Lonicera caerulea

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Lonicera caerulea

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): Asterids

Order: Dipsacales

Family: Caprifoliaceae

Genus: Lonicera

Species: L. caerulea

Binomial name

Lonicera caerulea
L.
 Synonyms[1]

Caprifolium
caeruleum (L.) Lam.

Euchylia caerulea (L.)

Dulac

Isika coerulea (L.) Medik.

Xylosteon caeruleum (L.)

Dum.Cours.

Lonicera caerulea, the honeyberry, blue-berried honeysuckle,[2] or sweetberry honeysuckle,[3] is

a honeysuckle native throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere. It is
a deciduous shrub growing to 1.52 m tall. The leaves are opposite, oval, 38 cm long and 13 cm
broad, glaucous green, with a slightly waxy texture. The flowers are yellowish-white, 1216 mm long,
with five equal lobes; they are produced in pairs on the shoots. The fruit is an edible,
blue berry about 1 cm in diameter.

Contents
[hide]

1Classification

o 1.1Varieties

o 1.2Common names

2Distribution and habitat

3Cultivation

o 3.1Disease

4Harvest and uses

5Phytochemicals

6Traditional medicine

7References

8External links
Classification[edit]
The classification within the species is not settled. One classification uses nine varieties:[4]

Lonicera caerulea var. altaica. Northern Asia.

Lonicera caerulea var. caerulea. Europe.

Lonicera caerulea var. cauriana. Western North America.

Lonicera caerulea var. dependens. Central Asia.

Lonicera caerulea var. edulis, synonym: L. edulis. Eastern Asia.

Lonicera caerulea var. emphyllocalyx (also known as Haskap).

Eastern Asia.

Lonicera caerulea var. kamschatica. Northeastern Asia.

Lonicera caerulea var. pallasii. Northern Asia, northeastern Europe.

Lonicera caerulea var. villosa. Eastern North America.

Varieties[edit]

Tundra

Borealis

Indigo Treat

Indigo Gem

Indigo Yum

Honeybee

Aurora

Wojtek

Atlaj

Nimfa
According to research at the University of Saskatchewan, each variety can be distinguished by the
size of berries, taste, and bush dimensions.[5]
Common names[edit]
Haskap berry diversity

Lonicera caerulea is known by several common names[6]

Haskap: an ancient Japanese name of the Ainu people (also

spelled phonetically as Haskappu, Hascap, Hascup); used today in
Japan and North America

Blue honeysuckle: descriptive translation from Russian origin

Honeyberry: common in North America

Swamp fly honeysuckle: coined by botanists who found it growing

wild in swampy areas of Canada

Distribution and habitat[edit]

The species is circumpolar, primarily found in or near wetlands of boreal forests in heavy peat soils.
[7]
However, it also can be found in high-calcium soils, in mountains, and along the coasts of
northeastern Asia and northwestern North America. The plant is winter-hardy and can tolerate
temperatures below minus 47 degrees Celsius.[6]

Cultivation[edit]
Haskap products on retail display in a Japanese market

Haskap variety edulis has been used frequently in breeding efforts, but other varieties have been
bred with it to increase productivity and flavor. In several haskap breeding programs, the
variety emphyllocalyx has been the dominant one used.[6]
Plants of many haskap cultivars grow to be 1.5 to 2 meters tall and wide, can survive a large range
of soil acidity, from 3.9-7.7 (optimum 5.5-6.5), requiring high organic matter, well drained soils, and
plentiful sunlight for optimum productivity. Lonicera caerulea plants are more tolerant of wet
conditions than most fruit species.[6][8]
Each berry has approximately 20 seeds that resemble tomato seeds based on their size and shape,
but the seeds are not noticeable during chewing. [9]
Disease[edit]
Powdery mildew is one disease documented to affect Lonicera caerulea, usually after fruit maturity
in mid to late summer.[6]When the plant is affected, it is common for the leaves to turn white with
brown patches eventually developing.[6]

Harvest and uses[edit]

Honeysuckle is harvested in late spring or early summer two weeks before strawberries for Russian
type varieties, with Japanese types ripening at a similar time to strawberries.[6] The berries are ready
to harvest when the inner layer is dark purple or blue. The outer layer is dark blue and looks ripened,
but the inner layer may be green with a sour flavor.[6][7] Two compatible varieties are needed for cross
pollination and fruit set. In North America, most Russian varieties are adapted to hardiness zones 1
to 4. The plants may take three or four years to produce an abundant harvest. [6] Average production
on a good bush is about 3 kilograms (6.6 lb) and can maintain productivity for 30 years.[6]
Honeysuckle can be used in various processed products, such as pastries, jams, juice, ice
cream, yogurt, sauces, candies and a wine similar in color and flavor to red grape or cherry wine. [6][7]
[10]
Phytochemicals[edit]
As a blue pigmented fruit, Lonicera caerulea contains polyphenol compounds, including cyanidin 3-
glucoside, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, and peonidin 3-glucoside.[11][12][13] Other phytochemicals present
are proanthocyanidins and organic acids, including a high content of citric acid.[14]

Traditional medicine[edit]
Over centuries, Lonicera caerulea has been used in traditional medicine in East Asian countries for a
variety of therapeutic applications.[15]

References[edit]
1. Jump up^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species;
Family Caprifoliaceae, GenusLonicera by Species, The Plant List,
Version 1, Royal Botanic Garden-Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden,
2010, retrieved 18 May 2016

2. Jump up^ "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland.
Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-02-25. Retrieved 2014-10-17.

3. Jump up^ "Lonicera caerulea". Natural Resources Conservation

Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 6 January 2016.

4. Jump up^ USDA GRIN Taxonomy, retrieved 18 May 2016

5. Jump up^ University of Saskatchewan (2007). "University of

Saskatchewan Fruit Program". Retrieved 25 November 2016.

6. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k Bob Bors. "Growing Haskap in

Canada" (PDF). University of Saskatchewan, Department of Plant
Sciences.

7. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Honeyberry". London, UK: The Royal Horticultural

Society. 2016.

8. Jump up^ Janick, J.; Paull, R.E. (2008). The Encyclopedia of Fruit &
Nuts. CABI. p. 232. ISBN 9780851996387.

9. Jump up^ Utioh, A., Nivet, M., Gopal,R., Alejo, D., Ghosh, P., Appah,
P. (2011). "Fractionation and processing of small fruits for applications
in functional foods and nutraceuticals Program" (PDF). Retrieved 28
November 2016.

10. Jump up^ Reimer, Peter (2007). "Haskap wines at the University of
Saskatchewan fruit program" (PDF). Retrieved 9 August 2016.

11. Jump up^ Celli, G. B.; Khattab, R; Ghanem, A; Brooks, M. S. (2016).

"Refractance Window drying of haskap berry--preliminary results on
anthocyanin retention and physicochemical properties". Food
Chemistry. 194: 218
21. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.012. PMID 26471547.
 12. Jump up^ Zenovia O, Lacramioara O, Elena T, Maria-Magdalena Z
(2013). "Variability of anthocyanin content and dry matter amount in
fruits of some lonicera caerulea selections depending on storage
conditions". Analele tiinifice Ale Universitii Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Din Iai, Sectiunea II A : Genetica Si Biologie Moleculara. 14 (4): 7
12.

13. Jump up^ Caprioli, G; Iannarelli, R; Innocenti, M; Bellumori, M;

Fiorini, D; Sagratini, G; Vittori, S; Buccioni, M; Santinelli, C; Bramucci,
M; Quassinti, L; Lupidi, G; Vitali, L.A.; Petrelli, D; Beghelli, D;
Cavallucci, C; Bistoni, O; Trivisonno, A; Maggi, F (2016). "Blue
honeysuckle fruit (Lonicera caerulea L.) from eastern Russia: Phenolic
composition, nutritional value and biological activities of its polar
extracts". Food Funct. 7 (4): 1892
903. doi:10.1039/c6fo00203j. PMID 27040352.

14. Jump up^ Rupasinghe, H. P.; Boehm, M. M.; Sekhon-Loodu, S;

Parmar, I; Bors, B; Jamieson, A. R. (2015). "Anti-Inflammatory Activity
of Haskap Cultivars is Polyphenols-Dependent". Biomolecules. 5 (2):
107998. doi:10.3390/biom5021079. PMC 4496711
. PMID 26043379.

15. Jump up^ Kaczmarska E, Gawronski J, Dyduch-Sieminska M, Najda

A, Marecki W, Zebrowska J (2015). "Genetic diversity and chemical
characterization of selected Polish and Russian cultivars and clones of
blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea)" (PDF). Turkish Journal of
Agriculture and Forestry. 39: 394402. doi:10.3906/tar-1404-149.

External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Lonicera
caerulea.

Germplasm Resources Information Network: Lonicera caerulea

Ontario Haskap Association

Categories:
Lonicera
Plants described in 1753

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