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TITLE: JAR TEST

INTRODUCTION

Raw water or wastewater must be treated to remove turbidity, color and bacteria.
Colloidal particles are in the size range between dissolved substance and suspended
particles. The particles are too small to be removed by sedimentation or by normal
filtration processes. Colloidal particles exhibit the Tyndall effect; that is, when light
passes through liquid containing colloidal particles, the light is reflected by the particles.
The degree to which colloidal suspension reflects light at 90 angle to the entrance beam
is measured by turbidity. The unit of measure is a Turbidity Unit (TU) or Nephlometric
Turbidity Unit (NTU). It is determined by reference to a chemical mixture that produces a
reproducible refraction of light. Turbidities in excess of 5 TU are easily detectable in a
glass of water and are usually objectionable for aesthetic reasons. For a given particle
size, the higher the turbidity, the higher the concentration of colloidal particles.

Color is a useful term that is used to describe a solution state. But it is difficult to
distinguish dissolved color and colloidal color. Some color is caused by colloidal iron
or manganese complexes. Although, the most common cause of color is from complex
organic compounds that originate from the decomposition of organic matter. Most color
seems to be between 3.5 and 10m, which is colloidal. Color is measured by the ability of
the solution to absorb light. Color particles can be removed by the methods discussed for
dissolved or colloidal, depending upon the state of the color.

Finely dispersed solid (colloids) suspended in wastewater are stabilized by


negative electric charges on their surfaces, causing them to repel each other. Since this
prevents these charged particles from colliding to form larger masses, called flocs, they
do not settle. To assists in the removal of colloidal particles form suspension, chemical
coagulations and flocculation are required. These processes, usually done in sequence, are
a combination of physical and chemical procedures. Chemicals are mixed with
wastewater to promote the aggregation of the suspended solids into particles large enough
to settle or be removed. Coagulation is the destabilization of colloids by neutralizing the
forces that keep them apart. Cationic coagulants provide positive electric charges to
reduce the negative charge of the colloids. As a result, the particles collide to form larger
particles (floc). Rapid mixing is required to disperse the coagulant throughout the liquid.
The coagulants overdose can cause a complete charge reversal and destabilize the colloid
complex.

3.0 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL

1. Jar test apparatus with six rotating paddles

2. Six (6) beaker


3. Thermometer

4. Time / Stopwatch

5. pH meter

6. Turbidity meter

7. pipette
5.0 PROCEDURES

1. The waste water from the treatment plant was prepared. The sodium was use to
stability the PH of the waste water to the neutral.
2. The temperature, pH, color, alkalinity and turbidity of the synthetic water sample
were measured.
3. 600ml was filled each of the prepared synthetic water suspension into six different
beakers (Plexiglas beakers)
4. The prescribed dose of coagulant was added to each jar by using a pipette. One jar has
no coagulant since a control sample was required.
5. If a coagulant aid is required, it is added to each jar (except for control sample) during
the last 15 seconds of the rapid mix stage.
6. Start stirring rapidly (60 to 80 rpm) for 3 minute (Rapid mix stage).
7. After the rapid mix stage, reduce the speed to 30 rpm for 20 minutes.
8. Floc formation were record ed by referring to the chart of particle sizes in final 10
minutes.
9. After the stirring period was over, stop the stirrer and the flocs was allowed to settle
for about 5 minutes as in scheme (iv)
10. 500mL of settle water was separate out into another beaker.
11. The temperature, pH, color, alkalinity and turbidity of the clarified water were
determined.
12. A graph of turbidity versus coagulant dose (mg/L) was plotted. The most effective
dose of coagulant (or with the present of coagulant aid) that gives the least turbid
results also determined.
13. The qualitative characteristics of floc as bad, moderate, good and very good were
recorded. Cloudy samples indicate bad coagulation while good coagulation refers to
rapid floc formation resulting in clear water formation on the upper portion of the
beaker.
14. The following graph: color versus coagulant dose, pH versus coagulant dose,
temperature versus coagulant dose, etc. were plotted. These graphs will assist students
in the interpretation of the coagulation-flocculation process.

6.0 RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS


NUMBER TURBIDITY PH METER mL. Alum stock Mg/L alum
added dosage
1 19.3 7.49 1 1.0
2 4.43 7.34 2 2.0
3 3 3.0
4 4 4.0
5 5 5.0
6 6 6.0
RAW 84.3 7.06

DISCUSSION

We had successfully done this experiment because the objective of this


experiment, to conduct various experiments on chemical coagulation and flocculation and
to determine the optimum dose combination of coagulant aid (when used) which will
produce the highest removal of turbid water sample has achieved.
Jar tests have been used to evaluate the effectiveness of various coagulants and
flocculants under a variety of operating conditions for water treatment. . This procedure
allows individual polymers to be compared on such criteria as floc formation, settling
characteristics, and clarity. Generally, the best performing products provide fast floc
formation, rapid settling rate, and clear supernatant. This test should be performed on-
site, since large amounts of water may be required for testing.

Turbidity is essentially a measure of the cloudiness of the water which indicates


the presence of colloidal particles. The particles should be making sure removed from
the water before for the publics use. However these colloids are suspended in solution
and can be removed by sedimentation or filtration. Very simply, the particles in the
colloid range are too small to settle in a reasonable time period, and too small to be
trapped in the pores of a filter. For colloids to remain stable they must remain small. Most
colloids are stable because they posses a negative charge that repel other colloidal
particles before they collide with one another. The colloids are continually involved in
Brownian movement, which is merely random movement. Charges on colloids are
measured by placing Dc electrodes in a colloidal dispersion. The particles migrate to the
pole of opposite charge at a rate proportional to the potential gradient. Generally, the
larger the surface charge, the more stable the suspension.

Based on this experiment, the first jar is serving as a control and no coagulant was
added. The coagulant doses increased in the containers from no 1to no 6. For this water,
as the dose of coagulant increased the residual turbidity improved. It is important to note
that the optimum coagulant dose is the dose which meets the specified turbidity required
on the regulatory permit. The addition of excess coagulant may reduce turbidity beyond
what is required but also could lead to the production of more sludge which would
require disposal.
Jar tests are used in these procedures to provide information on the most effective
flocculants, optimum dosage, optimum feed concentration, effects of dosage on removal
efficiencies, effects of concentration of influent suspension on removal efficiencies,
effects of mixing conditions, and effects of settling time.
The general approach used in these procedures is as follows:
a) Prepare stock suspension of sediment.
b) Test a small number (six) of polymers that have performed well on similar
dredged material which has 2-grams-per-litre suspensions and is a typical concentration
for effluent from a well-designed containment area for freshwater sediments containing
clays. If good removals are obtained at low dosages (10 milligrams per liter or less), then
select the most cost-effective polymer. If good removals are not obtained, examine the
polymer under improved mixing and settling conditions and test the performance of other
flocculants
c) The effects of settling time on the removal of suspended solids and turbidity
from a suspension of average concentration should be exanimate using the selected
dosage and likely mixing conditions.
d) The effects of the range of possible mixing conditions on the required dosage
of flocculants for a typical suspension should be exanimate.

8.0 CONCLUSION

As conclusion, this experiment is successfully been done and it is because the


objective of this experiment which to conduct various experiments on chemical
coagulation and flocculation and to determine the optimum dose combination of
coagulant aid (when used) which will produce the highest removal of turbid water sample
has achieved.

Jar testing is an experimental method where optimal conditions are determined


empirically rather than theoretically. Jar test are meant to mimic the conditions and
processes that take place in the clarification portion of water and wastewater treatment
plants. The values that are obtained through the experiment are correlated and adjusted in
order to account for the actual treatment system.
Base on the data, we conclude that although the turbidity is generally declines as
the amount of the alum which added into the water but there is a point where more alum
should not be added. This is because alum will make the water more acidic. Therefore, to
overcome these problems, buffer should be added with same amount of alum at the same
time the alum is added.

After this experiment, we realize that a successful Jar Test is very reliant upon the proper
preparation of the polymers being tested.

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