NOISE Polution Cause: 1.
Industrializaton sources affects the normal functioning of
2.Poor Urban Planing 3.Social Event
4.Transportaton 5.Construction Activitie
6.Household Chores
NOISE Polution Efect: 1.Hearing Problem
2.Health Issue 3.Sleeping Disorders
4.Cardiovascular Issues 5.Trouble
Communicating 6.Effect on Wildlife
NOISE POLLUTION PREVENTION &
CONTROL: 1.Construction of soundproof
rooms for noisy machines in industrial &
manufacturing installations must be
encouraged. This is also important for
residential buildingnoisy machines should
be installed far from sleeping & living rooms,
like in a basement or garage. 2.Use of horns
with jarring sounds, motorbikes with
damaged exhaust pipes, noisy trucks to be
banned. 3.Noise producing industries,
airports, bus & transport terminals & railway
stations to sighted far from whr living places.
4.Community law enforcers should check
the misuse of loudspeakers, worshipers,
outdoor parties & discos, as well as public
announcements systems. 5.Community laws
must silence zones near schools/colleges,
hospitals etc. 6.Vegetation (trees) along
roads & in residential areas is a good way to
reduce noise pollution as they absorb sound.
Air Pollution Cause:1.Urbanization
2.Industrialization 3.Deforestation
4.Vehicular exhaust
AIR POLLUTION EFFECT: Air Pollution
effect on human beings: Prolonged
exposure to toxic pollutants from various
life. Elevated levels of nitrogen dioxide
(NO2) & smog cause increase in incidence of
allergic diseases like nausea, vomiting & and
eye irritation. The toxic elements in the
atmosphere R responsible for asthma,
bronchitis emphysema & related respiratory
disorders. Elderly people, infants, pregnant
women & people with cardiac & respiratory
disorders R especially vulnerable to air
pollution. Organic lead emitted from
automobiles get absorbed in brain, liver,
kidney & blood, causing convulsions,
muscular paralysis, reduction in Red Blood
Cells (RBC) count & brain damage. Carbon
monoxide (CO) combines with blood
haemoglobin much faster than oxygen thus
reducing the oxygen carrying capacity of the
blood. It combines with haemoglobin more
than 200 times faster than oxygen (O2).
Carbon monoxide in heavy traffic causes
headache, drowsiness & blurred vision.
Exposure to air containing even 0.001% of
carbon monoxide for several hours causes
coma & even death. Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
irritates the respiratory tissues. It also reacts
with H2O in the atmosphere to form
sulphur-containing acids. The acids when
inhaled affect the lungs. Nitrogen oxides
(NO & NO2) irritates lungs aggravates
asthma or chronic bronchitis & increases
susceptibility to respiratory infection like
influenza. The continued inhalation of ozone
causes chest pain, breathlessness &
irritation of eye, nose & throat.
Air Polution Efect on Plant: Air polution
cause damage to crop plant, tree &
vegetaton as a whole. Chronic exposure of
the leaves to air polutants break down waxy
coating that help in preventing exces H2O
loss & provide protection to plant from
disease & pests infestation. Elevated level of
Sulphur dioxide in atmosphere adversely
afects flowering in plant & causes injury to
leaves. High concentration of sulphur
dioxide gas cause damage like breaking
down of chlorophyll leading to chlorosis &
necrosis. Sensitivity to sulphur dioxide varies
from crop to crop & species to species.
Among vegetable crops alfalfa & tomato,
wheat & barley among cereals & apple
among the tree crops R the most sensitive to
higher concentration of sulphur dioxide.
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) cause severe
damage to leaves & relatively young tissues,
& induce many biochemical & physiological
change. PAN inhibits Hill reaction of
photosynthesis. Alfalfa, beans, maize, beet R
some crops sensitive to PAN. Vegetable
crops like cabbage, cauliflower, carrot,
onions R resistant to PAN. Fluorides cause
various types of injuries to plants. The leaves
of apple, apricot, peach R more susceptible
to air borne fluorides. Fluorides interfere
with photosynthesis & respiration of plants.
Ozone enters through stomata (opening on
the surface of leaves) in plants cause
damage to leaves. It damages bean, tobacco,
tomato, pine & other plants. Ozone causes
tip burn in pine seedlings. Furthermore,
ozone disposes plants to insects.
Air Polution Efect on Material: Air
polutants break down the exterior paint on
car & house. Al over the world, air polutant
have discolored irreplaceable monument,
historic building, marble statues, & other
heritage & natural beauty sites.
Air Polution Control: 1.One of efective
mean of controling air polution is to have
proper equipment in place. This include
device for removal of polutants from the flue
gases through scrubber, closed colection
recovry system, use of dry & wet colector,
filter, electrostatic preciptaton etc. 2.Since
plant R sinks of CO2 hence green belt
plantaton must be raised around industral
unit & in urban area. 3.Forest cover should
be protected, & deforested areas must be
restord through reforestaton program. 4.In
develpng country. 5.Since vehicle substan-
tialy contribute to air poluton, their engine
should be redesignd in such a way that may
minimze emission of polutant. Instalaton of
catalytic converter in vehicle should be made
compulsry. 6.Buildng of highr smoke stacks
faciltates discharge of polutant far away
from the ground. Industry should be carefuly
located to minimize efect of polution after
considrng topography & wind direction.
CONCLUSION: Conclusivly it can be said that
air polution causd mainly due to urbanizet-
ion, industrialzaton, deforestaton & vehiculr
exhaust is seriou threat to health of human
being & plant. Its necesary to control air
polution by employng al posible control
method to avoid its il efect on the health.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: Solid
waste is the material generated from
various human activities & which is normally
disposed as useless & unwanted.
CLASSIFICATION: 1.Municipal Waste
2.Domestic I Residential Waste
3.Commercial Waste 4.Garbage 5.Rubbish
6.Institutional Waste 7.Ashes 8.Bulky Waste
9.Street Sweeping 10.Dead Animals 10.Dead
Animal 11.Construction & Demolit-ion
Waste 12.Industrial Waste 13.Hazardous
Waste 14.Sewage Waste 15.Biomedical-
Hospital Waste 16.Plastic.
Biomedical/Hospital Waste: wastes R
categorized into 10 as: 1.Human anatomical
waste (tissues, organs, body parts etc.)
2.Animal waste 3.Microbiology & waste (waste preventon-source reduction),
biotechnology waste, as, laboratory culture,
microorganisms, human & animal cell
culture, toxins etc. 4.Waste sharp as, hypod-
ermic needles, syringe, scalpels, broken glass
etc 5.Discarded medicines & cyto-toxic drugs
6.Soiled waste, as dressing, bandage, plaster
cast, materal contaminatd with blood 7.Solid
waste 8.Liqud waste generatd from infected
area 9.Incineraton ash 10. Chemical waste
Waste Plastc generaton Source:
1.Household 2.Carry bag Bottle Containr
Trash bag 3.Health & Medicare 4.Disposable
syring Glucose bottle Blood & uro bag Intrav-
enou tubes Catheter Surgical glove 5.Hotel &
Caterng 6.Packagng item 7.Mineral H2O
bottle 8.Plastc plate 9.spoon 10.Air/Rail
Travel 11.Mineral H2O bottle 12.Plastic plate
13. Glases 14.spoon 15.Plastic bag
Plastics Impact on environment R
extremely wide ranging. These
include: 1.Careless disposal of plastic bag
choke drain 2.It blocks porosity of soil 3.It
causes problem for ground-H2O recharge
4.Plastic disturb the soil microbe activity
5.Once ingested, can kil animal 6.They
contaminate foodstufs due to leaching of
toxic dyes & transfer of pathogens.
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Buy
Recycled: Best aproach to solid waste
chalenge is to cut creation of waste.
1.Reduce 2.Reuse 3.Recycle 4.Buy Recycled
Reduce: The USA is generating more waste
now than ever befor & that's why reducng
is imp.
Source reduction? (waste prevention) as
activities designed to reduce the volume or
toxicity of waste generated, including the
design & manufacture of products with min
toxic content, min volume of material,
and/or longer useful life. Source reduction
Example is bringng reusabl bag to grocery
store
Waste reduction tip: Consumr: 1.Buy
only what you need 2.Buy reusable or
refilable product 3.Buy in bulk and/or
economy size. 4.Avoid single-serving size.
5.Buy product with less packaging
Businesses/Organizations: 1. Reduce ofice
papr waste by implementng a formal polcy
to double-side all draft reports, & by makng
trainng manual & personel information
available electronically. 2.Improve product
design to use less materials. 3.Reduce all
forms of packaging waste: 4.Bring your own
bag 5.Redesign packaging to eliminate
excess material while maintaining strength.
6.Work with customers to design &
implement a packaging return program.
7.Switch to reusable transport containers.
8.Purchase products in bulk. 9.Keep mailing
list current.
What is EPA doing to promote waste
reduction? 1.Pay-As-You-Throw (or unit
pricing/variable-rate pricing) is a system whr
households pay for garbage collection by the
amount of trash collected rather than a flat
fee. Households save money by throwing
away less garbage & recycling. (Detailed
information is available in the report
Measuring Source Reduction: Pay as You
throw/Variable Rates as an Example (PDF)
(18 pp, 399K). 2.WasteWise is a voluntary
EPA program that helps businesses,
government agencies, & nonprofit
organizations save money by reducing their
garbage & recycling. 3.Climate Change &
Waste is an EPA program that encourages
people to reduce waste in order to help slow
global warming.
REUSE: Reuse is using a product or item in
its original form more than once (e.g, reusing
a mug instead of using a disposable cup).
Some Tips for Reuse: For Consumers:
1.Take a reusable cloth bag to the grocery
store. 2.Take your own mug to the coffee
shop instead of getting a disposable cup
there. 3.Donate old clothes & miscellaneous
items to a shelter or charity instead of
throwing them away. 4.Have a garage sale.
Repair, refurbish, & sell or donate used
furniture.
Businesses/Organizations: 1.Create a
"reuse center" in your building whr old office
supplies, books, magazines, etc. can be
reused. 2.Buy rechargeable toner cartridges
so that they can be reused & use paper that
has already been printed on one side in your
printer & copy machine. 3.Donate unwanted
equipment, furniture, & supplie to nonprofit
organizaton or school. 4.Suport construction
from reused building material &
deconstruction/reuse, rather than
demolition.
What Is EPA Doing to Promote
Reuse? 1.WasteWise is a voluntary
program that help busineses, govt agencies,
& nonprofit organization save money by
reducing their garbge. 2.Reuse Development
Organization Exiting EPA (disclaimer), Inc.
(ReDO), is a non-profit organization whose
mission is "to promote reuse as an
environmentally sound, socially beneficial, &
economical means for managing surplus &
discarded materials. EPA provided grant
funding to ReDO to support education,
training, & outreach initiative.
Recycling: (including composting) means
separating, collecting, procesing, marketing,
& ultimately using a material that would
otherwise have been thrown away. This
morning's newspaper can be recycled for
another morning's news or other paper
product. Carpet & clothng can be made from
recycled soda bottle. Quality products &
packaging R being made from recycled
materials that have been recovered from the
waste stream. We can all promote recycling
by buying & using recycled product.
Recycling Benefits: 1.Recycling reduces
air & H2O pollution/emissions associated
with landfilling & incineration. 2.Recycling
conserves our natural resources such as
timber, water, & minerals because it reduces
the need for raw materials. 3.Recycling saves
energy Exiting EPA (NRDC) 4.Recycling
decrease emission Exiting EPA (NRDC) of
greenhouse gases that contribute to global
climate change. 5.Recycling helps sustain the
environment for future generation.
Why should we buy recycled
products? One of the most immediate
recycling challenges today is to educate
consumers about the benefits of buying
products made from recycled materials.
Manufacturing is driven by the marketplace.
Buying recycled content products creates
long-term markets for recyclable materials &
increases recycling program revenues. If
demand exists for recycled content product,
manufacturer will produce recycled product.
Benefits of Buying Recycled Products:
1.SAVES NATURAL RESOURCES: By making
products with recycled materials instead of
virgin materials, we conserve land & reduce
the need to drill for oil, dig for minerals, &
harvest trees. 2.SAVES ENERGY: It usualy
take less energy to make recycled product,
E.g. producing aluminum by recycling takes
95% less energy than producing new
aluminum from bauxite ore. 3.SAVES CLEAN
AIR & H2O: Using recycled rather than virgin
material reduce the amount of pollutants
emited during resource acquisition &
procesing, & product manufacturing.
4.SAVES LANDFILL SPACE: When materials
that you recycle go into new product, they
don't go into landfills, so landfill space is
saved. 5.SAVES MONEY & CREATES JOBS:
The recycling process creates more jobs than
landfills or incinerators, & recycling can
frequently be the least expensive waste
management method for cities & towns
Recycled product? is made in whole or in
part from material recovered from the waste
stream. Many "recycled product" contain
less than 100% recovered material. they R
more accurately refered to as recycled
content product. E.g, a rebuilt or remanu-
factured commodity, as remanufactured
laser toner cartridge, recycled paper, &
recycled plastic lumber.
Differ b/w Postconsumer, Pre-
consumer, & Recovered Materials:
Recycled content products R often labeled
with percentages of postconsumer &
recovered material.
Postconsumer material is a material or a
finished product that has served its intended
use & then is diverted or recovered before it
is disposed. It is the material consumers &
businesses recycle; it does not include
manufacturers waste that is commonly
reused in original manufacturing process.
Postconsumer material is part of broader
category of recovered material.
Pre-consumer material is material that is
recycled before its used by a consumer. E.g,
paper mil scrap that R recycled at paper mil.
Recovered materials R waste material & by-
product that have been recovered or
diverted from solid waste landfills, but do
not include those materials & byproducts
generated from, & commonly reused within,
an original manufacturing process. E.g, steel
scrap from an automobile plant that is
recycled & made into steel beams is
recovered material, but scrap paper that is
recycled again in paper mill is not.
H2O Polution: H2O they say is life, &
indeed they were right. With about 70% of
earths cover being water, it undeniably
becomes one of our greatest resources. As
young students, we learned about variou
ways to conserve water; coming to think of
it, H2O is used in almost every important
human chores & processes. It is an important
element in both domestic as well as
industrial purposes. However, a closer
inspection of our H2O resources today, give
us a rude shock. Infested with waste
ranging from floating plastic bags to
chemical waste, our H2O bodies have turned
into a pool of poison. Contamination of H2O
bodies in simplest words means H2O
pollution. Thereby abuse of lakes, ponds,
oceans, rivers, reservoirs etc is H2O
pollution. Pollution of H2O occurs when
substances that will modify H2O in negative
fashion R discharged in it. This discharge of
pollutants can be direct as well as indirect.
Water pollution is an appalling problem,
powerful enough to lead world on a path of
destruction. H2O is an easy solvent, enabling
most pollutants to dissolve in it easily &
contaminate it. Most basic effect of H2O
pollution is directly suffered by organism &
vegetation that survive in water, including
amphibians. On a human level, several
people die each day due to consumption of
polluted & infected water. As per
Economist report (dated 2008) each day
over 1000 children die of diarrheal sickness
in India & no. have only increased alarming
in last 5 year. H2O is polluted by both natural
as-wel-as man-made activites. Volcanic
eruption, earthquake, Tsunami etc R known
to alter H2O & contaminate it, also affecting
ecosystems that survive under water.
H2O Pollution Sources: There R various
classification of H2O pollution. Two chief
sources of H2O pollution can be seen as
Point & Non-Point.
1. Point refer to polutant that belong to
single source. An example of this would-be
emissions from factories into H2O. 2.Non-
Point on othr hand mean polutant emited
from multiple source. Contaminatd H2O
after rain that has traveld through several
region may also be considerd as Nonpoint
source of pollution.
H2O Pollution CAUSE: 1.Industrial waste:
2.Sewage & waste water 3.Mining activities
4.Marine dumping 5.Accidental Oil leakage
6.Burning of fossil fuels 7.Chemical fertilizers
& pesticides 8.Leakage from sewer lines
9.Global warming 10.Radioactive waste
11.Urban development 12.Leakage from the
landfills 13.Animal waste 14.Underground
storage leakage
Water pollutants also include both organic
& inorganic factors. Organic factors
include volatile organic compounds, fuels,
waste from trees, plants etc. Inorganic
factors include ammonia, chemical waste
from factories, discarded cosmetics etc. H2O
that travels via fields is usually contaminated
with all forms of waste inclusive of fertilizers
that it swept along way. This infected H2O
makes its way to our H2O bodies &
sometimes to seas endangering flora, fauna
& humans that use it along its path.
Current scenario has led to a consciousness
about H2O preservation & efforts R being
made on several levels to redeem our H2O
resources. Industries & factory setups R
restricted from contaminating H2O bodies &
R advised to treat their contaminated waste
through filtration methods. People R
investing in rain H2O harvesting projects to
collect rainwater & preserve it in wells below
ground level.