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1.

Construction site safety


-your first concern is job-site safety. We are discussing construction projects here, and
construction sites are inherently hazardous.
Dont allow any electrical device or component to overheat.
Dont allow foreign substances to contact energized components.
Dont allow any materials to be stressed beyond their tolerances.
Protect electrical systems and devices from being overloaded, in the present or
the future.
Keep all energized parts protected, and avoid any sort of accidental contact.
Use only high- quality materials that will not fail under expected uses and
conditions.
See that only qualified persons perform installations.
Do not allow electrical installations to create a hazardous situation.
Verify that critical systems are ultra- reliable.
Wiley and Macmillan

2.
Task of Protection
The task of the protection in the electrical power system is:
To protect people against dangerous situations.
To protect the power system against instabilities.
To protect the assets of the power system.
(Overhead lines, generator, power transformer against malfunction and
destruction).
Leanard L. Grigsby

By the involvement of Leanard L. Grigsby, the duties of the protection in electrical power
system are as follows:
To keep persons from hazardous circumstances.
To protect the power system from uncertainties
To keep the parameters of power system

3.
Transmission line protection
From all other protection equipment and devices, transmission line protection must be
appropriate from each other element.
The purpose of power system protection is to detect faults or abnormal operating
conditions and to initiate corrective action. Relays must be able to evaluate a wide
variety of parameter to establish that corrective action is required. Obviously, a relay
cannot prevent the fault. Its primary purpose is to detect the fault and take the
necessary action to minimize the damage to the equipment or to the system.
Stanley H.Horowitz
Transmission line security

From all other security hardware and devices, transmission line insurance must be
proper from each other component.
The reason for power framework security is to distinguish issues or irregular working
conditions and to start restorative activity. Transfers must have the capacity to measure
a wide range of parameter to build up that corrective activity is required. Clearly, a
transmission can't keep the fault. Its basic role is to identify the fault and make the
essential move to minimize the harm to the hardware or to the framework

4. Fuse
Power fuses have been used for many years to provide transformer fault protection.
Generally, it is recommended that transformer sized larger than 10 MVA be protected
with more sensitive devices such as the differential relay discussed later in this
selection. Fuses provide a low-maintenance, economical solution for protection.
Fuses provide limited protection for some internal transformer faults. A fuse is also a
single-phase device. Certain system faults may only operate one fuse.
Leanard L. Grigsby
Fuses have been utilized for a long time to give transformer liability insurance. For the
most part, it is prescribed that transformer estimated bigger than 10 MVA be ensured
with more delicate devices. Fuses give a low-upkeep, prudent answer for security.

Fuses give restricted security to some inside transformer issues. A circuit is additionally
a solitary stage tool. Certain framework shortcomings may just work one breaker.
5. Single-Point feeding network
A single-point feeding network can have three layouts
1. A radial structure; in which all substations (or consumers ) are fed by lines or
cables connected directly to one control supply; a network with a radial structure
is less expensive to build.
2. A loop structure; in which each and every substation within the system is fed from
two directions; networks with a loop structure are more reliable but expensive to
build.
3. A multi-loop structure; in which multi-loop structure are very reliable in their
operation, but more costly.

Peter Shauemaker
Single-Point sustaining system

A solitary point sustaining system can have three designs

1. A outspread structure; in which all substations (or customers ) are encouraged by


lines or links associated specifically to one control supply; a system with a spiral
structure is less costly to assemble.

2. A loop structure; in which every single substation inside the framework is


sustained from two bearings; systems with a circle structure are more dependable
however costly to assemble.

3. A multi-circle structure; in which multi-circle structure are exceptionally


dependable in their operation, yet more expensive.

6. Network structure
The network structure is formed by the overhead lines, the underground cables, the
transformer and the buses between the points of power injection and consumption. The
number of voltage transformation from highest level to the lowest voltage level
determines the principle network structure of a power system. Network structures can
be distinguished in system parts with single-point feeding and multiple-point feeding.

Organize structure

The system structure is framed by the overhead lines, the underground links, the
transformer and the transports between the purposes of force infusion and utilization.
The quantity of voltage change from most elevated amount to the least voltage level
decides the standard system structure of a power framework. Arrange structures can be
recognized in framework parts with single-point boosting and various point supporting.

Feeders
7. Feeders are either overhead lines or underground cables which carry power close to
the load points up to couple of kilometers. Finally, the voltage is stepped down to 415
volts by a pole-mounted distribution transformer and delivered to the distributors. End
consumers are supplied through a service mains line from distributors. The secondary
distribution system consists of feeders, distributors and service mains.
Feeders are either overhead lines or underground links which convey control near the
heap indicates up couple of kilometers. At last, the voltage is expressed down to 415
volts by a post mounted appropriation transformer and conveyed to the distributors. End
buyers are provided through an administration mains line from wholesalers. The
optional dissemination framework comprises of feeders, wholesalers and administration
mains.

Probability transmission system planning


8. Transmission planning includes different tasks, such as:
Determination of Voltage Level
Network enhancement
Substation configuration
Reactive resource planning
Load or independent power producer (IPP) connection planning
Equipment planning (Spare, retirement, or replacement)
Selection of new technologies (Light High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC),
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), Superconductive Technology, Wide-
Area Measurement System (WAMS) Based Technology
Special protection system scheme versus network reinforcement.

. Transmission arranging incorporates diverse actions, for example,

Determination of Voltage Level

Network upgrade

Substation setup

Reactive asset arranging

Load or free power maker (IPP) association arranging

Equipment arranging (Spare, retirement, or substitution)

Selection of new advances (Light High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC), Flexible


AC Transmission System (FACTS), Superconductive Technology, Wide-Area
Measurement System (WAMS) Based Technology

Special insurance framework conspire versus arrange support.

9. The voltage is stepped down again to 11kV at a substation. Large industrial


consumers can be supplied at 11kV directly from these substations. Also, feeders
emerge from these substations. This stage is called as primary distribution.
Feeders are either overhead lines or underground cables which carry power close to the
load points (end consumers) up to a couple of kilometers. Finally, the voltage is stepped
down to 415 volts by a pole-mounted distribution transformer and delivered to the
distributors. End consumers are supplied through a service main line from distributors.
The secondary distribution system consists of feeders, distributors and service mains.
Daware. Kiran , 2012
The voltage is stepped down again to 11kV at a substation. Substantial modern
customers can be provided at 11kV specifically from these substations. Additionally,
feeders rise up out of these substations. This stage is called as essential dispersion.

Feeders are either overhead lines or underground cables which convey control near the
load points up to two or three kilometers. At last, the voltage is ventured down to 415
volts by a shaft mounted appropriation transformer and conveyed to the merchants. End
consumers are provided through an administration primary line from merchants. The
optional appropriation framework comprises of feeders, wholesalers and administration
mains.

Power Transformer and Reactors


10. Basic Construction
The main parts of the transformer are : (a) iron core, magnetic circuit (b) high-
voltage ( HV ) and low voltage ( LV ), or multiple secondary windings, and (c) a tank for
liquid-immersed transformers and an enclosure for dry-type transformers. The basic
core and coil configuration are : core type and shell type. In a core-type transformer, the
core is surrounds the winding coils. The normal design is a three phase, three-leg core
type, while a five leg core design enables a reduction in transformer height and a higher
zero-sequence impedance. Shell type transformer were developed for very-high
magnitude short-circuit applications such as generator step-up transformers.
` Shoaib Khan
The fundamental parts of the transformer are: (an) iron core, attractive circuit (b) high-
voltage ( HV ) and low voltage ( LV ), or different optional windings, and (c) a tank for
fluid submerged transformers and a fenced in area for dry-sort transformers. The
essential center and coil setup are: core category and shell type. In a center sort
transformer, the center is encompasses the winding coils. The typical plan is a three
stage, three-leg center sort, while a five leg center outline empowers a lessening in
transformer height and a higher zero-succession impedance. Shell sort transformer
were produced for high greatness cut off, for example, generator step up transformers.
Transformer
11. Transformers are essential components in the AC power system as they make it
possible to convert electrical energy to different voltage levels with an efficiency of more
than 99%. That enables us to generate power at a relatively low voltage level ( 10-25
kV, limited by the insulation of the generator ), to transport it at high voltage levels
( 110kV- 420 kV and higher) to reduce the losses during transportation , whereas
domestic consumption can take place at a low and ( more or less) safe voltage level
400 V and below.
Pieter Schovemaker
Transformers are basic divisions in the AC control framework as they make it possible to
change over electrical vitality to various voltage levels with a productivity of over 99%.
That empowers us to produce control at a generally low voltage level ( 10-25 kV,
restricted by the protection of the generator ), to transport it at high voltage levels
( 110kV-420 kV and higher) to diminish the losses within transportation , though local
utilization can occur at a low and ( pretty much) safe voltage level 400 V and
underneath.

Two types of phase shifters


12.
I. In-quadrature regulating transformers
- in the first type, the turns ratio variation of the auxiliary transformer causes a
Delta Variation and thus a voltage phase variation.
II. In-phase and in-quadrature regulating transformers. This last type of regulating
transformer controls the voltage amplitude and phase.

In-phase regulating transformer ( IPRT) , a first type of regulating transformer or


booster, which are used to control the voltage amplitude.
Each phase has a winding that is series connected to the bus bar of which
voltage is to be controlled, while the other winding is supplied by the same bus via an
auxiliary transformer with variable turns ratio.
Mircea Eremia, Mohammad Shahidehpour
In-quadrature directing transformers
- in the main sort, the turns proportion variety of the assistant transformer causes a
Delta Variation and along these lines a voltage stage variety.
II. In-stage and in-quadrature controlling transformers. This last kind of controlling
transformer controls the voltage abundancy and stage.
In-stage controlling transformer ( IPRT) , a first kind of directing transformer or
"booster", which are utilized to control the voltage sufficiency.
Every stage has a winding that is arrangement associated with the transport bar of
which voltage is to be controlled, while the other winding is provided by a similar
transport by means of an assistant transformer with variable turns proportion.

Electrical cables for power and signal transmission


13. The most efficient levels for voltage and current are selected when transferring
electrical energy from point of generation to the user.
The different conduit segments in the transfer chain are referred to as busbars,
transmission lines or cables, distribution lines or cables, and customer lines or cables
The most proficient levels for voltage and current are chosen while exchanging
electrical vitality from purpose of generation to the client.

The diverse conductor fragments in the exchange fasten are denoted to as dispersion
lines or cables ,busbars transmission lines or links, and client lines or links

14. Oswald Gilberson

Normal Service Conditions


Transformers are designed for operation at rated kVA under the following service
conditions:
1. Cooling (ambient) air temperature for liquid immersed or dry-type
transformers.
Average temperature for any 24h period is not to excedd 30
Maximum temperature is not to exceed 40 .
2. Cooling-water temperature for water- cooled transformers.
Average water temperature for any 24h period is not to exceed 25
.
Maximum water temperature is not exceed 30 .
3. Altitude ( elevation )
Altitude is not exceed 1000m ( 3300 ft)
4. Load Current
Load current is approximately sinusoidal.
Harmonic factor does not exceed o.05 per unit.
5. Load power factor.
Load power factor is 80% or higher.
6. Voltage and frequency
Secondary voltage and volts per hertz shall not exceed 110% at no
load and 105% at rated value.

Ordinary Service Conditions

Transformers are intended for operation at appraised kVA under the accompanying
administration conditions:
Cooling (encompassing) air temperature for fluid immersed or dry-sort transformers.
Normal temperature for any 24h period is not to excedd 30
Most extreme temperature is not to surpass 40. Cooling-water temperature for water-
cooled transformers.
Normal water temperature for any 24h period is not to surpass 25.
Most extreme water temperature is not surpass 30.
Height ( rise )
Height is not surpass 1000m ( 3300 ft)
Stack Current
Stack current is roughly sinusoidal.
Consonant element does not surpass o.05 per unit.
Stack control calculate.
Stack control component is 80% or higher.
Voltage and recurrence

Auxiliary voltage and volts per hertz might not surpass 110% at no heap and 105% at
evaluated approval.

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