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Homework 1
chapter 23: 27, 34, 41, 51
Problem 23.27
A uniformly charged insulating rod of length 14.0 cm is bent into the shape of a
semicircle as in figure P23.33. The rod has a total charge of -7.5 mC. Find the
magnitude and direction of the electric field at O, the center of the semicircle.
k dq dl k Q
dE = d [sin , cos ] = r d [sin , cos ]
r 2 dl d r2 L
We can eliminate the unknown radius from its relation to the length of
the rod. Hence
kQ
d E = 2 [sin , cos ]d
L
In order to find the net electric field we must integrate (add) the
differential fields over the entire body. In terms of the variable , it
requires integration in limits from 0 to .
kQ
kQ
E = d E = 2 [sin , cos ]d = 2 sin d, cos d =
object 0 L L 0 0
9 10
Nm 2
9
(
7.5 10 6 C )
kQ
= 2 [2,0] = C 2
[2, 0 ] = [2. 16 10 7
,]0
N
L (0.14m )2 C
Problem 23.34
Figure P23.40 shows the electric field lines from two point charges separated by a
small distance. (a) Determine the ratio q1/q2. (b) What are the signs of q1 and q2?
(1) = N
1 N1 N1
(2) = =
2 N 2 N 2
The minus sign in the numerator results from the direction of the electric
field lines around particle q1. (In Gauss' law we should consider the
flux directed outwards not inwards)
v0
For a simpler description let's choose the x-direction along the velocity
r
v 0 of the proton as it enters the electric field, the y-direction along the
electric field vector and the reference time t0 as the instant when the
proton enters the field. As long as the proton is in the uniform electric
field the electric force exerted on the proton is constant. For all
practical purposes we can assume that the other forces are small (in
magnitude) when compared with the electric force exerted by the
electric field described in the problem. Therefore the net force exerted
on the proton is approximately equal to the electric force and is also
constant. Consistent with Newton's second law the particle moves with a
constant acceleration. Using the definition of electric field vector we can
find that acceleration force in terms of the given physical quantities:
r0 = [0,0] , v 0 = [ v0 ,0]
the following function represents the position and the velocity of the
proton.
q
at 2 [0, E ]t 2
qE 2
(1) r (t ) = r0 + v 0 t + = [0,0] + [v 0 ,0]t + m = v 0 t, t
2 2 2m
a) In this question we have to find how much time elapsed from the
chosen reference time (instant) t0 = 0s to the time (instant) t1 when the
proton reaches the given location with the x-component (x1 = 5cm).
From the general expression (1) for position we obtain
(3) v 0 t 1 = x1
x1 0.05m
t = t1 t 2 = t0 = 0s = 1.1 10 7 s
v0 m
4.5 105
s
b) Again using equation (1) we can determine the vertical component of
the position at instant t1 and use that result to find the displacement from
the initial position.
qE 2
y = y1 y 0 = t1 y 0 =
2m
( ) N
1.6 1019 C 9.6 103
=
(
27
2 1.67 10 kg )
C
(
1 .1 10 )
7 2
s 0m = 5.67 10 3 m
c) Using the function representing velocity (2), we can find its value at
instant t1:
qE
1(.6 10 19
C)
9. 6 10 3 N
v1 = v 0 , t1 = 4.5 10
m
5 m
,
(
1.67 10 27 kg) (
C
)
7
1.1 10 s =
s
m m
= 4.5 105 ,1.02 105
s s
Problem 23.51
Identical thin rods of length 2a carry equal charges Q uniformly distributed along
their lengths. The rods lie along the x-axis which their centers separated by a
distance b > 2a. Show that the magnitude of the force exerted by the left rod on the
kQ 2 b 2
right one is F = 2 ln 2 .
2
4 a b 4 a
dx1 dx2
b
x
-a x1 a b-a x2 b+a
Solution 1
The symmetry of the arrangement implicates that all relevant
vector quantities are aligned with the x-axis. The components of the
vectors in the direction transverse to this axis are zero and only the
x-component must be calculated. From Coulombs law (electric field
produced by a particle), the contribution to the (x-component of the)
electric field vector at location x2 by the differential segment of the left
rod at location x1 is equal to
kQ dx1
dE1 =
2a ( x2 x1 )2
Calculating the electric field produced by the entire (left) rod requires
integration with respect to x1
a
kQ dx1 x1 = a
kQ d( x2 x1 )
E1 ( x2 ) = dE1 = = =
rod - a 2a ( x2 x1 ) 2
x1 = -a 2a ( x2 x1 )
2
x1 = a
kQ 1 kQ 1 1
= =
2a x2 x1 x1 = -a
2 a x 2 a x2 + a
From the definition of the electric field vector, the (x-component of
the) electrostatic force exerted on the differential fragment of the right
rod at location x2 is
Q dx 2 kQ 2 1 1
dF = E1 ( x2 ) = 2 dx2
2a 4a x2 a x2 + a
b+a
kQ 2 b + a 1 b+a
1
F = dF = 2 dx2 dx2 =
b-a 4 a b - a x2 a b - a x2 + a
kQ 2 x 2 = b + a 1 x2 = b + a
1
= 2
d ( x 2 a ) d ( x 2 + a ) =
4 a x 2 = b - a x2 a x 2 = b - a x2 + a
kQ 2
[
= 2 ln( x2 a ) b - a ln( x2 + a ) b - a =
4a
b+a b+a
]
kQ 2
= 2 [ln b ln(b 2a ) ln(b + 2a ) + ln b] =
4a
kQ 2 b2 kQ 2 b2
= 2 ln = 2 ln 2
4a (b 2 a )(b + 2 a ) 4a b 4a 2
Solution 2
According to Coulombs law, the (differential) electrostatic force
exerted by the differential fragment of the left rod on the differential
fragment of the right rod is equal to
Q Q
k dx1 dx2
2a 2a kQ 2 dx1dx2
dF" = = 2
( x2 x1 )2
4a ( x2 x1 )2
Integrating the above expression with respect to x2 results in the
(differential) force exerted by the differential fragment of the left rod on
the entire right rod
x2 =b + a
kQ 2 dx1dx2 kQ 2 dx1 x 2 = b + a d( x2 x1 )
dF' = dF" = = =
rod x2 =b - a 4 a 2
( x 2 x1 )2
4 a 2
x2 =b - a ( x 2 x1 )2
b+a
kQ 2 dx1 1 kQ 2 1 1
= = dx1
4a 2 x2 x1 b - a 4a 2 b a x1 b + a x1
kQ 2
a
1 1
F = dF' =
2
dx1 =
rod a 4a b a x1 b + a x1
kQ 2 a dx1 a
dx1
= 2 =
4a a b a x1 a b + a x1
kQ 2 x1 = a d(b a x1 ) x1 = a d(b + a x1 )
= 2 + =
4 a x1 = a b a x b + a x
1 x1 = a 1
kQ 2
[
= 2 ln (b a x1 ) a + ln (b + a x1 ) a =
4a
a a
]
kQ 2 kQ 2 b2
= 2 [ ln(b 2a ) + ln b + ln b ln(b 2a )] = 2 ln 2
4a 4a b 4a 2
Solution 3a
One may find the electrostatic force by simultaneous addition
(integration) of the forces exerted by differential fragments of the left
rod on the differential fragments of the ring rod.
( x 2 = b + a ) ( x1 = a )
kQ 2 dx1dx2
F = dF" = =
( x 2 = b a ) ( x1 = a ) 4a ( x2 x1 )
2 2
rods
kQ 2 ( x2 = b + a ) ( x1 = a ) d ( x2 x1 )
= 2 dx2 =
4a ( x 2 = b a ) ( x1 = a ) ( x2 x1 )2
kQ 2 ( x2 = b + a )
x1 = a
1
= 2 dx 2 =
4a ( x 2 = b a ) x2 x1 x1 = a
kQ 2 ( x2 = b + a ) 1 1
= 2 dx 2 =
4 a ( x 2 = b a ) x2 a x2 + a
kQ 2
[
= 2 ln ( x2 a ) b a ln ( x2 + a ) b a =
4a
b+a b+a
]
kQ 2 kQ 2 b2
= 2 [ln b ln(b 2a ) ln(b + 2a ) + ln b] = 2 ln 2
4a 4a b 4a 2
Solution 3b
It does not matter in what order the addition (integration) was
performed
( x1 = a ) ( x 2 = b + a )
kQ 2 dx2 dx1 kQ 2 b2
F = dF" = = ... = 2 ln 2
rods ( x1 = a ) ( x 2 = b a ) 4 a 2
( x2 x1 )2
4a b 4a 2