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EE 517
Illumination Engineering Design
Experiment No. 4
I. Objectives:
To be able to apply the principles of lighting systems and luminaire and understand
its effect when applied.
To determine the different kinds of luminaires and their parts.
To determine the Light output ratio of a given luminaire.
To determine the effect of shielding/diffusion components and reflectors in a
luminaire.
II. Theory:
Lighting system
Luminaires
As defined by the National Electrical Code (NEC), a luminaire is a complete lighting unit
consisting of a light source such as a lamp or lamps, together with the parts designed to position
the light source and connect it to the power supply. It may also include parts to protect the light
source or the ballast or to distribute the light. A lamp holder itself is not a luminaire.Light sources
are placed in an enclosure to address the problems in the distribution of light.It generally consists
of some or all of the following parts:
Dichroic Reflectors. These reflectors are filter out radiant heat emitted by the
light source. These are commonly used in interior coatings of floodlight or
spotlights.
Circular Reflectors. These reflectors increase light intensity redirected by a
lens system. These are commonly used in projection systems and studio
spotlights.
Fig. a Fig. b
In figure a, lamp is placed near the focal point, as a result, light comes out the
reflector in parallel. In figure b, lamp is placed on the centre, light is reflected
back through the lamp creating an optical gain. To prevent overheating, lamp is
placed slightly off centre. This design gives a spread light design.
Elliptical Reflectors. The light that is emitted is reflected through the second
focal point provided the lamp is at the other focus. These are used in down
lights.
Parabolic Reflector Elliptical Reflector
These components affect the overall output of a luminaire. Luminaires are grouped by the
mounting type and location where it is installed: Ceiling-Mounted, Suspended, Recessed,
Architectural, Wall-Mounted, Furniture- or Cabinet-integrated, Plug-In, and Exterior.
Types of Luminaires
Luminaires designed for general illumination of large areas constitute the majority of
lighting installations and the majority of the energy consumed for lighting. These lighting systems
consist of a luminaire layout pattern that provides uniform lighting throughout the space.
Open Direct Luminaires
Open direct systems do not employ shielding at all. These
systems include surface- and pendant mounted strip
fluorescent fixtures and suspended open industrial and
commercial luminaires. Unless equipped with reflectors, these
systems radiate light in all directions. Open direct lighting
systems are often very efficient, with high CU values, but they
may cause visual discomfort and disability glare.
Standard lensed troffers typically have higher efficiency and CU values than parabolic
louvered troffers, but provide less precise glare control. Many lens types can be used (i.e., patterned
prismatic, batwing, linear batwing, and polarizing), though final photometric performance also
depends on a number of other factors such as reflector type, number of lamps, lamp type, and
ballast type.
Task Lights
Light output ratio of luminaire (LOR) is a photometric quantity that takes into account for the
loss of light energy both inside and by transmission through light fittings. It is a ratio of the
luminous flux emitted by the luminaire and the luminous flux emitted by the lamp. Light Output
Ratio is given by the formula
Upward light output ratio (ULOR) is the ratio of the upward flux output of the luminaire and
the flux output of the lamp.
Downward light output ratio (DLOR) is the ratio of the downward flux output of the luminaire
and the flux output of the lamp.
Luminaires can be classified according to the distribution of light based on flux fractions as shown
in Figure 2 where upward flux fraction (UFF) and downward flux fraction (DFF) are used as a
basis of comparison. Flux fraction refers to the ratio of a light output ratio in a direction (ULOR
or DLOR) and the light output ratio of the luminaire (LOR). The ratio of Upward Light Output
Ratio (ULOR) to the Light Output Ratio (LOR) is known as the Upward Flux Fraction (UFF).
Downward Flux Fraction (DFF) is the ratio of Downward Light Output Ratio (DLOR) to the Light
Output Ratio (LOR).
DLOR ULOR
DFF = UFF =
LOR LOR
Flux Fraction Ratio (FFR) is the ratio of the flux fraction directed upward (UFF) to the flux
fraction directed downward (DFF). FFR is a photometric data that shows the ratio of distribution
of light output.
UFF
FFR =
DFF
The more direct the light designation is, the lesser the value of flux fraction ratio (FFR). The
more indirect the light designation is, the greater the value of the flux fraction ratio (FFR).
III. Materials
1.) Construct the circuit shown in Figure 3 without the Starter. Be sure to connect the
wires properly to prevent unnecessary problems. The lighting system must be
controlled by one switch (S1) only.
Figure 3.
2.) After constructing, supply the circuit with AC 220V. Turn the switch on.
What happened? ______Energized_____________________.
3.) Switch off the supply and now place the Starter. Turn on the voltage supply and the
switch on. What happened? Why? ___Minimal light when touched____________.
4.) Construct the circuit in Figure 4. In this time, the lighting system is now controlled by
two switches (S1 & S2).
Figure 4.
5.) After constructing, switch the voltage source on. Switch S1 on. Did it turn the lamp
on? __No____ Switch S2 on. Did it turn the lamp on? __Yes___ Now, Switch either
S1 or S2 off. What happened to the lamp? __turned on_____.
1.) Go to the Rigney Hall and list down all the types of luminaires that you can see.
Record them in Table 1.
2.) After listing the types of luminaires, determine the parts and the number of
fluorescent/bulb in a particular luminaire. Record them in Table 1.
TABLE 1.
When the lamp is turned on, current goes to a part of minimum resistance, beyond the
starter switch. The current, which also goes through the circuit, heats up the filament in the
electrode, which is found both ends of the tube. Boiling off electrons happens from the
metal surface, which sends them to the gas tube and ionizes the gas. The mercury vapor is
excited and generates radiant energy, particularly in the ultraviolet range. Radiant energy
causes the phosphor coating inside the tube, ultraviolet is then converted to visible light.
Reflector it can be used by means of increasing the size of a particular light source.
Refractor bending of light when a light goes through a border between two media.
Light diffuser - spreads light to produce a comfortable light.
Higher ratio expresses higher efficiency. Efficiency of the luminaire depends mainly on
the LOR which is calculated as the luminous flux of the luminaire to the sum of the
luminous flux of its overall light source. The ratio expresses the how strong the luminaire
is designed and displays how much light disappears.
4.) A lighted candle is placed inside a glass vessel. Is the setup a luminaire? Support your
answer.
Conclusion:
Luminaire efficiency should be given importance because it can determine the performance of
a lamp. If the efficiency of the luminaire is low then the whole lighting system overall efficiency
would also be low thus it would be favourable to consider the luminaire efficiency. By considering
the luminaires efficiency then you would also considered the factors affecting its efficiency and
that is its shape, reflectance, and the number of lamps found in a luminaire. Luminaire efficiency
includes the entire luminaire, which also includes the light source and light ballast. In this
experiment the parts of fluorescent lamp was earned and most of the objectives were accomplished.
Overall, the experiment was a success.