Professional Documents
Culture Documents
F Switchgear Configuration
I Annexes
J Standards
Siemens AG 12E3 3
Contents
CONTENTS
A Selection of the Appropriate Device .......................................................... 11
A1 Selection criteria ................................................................................................................11
A2 Suitability under normal operating conditions...................................................................12
A3 Suitability under fault conditions.......................................................................................12
A4 Switching frequency and endurance classes ......................................................................13
A 4.1 Circuit-breaker ...................................................................................................................13
A 4.2 Switches and switch-disconnectors....................................................................................15
A 4.3 Contactos............................................................................................................................16
A 4.4 Disconnectors and earthing-switches.................................................................................17
A 4.5 Three-position switching devices.......................................................................................17
A 4.6 Guidance for use ................................................................................................................18
A5 Aspects of selection for disconnectors...............................................................................19
Siemens AG 12E3 5
Contents
6 Siemens AG 12E3
Contents
F Switchgear Configuration........................................................................... 71
F1 Principles of configuration.................................................................................................71
F 1.1 General ...............................................................................................................................71
F 1.2 Requirements and complementary characteristics.............................................................71
F 1.3 Procedure ...........................................................................................................................72
F2 Switchgear requirements....................................................................................................73
F3 Properties to be selected.....................................................................................................74
Siemens AG 12E3 7
Contents
8 Siemens AG 12E3
Contents
Siemens AG 12E3 9
Contents
I Appendix..................................................................................................... 119
I1 Damping relaxation oscillations.......................................................................................119
I 1.1 Relaxation oscillations (ferroresonance)..........................................................................119
I 1.2 Standard values for damping resistors .............................................................................120
I 1.3 Calculating the damping resistance..................................................................................120
I 1.4 Formula, symbols and indices..........................................................................................120
I 1.5 Standard, uninterrupted line operation.............................................................................120
I 1.6 Operation with earth fault ................................................................................................121
I 1.7 Damping resistance ..........................................................................................................122
I 1.8 Sample calculations..........................................................................................................122
I2 RC-circuitry for protection of MV equipment.................................................................123
I3 Installation of overvoltage protection devices .................................................................124
I4 Overvoltage factors (Definition)......................................................................................125
I5 Abbreviations, Symbols and Formula Variables .............................................................126
I6 Diagram Symbols.............................................................................................................127
10 Siemens AG 12E3
Selection of the appropriate switching device
A1 Selection criteria
The effective selection of devices for a particular switching duty is determined by three main re-
quirements:
a) the operational current switching capability
b) the fault current switching capability
c) the frequency of switching
The section below deals with the criteria for following devices:
Circuit breakers Vacuum contactors HRC fuses
Vacuum switches SF6 switch disconnectors
Hard gas (gas evolving) and airbreak switches and switch disconnectors
The most important of these is the required switching capability. If more than one device fulfils
these requirements a) and b), the frequency of switching might be the critical factor. Individual
equipments differ in the number of mechanical and electrical operations for which they are de-
signed, the length of time between maintenance and the cost and inconvenience of that mainte-
nance.
Additional criteria may be:
the voltage withstand level of the gap;
in switchboards where the switches are not withdrawable, devices which ensure a safe isolation
gap are needed. Switch disconnectors fulfil the safety gap requirements, switches, circuit break-
ers and contactors do not. They need an additional disconnector or similar device in series. In
switchboards with withdrawable or truck-mounted equipment this is unimportant, the gap is es-
tablished by the act of withdrawal.
the drive mechanism;
for duties such as synchronising and (multiple-) auto-reclose, a drive mechanism with defined,
short closing and opening times. Only stored energy systems suffice; springs which have to be
charged first are unsuitable.
Circuit breakers can switch on and off (make or break) all values of current within their rated ca-
pability, from small inductive or capacitive load currents up to full short circuit currents, and under
all the fault conditions like earth fault, phase displacement (out-of-phase switching) etc.
Switches can switch on and off operating currents up to their rated interrupting capability and can
close onto existing short circuits up to their rated fault making current. They have very limited fault
current breaking capability only.
Switch disconnectors combine the functions of switches and disconnectors or, put another way,
they are switches with the specific safety gap required of disconnectors.
Contactors are load switching devices with limited short circuit making and breaking capacity.
They are electrically operated and are used for high switching rates, e.g. for motor control.
Fuses (or, more accurately, the fuse link) provides a single interruption of a short circuit current.
Fuses are installed in combination with load switching devices.
Siemens AG 12E3 11
Selection of the appropriate switching device
12 Siemens AG 12E3
Selection of the appropriate switching device
A 4.1 Circuit-breaker
Siemens AG 12E3 13
Selection of the appropriate switching device
The numbers for short circuit operation (Isc) are derived from the operating sequences of the type
test. As a rule these are minimum numbers; actually, vacuum circuit-breakers of the class E2 with
auto-reclosing capability, which are used in electricity grids with overhead lines, may break the
smaller short-circuit currents, usual there, several hundred times.
Furthermore it is worth mentioning, that almost all modern vacuum circuit-breakers can switch the
rated normal current with the number of the mechanical operating cycles.
Class Description
M1 2.000 Operations normal mechanical endurance
M
M2 10.000 Operations extended mechanical endurance, limited maintenance
*
Ir 2.000 Operations
* normal electrical endurance
E1 Isc 6 x Open
(circuit-breaker, not falling into class E2)
4 x Close
*
Ir 10.000 Operations
* without auto-
E Isc 6 x Open
reclosing duty extended electrical endurance
4 x Close
E2 *
without maintenance of interrupting
Ir 10.000 Operations parts
* with auto-reclosing
Isc 50 x Open
duty
15 x Close
* Derived numerical values to the orientation = > see text.
Class C defines the capacitive current breaking performance comprising the characteristics of three
switching duties, i.e. the closing and switching off of lines, cables and capacitor banks (single and
back-to-back capacitor banks).
The selection of the class depends on the operating conditions, the switching frequency and the pos-
sible effects of restrikes.
- Class C1 is suitable for infrequent switching of transmission lines and cables;
- Class C2 is recommended for capacitor banks as well as for frequent switching of transmission
lines and cables.
14 Siemens AG 12E3
Selection of the appropriate switching device
Circuit-breakers of indoor switchgear are always to be assigned to class S1, i.e. cable system. The
same applies to feeders where an overhead line is connected to the switchgear via a cable. Class S2
is virtually not relevant to metal-enclosed medium voltage switchgear. In terms of the standard a
circuit-breaker in an overhead line system is, for example, a (outdoor) breaker directly connected to
the line without cable.
Class Description
1
Limited purpose switches need only cope with a certain range of the performance of a general purpose switch. Special
purpose switches are used for selected duties such as switching of single capacitor banks, paralleling of capacitor
banks, closed-loop circuits built up by transformers in parallel, or motors (under steady-state and stalled conditions).
Siemens AG 12E3 15
Selection of the appropriate switching device
A 4.3 Contactos
The standard for contactors has not yet defined endurance classes. Customary designs feature me-
chanical and electrical endurance in the order of 250,000 and 1,000,000 operation cycles. The can
be encountered where extremely high switching rates occur; e.g. > 1 / hour.
However, classes for the suitability of breaking capacitive currents are defined.
Class Description
1 restrike
C0 24 x O Not defined
per interruption
24 x CO
C each per 1040% Ilc, Icc, Ibc Low probability 5 cummulated restrikes on
C1
of restrikes test duties BC1 and BC2
24 x O per 1040% Ilc, Icc, Ibc Very low probability
C2 No restrikes 2
128 x CO per 1040% Ilc, Icc, Ibc of restrikes
2
Class C2 is recommended for capacitor banks.
16 Siemens AG 12E3
Selection of the appropriate switching device
The classes for earthing switches specify the short-circuit making capability (earthing in case of
voltage still being present). E0 designates a normal earthing switch, whereas E1 and E2 correspond
to earthing switches with short-circuit making capability; so-called make-proof earthing switches.
3
Disconnectors up to 52 kV rated voltage can switch off only negligible currents up to 500 mA (for example voltage
transformers), or higher currents only if no significant change in voltage occurs (for example busbar transfer when bus
coupler is closed).
Siemens AG 12E3 17
Selection of the appropriate switching device
The column breaking current gives only average numbers of operations. The actual lifetime can
be much higher since the full rated value rarely occurs in practice. For circuit-breakers the lower
value refers to high short-circuit currents ( 50 kA), the upper value to small currents (12.5 kA). For
switches the column mentions the transfer current (Itransfer) of switch-fuse combinations [30]. With
vacuum contactors the value refers to the limit breaking capacity. The class designation refers to the
corresponding product standard.
Regarding switching frequency circuit-breakers are an exception: The switching rate is not a decid-
ing factor for the choice because circuit-breakers are used, if short-circuit breaking capacity is re-
quired.
18 Siemens AG 12E3
Selection of the appropriate switching device
Siemens AG 12E3 19
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
B1 Overview
The table gives an overview whether special measures have to be taken on selection of switching
devices. Details are described in the chapters listed in the right column.
Cable or overhead line with Surge arresters are required at the short end of B6
short-circuit limiting reactor the cable / line
4
Distribution transformers (rated power uo to 2.5 MVA) transform energy from a primary to secondary distribution or
industrial network. Equipment connected downstream a distribution transformer have its own switchgear for switch-
ing under normal service conditions.
20 Siemens AG 12E3
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
Audio frequency B 13
ripple control system
Siemens AG 12E3 21
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
B2 Distribution transformers
This covers all transformers in industrial and power utility networks, with exception of the special
transformers in section B 2.
Transformer during inrush: when switching off during the inrush phase, currents up to 15 times the
rated current at cos = 0.15 may occur, heavily superimposed by harmonic currents. Air or hard-
gas switches are not capable of interrupting those currents. The transformer protection relay must
feature an inrush restraint in order to avoid switching off of the transformer during the inrush.
Where HRC fuses are used for short-circuit potection, the selection may be done in accordance with
the procedure defined in IEC 60787 [27]; the corresponding German standard VDE 0670-402 [28]
presents a table of fuse ratings allocated to transformer ratings see table 2 therein. Additionally
where applicable the requirements of switch-fuse combinations to IEC 62271-105 [30] must be
taken into account. See section D 5 for the procedure to configure these combinations.
B3 Unit transformer
Transformers in this arrangement normally feed only one, special load. The switching duty is then
determined by the characteristics of that load. For further clarification see:
Motor (with transformer, starting transformer) Section B 8
Generator Section B 9
Furnace transformer Section B 10
Converter transformer Section B 11
22 Siemens AG 12E3
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
Siemens AG 12E3 23
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
On energising the connection between installation A and B under no-load condition impermissible
overvoltages may occur if the circuit-breaker in installation A closes the long cable (some hun-
dred metres) while the breaker in installation B is open. The very small line-earth capacitance of the
short connection (only a few metres of cable or bar) together with the inductance of the reactor
leads to a high-frequency inrush voltage which can reach unduly high amplitudes. Hence in order to
avoid disruptive discharges at the reactor terminals or at the open end of the short cable or bar
connection surge arresters or limiters have to reduce the overvoltage to permissible values.
In contrast to this, when the breaker in installation B closes first, no significant overvoltages occur
at the long end in installation A, as the closing overvoltage at the open circuit-breaker remains
small due to the much higher earth capacitance of the long cable.
24 Siemens AG 12E3
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
Surge arresters should be installed in the station with the short cable or bar connection between
reactor and circuit-breaker (installation B). The arresters can be mounted either at the terminals of
the breaker or at the reactor.
5
For other voltages and those above 24 kV any surge arrester can be selected;
selection criteria are described in section E.
Siemens AG 12E3 25
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
Compensation coils are always equipped with an RC-circuit which prevents resonant harmonics in
the coil during switch-off. When the coil current is 600 A, surge arresters are also fitted to prevent
overvoltages.
In case of certain network conditions, where the line-earth capacitance on the feeding side is very
small, additional protection at the busbar (x) by RC-circuitry and surge arresters is required.
The protection devices must always be individually matched to the network characteristics and data
of the equipment.
B8 Motors
This area of application covers many types of machines:
- Asynchronous motor: cage rotor, slipring rotor
- Synchronous motor (with asynchronous start)
- Motor with unit transformer
- Motor with starting transformer
- Motor with starting converter (soft starter)
- Motor with individual power factor compensation
- Variable speed drives (converter motors) see B 11 Converter transformers
26 Siemens AG 12E3
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
M Ist 600 A
Surge limiters in
phase-earth connection at the
circuit-breaker / contactor
6
For motor-transformer combinations, the transformer primary current is the criterion.
Siemens AG 12E3 27
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
At first sight, surge arresters at the breaker or contactor contradict the known rule to connect arrest-
ers at the object to be protected. However, there are good reasons for it: arresters are susceptible
against vibration and high ambient temperatures prevailing in a motor terminal box. Moreover a
large terminal box would be required for which most often there is no space. Surge arresters at the
breaker / contactor must have a particularly low residual voltage so that they protect the motor de-
spite the travelling wave effects at the cable end on the motor side. The Siemens surge limiters type
3 EF or other arresters with the same protection level are recommended (Chapter E). 3 EF type is an
especially developed arrester for the protection of motors or other equipment with sensitive wind-
ings [5]. It satisfies the prerequisite of a particularly low residual voltage and therefore can be at-
tached also at the breaker side of the motor cable.
Arrangement 1
Arrangement 2
(prefered)
Recommended surge arresters are the Siemens 3EF surge limiters or other arresters with equal
protection level; see chapter E.
7
For direct connected motors with 12 kV surge limiters at the breaker the type underlined must be used to ensure the
protection level required.
28 Siemens AG 12E3
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
Note to arrangement 2: At the transformer normal arresters can also be used (see chapters E) instead
of the recommended surge limiters if the transformer insulation corresponds to the upper value of
the rated insulation levels to table 2, IEC 60076-3 [6]; the values are the same as in column (4),
Table H-3.
Ist 600 A at main main switch (1) or transformer (2); always at transformer neutral
and at transformer neutral point (3) point, irrespective of the starting
current
Ist > 600 A at transformer neutral point (3)
Siemens AG 12E3 29
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
The insulation level of starting transformers8 frequently does not meet the values standardised for
power transformers according to table 2, IEC 60076-3 [6]. Therefore, only surge limiters 3EF
should be installed at the transformer (2), because of their very low residual voltage (standard surge
arresters may not be suitable for this duty). Recommended devices are the Siemens 3EF surge limit-
ers or other surge arresters at equal protection level. The arresters at the transformer neutral point
must be selected in accordance with rated voltage of the transformer and the insulation level of its
neutral point. Additionally, RC- circuitry must be installed at the transformer neutral point, as listed
in Table B-12.
Table B-12: Recommended surge limites for motors with starting transformer
3a 3b
Surge limiters in line earth
connection at the three con-
nection points 1a or 1b, 2 and
3a or 3b, if:
Circuit-breakers S1 to S3
2
are not interlocked with
the converter, and
The motor starting current
1a 1b is 600 A.
Figure B-7: Motor with starting converter (example with two transformers)
8
Autotransformers have a gapped iron core to increase the magnetizing current during the reactor starting phase (i.e.
second phase of start-up with open transformer neutral). Transformers with a closed iron core are not suitable for
this starting method.
30 Siemens AG 12E3
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
Starting converters (soft starters) are bridged or switched off after the start-up of the motor. Under
normal service conditions the converter controls the current and the breaking operation. However,
instantaneous tripping of the circuit-breaker during the start-up phase cannot be precluded unless
the control of the converter is interlocked with the circuit-breaker (the circuit-breaker must be fitted
with a leading auxiliary switch for this purpose).
Surge protection is not required if the converter control and the corresponding interlockings en-
sure that the circuit-breakers (1) to (3) never switch off starting currents 600 A.
If the circuit-breakers are not included in the control of the converter and the motor starting cur-
rent is 600 A, surge protection must be installed for the converter transformers and the motor.
The surge limiters for the motor must be mounted at the circuit-breaker S2 (connection point 2).
For the converter transformers they may be mounted at the circuit-breaker (connection points 1a
and 3a) or alternatively at the transformer terminals (connection points 1b and 3b). Surge limiters
according to chapter B 8.2 are applied to the motor; for the converter transformers refer to chap-
ter B 11.2 and B 11.3.
1
Prerequisite: QC S rM
5
1
normally QC = S rM
3
Siemens AG 12E3 31
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
B9 Generators
Rated voltage: The event of load shedding has to be considered when selecting this rating. The volt-
age on the generator side of the breaker rises after load shedding. A standard value of 20 % rise is
usually assumed. A higher value up to 40 % may be assumed if the simultaneous occurrence of sev-
eral faults need be considered (e.g. load rejection and defective voltage regulator). The requirements
for the circuit-breaker should be co-ordinated with the client.
Rated short-circuit breaking current: The peak value (making current) and the DC component of the
current during short-circuit near-to-generator11 are higher than during short-circuit elsewhere in the
system (far-from-generator). Typically the DC component is very high so that in some cases the
AC component may decrease more rapidly than the DC component. This leads to delayed current
zeros (DC component > 100 %). However the circuit-breaker needs current zeros for clearing.
The real breaking current depends on the time interval between initiation of the short-circuit and the
opening of the breaker because of the current decays during that time (tripping times of protection
relay and opening time of c.b.). The values of the breaking current and the DC component must be
stated by the customer or be calculated in case of doubt.
9
In case of fault at the busbar or breaker terminals
10
The current through the breaker is decisive in generator-transformer arrangements
11
The short-circuit is near-to-generator if the ratio initial to continuous symmetrical short-circuit current is Ik"/Ik > 2
32 Siemens AG 12E3
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
Surge arresters
line-earth
Recommended surge arresters are the Siemens types 3EF and 3EE as well as other arresters with
equal protection level.
For operating voltages above 15 kV the type 3EE2 is used; refer to chapter E for the selection of the
ratings.
For generator-transformer combinations there are two arrangements of the surge arresters with
equal effect of protection.
12
Maximum value, including temporary voltage rise where applicable
Siemens AG 12E3 33
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
Arrangement 1
Arrangement 2
(preferred)
With arrangement 2 normal surge arresters can also be used at the transformer instead of the rec-
ommended surge limiters if the transformer insulation complies with the upper value of the rated
insulation levels to table 2, IEC 60076-3 [6]; the values are the same as in column (4), Table H-3.
13
Maximum value including temporary voltage rise where applicable
34 Siemens AG 12E3
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
B 10 Furnace transformer
The following duties are included in this field:
- Arc furnaces, reduction furnaces, induction furnaces
- Exception: medium frequency furnaces are not included see converter transformers.
Additional measures: RC-circuitry and surge arresters at the transformer and the busbar.
Circuit-breakers for furnace transformers have to meet very high electrical and mechanical require-
ments partly under unfavourable operating conditions such as high temperature environments or
pollution from electrically conductive dust. The currents to be switched are between almost zero
and two times the rated current of the furnace transformer; they may be unbalanced and distorted.
The switching frequency may be up to 100 cycles per day and in exceptional cases it may be even
higher.
Siemens AG 12E3 35
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
F urnace transformer
R
C
C-R circuitry Arc furnace
at the busbar
The protection devices have to be matched individually to each system configuration by means of a
system study. This optimises the efficiency of protection and is inevitably necessary to protect the
components themselves. The arc furnace causes harmonics which in turn drive harmonic current
through the capacitors. The latter plus the damping resistors must be dimensioned for the resulting
thermal load. Furthermore the capacitance must be matched to the inductance of the inferring net-
work in order to avoid resonances, which stress the equipment by voltage rise and reactive current.
See also chapter I 2 for information.
36 Siemens AG 12E3
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
B 11 Converter transformer
This heading comprises transformers with:
- controlled rectifiers
- converter-fed drives
- voltage / frequency converters
- static compensators (static VAR or SVC)
All other cases require a 6-arrester arrangement which must be individually rated according to the
operating voltage, method of system neutral point earthing and insulation level of th eequipment;
see chapter E. The same applies to installations at operating voltages above 15 kV.
Siemens AG 12E3 37
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
Surge limiters or arresters at the circuit-breaker (1) are permissible only if the transformer insulation
complies with the upper value of the rated insulation level according table 2, IEC 60076-3 [6]; the
values correspond with column (4) Tabelle H2. If the insulation level is lower, the limiters or arrest-
ers must be installed at the transformer (2).
38 Siemens AG 12E3
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
Siemens AG 12E3 39
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
cos : leading
Remarks: After the opening operation the voltage on the capacitor side is higher than the
system voltage (Figure B-18), so that the recovery voltage is higher in contrast
to capacitors without reactor. The rated voltage of the breaker must not be
exceeded by this effect.
When paralleling, high inrush currents (Ie) with high rate of rise may occur,
depending on the reactor ratings. However, the inrush current does not exceed
the permissible limits of breaker and capacitor if reactors are used (usually
tuned to between 4th and 5th harmonic).
Measures: If the voltage at the breaker exceeds its rated value, either a breaker of a higher
rated voltage level or 2 series-connected breakers have to be used.
Circuit-breaker must feature a very low restrike probability and comply with
class C 2 according to IEC 62271-100 [7].
When back-to-back switching of capacitor banks, the inrush current must be
determined and where applicable be limited; see B 12.3.
Circuit-breaker: In order to avoid inadmissible stress and wear of the contact pieces, permissible
limits of the inrush current must be observed. For Siemens circuit-breakers the following inrush
currents are permissible without reservations:
- Ie 5 kA for tulip contacts (SF6 or minimum-oil circuit-breakers)
- Ie 10 kA for flat contacts (vacuum circuit-breakers)
Regarding flat contacts the limit value is founded on the tendency to contact welding if the inrush
current does not decay rapidly enough during the pre-arcing time (1 2 ms) of the contact closing
travel. Inrush currents above the limits mentioned above require an agreement with the manufac-
turer. On the other hand, if the inrush current decays rapidly below the limit, considerably higher
initial values of the inrush current are permissible (Figure B-15).
40 Siemens AG 12E3
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
10
LS Ie
8 Tulip contact
Time constant [ ms ]
4 L1 L2
permissible range
2 QC1 QC2
of flat contact
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Inrush current (peak value) [ kA ]
Figure B-15: Permissible back-to-back inrush making current dependent on the time constant
The limit value 20 kA of the inrush making current marks the rated back-to-back inrush making
current for capacitor banks recommended by the circuit-breaker standard [7].
The decay time constant of the back-to-back inrush making current can hardly be determined with-
out knowledge of the impedance (cable or bar, length, cross section and shape) between the capaci-
tor banks. It is extremly difficult to determine the resistive component since the skin effect reduces
the active conductor cross-section at some kHz frequency of the back-to-back inrush making cur-
rent. An assessment by means of the inductance between the capacitor bank gives a hint whether the
inrush current lies in the critical range and requires detailed calculation.
For a given reactive power and inductance between the capacitor banks, the inrush making current
on back-to-back switching can be read from the graphs (Figure B-16). If the inrush current is too
high, the diagram shows the inductance which is required to keep the inrush current below the limit.
The difference between the existing and the required inductance should be installed as an additional
reactor; see (a), Figure B-17. The red border lines (Figure B-16) mark the area (grey) for 6 kV to 30
kV operating voltages within which the attenuation constant of the inrush making current is to high.
For these border lines a Q-factor (quality factor) 60 of the parallel oscillating circuit is presumed.
Siemens AG 12E3 41
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
10 kA
Back-toback reactive power Qc* [MVA]
30 kV 7 kA
20 kV
5 kA
10,0
10 kV 4 kA
6 kV 3 kA
2 kA
1,0
0,1
10 100 1000
Inductance L* between the capacitor banks [H]
The back-to-back reactive power results from the series connection of the QC1 QC 2
two capacitor banks (Figure B-15). QC* =
QC1 + QC 2
Figure B-17: A reactor which can be freely selected (a) is the easiest method to limit the inrush
making current. In the case a reactor is already installed or planned but the inrush current is still too
high, a resistor in parallel (b) can tune the attenuation constant. The resistance, however, may vary
in a small range only. It must neither be too high (to be efficient) nor to low (to avoid thermal over-
load of the resistor). An L-R impedance in parallel to the reactor (c) facilitates more exact tuning. In
any case the damping damping elements need to be individually planned for the given installation.
42 Siemens AG 12E3
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
Ie Ie Ie
L
L L R L
R
a) Reactor to attenuate the in- b) Resistor-reactor unit to tune c) Reactor with resistor-
rush making current the attenuation constant inductor unit in parallel to
tune the attenuation constant
Additional stress stress across the breaker may occur after for example faulty or unintentionally
tripping, if the system is still inductively loaded and the system voltage on the busbar side drops
after switching off the filter (due to the loss of capacitance). If, moreover, the system voltage is
heavily loaded with harmonics, the addition of all unfavourable effects can lead to an extremely
high voltage across the breaker. Consequently it must be checked very accurately whether the stress
on the circuit-breaker is within the permissible range.
If the capacitor voltage (Uc) exceeds the rated breaker voltage (Ur), a breaker of the next higher
voltage rating must be used; e.g. a 36 kV breaker instead of a 24 kV breaker, or two breakers must
be connected in series.
The following section summarises how the voltage stress caused by filters and reactor-capacitor
units are determined, und which parameters need be checked regarding the circuit-breaker.
Siemens AG 12E3 43
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
UC UL
UN
IF
UC
UF UL
UF
UC IF
IF U
L
UN Voltage of network 1
UF Voltage at filter Filters frequency: f F =
2 L C
UL Voltage across reactor
UC Voltage at capacitor Filter- / system frequency ratio = fF / fN
IF Filter current = Harmonic number (ordinal number)
L Reactance
C Capacitance of capacitor bank
When circuit is closed the voltage on both sides of the circuit-breaker, filter and busbar, is the same
(UF = UN). Immediately after switching off (marked by subscript o) the capacitor voltage appears
at the breaker since the voltage across the reactor drops to zero.
Thus the voltage on the breaker load side is UFo = UCo
After the opening operation the filter voltage is equal to the ca- 2
pacitor voltage which is calculated with the harmonic number : U Fo = U Co = U N
2 1
52
Example: = 5, i.e. filter frequency 250 Hz: U Fo = U Co = U N = 1,042 U N
52 1
This means that immediately after switching off the voltage on the load side of
the circuit-breaker is 4.2 % higher than the the system voltage on the busbar side.
44 Siemens AG 12E3
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
If the back-to-back inrush making current is below the permissible peak values (see section B 12.3)
or the ateenuation of the current is strong enough, no additional measures are required. Otherwise a
detailed assessment as described in section B 12.4 has to be carried out.
With filters or reactor-capacitor units the voltage on the load side of the circuit-breaker must not
exceed the rated value at the instant of switching off. There is a particular danger if the operating
voltage of the system is very close to the rated voltage and at a low ordinal number of the harmon-
ics.
Siemens AG 12E3 45
Switching duties in medium voltage systems
Current: up to 20 A
cos : leading
Remarks: An audio-frequency current (160 Hz up to 1.6 kHz) is superimposed on the
power-frequency control (50/60 Hz).
Air and hard gas (gas evolving) switches are not suitable for this switching
duty.
46 Siemens AG 12E3
Rated values of switching devices
C1 Overview
The following table lists the most important values of the primary circuit, in accordance with which
a device has to be selected. The symbols are those used in the standards IEC 62271 series.
Siemens AG 12E3 47
Rated values of switching devices
2) In switch-fuse combinations the rated current is limited to the rated current of the fuse.
3) Not defined in the standard; see note (1).
4) Applies only to switch-fuse combinations.
C2 Rated voltage Ur
is the upper limit of the highest voltage of systems for which the device is intended and designed. It
must be at least equal to the highest expected operational voltage at the installed location, consider-
ing effects such as:
short duration voltage rises
harmonics
load shedding
increased levels at capacitors and filters
is the dielectric strength (lightning impulse and power-frequency withstand) phase to earth, between
phases and across open switch gaps or isolating distances. The insulation level comprises the
Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage Up (1.2/50 s)
Rated power-frequency withstand voltage Ud (50 Hz / 1 min)
Instead of rated lightning impulse withstand voltage Up the term BIL (basic impulse level) is also
often used.
For medium voltage the standards do not specify a switching impulse voltage withstand but this
value is of importance for the selection of overvoltage protection devices for transient switching
surges. This switching impulse level (SIL) is set at
0.8 BIL, because the much longer transient tail time of the switching impulse requires a lower di-
electric strength than the lightning impulse.
The insulation level is related to the rated voltage. If it is not adequate for a particular duty, because
external or internal overvoltage sources have to be considered, the fitting of surge arresters is rec-
ommended.
48 Siemens AG 12E3
Rated values of switching devices
With HRC fuses, the rated current is just an "ordering size". Because of the particular character of
this device, the actual value to be chosen depends on various other factors; see section D.
Siemens AG 12E3 49
Rated values of switching devices
50 Siemens AG 12E3
Rated values of switching devices
Siemens AG 12E3 51
Rated values of switching devices
C 22 Sparkover voltage
is the voltage which causes the arrester to operate; that is, to break down its spark gap(s). The form
of the voltage determines the speed of the breakdown and the threshold; one therefore qualifies this
value by distinguishing between switching impulse sparkover voltage uai, front of wave sparkover
voltage uast and 100% lightning impulse sparkover voltage uas100.
52 Siemens AG 12E3
Selection of HRC fuses
D1 Selection criteria
In switch and fuse combinations, protection against short circuit is performed by the fuses. Switches
will interrupt operating currents and only small overcurrents, since their interrupting capability is
limited. Between operating current and full short circuit the switching duty transfers from one com-
ponent to the other. Switch and HRC fuses must, therefore, be matched correctly to each other.
Mostly, one uses current limiting fuses; selection procedures are described later in this chapter.
The electrical characteristics of a fuse are: rated voltage and rated current (UrHH, IrHH). The diagram
clarifies the factors which determine selection. The factors are coupled by a logic "AND", that is,
they must all be considered in determining rated voltage and current.
Load characteristics
Breaking capability of switch or contactor
Rated current Coordination with other equipment:
- dynamic and thermal withstand capability
- heat dissipation
- selectivity to up- and downstream protection
Mechanical criteria, e.g. diameter, length, striker pin power, all depend upon the type and design of
the switchgear assembly or switch; they are not discussed here.
Siemens AG 12E3 53
Selection of HRC fuses
D 2.1 b Primary current while terminal short-circuit on the LV side of the transformer
On interruption of such a terminal short circuit, very steep transients result. Because of the limited
interrupting capability of the switch, these currents should be interrupted by the fuses. The primary
side short circuit current can be very much damped but, even so, the HRC fuses must operate and
interrupt positively and safely. This factor determines the largest possible rated fuse current.
- For a simplified selection method the short-circuit duration on the HV side shall correspond to
the maximum permissible short-circuit duration of the transformer; as a rule the value is 2 s;
point B in the figure below.
- Minimum values of the short-circuit impedance uk are listed in IEC 60076-5 [29].
100
Protective device
10 characteristic on Load capability
LV side of cable
Imin
2 B
1
Protective device
0,1
A characteristic on
source side
0,01
C
1 2 3
10 IrT IT-overload 10 IT-Rush IrT/uk 10 Current [A]
Figure D-2: HRC fuse characteristic for the protection of distribution transformers
54 Siemens AG 12E3
Selection of HRC fuses
The fuse time-current characteristic must lie between the points A and B.
Point A: I = 10 12 IrT Point B: I = IrT / uk
t = 0.1 s t=2s
Siemens AG 12E3 55
Selection of HRC fuses
56 Siemens AG 12E3
Selection of HRC fuses
B
A A*
10
Starting time
Load capability
of cable
Instantaneous fault
Starting current
1 3
10 Ist Ist / k 10 Current [A]
The motor starting current (Ist) is given, otherwisw the starting current is presumed to be
6 times the motor rated current (Ist = 6 IrM) this refers to direct starting asynchronous
machines.
On indirect starting, i.e. slipring motor or run-up via autotransformer or converter (soft starter),
the starting current (Ist) is much smaller; regularly in the range of 1.2 2 IrM
The motor starting current (Ist) is divided by a derating factor (k) of the HRC fuse, which takes
into account the the number of starts per hour; see Table D-2: Derating factor k depending on
the number of starts per hour.
The value Ist / k together with the starting time tst result in point A*, which must lie to the left of
the fuse characteristic (a fuse may be selected whose characteristic is directly next point A*).
For slipring motors or for motors running up at reduced starting current, via autotransformer or
converter, smaller HRC fuses can be selected. However, the fuse rated current must be at least
1.3 times the motor rated current (IrHH IrM).
Siemens AG 12E3 57
Selection of HRC fuses
Table D-2: Derating factor k depending on the number of starts per hour
14
The factor kgeneral should be used if no information from the fuse manufacturer is available.
58 Siemens AG 12E3
Selection of HRC fuses
c For direct mechanical striker pin release of the switch: Draw a line parallel to the current
axis through the point 0.9 T0 , to the pre-arcing time axis. Then to e.
d For electrical release of the switch, by a tripping coil: Draw a line parallel to the current axis
through the point T0 to the melt axis; if a relay is in circuit with the tripping coil, draw the line
through the point T0 + 0.02s.
e The intersection of this line with the lower time/current characteristic of the fuse gives the as-
sociated transfer current Itransfer (three pole, symmetrical value).
f The transfer current Itransfer thus determined must be smaller than the rated transfer current
Ir-transfer stated by the manufacturer, that means Itransfer > Ir-transfer, and must be larger than the
minimum breaking current (Imin) of the fuse, i.e. Itransfer > Imin.
g The transfer current Itransfer must be smaller than the short-circuit current IkT-3pol of the trans-
former at secondary terminal short-circuit; (IkT-3pol > Itransfer).
15
Contactor-fuse combinations are not within the scope of this standard. The described method can, however, be used
for the practical use also for contactors.
Siemens AG 12E3 59
Selection of HRC fuses
0,1
0,9 T0
TX
0,01
1 2 3
10 10 Itransfer 10 Current I [ A ]
Example to determine the transfer current from the HRC fuse characteristic (50 A) and the opening
time of a switch:
- HRC fuse, type 3GA: IrHH = 50 A
- characteristic opening time of switch: T0 = 50 ms
transfer current of this combination: Itransfer = 405 A
c For direct mechanical striker pin release of the switch: Draw a line parallel to the current
axis through the point 0.9 T0, to the pre-arcing time axis. Then to e.
e Draw a line parallel to the time axis, through the point Itransfer on the current axis.
60 Siemens AG 12E3
Selection of HRC fuses
f This gives an area bordered by current axis, time axis, line through 0.9 T0 and line through
Itransfer.
g All fuses whose characteristics run through this area are suitable for use in this switch and fuse
combination.
Figure D-5: Suitable HRC fuses for a given rated transfer current of the switch
Depending on the tripping method TX is: 0.9 T0 for direct striker-pin release
1.0 T0 for electrical release
T0 + 0.02 s for electrical release using a relay
Siemens AG 12E3 61
Selection of HRC fuses
Current limiting characteristics give the maximum let-through (cut off) current ICO related to initial
power frequency short circuit current and fuse rating. Conversely, one can determine the maximum
permissible fuse rating from the given dynamic withstand capability of the equipment.
The diagram shows how the let-through current can be found from the characteristic. For example,
at 40 kA (r.m.s. value) short-circuit current, a 50 A HRC fuse limits the peak current to only 9 kA,
whereas the prospective value is 100 kA.
Cut-off
current prospective peak current (cos 0,15)
Ico [ A ]
ID (50 A) 100 A
104 50 A
25 A
103
102
102 103 104 S.-c. current I"k [ A ]
62 Siemens AG 12E3
Selection of HRC fuses
D7 Heat losses
The actual maximum permissible operating current of a fuse is, in general, less than its nominal
rated current due to the thermal conditions at the point of installation (in a cubicle or enclosure),
where heat dissipation may be restricted in comparison with installation in free air. In that case, the
fuse cannot be operated at its full rating.
For IB insert the maximum value which can occur continuously in operation; e.g. transformer
rated current or 1.2 times the transformer rated current for extensive overcurrent operation.
If not, choose the next higher fuse rating, as long as the other selection criteria permit it.
The above mentioned equation includes the influence of the temperature on the internal resistance
of the fuse-element. When the fuse-element is loaded with less than its rated current, it heats less so
that in turn the heat loss decays disproportionally high. This temperature influence is represented by
the exponent 2.5 in the formula.
Siemens AG 12E3 63
Selection of surge arresters
E1 Selection criteria
The selection of surge arresters and their rated values can be done by the following scheme. The
figure is an adapted version taken from several standards and selection guidelines for surge arresters
[14] to [16].
Switching duty
Protection level for lightning and switching
Insulation level
impulse (residual voltage)
Protection level
64 Siemens AG 12E3
Selection of surge arresters
For metal oxide arresters, one first selects the continuous voltage, then the rated voltage. In net-
works with free or resonant earthed neutral point, the continuous voltage must be equal to the max.
line-line voltage, so that the arrester is also suitable for continuous earth fault conditions (voltage
rise in the healthy phases).
For arresters with spark gap and surge limiters, almost only the rated voltage needs to be selected.
If the values of rated and continuous operating voltage are not equal for the devices selected, the
selection must be done as described for metal oxide arrester.
isolated or
Uc Um Ur 1.25 Um Ur Um
resonant earthed
Table E-1: Rated and continuous operating voltage for line-earth arresters,
depending on the method of neutral point earthing
Um is the maximum voltage for equipment, i.e. the highest operating voltage of the system at the
point of installation. If the value Um is not exactly known, the rated voltage Ur of the equipment to
be protected can be used instead. Um must include temporary overvoltages, e.g. caused by load
shedding or by earth fault.
5 kA is adequate in medium voltage distribution systems under normal service conditions if the
galvanically connected line system is less than 5 km.
20 kA is applied in exceptional cases only, where high discharge energies prevail, high rates of op-
eration can be expected, or where very low residual voltages are required (e.g. in arc furnace instal-
lations, large generators).
Siemens AG 12E3 65
Selection of surge arresters
16
Often referred to in insulation coordination terms as the BIL (Basic Impulse Level)
17
SIL (Switching Impulse Level)
66 Siemens AG 12E3
Selection of surge arresters
Siemens AG 12E3 67
Selection of surge arresters
U P 0.83
Required residual, respectively switching surge sparkover voltage: U ai or U res
1.15
ures Residual voltage at 0.5 kA follow current ( rated discharge current)
uai Switching impulse sparkover (or residual) voltage
Up Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage of protected object (BIL)
0.83 Reduction factor, compared to the BIL, for switching impulse withstand voltage
1.15 Recommended safety factor to IEC [16]
The recommended safety factor is higher than for switching overvoltages. It shall be at least 1.25
but it is recommended that one should aim for = 1.4.
Operating values 6 kV 10 kV 15 kV 20 kV 30 kV
Residual voltage 18 kV 30 kV 42 kV 55 kV 79 kV
18
Siemens type 3EK7 operating in one phase when interrupting an inductive current of 600 A. Parameters: load cable
200 m, total feeding side cable lenth 3000 m (cable: XLPE, cross-sections 95 mm to 500 mm)
68 Siemens AG 12E3
Selection of surge arresters
The energy absorbed by the arrester is much smaller than the rated absorbtion capability of most
arrester types. If an arrester type features more than one rating for the energy absorbtion capability,
always the lowest one may be selected. Exempted from this rule are arresters in connection with
very large capacitors, large generators or motors as well as applications with extremely frequent
discharges (for example arc furnaces). In these cases the energy absorbtion capability must be di-
mensioned individually.
When selecting the housing the outer insulation capability must be considered. For indoor use as
well as for site pollution severity classes a to c according to IEC/TR 60815-1 [17] the smallest
housing available can be selected. Only higher degrees of pollution require larger housings with
extended creepage distance.
19
The standards also use the terms pressure relief class or rated short-current.
Siemens AG 12E3 69
Selection of surge arresters
12 kV 10 75 kV 50 m
15 30 m
20 20 m
24 kV 15 125 kV 20 m
20 15 m
30 10 m
Table E-3: Recommendation for surge protection depending on the cable length
For lower values of insulation rating, the recommended cable lengths are shorter.
r
The surge impedance of a cable is: Z K =
m
C '300
s
Arrester c is an outdoor arrester, which must be suitable for lightning protection duty; for arrester
d, an indoor arrester with smaller energy absorption capacity. If the energy absorption capacity of
arrester d is smaller, it must be ensured that the sparkover or residual voltages are properly graded,
so that the outdoor arrester always operates first.
70 Siemens AG 12E3
Switchgear configuration
F SWITCHGEAR CONFIGURATION
F1 Principles of configuration
F 1.1 General
This section covers the basic technical aspects involved in selecting and rating the switchgear as-
sembly and its main components, focussed on the primary (HV) part (the application guide does not
replace the ordering data catalogue).
The process of designing secondary systems with devices for protection, control, measurement, and
counting purposes is not covered here.
It is assumed that the network parameters and the switching duties the switchgear assembly has to
comply with are already known for configuring the installation.
Result
Optimum
Medium Voltage
Switchgear
On the basis of the requirements specified which may be of different nature and vary in a wide
range the right products with the right rated values must be selected and configured. There is not
always a clear choice or a definite configuration rule, so that for some requirements only recom-
mendations can be given.
Requirements that must be observed are those that relate to the electrical aspects of the switch-
gear, whereby the switchgear must offset the corresponding strength properties against the physi-
cal stresses. For these requirements clearly-defined configuration rules are almost always avail-
able. Legal regulations as well as personnel protection, fire protection, and environmental com-
patibility requirements must also be strictly observed.
Siemens AG 12E3 71
Switchgear configuration
Some requirements can be influenced, that is, measures taken on the electrical or spatial environ-
ment may affect the requirements regarding the switchgear which, in turn, optimises the selection
and rating of the whole installation. For example, measures can be taken to reduce the duration of
the short-circuit current; overvoltage protection can help avoid excessive insulation levels, while the
building housing the switchgear may be modified to improve environmental conditions and reduce
climatic stress.
There are recommendations provided for these "soft" requirements, rather than definite selection
and rating rules.
Freely-definable "negotiable" requirements offer the greatest scope with regard to designing the
switchgear. Operators can select specific product characteristics at their discretion to optimize the
switchgear in line with their own requirements. Decisions may be based on, for example, tried-and-
tested operating processes or internal company guidelines.
This document only covers those aspects of freely-selectable requirements that are relevant for con-
figuration activities.
F 1.3 Procedure
Section G of this guide not only covers the influences and stress variables but also the associated
characteristics and properties of the switchgear.
Section H breaks down the process of selecting and rating a switchgear system into individual steps
and describes which influences and stress variables must be taken into account in each individual
step. As far as avaialble, rules and recommendations are provided for selection and configuring;
otherwise the aspects that must be taken into account are defined.
A wide range of non-technical aspects must be taken into account when switchgear is configured:
Requirements of state legislation always take priority over normative regulations (e.g. protecting
the public, work safety, environmental protection).
Tried-and-tested operations and procedures carried out by the operators can determine which
equipment is required. After all, taking into account "standard practices" of operators also con-
tributes to a safe working environment.
Requirements and features that focus on operations and procedures can vary considerably from
region to region.
If applicable, company guidelines may also have to be taken into account.
Recommendations of industrial associations.
These are just some of the requirements that manufacturers, planners, and operators must agree
upon. A configuration guide cannot cover all aspects of these requirements. It can only highlight
those points that are applicable to all switchgear systems at all times.
72 Siemens AG 12E3
Switchgear configuration
F2 Switchgear requirements
The key influences and stress variables for switchgear depend on the task in hand and its position in
the distribution network.
Standards Laws
Regulations
Association guidelines Company guidelines
These influencing factors and stresses, which are explained in detail in Section G, determine the
selection and rating variables for the switchgear.
Siemens AG 12E3 73
Switchgear configuration
F3 Properties to be selected
This diagram provides an overview of the main switchgear features to be configured in the se-
quence normally carried out when switchgear is selected and rated.
Circuit-breaker Contactor
Switching devices
Switch HRC fuse
Circuit-breaker/switch-disconnector unit
Design and switchgear panel types Air / gas insulation
Withdrawable unit (truck) / fixed mounted
Degree of protection
Enclosure
Internal arc classification
Section H contains a detailed explanation of the configuration rules that need to be applied and
other aspects that need to be taken into account.
74 Siemens AG 12E3
Switchgear configuration
Siemens AG 12E3 75
Switchgear configuration
20
Petersen coil
76 Siemens AG 12E3
Switchgear configuration
Siemens AG 12E3 77
Switchgear configuration
78 Siemens AG 12E3
Switchgear configuration
Siemens AG 12E3 79
Switchgear configuration
G 2.5 Redundancy
Different protection functions can be combined in a single network branch (e.g. differential and
overcurrent-time protection as backup). Depending on the degree of redundancy required, addi-
tional instrument transformers and protection devices may also have to be installed in the switch-
gear. Enough space must be available for these too (see above).
For contractual reasons, the same measurement device or meter may also be installed twice if con-
tractual partners use their own devices at the point of supply ("check measurement"). This increases
the number of built-in components.
G3 Infeed types
The operating principle and number of infeeds are crucial for connecting the switchgear and for its
rated current values. The supply from different networks, such as
- the public network
- in-plant generation
- the emergency power supply
sometimes has to be disconnected during normal operation for safety, business, or contractual
reasons. A decision must, therefore, be made regarding how the supply can be divided into busbar
sections and which ones can be linked. The switchgear design as well as the rated normal and short-
circuit current values depend on the infeed operating principle and the couplings.
System connection
- Single/double busbar
- Bus section panel
Rated values of the switchgear
- Normal current of the busbar(s)
- Peak current and short-time current
Control, interlocks, and switchgear interlocking
Installation of instrument transformers in the switchgear panel and on the busbar
Room for installing the protection relays and wiring in the low-voltage compartment
80 Siemens AG 12E3
Switchgear configuration
G4 Operating sites
The type of operating site can also govern the choice and rating of switchgear. Given the broad
range of different influencing factors, only the key points that need to be taken into account can be
described here.
Design
Internal arc fault classification
Pressure absorber, pressure release duct
G 4.2 Accessibility
The standards also take into account the different levels of accessibility of operating sites:
- Only authorized and trained personnel have access to closed electrical operating area; all other
people must be accompanied.
- Operating sites in public areas can be accessed by everyone (e.g. standard for stations and
switchgear in workshops).
Switchgear in public areas are subject to more stringent requirements.
Siemens AG 12E3 81
Switchgear configuration
G 4.4 Buildings
The building itself can also influence the choice of switchgear. The following aspects must be taken
into account:
- The available space
- The quality of the building fabric (in existing, older buildings)
- Vent outlets in the event of an internal arc fault
Irrespective of the chosen switchgear, a dynamic pressure calculation must be carried out for the
building to determine the stresses on the structure and the required cross-sections for vent outlets.
The building is also a crucial factor regarding the conditions under which the switchgear operates;
see G 5 Environmental conditions.
82 Siemens AG 12E3
Switchgear configuration
G5 Environmental conditions
Due to the infinite variety of ambient conditions at installation locations, the applicable standards
only define basic requirements for "normal service conditions". Each system much be examined
individually to determine whether or not these are observed.
Numerous measures can be taken to provide protection against exceptional climatic conditions. For
example, gas-insulated, hermetically sealed compartments that are completely immune to external
conditions can be used. The degree of protection of the housing can also be increased. In parts of
the world where high insect/small animal populations can cause problems, protection against bridg-
ing may be appropriate by fitting additional insulation to live and exposed components.
Siemens AG 12E3 83
Switchgear configuration
Measures to provide protection against extreme ambient conditions can also be taken in the service
room (air conditioning). In some cases, this can be more efficient than designing each individual
component accordingly. It is also important to remember that protection, measurement, and control
systems are more sensitive than switchgear, which is reason enough to ensure that the minimum
requirements for air quality are observed.
84 Siemens AG 12E3
Switchgear configuration
G6 Industry-specific application
The following aspects cover the role and significance of the switchgear in the operator's network
(industrial or public utility companies).
Siemens AG 12E3 85
Switchgear configuration
86 Siemens AG 12E3
Switchgear configuration
Design
Extension to include additional switchgear panels
Rated values for normal and short-circuit current
Replacement of instrument transformers
Option of upgrading the secondary system
G7 Operating procedures
Operating procedure is a catch-all term that, with respect to configuration activities, will only be
used to describe the following activities:
Operation
Work activities
Maintenance
G 7.1 Operation
Operational activities include monitoring, switching, making settings, and reading displays / indica-
tors. Operators can define how these activities are to be carried out, that is, whether they are to be
carried out on site or remotely, (completely or partially) manually or automatically.
Siemens AG 12E3 87
Switchgear configuration
The automated integration of the switchgear in the network system management and production
process makes important demands on the measurement, control, and remote control systems (sec-
ondary technology).
During operation, the switchgear must provide the required level of personnel protection (e.g. pro-
tection against accidental contact with hazardous live or mechanical components (IP degree of pro-
tection). Even in the (unlikely) event of an internal fault, the switchgear must offer means to protect
the operator.
88 Siemens AG 12E3
Switchgear configuration
G8 Regulations
Switchgear is subject to numerous regulations relating to its design, manufacture, inspection, setup,
and operation:
- Electrical engineering standards
- Recommendations of industry or utility associations
- Legal regulations
- Internal company regulations
While the electrical engineering standards are fulfilled by nearly all products, legal or internal regu-
lations in different industries can pose special challenges.
Determine any deviations from the requirements defined in the IEC / EN standards.
Siemens AG 12E3 89
Switchgear configuration
H1 Overview (Checklist)
This table lists all the rating and selection variables along with the requirements and influencing
variables, which are explained in detail in the following sections.
Altitude
Ambient conditions (pollution)
90 Siemens AG 12E3
Switchgear configuration
Gas (GIS)
sive gases
Type of operating site
Installation location (space requirements)
Fire protection requirements (fire load)
Altitude
Switching frequency and switch lifetime
Withdrawable unit / truck Switching frequency
Disconnector
- A or B type of accessibility
- F / L / R classified sides Building
- IA, tA arc fault current and duration
Pressure release duct
Siemens AG 12E3 91
Switchgear configuration
- LSC 2B
Operators regulations
Access control by means of: Personnel training
- interlocking
- work instruction + locking Shock-hazard protection during work
- tools activities
None-accessible compartment Switchgear space requirements
Partition class
- PM (metal)
- PI (insulating material)
Cable connection Operating and short-circuit current
- Sealing end: plug / standard Switching duty
- Number of cables
Feeder circuit components
Equipment for control, interlocks and Type of line and load protection
switchgear interlocking Line system management
Devices for measurement, metering, Integration in (industrial) processes
measuring transducer
Operational procedures
Monitoring, communication devices
Motorized drive mechanisms
Voltage detecting system
Damping resistors for VT
Table H-1: Summary of selection criteria for switchgear assemblies
92 Siemens AG 12E3
Switchgear configuration
Rating rule: Ur UNmax and Ur corresponds with the required insulations level (see H 2.2)
For switchgear, the next highest standard value above the maximum operating voltage is set as the
rated voltage. The value of the maximum operating voltage must cover effects of temporary over-
voltages, for example caused by
- harmonics
- load shedding (generators for emergency supply, customer generation etc.)
- capacitive equipment, such as capacitor banks, filters
If a particular insolation level is pre-determined, the rated voltage must correspond with it.
Comments:
a) The rated voltage of the switchgear may differ from that of
Voltage transformers
Surge arresters
Siemens AG 12E3 93
Switchgear configuration
HRC fuses
This is because these devices are subject to additional rating criteria (see sections D and E 2).
b) Some switching duties require the switching devices to have an even higher rated voltage, al-
though this is rare (see table in B 1). In certain cases, the entire switchgear system must be de-
signed for higher voltages.
c) Due to the reduced insulating properties tt altitudes of above 1000 m above sea level, a higher
rated value may be selected where applicable (see H 2.2).
d) A higher rated voltage can be set to fulfil the requirements of a higher insulation level in order
to cope with special ambient conditions, for example pollution or humidity.
(see H 2.2).
Rated voltage Rated short-duration power-frequency Rated lightning impulse withstand volt-
Ur / kV withstand voltage age
(r.m.s. value) Ud / kV (r.m.s. value) Up / kV (peak value)
Line-earth, line-line, Across isolat- Line-earth, line-line, Across isolating
across contact gap ing distance across contact gap distance
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
20 23
3.6 10 12
40 46
40 46
7.2 20 23
60 70
60 70
12 28 32
75 85
75 85
17.5 38 45
95 110
95 110
24 50 60
125 145
145 160
36 70 80
170 195
52 95 110 250 290
Table H-3: Rated voltages and insulation levels in the medium voltage range
94 Siemens AG 12E3
Switchgear configuration
Comments:
a) Operators may specify a higher insulation level in accordance with operational requirements.
Reasons for this include foreseeable reduction in insulation due to moisture or pollution or high
dielectric stresses during standard operation due to connected overhead systems, traction supply
systems etc.
b) At altitudes of at least 1000 m above sea level, the insulation level decreases caused by the
lower air density. There are alternatives to compensate this decrease:
- a higher rated voltage is set;
- surge arresters are installed to limit possible overvoltages below the actual insulation capa-
bility. Based on the voltage withstand value at the relevant altitude (see Figure H-1) the re-
quired protection level of the arresters is determined, as described in section E 4;
- gas-/solid-insulated switchgear is used with shielded, earthed connections (cable plug con-
nectors, insulated bars), where the HV conductors are nor surrounded by ambient air.
For low-voltage auxiliary and control equipment no precautionary measures need be taken up
to 2000 m altitude. Regarding installation sites at higher altitude see IEC 60664-1 [18].
200
Lightning impulse withstand voltage [ kV ]
36 kV
150
24 kV
100 17,5 kV
12 kV
7,2 kV
50
3,6 kV
Rated voltage
(U r ) of Altitude
equipment
0 [m]
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Example for diagram above: a lightning impulse withstand voltage of Up = 120 kV is required at an
altitude of 1800 m. A system with a rated voltage of 36 kV achieves this, while a 24 kV system is not
suitable because it can only maintain a lightning impulse withstand voltage of 125 kV up to 1000 m.
Figure H-1: Lightning impulse withstand capability in air, depending on the site altitude
c) In environments with high levels of pollution, longer creepage paths may be required [16]. This
can be achieved not only with a higher insulation level, but also with alternative methods:
- avoiding unprotected insulation
Siemens AG 12E3 95
Switchgear configuration
- additional insulation for exposed parts (e.g. heat shrink tube to act as bridging protection)
- gas-insulated switchgear with shielded, earthed connections
(cable plug connectors, insulated bars)
Note:
In many cases, surge arresters fitted at central points can be used as an alternative to increasing in-
sulation levels.
Both conditions (a) and (b) must be fulfilled. For switchgear, the next highest standard value above
the actual line variable is set.
96 Siemens AG 12E3
Switchgear configuration
(
Top +Tr )
DC component () at the instant of contact separation: =e
To minimize voltage drops (voltage quality) caused by large, direct-starting motors, networks may
be designed for high short-circuit current levels. In those installations, the magnitude of the peak
current must be thoroughly taken into account.
Siemens AG 12E3 97
Switchgear configuration
a) In accordance with the applicable standard [1], the preferred value is tk = 1 s, although 3 s has
since established itself for most switching devices and switchgear; the protection settings do
not, therefore, need to be taken into consideration. With very high short-circuit current values
40 kA, however, 1 s is still typical for cost reasons.
c) For cost reasons, current transformers mostly are designed for times of < 3 s.
d) "Thermal" conversion between the short-time current and the short-circuit duration:
The short-time current and the short-circuit duration can be converted by means of the It value:
I12 t1 = I 22 t2 . A conversion for lower short-circuit currents with longer duration is harmless. A
conversion for larger short-time currents with shorter durations may only be carried out within
the rated values, so that the peak withstand current and the making and breaking capacity of the
circuit-breakers and the switchgear assembly are not exceeded.
For switchgear, the next highest standard value above the maximum operating current is set as the
rated current. Reserves have to be taken into account in the standard value to be selected if the am-
bient temperature or the characteristics of the load may change.
a) Busbars and feeder circuits can have different rated values; the same applies to individual
sections of busbars that have been sub-divided.
b) Reserves for temporary (planned) overload or emergencies must be taken into account.
c) When busbars are rated, the operating principle of couplings with parallel infeeds must also be
taken into account at the planning stage.
d) The operating current may contain harmonics which considerably contribute to the temperature
rise; the total current determines the rating.
e) The influence of the site altitude on the current carrying capacity in almost negliglible in prac-
tice. The dissipation of heat losses just as the insulation capacity depends on the air density
which decays with increasing altitude. Regarding the current carrying capacity, however, the
reduced cooling effect at high altitudes is compensated by lower ambient temperatures [19].
21
A general value of 100 ms is normally assumed as the shortest possible breaking time (opening + arcing time),
using a protection relay and a standard circuit-breaker.
98 Siemens AG 12E3
Switchgear configuration
H3 Busbar arrangement
If the switching principle has not yet been defined during network planning or in accordance with
operator specifications, the following general aspects should be taken into account to help reach a
decision:
Siemens AG 12E3 99
Switchgear configuration
- a network must be divided into two sub-networks due to the limited short-circuit strength of the
installed equipment. Switchovers permit to balance fluctuating load current consumption.
Only the designs B1 and B2 suit the requirements for frequent busbar switchover. Only the circuit-
breakers are operationally switched, the disconnectors are opened only for maintenance or work
purposes. In contrast to this the classic double busbar design (A) is less suitable since every busbar
switchover implies to operate the disconnectors.
Comments:
a) Provided that certain safety measures are observed, system sections that are normally operated
separately can be briefly interconnected during switchovers, even if the short-circuit current
exceeds the rated system value; see subclause 7.1.1 of IEC 61936-1 [22].
b) Interlocking and switchgear interlocking: whenever any type of bus section panel or bus cou-
pler unit is used for busbars, the extent to which interlocks and switchgear interlocking are re-
quired must be determined.
- An interlock system must simulate the planned operating procedures and prevent impermissi-
ble switching states.
- If disconnectors are directly involved in busbar switchovers or coupling maneuvers, switch-
gear interlocking must prevent impermissible switching operations with the disconnector.
H4 Switching Devices
Table H-5: Key factors for the selection of the switching device
The listed influencing variables are equally important when it comes to choosing and rating the
switching devices.
Comments:
In cases where switches or circuit-breakers can be used likewise for a particular switching duty, the
selection can be determined by the protection concept and selectivity conditions. Examples of this
include:
- Short-circuit protection shall be realised with defined characteristics, for which only circuit-
breakers are suitable in combination with instrument transformers and protection relay.
- Overload protection can be achieved only with restrictions using standard back-up HRC fuses,
since they do not melt after a defined period in the lower overload current range. If overload pro-
tection is to be achieved in this range, current transformers and protection relays are required.
The switch then must be equipped with a stored-energy spring mechanism. Moreover it must be
considered that the breaking capacity of the switch for inductive overcurrents is not exceeded.
- Protection functions (overload, load unbalance, etc.) for sensitive loads (motors, transformers)
that are in accordance with defined characteristics can only be achieved by means of circuit-
breakers in conjunction with instrument transformers and protection relays.
- A switch-fuse combination has the advantage in contrast to a circuit-breaker to limit the
short-circuit current and cut the peak value, which is of onterest for the personnel protection.
- A switch without fuse, on the other hand, may be required in order to avoid breaking operation at
certain points in the network for selectivity reasons and to enforce the tripping of a certain
breaker at a different point.
500 mm
Operating aisle 800 mm
Exit
Switchgear assembly
The following must be taken into account when switchgear is transported and installed:
Dimensions of the (door) openings in the switchgear room and access paths, load bearing capac-
ity of access paths, including lifting equipment (elevators).
Size, weight, and packaging of the transportation unit(s).
The switchgear and its components must be protected against local climatic conditions before the
final installation and commissioning if it is in temporary storage over a long period.
- The ratio of switch panels to circuit-breaker panels may be a criterion for the type of switchgear
design. The dominant switch type can sway the decision. On the other hand this is no clear rule;
there are circuit-breaker units available that are made up almost exclusively of switches and vice
versa.
- Operating procedures defined by the operator are closely related to the secondary equipment.
Decision-making criterion here is whether or not the switchgear can feature the relevant func-
tions which may include:
- Actuating equipment (switching levers, instrument displays, locks)
- Interlocks
- Integration in other (production) processes in the company
- The devices required for protection, control (automation, communication), measurement, and
metering functions govern the scope of the secondary equipment. The design must ensure that
this equipment can be installed properly (e.g. instrument transformer in the primary section, de-
vices in the low-voltage compartment). If remote control is used, the design concept must ac-
commodate this by providing motorized drive mechanisms for the switchgear, for example. The
higher the design category, the greater the design scope.
H7 Insulation medium
In technical jargon the abbreviation AIS for air insulated switchgear is common as well as GIS for
gas insulated switchgear. Instead of gas, the standard [23] uses the neutral term fluid for all gaseous
(except for ambient air) and liquid media. GIS in the medium voltage range are seldom purely gas-
insulated switchgear. With hybrid designs e.g. only the switching compartment is gas-insulated
while the busbar is embedded in solid insulation. Nevertheless they are accepted as GIS. Encapsu-
lated plug-in cable connections are a common feature of all GIS designs.
The table below compares the main features of systems with the two types of insulation. Which of
these features is the switchgear to be configured to have?
Medium voltage Gis work at gas pressures between 50 kPa and 100 kPa in (hermetically) sealed
pressure systems according to [1]. No gas must be refilled during the life time of at least 35 years.
Because of this, as a rule, the operators of such switchgear are not concerned by the legal require-
ment of the EU Council Regulation on fluorinated gases [24]. GIS do not fall under the EU Council
Directive on pressure equipment [25]; because of the low gas pressure of only 300 kPa.
Gas insulation has many benefits, although nearly all requirements can also be fulfilled with air
insulation. In addition, certain areas of application are better suited to air-insulated systems, where
operational aspects, like accessibility or maintainability with simple means, are in the foreground.
H 8.1 Accessibility
The type isolating distance can only be selected for air-insulated systems. If loads with a high
switching frequency are connected to a switchgear system, a switch in a withdrawable unit (truck) is
preferred because this enables it to be accessed quickly and easily for maintenance purposes or if it
needs to be replaced at the end of its service life.
Even if the cable terminals for the switchgear panel needs to be readily accessible (e.g. voltage tests
on cables), a withdrawable unit can still be a better solution than a fixed unit because more room is
available for working on the switchgear panel once the unit has been removed. How easily the cable
can be accessed depends on the type of partition; see section H 10.
If withdrawable switching devices realise the isolating distance, this issue is not relevant since the
withstand capability of the isolating distance is high enough rather the clearance to other parts of
the switchgear may be critical.
In case of fixed mounted switchgear designs the rated cable test voltages Uct (a.c.) or Uct (d.c.) of
the switchgear assembly shall correspond to the test values of the cable connected. Otherwise the
cable test voltage should be subject to agreement between manufacturer and user, if the cable can-
not be dismantled.
22
Other parts of the switchgear which remain connected to the cable are stressed with the cable test voltage as well.
H9 Enclosure
2nd digit
Foreign bodies Shock protection Water protection Shock protection*
0 non-protected unprotected 0 non-protected
1 50 mm back of hand 1 vertically dripping A back of hand
2 12.5 mm finger 2 dripping 15 tilted B finger
3 2.5 mm tool 3 spraying C tool
4 1.0 mm wire 4 splashing D wire
5 dust-protected wire 5 jetting
6 dust-tight wire 6 powerful jetting * is specified if degree of
protection is higher than
7 temporary immersion specified with 1st digit
8 continuous immersion
Medium-voltage switchgear is generally tested for accessibility type A. Only complete, factory-
assembled stations (transformer/load-center substations) are tested for type B. Standard systems do
not need to be tested according to type B because they are always integrated in additional (station)
housing in areas that can be accessed by the public.
The qualified accessible sides F / L / R must be in accordance with the type of installation in the
service room. "FL" is sufficient for a wall-mounted installation, while "FLR" is required for a free-
standing installation (all sides can be accessed during operation). Non-classified sides of a free-
standing switchgear installation must be made inaccessible, for example by means of barriers.
Notes:
The service room must always be taken into account when measures to provide protection against
internal faults are elaborated:
- Calculation of the dynamic pressure in the service room, which the architect/structural engineer
can use to determine the stress on the building fabric.
- Pressure relief outlets with a sufficiently large cross-section or pressure relief duct.
Further requirements are defined in IEC 61936-1 [22]. Other regional legal building regulations
may also apply.
H 10 Compartments
LSC 2 This category includes an isolating distance and partitions to the busbar and adjajent pan-
els so that they can remain energised if the cable / connection compartment is open.
LSC 2A This category means that the panel has besides the busbar several accessible com-
partments. If either compartment is opened, busbar and adjacent panel can remain ener-
gised since an isolating distance and a partition to the busbar compartment is built-in.
LSC 2B In this category (known as "metal clad") the switchgear features an isolating distance and
partition between busbar and switch or circuit-breaker as well as between switch or cir-
cuit-breaker and cable terminal. Busbar and adjacent panels as well as the cables in the
connection compartment may remain live if the panel is opened.
Selection aspects
LSC 1 is advisable if the operations permit to shut down parts of or even the whole switchgear
installation for work or maintenance. The dead state provides safest work conditions.
LSC 2 makes it possible to open a panel without shutting down the busbar section or the whole
switchgear installation. With LSC 2 category switchgear only the cable / connection
compartment is accessible, most gas-insulated switchgear belong to this category.
LSC 2A This option is recommended if quick and easy access to the cable terminal or transform-
ers is required (on a regular basis too).
The systems are more compact than those in category LSC 2B.
When the switch is accessed, the cable must be disconnected from the power supply
(supply cable or reverse voltage from the load).
A door interlock with the earthing switch is recommended.
Due to the potential hazard mentioned, using systems with loss of service category LSC
2A makes more stringent demands regarding the training that staff working on the system
require.
LSC 2B Systems in this category offer the highest level of "in-built" shock-hazard protection, al-
though this means that the components can be more difficult to access.
The systems are larger than those in category LSC 2A.
In conjunction with interlock-controlled access, these systems are also suitable for per-
sonnel who do not work with high-voltage systems on a regular basis.
Beyond technical characteristics, preferences of the operator can influence the decision for LSC 2,
2A or 2B.
- Interlock-controlled access
With this method, shock-hazard protection is ensured automatically because the door / flap to the
compartment can only be opened when all the primary circuit components inside have been
short-circuited and earthed.
- Process-based access
With this method, the manufacturer must equip the compartments with locking devices. The op-
erator is responsible for ensuring that access to the compartment is regulated by means of a work
instruction. If the instruction is not observed, personnel risk coming into contact with live parts!
Provided a choice exists, operators must decide according to their own requirements. Interlock-
controlled access is recommended due to the high level of inherent safety.
Again, as for the LSC category, preferences of the operator influence the choice of access control.
At the configuration stage, it is important to remember that many different components need to be
installed in the limited space available on the switchgear panel.
Voltage transformers (VT) in networks with an isolated neutral point should be equipped with a
earth fault winding (da-dn winding, formerly "e-n winding"). Damping resistors are connected to
the winding; see section I 1.
23
According to the standards other minimum values of the burden may be agreed on for CT < 15 VA [32] rated output
and for VT < 10 VA [33] rated output.
The aspects that were taken into account for the feeder circuit components also apply here (see sec-
tion H 11).
- Components that have a direct electrical connection with the busbar can be installed in meter-
ing panels along with current and voltage transformers.
The following alternatives are available that do away with the need for a metering panel:
a) With certain system designs, earthing switches for the busbar can also be housed in incoming
feeder units, bus section panels, or bus coupler panels.
b) With certain system designs, instrument transformers can be installed directly in the busbar
compartment.
c) Surge arresters can also be installed in switchgear panels that are always connected to the bus-
bar, generally in the incoming feeder unit. If a busbar has more than one connected infeed, each
incoming feeder unit has a set of arresters. This solution can be more cost effective than instal-
lation on the busbar.
For devices and components without interface to high-voltage circuits the immunity specifications
of industrial environment suffice, supplemented with typical disturbance phenomena which appear
at switching operations.
There is an exemption for electronic components of the secondary system that this kind of equip-
ment stand alone does not need to comply with the essential requirements since in the end EMC is
only relevant to the complete switchgear installation. However, this is not the optimum. On the one
hand the switchgear manufacturer is dependent on using equipment with defined electromagnetic
characteristic in order to ensure the EMC of the whole installation. And on the other hand only the
component manufacturer has the knowledge to reliably evaluate the EMC characteristic of its
equipment. Thus it is recommendable as far as available to use only EMC type tested low-
voltage equipment, with the accompanying EC declaration of conformity and the CE mark.
Switchgear installations need accompanying EMC documentation, which confirms that the installa-
tion and their components is designed, manufactured and installed according to the state of the art
regarding EMC. This EMC documentation may consist of the items listed in the table below.
Medium voltage switchgear itself neither requires conformity assessment nor CE marking.
I APPENDIX
Switching operations, earth faults, or other non-linear occurrences in the network can cause relaxa-
tion oscillations that are associated with high overvoltages and can subject the equipment to ex-
treme dielectric and thermal stress; voltage transformers are especially at risk. The oscillations satu-
rate the core causing considerable iron loss (sometimes indicated by a loud drone). As a result,
thermal overload and flashovers can destroy the transformers and, in turn, damage the switchgear.
L1
L2
L3
a a a
n n n
da da da
dn dn dn max. I
RD
110 V
typical values I: 4 / 6 / 8 A
Relaxation oscillations can be damped by installing resistors on the earth fault windings connected
to the open triangle ("e-n winding"). The choice of resistor depends on the thermal limit rating (or
rated long-time current) of the da-dn winding in the voltage transformer. Since a earth fault always
affects the entire galvanically-connected network, specific measures must be taken to protect the
entire network against earth faults (this includes damping resistors). In many cases, however, gen-
eral measures can be sufficient.
The resistor must be rated in such a way that neither it nor the voltage transformer are overloaded,
even if an earth fault occurs.
24
The term rated long duration currentis still in frequent use, although current standards use the term rated thermal
limiting output . Both terms are synonymous, however.
25
Two 25 ohm resistors (parallel)
UL1
10
Uninterrupted
operation UL
2
L1 Uda-dn = 0 V
L2 L3
)V
0/3
10 U
3( eL
3
Operation with 1,1 Ue
L2
U
L3
Ue
e L2
earth fault in L1
110 V
L1 da dn
F2: with a constant load resistance, the 1.9 x voltage on the winding results in 1.9 x current if a
earth fault occurs.
The rated thermal limiting output S2r refers to uninterrupted operation. It is a rated value, although it
does not reflect the actual load-carrying capacity of the winding. In practice, the earth fault winding
can handle 3.6 x the rated thermal limiting output over a period of 8 hours.
Values at the terminals for the da-dn windings connected to the "open" triangle:
[F4] Voltage ( )
U = 3 1.1 3 U sr = 3.3 U sr Typical value for Usr:
100
3
V
S sr
[F5] Apparent power S = 3.3 U sr 1.9 = 6.3 S sr
U sr
26
Rated voltage factor: multiple of the primary rated voltage for which a voltage transformer must fulfill the thermal
requirements for a defined stress time interval.
RC-circuits form a bypass for high frequency currents (and voltages) in that the transients are di-
verted to earth instead of reaching the equipment to be protected. The RC installation at the load is
most economical since the capacitance of the surge capacitor then is smallest. Installation with
small line-earth capacitance on the busbar side require an additional protection circuit at the busbar.
With RC circuits is most important for the effectiveness to use low-inductance RC elements, cables
and earthing conductors. This is best achieved by using bifilar windings for the capacitors and
Schniewindt strips as resistors. Preferably capacitors and resistors should be installed in a common
housing. RC elements must be insulated to the upper standardised value of the rated lightning im-
pulse withstand voltage which corresponds to the relevant maximum operating and rated voltage.
Low-inductance connections should have a time constant not higher than L / R 50 ns; where L is
the total inductance of the RC element and the earth conductor, R is the resistance of the RC ele-
ment. Low-inductance earthing is in most cases achieved by providing several earthing conductors
leading to various points of the plant earth (e.g. to the earthing point of the cable shields). Copper
conductors satisfying the earthing specifications for HV installations > 1 kV [22] must be used for
earthing. The minimum cross-section is A = 16 mm. The individual conductors should be as short
as possible.
I6 Diagram Symbols
Switch Fuse-link
Switch-disconnector Capacitor
Note on BGV29: Accident prevention regulations issued by the statutory industrial accident insur-
ance institutions (Berufsgenossenschaften: BGs) are legally binding, according to
the 7th code of social law, 15.
Note on BGI30: BG information describes typical solutions for applying BG regulations. Unlike
UVV rulings, BG information does not have to be obligatorily applied.
27
An EU Council Recommendation need not obligatorily be implemented in applicable law in EU member states. In
Germany this has taken place in the form of 26. BImSchV.
28
An EU Directive must be implemented in national law in EU member states. However, only respective national legis-
lation is legally binding.
29
BGV = BG regulation
30
BGI = BG information
31
Part 1 of EN 50110 contains minimum requirements applicable in all CENELEC countries. The respective currently
valid safety requirements for the individual countries are described in national addenda. In Germany, the details of
Parts 1 and 100 (VDE 0105-1 and -100) are significant.
[4] Luxa A.
Metechnische und rechnerische Untersuchung von multiplen Wiederzndungen
beim Schalten von Motoren mit Vakuumschaltern
Dissertation, Fachbereich Elektrotechnik, Technische Universitt Berlin, 1987
[10] Schultz W.
Schalten von Kondensatorbatterien
Siemens-Bericht, TS 138 J 139/g 10.17, Mrz 1969
[15] Hinrichsen, V.
Metal-Oxide Surge Arrester Fundamentals
Siemens AG, Berlin, 2001
[19] Zentgraf, L.
Niederspannungs-Schaltgertekombinationen
VDE-Schriftenreihe 28, VDE Verlag GmbH, Berlin
[24] Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 17 May 2006 on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/
[25] Directive 97/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 May 1997 on the
approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning pressure equipment
http://eur-lex.europa.eu
[34] Directive 2004/108/EC of the European Pariament and of the Council of 15 December
2004 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic
compatibility and repealing Directive 89/336/EEC
http://eur-lex.europa.eu
[38] Mller, A.
Anforderungen der EMV-Richtlinie an Hochspannungsschaltanlagen
ew - das magazin fr die energie wirtschaft, Jg.107 (2008), Heft 9
VWEW Energieverlag GmbH, Frankfurt am Main