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CHAPTER 7

Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis

Solutions to exercises
EXERCISE 7-23 (20 MINUTES)
fixed expenses
1. Break-even point (in units) = unit contribution margin

$54,000
= = 13,500 pizzas
$10 $6
unit contribution margin
2. Contribution-margin ratio = unit sales price
$10 $6
= = .4
$10
fixed expenses
3. Break-even point (in sales dollars) = contribution-margin ratio

$54,000
= = $135,000
.4
4. Let X denote the sales volume of pizzas required to earn a target net profit
of $60,000.
$10X $6X $54,000 = $60,000
$4X = $114,000
X = 28,500 pizzas

EXERCISE 7-27 (25 MINUTES)


fixed costs
1. Break-even point (in units) = unit contribution margin

2,000,000p
= 1,500p 1,000p = 4,000 components

p denotes Argentinas peso.


(2,000,000p ) (1.05)
2. New break-even point (in units) = 1,500 p 1,000 p
2,100,000 p
= 500p
= 4,200 components

3. Sales revenue (7,000 1,500p) .................................................


10,500,000p
Variable costs (7,000 1,000p)........................................................
7,000,000p
Contribution margin......................................................................... 3,500,000
Fixed costs........................................................................................
2,000,000p
Net income........................................................................................
1,500,000p
2,000,000 p
4. New break-even point (in units) = 1,400p 1,000p

= 5,000 components
5. Analysis of price change decision:
Price
1,500p 1,400p
Sales revenue: (7,000 1,500p)................................. 10,500,000p
(8,000 1,400p)................................. 11,200,000p
Variable costs: (7,000 1,000p)................................. 7,000,000p
8,000,000p
(8,000 1,000p).................................
3,500,000p 3,200,000p
Contribution margin....................................................
2,000,000p 2,000,000p
Fixed expenses ............................................................
1,500,000p 1,200,000p
Net income (loss).........................................................

The price cut should not be made, since projected net income will decline
by 300,000p.

EXERCISE 7-28 (25 MINUTES)

1. (a) Traditional income statement:


PACIFIC RIM PUBLICATIONS, INC.
INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 20XX
Sales .........................................................................
$2,000,000
Less: Cost of goods sold.........................................
1,500,000
Gross margin...............................................................
500,000
Less: Operating expenses:
Selling expenses............................................ $150,000
Administrative expenses............................... 150,000
300,000
Net income...................................................................
200,000
(b) Contribution income statement:
PACIFIC RIM PUBLICATIONS, INC.
INCOME STATEMENT
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 20XX
Sales .........................................................................
$2,000,000
Less: Variable expenses:
Variable manufacturing.................................. $1,000,000
Variable selling............................................... 100,000
Variable administrative.................................. 30,000
1,130,000
Contribution margin....................................................
870,000
Less: Fixed expenses:
Fixed manufacturing...................................... $ 500,000
Fixed selling................................................... 50,000
Fixed administrative....................................... 120,000
670,000
Net income...................................................................
200,000

contribution margin
2. Operating leverage factor (at $1,000,000 sales level) =
net income
$870,000
= = 4.35
$200,000

percentage increase operating


3.

Percentage increase in et income


i nsalesrev nue lev ragefactor
= 15% 4.35
= 65.25%
4. Most operating managers prefer the contribution income statement for answering this
type of question. The contribution format highlights the contribution margin and
separates fixed and variable expenses.

EXERCISE 7-33 (20 MINUTES)


fixed expenses
1. Break - even volume of service revenue
contribution margin ratio
$200,000
$800,000
.25

target after - tax net income


2. Target before - tax income
1 tax rate
$120,000
$200,000
1 .40

target after - tax net income


fixed expenses
3. Service revenue required to earn (1 t )

target after-tax income of contribution margin ratio
$120,000 $120,000
$200,000
1 .40 $1,600,000
.25

4. A change in the tax rate will have no effect on the firm's break-even point. At the break-
even point, the firm has no profit and does not have to pay any income taxes.

Solutions to Problems
PROBLEM 7-34 (30 MINUTES)

1. Break-even point in sales dollars, using the contribution-margin ratio:


fixed expenses
Break - even point =
contribution - margin ratio
$650,000 + $250,000 $900,000
= =
$50 - $15 - $5 .6
$50
= $1,500,000

2. Target net income, using contribution-margin approach:


fixed expenses + target net income
Sales units required to earn income of $300,000 =
unit contribution margin
$900,000 + $300,000 $1,200,000
= =
$50 - $15 - $5 $30
= 40,000 units
3. New unit variable manufacturing cost = $15 120%
= $18.00
Break-even point in sales dollars:
$900,000 $900,000
Break - even point = =
$50.00 - $18.00 - $5.00 .54
$50
= $1,666,667 (rounded)
4. Let P denote the selling price that will yield the same contribution-margin ratio:
$50.00 - $15.00 - $5.00 P - $18.00 - $5.00
=
$50.00 P
P - $23.00
.6 =
P
.6P = P - $23.00
$23.00 = .4 P
P = $23.00/.4
P = $57.50

Check: New contribution-margin ratio is:


$57.50 - $18.00 - $5.00
= .6
$57.50

PROBLEM 7-35 (30 MINUTES)


fixed costs
1. Break - even point (in units)
unit contribution margin
$702,000
135,000 units
$25.00 $19.80

fixed cost
2. Break - even point (in sales dollars)
contribution - margin ratio
$702,000
$3,375,000
$25.00 $19.80
$25.00

fixed costs target net profit


3. Number of sales units required to
unit contribution margin
earn target net profit $702,000 $390,000
210,000 units
$25.00 $19.80

4. Margin of safety = budgeted sales revenue break-even sales revenue


= (140,000)($25) $3,375,000 = $125,000

5. Break-even point if direct-labor costs increase by 10 percent:

New unit contribution margin = $25.00 $8.20 ($4.00)(1.10) $6.00 $1.60


= $4.80
fixed costs
Break-even point new unit contribution margin
$702,000
146,250 units
$4.80
unit contribution margin
6. Contribution-margin ratio
sales price
$25.00 $19.80
Old contribution-margin ratio $25.00
.208

Let P denote sales price required to maintain a contribution-margin ratio of .208. Then
P is determined as follows:
P $8.20 ($4.00)(1.10) $6.00 $1.60
.208
P
P $20.20 .208P
.792P $20.20
P $25.51(rounded)

Check: New contribution- $25.51 $8.20 ($4.00)(1.10) $6.00 $1.60



margin ratio $25.51
.208 (rounded)

PROBLEM 7-37 (30 MINUTES)

1. Unit contribution margin:


Sales price $32.00
Less variable costs:
Sales commissions ($32 x 5%) $ 1.60
System variable costs 8.00 9.60
Unit contribution margin.. $22.40

Break-even point = fixed costs unit contribution margin


= $1,971,200 $22.40
= 88,000 units

2. Model B is more profitable when sales and production average 184,000


units.

Model A Model B

Sales revenue (184,000 units x $32.00)... $5,888,000 $5,888,000


Less variable costs:
Sales commissions ($5,888,000 x 5%) $ 294,400 $ 294,400
System variable costs:
184,000 units x $8.00. 1,472,000
184,000 units x $6.40. 1,177,600
Total variable costs.. $1,766,400 $1,472,000
Contribution margin... $4,121,600 $4,416,000
Less: Annual fixed costs.. 1,971,200 2,227,200
Net income $2,150,400 $2,188,800

3. Annual fixed costs will increase by $180,000 ($900,000 5 years) because


of straight-line depreciation associated with the new equipment, to
$2,407,200 ($2,227,200 + $180,000). The unit contribution margin is $24
($4,416,000 184,000 units). Thus:

Required sales = (fixed costs + target net profit) unit contribution


margin
= ($2,407,200 + $1,912,800) $24
= 180,000 units

4. Let X = volume level at which annual total costs are equal


$8.00X + $1,971,200 = $6.40X + $2,227,200
$1.60X = $256,000
X = 160,000 units

PROBLEM 7-43 (35 MINUTES)

1. Plan A break-even point = fixed costs unit contribution margin


= $33,000 $33*
= 1,000 units

Plan B break-even point = fixed costs unit contribution margin


= $99,000 $45**
= 2,200 units

* $120 - [($120 x 10%) + $75]


** $120 - $75

2. Operating leverage refers to the use of fixed costs in an organizations overall


cost structure. An organization that has a relatively high proportion of fixed costs
and low proportion of variable costs has a high degree of operating leverage.

3. Calculation of contribution margin and profit at 6,000 units of sales:

Plan A Plan B

Sales revenue: 6,000 units x $120. $720,000 $720,000


Less variable costs:
Cost of purchasing product:
6,000 units x $75. $450,000 $450,000
Sales commissions: $720,000 x 10%... 72,000 ----__
Total variable cost.. $522,000 $450,000
Contribution margin $198,000 $270,000
Fixed costs. 33,000 99,000
Net income. $165,000 $171,000

Plan A has a higher percentage of variable costs to sales (72.5%)


compared to Plan B (62.5%). Plan Bs fixed costs are 13.75% of sales,
compared to Plan As 4.58%.

Operating leverage factor = contribution margin net income


Plan A: $198,000 $165,000 = 1.2
Plan B: $270,000 $171,000 = 1.58 (rounded)

Plan B has the higher degree of operating leverage.

4 & 5. Calculation of profit at 5,000 units:


Plan A Plan B

Sales revenue: 5,000 units x $120. $600,000 $600,000


Less variable costs:
Cost of purchasing product:
5,000 units x $75.. $375,000 $375,000
Sales commissions: $600,000 x 10%... 60,000 ---- __
Total variable cost.. $435,000 $375,000
Contribution margin $165,000 $225,000
Fixed costs 33,000 99,000
Net income. $132,000 $126,000

Plan A profitability decrease:


$165,000 - $132,000 = $33,000; $33,000 $165,000 = 20%

Plan B profitability decrease:


$171,000 - $126,000 = $45,000; $45,000 $171,000 = 26.3%
(rounded)

PneumoTech would experience a larger percentage decrease in income if


it adopts Plan B. This situation arises because Plan B has a higher degree
of operating leverage. Stated differently, Plan Bs cost structure produces
a greater percentage decline in profitability from the drop-off in sales
revenue.

Note: The percentage decreases in profitability can be computed by


multiplying the percentage decrease in sales revenue by the operating
leverage factor. Sales dropped from 6,000 units to 5,000 units, or 16.67%.
Thus:
Plan A: 16.67% x 1.2 = 20.0%
Plan B: 16.67% x 1.58 = 26.3% (rounded)

6. Heavily automated manufacturers have sizable investments in plant and


equipment, along with a high percentage of fixed costs in their cost
structures. As a result, there is a high degree of operating leverage.

In a severe economic downturn, these firms typically suffer a


significant decrease in profitability. Such firms would be a more risky
investment when compared with firms that have a low degree of operating
leverage. Of course, when times are good, increases in sales would tend
to have a very favorable effect on earnings in a company with high
operating leverage.

PROBLEM 7-46 (35 MINUTES)


$2,200,000 - $800,00
Unit contribution margin =
1. 40,000 units
= $35 per unit

fixed costs
Break - even point (in units) =
unit contribution mar
$350,000
= = 10,000 uni
$35

2. Number of sales units required =


fixed costs + target net profit
to earn target net profit unit contribution margin
$350,000 + $210,000
= = 16,000 units
$35

new fixed costs


3. New break - even point (in units) =
new unit contribution margin
$350,000 + ($510,000/6) *
= = 15,000 units
$35 - $6

*Annual straight-line depreciation on new machine



$6.00 = $12.00 $6.00 increase in the unit cost of the new part

4. Number of sales units required new fixed costs + target net profit
to earn target net profit, given =
new unit contribution margin
manufacturing changes
$435,000 + $1,050,000 *
=
$29
= 51,207 units (rounded)

*Last year's profit: ($55)(40,000) $1,150,000 = $1,050,000


unit contribution margin
5. Contribution - margin ratio =
sales price
$35
Old contribution - margin ratio = = .64 (rounded)
$55 *

*Sales price, given in problem.

Let P denote the price required to cover increased direct-material cost and maintain
the same contribution-margin ratio:

P - $20 * - $6
= .64
P
P - $26 = .64P
.36P = $26
P = $72.22 (rounded)

*Old unit variable cost = $20 = $800,000 40,000 units



Increase in direct-material cost = $6

Check:

$72.22 - $20 - $6
New contribution - margin ratio =
$72.22
= .64 (rounded)

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