TV in Households, Total Radio in Household
and Number of base stations in the 69 Priorities village for analysis related
relationship with the Village Development Index
 Figure 4 ICT Infrastructure Condition of Probolinggo regency
Source: Probolinggos in Number (treated), 2015
From the data has been obtained, it is known from the number of
telephone networks, there are 28 village who do not have a connection,
while the village with the most connections are Wangkal village with 315
telephone connections. For Internet users, the highest number being is in
Sumber kedawung Village with 3006 users, while the lowest number is the
Kedungsumur Village with 289 users. For Users TV, a majority use the
Sumber Kedawung Village kedawung has the highest number is 2835
while the lowest is the Kedungsumur Village with the number of 20 users.
For the Use of Radio, Mranggon Lawang Village has the fewest number of
users are two user while the highest village is Sukomulyo with 717 users.
For a number of base stations, from 69 village there were only 25 with
access to the BTS while the rest did not have a BTS.
From these data were processed using the ArcGIS OLS (Mitchell,
2005) to be compared with the index of the Village Development Index
known value. From the processed OLS results, terms of spatial
autocorrelation test results presented it is seen that the residual standard
GWR models have been spread evenly with a significance value of 0,782
and the value of z-score of -0.275. Data spatial autocorrelation test results
concluded that the resulting model is valid and can be used..

Figure 5 OLS Results

Source: Analysis Results, 2017
Anlyze prove that data is valid, then continue to Exploratory
regression to determine the spatial modeling of ICT infrastructure by
Village Development Index in Probolinggo. For the standard using existing
standards in ArcGIS to adapted data to the method used. For the
maximum number of models is 5 and the minimum is 2 so that it can be
known variables that affect the Village Development Index.

In addition modeling results obtained by using the Ordinary Least

Square on Arcg Gis. The modeling results of placing Number of Internet
Users, User Total Number of Users Radio Telephone and positive effect on
the Village Development Index, while the number of base stations and
influential TV inversely to the Village Development Index in Probolinggo.
From the analysis carried out in a model:
 In addition modeling results obtained by using the Ordinary Least
Square on Arcg Gis. The modeling results of placing Number of Internet
Users, Number Radio Users and Number of Telephone have positive effect
on the Village Development Index, while the number of base stations and
influential TV inversely to the Village Development Index in Probolinggo.
From the analysis carried out in a model:
Y= 0,263502+ 0,000006 X1+ 0,001273 X2+ 0,000280 X3
0,000029 X4 0,031519 X5
Annotation:
Y = Village Development Index X3 = Number of Radio
X1 = Number of Internet Users X4 = Number of TV
X2 = Number of Telephone X5 = Number of BTS
5. CONCLUSSIONS
From the analysis that has been done, it is known that the ICT
Infrastructure affected Village Deveopment Index. The results were in
accordance with previous studies by Compared to more advanced
countries, telecommunication infrastructure in developing countries is
considerably inadequate to a accommodate social and economic needs.
The disparity between the facilities in urban and rural areas within the
developing countries is even more acute Often (Kayani and Dymond,
1997). Variables that influence the Internet, Telephone and Radio that its
level is proportional to the value of the existing Village Development Index
in Probolinggo. This is taken into consideration in the development of ICT
infrastructure in Probolinggo, where the region with lower rate of ICT
connectivity `inclined less developed while the region with High
connectivity tends to be more developed. The results of this study can be
used as the basis of the existing Infrastructure Development Policy in
Probolinggo.
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Author would like to address his sincerest gratiture to all parties
which have provided tremendous support for this Research. Firstly, to the
Probolinggo Regency Goverment for its information given about
telecommunication condition in the regency. Secondly, to all URP students
of 2012.
7. REFERENCES
[1] Probolinggos Regency Planning and Development Agency (2014).
Probolinggos regency Cell Plan Review. Probolinggo: Probolinggos
Regency Planning and Development Agency
[2] Bappenas. (2014). National Medium Term Development Plan. Jakarta:
The National Development Planning Agency
[3] Celebic, G and Rendulic, D I. (2011). Basic Concept of Information and
Communication Technology. Zagreb : Open Society for Idea Exchange
(ODRAZI)
[4] International Telecommunication Union. (2009). Measuring the
Information Society: The ICT Development Index. Switzerland:
International Telecommunication Union
[5] Kayani R and Dymond A. Options for Rural Telecommunication
Development. (1997). Washington: Woorld Bank
[6] Ministry of Information and Communication. (2014). White Book of ICT.
Jakarta : Ministry of Information and Communication
[7] Ministry of Rural Development and Transmigration. (2015). Village
Development Index. Jakarta : Ministry of Rural Development and
Transmigration
[8] Mitchel, Andy. (2005). The ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis. New York:
Environmental System Research Institute.
[9] Supriadi, Dedi. (1992). Customer Profile Study On Economic And Social
Benefits of Rural Information and Communication Technology,
Jogjakarta : University of Gajah Mada