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= - + -
Steady state system:
0 = - + -
= + -
, ,
Extent of reaction: =
27
Chapter 5: Species Mole Balances, SMB
()
= = 100%
()
, , ,
= =
28
Chapter 5: Species Mole Balances
Species moles % 1 2
feed Reactor
CH4 40% 1,Cl 2,Cl
2 2
Cl2 50% 1,CH 2,CH
4 4
1,N 2,N
N2 10% 2 2
fLR 67%
29
Chapter 5: Species Mole Balances
1 2
Reactor
1,Cl 2,Cl
2 2
1,CH 2,CH
4 4
1,N 2,N
2 2
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl 2,HCl
2,CH Cl
3
30
Chapter 5: Species Mole Balances
In a test of the process, a gas stream containing 20% H2S and 80% CH4
was combined with a stream of pure SO2.
The process produced 5000 kg of S(s), and in the product gas the ratio of
SO2 to H2S was equal to 3, and the ratio of H2O to H2S was 10.
31
Chapter 5: Species Mole Balances
Species moles % feed
2,SO2 2
CH4 80%
Product
H2S 20% 1 1 3
1,H2S =0.20
Reactor
4,S 5000 kg 3,H2S
3,SO2 /3,H2S 1,CH4 =0.80
3 3,CH4
3,H2O /3,H2S 10
1,H2S 4 3,H2O
1,CH4
4,S =5000 kg 3,SO2
2H2S(g) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(g) n4,s= 156.25 mol
Moles, Kmol MW Mass, Kg
n1 H2S 114.6 34 3896.4
Input
32
Chapter 5: Process Involving Multiple Reactions
33
Chapter 5: Process Involving Multiple Reactions
2 (Air)
2,O2 21% Assume that CH3OH 2,O2 =0.21
2,N2 79% requires twice the
2,N2 =0.79
. , CH3OH 90% stoichiometric amount of
2,O2
CH2O 75%
Air are fed to the reactor. 2
2,N2
CH3OH + O2 CH2O + H2O (1) Product
CH2O + O2 CO + H2O (2)
1 Formaldehyde 3
1,CH3OH Reactor
3,CH3OH
3,CH2O
3,H2O
3,CO
3,O2
3,N2
34
Chapter 5: Process Involving Multiple Reactions
35
Chapter 5: Process Involving Multiple Reactions
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (1)
C6H12O6 2C2H3CO2H + 2H2O (2)
, =4000 kg Soln ,2 =120 kg CO2
,6126 =0.120 Unreacted C6H12O6
,2 =0.88 ,6126 =90 kg
C6H12O6 H2O CO2 C2H5OH C2H3CO2H
MW(g/mol) 180 18 44.0 46 72
, =4000 kg
,2 ,2
,6126 ,6126
,232
,2
,25
36
Chapter 5: Element Material Balances, EMB
For most problems it is easier to apply mole balances, but for some
problems, such as problems with complex or unknown reaction
equations, element balances are preferred.
37
Chapter 5: Element Material Balances, EMB
38
Chapter 5: Element Material Balances
39
Chapter 5: Element Material Balances
3
Species Product 2,H2 3,C3H8
Moles 2
percentage 3,C4H10
1 3 3,C5H12
C3H8 19.5% Lab
3,C3H8 =0.195
C4H10 59.4% 1,C8H18 Reactor
3,C4H10 =0.594
C5H12 21.1%
3,C5H12 =0.211
40
Chapter 5: Material Balances Involving Combustion
Wet basis: all the gases resulting from a combustion process including the
water vapor, known as Flue or stack gas.
Dry basis: all the gases resulting from a combustion process not9including
the water vapor.
Theoretical air (or theoretical oxygen): the minimum amount of air (or
oxygen) required to be brought into the process for complete combustion.
Sometimes this quantity is called the required air (or oxygen).
41
Chapter 5: Material Balances Involving Combustion
Excess air (or excess oxygen): excess air (or oxygen) is the amount of air
(or oxygen) in excess of that required for complete combustion.
excess air
% Excess air = 100
required air
excess O2 0.21 excess O2
= 100 = 100
required O2 0.21 required O2
The calculated amount of excess air does not depend on how much material is
actually burned but what is possible to be burned. Even if only partial
combustion takes place.
42
Chapter 5: Material Balances Involving Combustion
Example 5.12: Excess Air
Fuels other than gasoline are being eyed for motor vehicles because they
generate lower levels of pollutants than does gasoline. Compressed propane
is one such proposed fuel.
Suppose that in a test 20 kg of C3H8 is burned with 400 kg of air to
produce 44 kg of CO2 and 12 kg of CO.
What was the percent excess air?
Solution: C H + 5O 3CO + 4H O (g)
3 8 2 2 2
43
Chapter 5: Material Balances Involving Combustion
Example 5.13: A Fuel Cell to Generate Electricity From Methane
Fuel cell is an open system into which fuel and air are fed, and the outcome
are electricity and waste products. Figure bellow is a sketch of a fuel cell in
which a continuous flow of methane (CH4) and air (O2 plus N2) produce
electricity plus CO2 and H2O.
Special membranes and catalysts are needed to promote the reaction of
CH4.
Based on the data given in Flow chart, you are asked to calculate the
composition of the products in stream 3.
Solution:
44
Chapter 5: Material Balances Involving Combustion
Air H2O CO2 CH4 1 Lab
2 2, =300 kg
MW(g/mol) 29 18 44.0 16 2,
1,CH4 =16.0 kg Reactor 2,O2
1,CH4 3 2,N2
3 3,CO2 2,O2 =0.21
3,N2 2,N2 =0.79
3,O2
3,H2O
45
Chapter 5: Material Balances Involving Combustion
47
Chapter 5: Material Balances Involving Combustion
48
Chapter 5: Material Balances Involving Combustion
Output composition on a dry basis 3 3 =100 mol (dry gas )
1 Combustion 3,CO2 = 1.5 mol
1, Unit 3,CO = 6.0 mole
1, 3,O2 = 8.20 mol
2 3,N2 =84.3 mol
2,
2,O2 =0.21 4,H2O
2,N2 =0.79
49
Chapter 5: Material Balances Involving Combustion
You are asked to check the consistency of the data before they are stored in
a database. is the consistency satisfactory?
What was the average percent excess air used?
Input composition on a dry basis Output composition
Elements Input Moles % on a dry basis
C 83.05% Elements Moles
H 4.45 % Input %
O 3.36% CO2+SO2 15.4%
N 1.08% CO 0
S 0.70% O2 4%
Ash 7.36% N2 80.6%
50
Chapter 5: Material Balances Involving Combustion
1 =100 kg
1, =83.05 kg 3
1, =4.45 kg 1 3 3,CO2
1,O =3.36 kg
Lab
3,N2
1,N = 1.08 kg Reactor
3,O2
1,S =0.70 kg 3,H2O
1,Ash =7.36 kg 2
2, =300 kg
2,
2,O2 =0.21
2,N2 =0.79
51
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