CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

QCVN 41: 2011/BTNMT

QUY CHUN K THUT QUC GIA

V NG X L CHT THI NGUY HI

TRONG L NUNG XI MNG

National Technical Regulation on Co-processing of

Hazardous Waste in Cement Kiln

H NI 2011
Li ni u

QCVN 41: 2011/BTNMT do T son tho Quy chun k

thut quc gia v ng x l cht thi nguy hi trong l
nung xi mng bin son, Tng cc Mi trng, V
Khoa hc v Cng ngh, V Php ch trnh duyt v
c ban hnh theo Thng t s 44/2011/TT-BTNMT
ngy 26 thng 12 nm 2011 ca B trng B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng.
 QUY CHUN K THUT QUC GIA
V NG X L CHT THI NGUY HI TRONG L NUNG XI MNG
National Technical Regulation on Co-processing of
Hazardous Waste in Cement Kiln

1. QUY NH CHUNG

1.1. Phm vi iu chnh

Quy chun ny quy nh cc yu cu k thut i vi vic p dng ng

x l cht thi nguy hi (sau y vit tt l CTNH) trong l nung xi mng.

1.2. i tng p dng

Quy chun ny ch p dng i vi cc c s, dy chuyn sn xut

xi mng p dng ng x l CTNH trong l nung xi mng (sau y gi tt l
c s xi mng ng x l CTNH), c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng
v cc t chc, c nhn c lin quan n vic ng x l CTNH trong l
nung xi mng.

1.3. Gii thch t ng

Trong Quy chun ny, cc t ng di y c hiu nh sau:

1.3.1. L nung xi mng (sau y gi tt l l nung) l h thng

chuyn ha nguyn liu thnh clinke trong c s sn xut xi mng, c
th km theo b phn tin nung, tin canxi ho.

1.3.2. Tin nung hoc tin canxi ha l cc qu trnh c thc hin

ring hoc kt hp trong cng mt b phn km theo l nung, c mc
ch sy hoc canxi ha mt phn hay ton b nguyn liu trc khi
np vo
l nung.

1.3.3. ng x l CTNH trong l nung xi mng (sau y gi tt l ng

x l CTNH) l vic kt hp qu trnh sn xut xi mng x l CTNH,
trong CTNH c s dng lm nhin liu, nguyn liu thay th trong
sn xut xi mng hoc c thiu hy nh nhit trong l nung.

1.3.4. Tin x l l qu trnh s ch hoc x l s b cc cht thi

nhm to ra mt dng cht thi tng i ng nht theo cc yu cu k
thut nht nh trc khi np vo ng x l.
 1.3.5. Kh thi cng nghip sn xut xi mng p dng ng x l
CTNH (sau y gi tt l kh thi ng x l CTNH) l hn hp cc thnh
phn vt cht pht thi ra mi trng khng kh t ng khi chnh ca l nung
v b phn tin nung, tin canxi ho p dng ng x l CTNH (sau y gi
tt l ng khi chnh).

1.3.6. Nm3 (mt khi kh thi chun) l mt khi kh thi nhit

25oC v p sut 760 mm Hg.

1.3.7. Kp l h s cng sut ng vi tng cng sut theo thit k

ca c s xi mng ng x l CTNH.

1.3.8. Kv l h s vng, khu vc ng vi a im t c s xi

mng ng x l CTNH.

1.3.9. P l tng cng sut theo thit k ca c s xi mng ng x

l CTNH.

2. QUY NH K THUT

2.1. Yu cu chung i vi c s xi mng ng x l CTNH

2.1.1. Phi s dng cng ngh l quay phng php kh.

2.1.2. C a im khng thuc mt trong nhng khu vc sau y:

2.1.2.1. Vng ni thnh, ni th th loi c bit, loi I, II, III, IV (theo

quy nh ti Ngh nh s 42/2009/N-CP ngy 07 thng 5 nm 2009 ca
Chnh ph v vic phn loi th); vng ngoi thnh c khong cch ti ranh
gii ni thnh th loi c bit, th loi I di 05 km (tnh t chn ng
khi chnh ca c s xi mng ng x l CTNH);

2.1.2.2. Vng rng c dng bao gm: Vn quc gia; khu bo tn

thin nhin; khu bo v cnh quan; khu rng nghin cu, thc nghim khoa
hc (theo quy nh ti Lut Bo v v pht trin rng nm 2004);

2.1.2.3. Khu di sn thin nhin, di tch lch s, vn ha c xp hng

(c UNESCO cng nhn hoc c Th tng Chnh ph, b ch qun ra
quyt nh thnh lp, xp hng).

2.1.3. Phi c bin php lm ngui kh thi t ng khi chnh xung

di 200oC (<200C) trc khi thi ra mi trng.
 2.1.4. Phi c h thng tip nhn, lu gi tm thi v np cht thi mt
cch an ton, hp l theo quy nh.

2.1.5. p ng cc yu cu k thut quy nh ti Ph lc 7 Thng t s

12/2011/TT-BTNMT ngy 14 thng 4 nm 2011 ca B trng B Ti nguyn
v Mi trng quy nh v qun l cht thi nguy hi (sau y gi tt l Thng
t s 12/2011/TT-BTNMT).

2.2. Nng ti a cho php ca cc thng s nhim trong kh

thi ng x l cht thi nguy hi

2.2.1. i vi cc thng s nhim c trng chung trong kh thi cng

nghip sn xut xi mng p dng cho kh thi ng x l CTNH:

Trong iu kin hot ng bnh thng, nng ti a cho php ca

cc thng s nhim c trng chung trong kh thi ng x l CTNH c
tnh nh sau:

Cmax = C x Kp x Kv

Trong :

- Cmax l nng ti a cho php ca cc thng s nhim c trng

chung trong kh thi ng x l CTNH, c tnh bng miligam trn mt khi
kh thi chun (mg/Nm3);
- C l nng lm c s tnh ton nng ti a cho php (Cmax) ca
cc thng s nhim c trng chung trong trong kh thi ng x l CTNH,
c quy nh ti Bng 1 ca Quy chun ny;
- Kp c quy nh ti Bng 2 ca Quy chun ny;

- Kv c quy nh ti Bng 3 ca Quy chun ny.

Bng 1: Nng C lm c s tnh ton nng ti a cho php
ca cc thng s nhim c trng chung
Nng C
STT Thng s
(mg/Nm3)
1 Bi tng 100
2 CO 500
3 NOx (tnh theo NO2) 1.000
4 SO2 500
 Bng 2: H s cng sut Kp

Tng cng sut theo thit k H s Kp

(triu tn/nm)
P 0,6 1,2
0,6 < P 1,5 1,0
P > 1,5 0,8

Bng 3: H s vng, khu vc Kv

H s
Phn vng, khu vc
Kv
Khu vc c khong cch ti ranh gii cc vng rng
c dng, khu di sn thin nhin, di tch lch s, vn
Loi 1
ha c xp hng (nu ti im 2.1.2 ca Quy 0,6
chun ny) di 05 km.
- Vng ngoi thnh c khong cch: ti ranh gii vng
ni thnh th loi c bit, loi I t 05 km tr ln;
hoc ti ranh gii vng ni thnh, ni th th loi II,
Loi 2 III, IV di 05 km; 0,8
- Khu vc c khong cch ti ranh gii vng ngoi
thnh th loi c bit, loi I di 05 km.
- Khu cng nghip, cm cng nghip; th loi V;
vng ngoi thnh c khong cch ti ranh gii
Loi vng ni thnh, ni th th loi II, III, IV t 05 km
tr ln; 1,0
3
- Khu vc c khong cch n ranh gii cc vng,
khu vc ny di 05 km.
Loi Khu vc nng thn ngoi cc vng, khu vc nu
1,2
4 trn.
Loi Khu vc nng thn min ni ngoi cc vng, khu
1,4
5 vc nu trn.
Ch thch:
- Khong cch quy nh ti Bng 3 ny c tnh t chn ng khi chnh ca c
s xi mng ng x l CTNH;
- Trng hp chn ng khi chnh ca c s xi mng ng x l CTNH c
xc nh thuc c 02 loi vng, khu vc tr ln th p dng h s Kv nh nht
trong cc vng, khu vc ny.
 2.2.2. i vi cc thng s nhim c trng ring trong kh thi ng
x l CTNH:

Trong iu kin hot ng bnh thng, nng ti a cho php ca

cc thng s nhim c trng ring trong kh thi ng x l CTNH c
quy nh ti Bng 4 di y.

Bng 4: Nng ti a cho php ca cc thng s nhim

c trng ring trong kh thi ng x l CTNH

Nng ti a
TT Thng s n v
cho php
1 HF mg/Nm3 5
2 HCl mg/Nm3 50
3 Thy ngn v hp cht, tnh theo Hg mg/Nm3 0,55

4 Cadimi v hp cht, tnh theo Cd mg/Nm3 0,16

Tng cc kim loi nng khc: As, Sb,

5 mg/Nm3 2
Ni, Co, Cu, Cr, Pb, V, Sn, Mn, Tl, Zn
6 Tng Dioxin/Furan (PCDD/PCDF) ng-TEQ/Nm3 0,6

2.2.3. Ngoi cc thng s quy nh ti Bng 1 v Bng 4, trong trng

hp cn thit theo yu cu v mc ch kim sot nhim, nng ca cc
thng s nhim khc c p dng theo quy nh ti Bng 1 ca QCVN 19:
2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v kh thi cng nghip i vi
bi v cc cht v c.

3. QUY NH V VN HNH, QUAN TRC V GIM ST

3.1. Vn hnh th nghim

3.1.1. Vic vn hnh th nghim phi c tin hnh theo quy nh ti

Thng t s 12/2011/TT-BTNMT.

3.1.2. Trng hp vn hnh th nghim ng x l CTNH c cha

thnh phn halogen hu c vt ngng quy nh ti QCVN 07:
2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v ngng cht thi nguy hi
(sau y gi tt l QCVN 07: 2009/BTNMT) th phi gim st thng s
Dioxin/Furan theo quy nh ti Bng 4 ca Quy chun ny.

3.2. Yu cu i vi vic chun b CTNH cho ng x l

 3.2.1. CTNH trc khi c np vo ng x l phi m bo n nh
v mt cht lng, s lng v nhit tr, cng nh ng nht v kch thc,
tnh cht, thnh phn ho hc khng nh hng n vic vn hnh bnh
thng ca l nung, cht lng sn phm v kh thi. Mt s yu cu v
CTNH trc khi np vo ng x l c hng dn ti Ph lc 2 ca Quy
chun ny.
3.2.2. Trng hp cn thit, CTNH phi c tin x l p ng yu
cu ti im 3.2.1 ca Quy chun ny, bao gm cc bin php s ch bng
c-l n thun nhm thay i tnh cht vt l (nh gim kch thc, m)
hoc x l ho hc thay i thnh phn. Vic tin x l c thc hin
trong hoc ngoi c s xi mng ng x l CTNH.

3.2.3. Cc CTNH khc nhau (k c trng thi tn ti khc nhau) c

php phi trn vi nhau hoc vi nguyn liu, ph gia, nhin liu hoc cht
thi khc p ng yu cu ti im 3.2.1 ca Quy chun ny, tr trng
hp khng tng thch v tnh cht ho hc hoc c th gy phn ng c hi
nh chy, n hoc pht sinh kh nguy him.

3.2.4. Ch c thc hin phi trn cc cht thi quy m ln sau khi
tin hnh th nghim thnh cng quy m phng th nghim.

3.3. Yu cu v np cht thi nguy hi vo ng x l

3.3.1. Ngoi cc quy trnh chung v np liu ca sn xut xi mng, vic

np CTNH vo ng x l phi tun th cc yu cu c th nh sau:

3.3.1.1. Khng c np CTNH khi l nung cn ch sy trong qu

trnh khi ng hoc mc np liu di 75% nh mc vn hnh ti u;

3.3.1.2. Khng c np cht thi (nguy hi v thng thng) c cha

halogen vo b phn tin nung hoc tin canxi ha;

3.3.1.3. Khng c np cht thi hu c (nguy hi v thng thng)

vo b phn tin nung;

3.3.1.4. Gi n nh mc np CTNH khi l nung chy n nh vi nh

mc vn hnh ti u.

3.3.2. CTNH phi c np ti cc v tr thch hp ty thuc vo tnh

cht ca tng dng cht thi theo cc phng n nh sau:

3.3.2.1. CTNH c np bng ng np ring bit (i vi CTNH

th lng nh nc thi phi s dng vi dng phun sng);
 3.3.2.2. CTNH (rn, lng, bn) khng c tnh cht d bay hi c phi
trn vi nguyn liu, ph gia cp qua ng np liu thng thng;

3.3.2.3. CTNH th lng lm nhin liu thay th c np trc tip

hoc phi trn vi nhin liu np qua vi t;

3.3.2.4. Ring CTNH c cha cc thnh phn halogen hu c vt

ngng CTNH theo quy nh ti QCVN 07: 2009/BTNMT hoc cc hp cht
hu c d bay hi phi c np vo khu vc vi t chnh cui l nung.

3.4. Yu cu v quy trnh dng l nung

3.4.1. Trng hp dng l nung khn cp, phi ngng ngay vic np
CTNH trc khi ngng np nguyn liu v nhin liu truyn thng ng thi
phi tun th nghim ngt quy trnh dng l nung theo quy nh.

3.4.2. Trng hp dng l nung theo lch trnh, phi ngng np cht
thi t nht 02 gi trc khi dng l nung, chuyn sang s dng nhin liu,
nguyn liu truyn thng v tin hnh cc bc dng l nung theo quy nh.

3.5. Yu cu v quan trc, gim st mi trng

3.5.1. Phi c thit b quan trc t ng lin tc kh thi ng x l

CTNH i vi t nht hai thng s nhit v CO. Cc thng s quan trc t
ng lin tc khc do c quan cp php hnh ngh qun l CTNH (sau y
gi tt l c quan cp php) yu cu ty theo tnh hnh thc t.

3.5.2. Vic gim st mi trng nh k c thc hin theo cc quy

nh ca php lut v theo yu cu ca c quan ph duyt bo co nh gi
tc ng mi trng, c quan cp php.

3.5.3. Trn thn ng khi phi b tr im ly mu kh thi vi sn thao

tc bo m an ton v thun li ly mu; khng c ly mu ti ming
ng khi.

3.5.4. Khng bt buc gim st i vi thng s Dioxin/Furan tr trng

hp ng x l CTNH c cc thnh phn halogen hu c vt ngng CTNH
hoc cc trng hp cn thit khc theo yu cu ca c quan ph duyt bo
co nh gi tc ng mi trng, c quan cp php.
 4. PHNG PHP XC NH
4.1. Phng php xc nh nng cc thng s nhim quy nh ti
Quy chun ny c thc hin theo cc Tiu chun quc gia di y:
- TCVN 5977: 2009 - Pht thi ca ngun tnh - Xc nh nng khi lng
ca bi bng phng php th cng;
- TCVN 6750: 2000 - S pht thi ca ngun tnh - Xc nh nng
khi lng lu hunh dioxit Phng php sc k kh ion;
- TCVN 7172: 2002 - S pht thi ca ngun tnh - Xc nh nng
khi lng nit oxit Phng php trc quang dng naphtyletylendiamin;
- TCVN 7242: 2003 - L t cht thi rn y t - Phng php xc nh
nng cacbon monoxit (CO) trong kh thi;
- TCVN 7243: 2003 - L t cht thi rn y t - Phng php xc nh
nng axit flohydric (HF) trong kh thi;
- TCVN 7244: 2003 - L t cht thi rn y t - Phng php xc nh
nng axit clohydric (HCl) trong kh thi;
- TCVN 7245: 2003 - L t cht thi rn y t - Phng php xc nh
nng nit oxit (NOx) trong kh thi;
- TCVN 7556-1: 2005 - L t cht thi rn y t - Xc nh nng khi
lng PCDD/PCDF - Phn 1: Ly mu;
- TCVN 7556-2: 2005 - L t cht thi rn y t - Xc nh nng khi
lng PCDD/PCDF - Phn 2: Chit v lm sch;
- TCVN 7556-3: 2005 - L t cht thi rn y t - Xc nh nng khi
lng PCDD/PCDF - Phn 3: nh tnh v nh lng;
- TCVN 7557-1: 2005 - L t cht thi rn y t - Xc nh kim loi nng
trong kh thi - Phn 1: Quy nh chung;
- TCVN 7557-2: 2005 - L t cht thi rn y t - Xc nh kim loi nng
trong kh thi - Phn 2: Phng php xc nh nng thy ngn bng o
ph hp th nguyn t ha hi lnh;
- TCVN 7557-3: 2005 - L t cht thi rn y t - Xc nh kim loi nng
trong kh thi - Phn 3: Phng php xc nh nng cadmi v ch bng o
ph hp th nguyn t ngn la v khng ngn la.
4.2. Khi cha c cc Tiu chun quc gia xc nh nng ca cc
thng s nhim c quy nh ti Quy chun ny th p dng tiu chun
quc t c chnh xc tng ng hoc cao hn.
4.3. c php p dng tiu chun quc t c chnh xc tng
ng hoc cao hn thay th cho cc Tiu chun quc gia nu ti mc 4.1
ca Quy chun ny.

5. T CHC THC HIN

5.1. Khi ng k v c cp php hnh ngh qun l CTNH, c s xi

mng ng x l CTNH (tr dy chuyn sn xut xi mng khng p dng
ng x l CTNH trong cc c s ny hoc cc b phn ph tr khc) phi
tun th cc quy nh ti Quy chun ny; khng phi tun th quy nh ti
QCVN 23: 2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v kh thi cng
nghip sn xut xi mng v Khon 2 iu 11 Thng t s 12/2011/TT-BTNMT
(quy nh v s lng phng tin vn chuyn).
C s xi mng ng x l CTNH hot ng theo Giy php qun l
CTNH trc ngy Quy chun ny c hiu lc tm thi thc hin theo ni dung
quy nh ti bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c ph duyt, Giy
php c cp v phi nng cp, iu chnh v mt k thut p ng
quy nh ti Quy chun ny trc ngy 01 thng 01 nm 2014.
5.2. Cc t chc, c nhn nghin cu, la chn cc loi CTNH ph hp
theo hng dn ti Ph lc 1 ca Quy chun ny ng k ng x l trong
l nung xi mng v lp h s ng k, trnh c quan cp php xem xt, cp
php hnh ngh qun l CTNH theo quy nh.
5.3. Cc c s, dy chuyn sn xut xi mng p ng yu cu k thut
ca Quy chun ny c php ng x l cht thi thng thng.
5.4. Trng hp cc vn bn quy phm php lut, Quy chun k thut
quc gia, Tiu chun quc gia vin dn trong Quy chun ny c sa i,
b sung hoc thay th th p dng theo vn bn mi.
5.5. C quan qun l nh nc v mi trng c trch nhim hng
dn, kim tra, gim st vic thc hin Quy chun ny.
 PH LC 1: LA CHN CHT THI NGUY HI
NG X L TRONG L NUNG XI MNG
(Km theo QCVN 41: 2011/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia
v ng x l cht thi nguy hi trong l nung xi mng)
1.1. CTNH c kh nng ng x l trong l nung xi mng
1.1.1. CTNH c s dng lm nhin liu thay th bao gm cc loi
CTNH c nhit tr cao nh sau:

- CTNH th lng nh: du thi; nh tng thi; dung mi hu c thi;

sn, vecni thi

- CTNH th rn nh: sp, m thi; cc cht thi rn c cha du; hn

hp bitum, nha than v hc n thi; gi lau; cc loi vt liu thi (g, mn
ca, giy, ba cc tng, cao su, nha, da, vi...) c cha cc thnh phn nguy
hi; cht kt dnh v bt kn thi; than hot tnh thi; cn thp chng ct

1.1.2. CTNH c s dng lm nguyn liu thay th bao gm cc loi

CTNH c cha cc thnh phn ph hp cho sn xut xi mng nh: bn thi;
tro, x, mui, b hng, bi l; qung, t st, , ct, thch cao thi c cha
cc thnh phn nguy hi; vt liu mi mn

1.1.3. CTNH c mc ch ch thiu hy nh nhit trong l nung

m khng c gi tr s dng lm nhin liu hoc nguyn liu thay th nh:
dch ci, huyn ph, nc thi; ha cht thi (k c ha cht bo v thc vt
thi); t nhim ha cht; cht xc tc thi; mc in thi...

1.1.4. CTNH c tnh cht kt hp t cc loi nu ti im 1.1.1, 1.1.2 v

1.1.3 ca Ph lc ny, bao gm: CTNH ng thi c cc thnh phn ph hp
lm nguyn liu v thnh phn lm nhin liu; hoc CTNH ng thi c cc
thnh phn ph hp lm nguyn liu hoc nhin liu v thnh phn ch
thiu hy.

1.2. CTNH khng c ng x l trong l nung xi mng

Tr trng hp c bit c xem xt c th bi c quan cp php, cc
CTNH khng c ng x l trong l nung xi mng bao gm: Cc CTNH ly
nhim hoc c cha thy ngn thi t ngnh y t v th y; cht thi c cha
aming; thit b in (k c pin, c quy), in t thi cha c phn loi, ph
d; cht thi gy n; cht thi phng x; v cht thi khc khng r thnh phn
hoc cha c xc nh, phn loi (k c cht thi thng thng).
 PH LC 2: YU CU I VI CHT THI NGUY HI
TRC KHI NP VO NG X L TRONG L NUNG XI MNG
(Km theo QCVN 41: 2011/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia
v ng x l cht thi nguy hi trong l nung xi mng)
Tr khi c vn hnh th nghim ring v c quan cp php xem
xt, cp php c th theo tng trng hp, CTNH trc khi np vo ng
x l trong l nung xi mng phi p ng hoc phi c tin x l p
ng yu cu v thnh phn v tnh cht nh sau:

Cc thng s n v Gii hn
pH - 4-12
Cl % 3
S % 3
F % 1
PCB ppm 500
As ppm 100
Cr ppm 1.000
Cu ppm 1.000
Hg ppm 30
Pb ppm 1.000
Sb ppm 1.000
TI ppm 50
Zn ppm 15.000
 PH LC 3: TI LIU THAM KHO
(Km theo QCVN 41: 2011/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia
v ng x l cht thi nguy hi trong l nung xi mng)
1. Lut Bo v mi trng, 2005.
2. Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k thut, 2006.
3. Thng t s 12/2011/TT-BTNMT ngy 14 thng 4 nm 2011 ca B
trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng quy nh v Qun l cht thi nguy hi.
4. QCVN 07: 2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v ngng
cht thi nguy hi.
5. QCVN 19: 2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v kh thi
cng nghip i vi bi v cc cht v c.
6. QCVN 23: 2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v kh thi
cng nghip sn xut xi mng.
7. QCVN 30: 2010/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v kh thi l
t cht thi cng nghip.
8. TCVN 5977: 2009 - Pht thi ca ngun tnh - Xc nh nng khi
lng ca bi bng phng php th cng.
9. TCVN 6750: 2000 - S pht thi ca ngun tnh - Xc nh nng
khi lng lu hunh dioxit - Phng php sc k kh ion.
10. TCVN 7172: 2002 - S pht thi ca ngun tnh - Xc nh nng
khi lng nit oxit - Phng php trc quang dng naphtyletylendiamin.
11. TCVN 7242: 2003 - L t cht thi rn y t - Phng php xc nh
nng cacbon monoxit (CO) trong kh thi.
12. TCVN 7243: 2003 - L t cht thi rn y t - Phng php xc nh
nng axit flohydric (HF) trong kh thi.
13. TCVN 7244: 2003 - L t cht thi rn y t - Phng php xc nh
nng axit clohydric (HCl) trong kh thi.
14. TCVN 7245: 2003 - L t cht thi rn y t - Phng php xc nh
nng nit oxit (NOx) trong kh thi.
15. TCVN 7556-1: 2005 - L t cht thi rn y t - Xc nh nng
khi lng PCDD / PCDF - Phn 1: Ly mu.
16. TCVN 7556-2: 2005 - L t cht thi rn y t - Xc nh nng
khi lng PCDD/PCDF - Phn 2: Chit v lm sch.
17. TCVN 7556-3: 2005 - L t cht thi rn y t - Xc nh nng
khi lng PCDD/PCDF - Phn 3: nh tnh v nh lng.
18. TCVN 7557-1: 2005 - L t cht thi rn y t - Xc nh kim loi
nng trong kh thi - Phn 1: Quy nh chung.
19. TCVN 7557-2: 2005 - L t cht thi rn y t - Xc nh kim loi
nng trong kh thi - Phn 2: Phng php xc nh nng thy ngn bng
o ph hp th nguyn t ha hi lnh.
 20. TCVN 7557-3: 2005 - L t cht thi rn y t - Xc nh kim loi
nng trong kh thi - Phn 3: Phng php xc nh nng cadmi v ch
bng o ph hp th nguyn t ngn la v khng ngn la.
21. Cc Bo v Mi trng, 2007. Hng dn k thut ng x l cht
thi nguy hi trong l nung xi mng.
22. Holcim - GTZ, 2006. Guidelines on Co-processing Waste Materials
in Cement Production.
23. Basel Convention, 2011. (Draft) Technical Guidelines on
Environmentally Sound Co-processing of Hazardous Waste in Cement Kilns.