Government of Bihar

Finance Department

Economic Survey
2016 - 17

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Government of Bihar
Finance Department

Economic Survey
2016 - 17
 GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS

ADPC Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre

AIBP Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme
ANM Auxiliary Nurse-cum-Midwife
ASER Annual Survey of Education Report
ASHA Accredited Social Health Activist
ASI Annual Survey of Industries
AWC Anganwadi Centres
AWW Anganwadi Worker
BIADA Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority
BREDA Bihar Renewable Energy Development Agency
BRGF Backward Region Grant Fund
BSDM Bihar Skill Development Mission
BSEB Bihar State Electricity Board
BSHP Bihar State Highway Project
BSHPC Bihar State Hydroelectric Electric Power Corporation
BSWAN Bihar State Wide Area Network
BUDCO Bihar Urban Development Corporation
CAGR Compounded Annual Growth Rate
CBS Core Banking Services
CLRI Central Leather Research Institute
CMTA Cluster Monitoring and Technical Assistant
COMFED Cooperative Milk Producers Federation Limited
CPWD Central Public Works Department
CSO Central Statistical Organisation
CST Central Sales Tax
DDUGJY Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana
DIC District Industries Centre
DISCOM Distribution Company
EHW Enterprises with hired workers
FRBMA Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act
GDDP Gross District Domestic Product
HUDCO Housing and Urban Development Corporation
IAY Indira Awas Yojana
ICDS Integrated Child Development Scheme
IGMSY Indira Gandhi Matriva Sahyog Yojana
IHSDP Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme
KGBV Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya
KVIC Khadi and Village Industries Commission
MCC Model Career Centres
MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
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MMGSY Mukhyamantri Gram Sadak Yojana
MNSY Mukhyamantri Nari Shakti Yojana
MOPS Multi Optional Payment System
MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
NABARD National Bank of Agricultural and Rural Development
NCVT National Council of Vocational Training
NDRF National Disaster Response Force
NHAI National Highway Authority of India
NIELIT National Institute of Electronic and Information Technology
NRDWP National Rural Drinking Water Programme
NRHM National Rural Health Mission
NRLM National Rural Livelihood Mission
NSAP National Social Assistance Programme
NSSO National Sample Survey Organisation
PACS Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies
PDS Public Distribution System
PHC Primary Health Centre
PMEGP Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme
PPP Public Private Partnership
PRI Panchayati Raj Institution
PSU Public Sector Undertakings
R-APDRP Restructured Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Programme
RAY Rajiv Awas Yojana
RGPSA Rajiv Gandhi Panchayat Sashaktikaran Abhiyan
RGSEAG Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls
RIDF Rural Infrastructure Development Fund
RUSA Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SCARDB State Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks
SJVNL Sutluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited
SLBC State Level Bankers Committee
SNP Supplementary Nutrition Programme
SRR Seed Replacement Rate
SRI System of Rice Intensification
SRS Sample Registration System
SSA Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
UDAY Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana
UID Unique Identification Number
UIDSSMT Urban infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns
UIG Urban Infrastructure and Governance

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 INDEX OF TABLES

Table Page
Title
No. No.

Chapter I : Bihar Economy : An Overview

1.1 Demographic Profile and Administrative Structure of Bihar and 2
India (2001 and 2011)
1.2 Sectoral Growth Rate of GSDP 4
1.3 Per Capita Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) at (2011-12) Prices 5
of Major Indian States
1.4 Sectoral Composition of GSDP at Constant (2011-12) Prices 7
1.5 Relatively Prosperous and Backward Districts of Bihar 8
1.6 State-wise Annual Inflation Rates for CPI (base: 2012 = 100) 9
Chapter II : State Finances
2.1 Receipts and Expenditure 24
2.2 Major Fiscal Indicators 34-35
2.3 Fiscal and Financial Performance Indicators 38
2.4 Deficit/Surplus position of States 39
2.5 Gross Fiscal Deficit 40
2.6 Decomposition of Gross Fiscal Deficit of Bihar 40
2.7 Financing of Gross Fiscal Deficit 42
2.8 Outstanding Liabilities 43
2.9 Composition of Outstanding Liabilities in the Consolidated Fund 44
2.10 Public Debt Repayment Liabilities 45
2.11 Net Public Debt Received 46
2.12 Tax : GSDP Ratio of States (2014-15) 47
2.13 Revenue Account 48
2.14 Expenditure Pattern 49
2.15 Interest Payment and Receipt 49
2.16 Revenue vis--vis Capital Outlay 50
2.17 Transfer of Resources from Central Government 50
2.18 Revenue Receipts 52
2.19 Tax Revenues under Different Heads 53
2.20 Composition of Tax Revenues 54
2.21 Growth Rates of Tax Revenue 54
2.22 Share of Direct and Indirect Taxes 55
2.23 Major Non-Tax Revenues 56
2.24 Composition of Non-Tax Revenues 57
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2.25 Growth Rates of Non-Tax Revenues 57
2.26 Variation between the Estimated and Actual Realisation of Tax and 58
Non-Tax Revenue (2015-16)
2.27 Cost of Collection of Taxes 59
2.28 Tax and Non-tax Revenue as Percentage of GSDP 60
2.29 Buoyancy of Important Tax and Non-Tax Revenue Sources 60
2.30 Grants and Contributions from Central Government 61
2.31 Act-wise Commercial Tax Collection 62
2.32 Share of Commercial Taxes in Total Revenue 62
2.33 Comparative Commodity-wise Collection of Sales Tax 63-64
2.34 Collections of State Excise Duty 65
2.35 Revenue from Stamp Duty and Registration Fees 66
2.36 District-wise Revenue from Stamp Duty and Registration Fees, 67
2016-17 (Upto Sept., 2016)
2.37 Expenditure from Consolidated Fund 68
2.38 Composition of Government Expenditure 69
2.39 Percentage Composition of Total Expenditure 69
2.40 Growth Rates of Expenditure 70
2.41 Details of Revenue Expenditure 71
2.42 Expenditure on Salaries and Pensions 72
2.43 Quality Parameters of Expenditure 73
2.44 Expenditure on Social Services 74
2.45 Expenditure on Economic Services 76
2.46 Per Capita Expenditure on Social and Economic Services 77
2.47 Summary of Actual Amounts (2015-16) and Budget Estimates 78
(2016-17)
2.48 Percentage Distribution of Consolidated Fund Receipts and 79
Expenditure
2.49 State Government Investment in Public Sector 80
2.50 Investment in Working and Non-Working Public Sector Companies 80
(March 31, 2015)
2.51 Sector-wise Government Companies and Corporations (2014-15) 81
Chapter III : Agriculture and Allied Sectors
3.1 Annual Rainfall for Different Seasons 88
3.2 Land Utilization Pattern 90
3.3 Cropping Pattern 91
3.4 Production Levels of Major Crops 92
3.5 Productivity Level of Major Crops 93

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3.6 Leading Districts for Production and Productivity of Rice, Wheat, 95
Maize and Pulses
3.7 Area and Production of Fruits in Bihar 96
3.8 Area and Production of Vegetables in Bihar 97
3.9 Distribution of Certified Seeds and Seed Replacement Rate (SRR) 100
for Important Crops
3.10 Consumption of Fertilizers 101
3.11 Agricultural Credit Flow 104
3.12 Livestock Wealth (2003, 2007 and 2012) 107
3.13 Livestock and Fish Production 107
3.14 Livestock Services 108
Chapter IV : Enterprises Sector
4.1 Annual Growth Rate of Secondary Sector in Bihar at 2011-12 prices 126
4.2 Contribution of Industrial Sector in GSDP at 2011-12 prices 127
4.3 Number of Factories and Factories in Operation 127
4.4 Industries in Bihar 128
4.5 Structural Ratios of Industries in India and Bihar 129
4.6 Share of Gross Value Added in Gross Value of Output 129
4.7 Estimate of Employment and Emoluments Paid in the Factory Sector 130
(2013-14)
4.8 Census of Economic Enterprises in Bihar (2005 and 2013) 131
4.9 District wise Total Number of Establishments in Bihar 133
4.10 Details of Food Processing Industry in Bihar 134
4.11 Performance of Sugar Mills 136
4.12 Number of Dairy Cooperative Societies under Different Milk 138
Union/Project
4.13 Progress of Unions and Projects in Daily Milk Collection 138
4.14 Milk Procurement per Functional Dairy Cooperative Society 139
4.15 Activities by COMFED 139
4.16 Handloom Concentrated Districts in Bihar 140
4.17 Targets and Achievements of Training Programmes 141
4.18 Achievements in Sericulture 142
4.19 Performance of PMEGP 145
4.20 Expenditure on Industries by State Government 146
4.21 Physical and Financial Achievements of Udyog Mitra 146
4.22 Details of BIADA Land and Activities (September, 2016) 147
4.23 Revenues from Minerals in Bihar 149
4.24 Expenditure of Department of Tourism 150
4.25 Tourist Arrivals in Bihar 150

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 Chapter V : Infrastructure
5.1 Public Investment in Road and Bridges in Bihar 154
Road Network and Road Density in Major States of India
5.2 155
(As on March, 2014)
5.3 Length of Roads in Bihar (kms) 156
5.4 Status of Road Network in Bihar (as on September, 2016) 156
Road Length and Expenditure on Development and Maintenance of
5.5 157
National Highways
5.6 Status of Upgradation of NH into Four/Six-Lanning in Bihar 158
5.7 Progress of Work under Conversion of State Highways 158
5.8 Status of Work under Additional Financing (As on 30.09.2016) 159
Programme-wise Length of Rural Roads Constructed
5.9 161
(As on September, 2016)
5.10 Status of Road Projects under RIDF in Bihar 162
Bridge Constructed under Mukhyamantri Setu Nirman Yojana
5.11 164
(2015-16)
5.12 Overview of Bihar Rajya Pul Nirman Nigam Limited 165
5.13 Total Registered Motor Vehicles in Major States of India 165
Yearly Growth in Number of Registered Vehicles and Revenue
5.14 166
Collection
5.15 Revenue Collection and Number of Passengers Carried by BSRTC 167
5.16 Spread of Rail Route Network in Indian Major States (March, 2014) 168
Domestic Aircraft Movements, Number of Passengers and Freights
5.17 169
at Patna Airport
5.18 Status of Common Service Centre Project 170
5.19 Tele-density of Major Indian States 171
Spread of Postal Network in Major States of India (As on March 31,
5.20 172
2015)
5.21 Number of Accounts and Outstanding Balances in Post Offices 174
5.22 Ultimate, Created and Utilised Irrigation Potential in Bihar 175
Creation of Irrigation Potential under Major and Medium Irrigation
5.23 176
(2015-16)
Water Utilisation Efficiency of Major and Medium Irrigation
5.24 177
Schemes
5.25 Status of Farmers Societies 178
5.26 Status of Minor Water Resources in Bihar 178
5.27 Area Brought under Irrigation through Minor Irrigation Sources 179
District-wise Number of Ahars, Pynes and Ponds made functional
5.28 181
under Different Programmes

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 Chapter VI : Energy Sector
6.1 Power Scenario (2011-12 to 2015-16) 184
6.2 District-wise Per Capita Consumption 185
6.3 Annual Energy Requirement for Rural and Urban Households 186
6.4 Annual Energy and Peak Demand Requirement at State Periphery 186
6.5 Year-wise and Source-wise Details of Capacity Expansion 187
6.6 Estimated Availability of Power and Energy (2016-17 to 2019-20) 187
6.7 Projected Surplus/ Deficit in Power and Energy 188
(2016-17 to 2019-20)
6.8 Allocation of Funds under BSPHCL 189
6.9 Category-wise Number of Effective Consumers (As per billing data) 190
6.10 Financial Status of Power Sector 191
6.11 Capital Expenditure of R-APDRP 192
6.12 Progress of Work under DDUGJY (Erstwhile RGGVY) 193
6.13 Projected Required Capacity for Power (2016-17 to 2019-20) 194
6.14 Plan of Action for Strengthening Transmission 194
6.15 Existing Generation Capacity (March 2016) 195
6.16 Details of Existing and Planned Generation Units 197
6.17 Achievements of BREDA 201
Chapter VII : Rural Development
7.1 Poverty Ratio of Bihar and India 204
7.2 Poverty Lines for Bihar and All India 204
7.3 Progress of JEEVIKA 205
7.4 Extent of Livelihood Related Activities by SHGs 206
7.5 Performance of MGNREGS 207
7.6 Completed Works under MGNREGS 208
7.7 Performance of the PMAY Scheme 209
7.8 Social Background of PDS Dealers 211
7.9 Allotment and Lifting of Rice and Wheat under PDS in Bihar 211
7.10 Overview of Panchayati Raj Institutions in Bihar 212
7.11 Expenditure Level of PRIs 213
7.12 Budget Allocation, Expenditure and Physical Achievement for 214
Distribution of Homestead Land (2015-16)
7.13 Details of the Scheme for Provision of Homestead Land to 215
Mahadalit Households
7.14 Funds Allotted for Floods and Cyclones 216

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 Chapter VIII : Urban Development
8.1 Urbanisation Trend in Bihar and India 225
8.2 Distribution of Urban Population by Size Class of Town 225
8.3 Districtwise Urbanisation in Bihar (2001 and 2011) 226
8.4 Access to Basic Urban Services in Bihar by Size Class of Towns 227
(2011)
8.5 Availability of Piped Water and Toilet in Urban Areas of Bihar 227
8.6 Status of Roads and Drains in Urban Areas of Bihar 228
8.7 Expenditure pattern of Urban Development and Housing in Bihar 229
8.8 Municipal Finances for 28 Largest Towns in Bihar 230
8.9 Programmes under Urban Infrastructure and Governance 231
(Estimated Cost)
8.10 Details of Urban Development Schemes under UIDSSMT 232
8.11 Details of Namami Gange Scheme 232
8.12 Progress of Work under IHSDP 233
8.13 Progress of Work under Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) 234
8.14 Progress of Training under EST & P 234
8.15 Progress of Work under SUSV 235
Chapter IX : Banking and Allied Sectors
9.1 Distribution of Commercial Bank Branch Offices (2011-2016) 238
9.2 Distribution of Branches of Commercial Banks among States 239
(as on June, 2016)
9.3 Number of Branches of State and District Central Cooperative Banks 240
(As on March 31)
9.4 Number of RRB Branches in Bihar (as on September, 2016) 241
9.5 Rural Deposits of Scheduled Commercial Banks by Type of Deposit 241
(as on March, 2015)
9.6 Distribution of Employees of SCBs (March, 2015) 242
9.7 State-wise Deposits and Credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks in 243
India (March 31)
9.8 Credit-Deposit (CD) Ratio of All Banks in Bihar 244
9.9 Bank Group-wise and Area-wise Credit-Deposit Ratio (2015-16) 246
9.10 Credit-Deposit (CD) Ratio of the Scheduled Commercial Banks as 247
on March 31
9.11 District-wise Credit-Deposit (CD) Ratio 248
9.12 Credit-Deposit (CD) Ratio of Nationalised Commercial Banks 249
9.13 Credit-Deposit (CD) Ratio of Private Commercial Banks (2015-16) 250
9.14 Credit-Deposit (CD) and Investment Plus Credit-Deposit (ICD) 250
Ratios of RRBs

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9.15 Sectoral Share of Advances under Annual Credit Plans (2015-16) 251
9.16 ACP Achievement - All Banks 252
9.17 Agency-wise Analysis of ACP Achievement (2015-16) 252
9.18 Agriculture Credit Flow 252
9.19 Outstanding Agricultural Advances 253
9.20 Selected Indicators of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies 253
(March 31, 2015)
9.21 Working Results of State Cooperative Banks 254
9.22 Working Results of SCARDBs 255
9.23 Number of Kisan Credit Cards (NEW) issued by Banks 256
9.24 Sector-wise Refinancing by NABARD 257
9.25 Details of Sector-wise Investment Credit Refinance in Bihar by 258
NABARD
9.26 Sanctions and Disbursements in Bihar under RIDF till March, 2016 259
9.27 SHG-Bank Linkage in Selected States of India (March 2016) 260
9.28 Performance of SHGs in Bihar 261
Chapter X : Human Development
10.1 Trend of Social Services Expenditure 266
10.2 Life Expectancy at Birth 267
10.3 Selected Health Indicators for Bihar and India 268
10.4 Monthly Average Number of Patients Visiting Government Hospitals 269
10.5 Overall Status of Health Infrastructure 270
10.6 District-wise Average Number of Outpatients Visiting per Day 271
10.7 Number of Health Personnel 272
10.8 Number of Institutional Delivery under JSY 273
10.9 Percentage of Fully Immunized Children (age 12-23 months) 275
10.10 Antigen-wise Immunisation Coverage 275
10.11 Prevalence of Main Diseases in Bihar 277
10.12 Staffing Position in ICDS 278
10.13 Resource Utilisation in ICDS 278
10.14 Achievement under Water Supply and Sanitation 281
10.15 Financial Progress under NRDWP 281
10.16 Financial Progress in State Plan Schemes for Water Supply and 282
Sanitation
10.17 Physical Achievements in State Plan Schemes for Water Supply and 282
Sanitation
10.18 Trend of Literacy Rates in India and Bihar 284

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10.19 Total Enrolment in Primary and Upper Primary Levels 286
10.20 Dropout Rates at Primary, Upper Primary, Secondary and Higher 287
Secondary Levels
10.21 Dropout Rates (SC & ST) at Primary, Upper Primary and Secondary 288
Levels
10.22 Expenditure on Education 290
10.23 Expenditure on Education Elementary, Secondary and Higher 290
Education
10.24 Coverage of MDMS 291
10.25 Status of Fund Received and Expenditure by BEP 294
10.26 Percentage of Learning Outcomes based on ASER Report 295
10.27 Institutions of Higher Education 296
10.28 Overview of Outlay Allocation of SC and ST Welfare 299
10.29 Achievements of Bihar State Scheduled Caste Cooperative 301
Corporation (2016-17)
10.30 Financial Progress of BC and EBC Welfare 302
10.31 Physical and Financial Details of BC and EBC Welfare Department 303
10.32 Gender Budget Summary 305
10.33 Overview of Gender Budget 306
10.34 Flagship Schemes to Address Gender Disparity 307
10.35 Number of Cases Registered and Disposed under Social 309
Empowerment
10.36 Age-wise Work Participation Rates (WPR) in India and Bihar 310
10.37 Physical & Financial Progress of Schemes for Modernization of 312
Employment Exchanges
10.38 Schemes for Old Age, Widow and Persons with Disabilities 313

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 INDEX OF APPENDICES

Page
Appendix Title
No.

Chapter I : Bihar Economy : An Overview

Table A 1.1 District-wise Demographic Profile of Bihar (2011) 11
Table A 1.2 Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) and Net State Domestic
12
Product (NSDP) of Bihar at Factor Cost
Table A 1.3 Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Bihar at Factor Cost
13
(Current Prices)
Table A 1.4 Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Bihar at Factor Cost
14
(2011-12 Prices)
Table A 1.5 Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) of Bihar at Factor Cost
15
(Current Prices)
Table A 1.6 Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) of Bihar at Factor Cost
16
(2011-12 Prices)
Table A 1.7 District-wise Per Capita Gross District Domestic Product
17
(2004-05 Prices)
Table A 1.8 District-wise Consumption of Petroleum Products 18
Table A 1.9 District-wise Small Savings in Post Offices and Public Provident
19
Fund
Chapter II : State Finances
Table A 2.1 Act-wise / Circle-wise Collection 2014-15 and 2015-16 83-84
Table A 2.2 Act-wise / Circle-wise Collection 2016-17 (Up to September 2016) 85
District-wise No. of Document and Revenue from Stamp Duty and
Table A 2.3 86
Registration Fees
Chapter III : Agriculture and Allied Sectors
Table A 3.1 District-wise Annual Rainfall for Different Seasons 110
Table A 3.2 District-wise Land Utilisation Pattern (2013-14) 111-112
Table A 3.3 District-wise Area, Production and Productivity of Rice 113
Table A 3.4 District-wise Area, Production and Productivity of Wheat 114
Table A 3.5 District-wise Area, Production and Productivity of Maize 115
Table A 3.6 District-wise Area, Production and Productivity of Pulses 116
Table A 3.7 District-wise Area and Production of Important Vegetables 117-118
Table A 3.8 District-wise Area and Production of Important Fruits 119-120
Table A 3.9 District-wise Area, Production and Productivity of Sugarcane 121
Table A 3.10 District-wise Utilisation of Bio-fertilizers in Bihar 122
Table A 3.11 District-wise Cooperative Credit Distribution 123
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Table A 3.12 District-wise Livestock Wealth (2012) 124
Table A 3.13 District-wise Production of Fish and Fish Seeds 125
Chapter IV : Enterprises Sector
Value of output and Net value added of selected agro and non-agro
Table A 4.1 151
based industries (2013-14) (Bihar and India)
Table A 4.2 Structure of Industries in Bihar (2013-14) 152
Chapter V : Infrastructure
Table A 5.1 District-wise Road Network in Bihar 182
Table A 5.2 District-wise Registered Vehicles in Bihar During 2015-16 183
Chapter VII : Rural Development
Table A 7.1 State-wise Poverty Ratios in 2011-12 218
Table A 7.2 District-wise Progress under MGNREGS 219-220
Table A 7.3 District-wise Financial Progress under MGNREGS 221
District-wise Distribution of PDS Dealers by Their Social
Table A 7.4 222
Background in Bihar
District-wise Allotment and Lifting of Wheat and Rice under NFSA
Table A 7.5 223
during (2015-16)
Chapter IX : Banking and Allied Sectors
District-wise Performance Under Annual Credit Plan as on
Table A 9.1 262-263
31.3.2016
District-wise Achievement Kisan Credit Card (NEW and RENEW)
Table A 9.2 264
Numbers
Chapter X : Human Development
Table A 10.1 Number of Health Institutions in Bihar (As on September, 2016) 315
Table A 10.2 District-wise Employment of Regular and Contractual Doctors 316
Table A 10.3 District-wise Employment of Grade A Nurses 317
Table A 10.4 District-wise Employment of ANM 318
Table A 10.5 District-wise Employment of Asha Worker 319
District-wise Coverage of Institutional Deliveries under Janani
Table A 10.6 320
Suraksha Yojana (JSY)
Table A 10.7 Prevalence of Diseases (2016-17, Sept. 2016) 321-322
District-wise Hand Pumps under National Rural Drinking Water
Table A 10.8 323
Programme (NRDWP)
District-wise Achievement in Individual Household Lantrine
Table A 10.9 324
(IHHL) under Central Rural Sanitation Programme
Table A 10.10 Total Enrolment in Primary and Upper Primary Levels (All) 325

Table A 10.11 Total Enrolment in Primary and Upper Primary Levels (SC) 326

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Table A 10.12 Total Enrolment in Primary and Upper Primary Levels (ST) 327
District-wise Number of Primary and Upper Primary Schools in
Table A 10.13 328
Bihar (2014)
District-wise Number of Teachers at Primary and Upper Primary
Table A 10.14 329
Level (2014)
Table A 10.15 District-wise Coverage of MDMS (Class I-V) 330
Table A 10.16 District-wise Coverage of MDMS (Class VI-VIII) 331
Table A 10.17 District-wise Number of Colleges of Bihar 332
Table A 10.18 District-wise Number of Colleges in Bihar up to 2015-16 333
Table A 10.19 District Level Overview of SC/ST Welfare 334-335

xiii
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

BIHAR ECONOMY : AN OVERVIEW

1. The growth momentum of the Bihars economy, experienced in the recent decade, was
continued in the last year also. The Central Statistical Organisation has just released a new
series of GSDP, with 2011-12 as the base year for estimation of both national and state
incomes. The new GSDP estimates also utlises some fresh data sources. According to these
new estimates, the medium term growth rate for GSDP in Bihar was 7.6 percent, compared
to 6.8 percent for the national economy.

2. The Per Capita Income in Bihar was about 35 percent of the national average in 2015-16,
compared to about 33 percent a decade ago. The GSDP of Bihar at constant (2011-12)
prices in 2015-16 was Rs. 3.27 lakh crore, yielding a Per Capita Income of Rs. 29,190. The
estimated GSDP at current prices in 2015-16 is Rs. 4.14 lakh crore, implying a Per Capita
Income of Rs. 36,964.

3. The sectoral growth rates indicate that the following sectors, each recording growth rates of
more than 10 percent, are probably drivers of growth of Bihar economy manufacturing
(17.7 percent), electricity, gas and water supply (15.2 percent), trade, repair, hotels and
restaurants (14.6 percent), transport, storage and communications (12.6 percent), and
fishing and aquaculture (10.0 percent).

4. In 2011-12, the share of the primary sector in total GSDP happened to be 25.2 percent, the
secondary sectors contribution was 18.3 percent and the remaining 54.3 percent was
accounted for by the tertiary sector. In 2015-16 the changed shares are primary (18.3
percent), secondary (18.1 percent) and tertiary (59.9 percent). This reveals that, over the
four year period, the share of primary sector has fallen by 7 percentage points. During the
same period, the contribution of tertiary sector has jumped by 6 percentage points and
touched a high of around 60 percent.

5. There exists substantial disparity in per capita income across the district of Bihar. In 2011-
12, Patna, Munger and Begusarai turn out to be the most prosperous districts of the state.
The poorest districts according to the data are Madhepura, Supaul and Sheohar. If one
leaves out Patna (the capital of the state), the per capita income of Munger is more than 3
times that of Sheohar, the poorest district.

6. The rise in prices in September 2016 over September 2015 for rural Bihar have been
comparatively slower than that for India as a whole. Compared to a inflation rate of 4.96

xiv
 percent for rural India, the rate for rural Bihar has been lower at 2.74 percent. In case of
inflation rate for urban areas, it has again been lower at Bihar (1.68 percent), compared to
the whole of India (3.64 percent). Since the inflation rate has been lower in Bihar for both
rural and urban areas, the overall rate is also lower in Bihar (2.52 percent), with the all-
India rate at 4.31 percent.

STATE FINANCES

1. The revenue surplus of Bihar has increased from Rs 4820 crore in 2011-12 to Rs 12,507
crore in 2015-16, the highest so far, exceeding the budgetary expectations of Rs 14,649
crore. This has allowed the state government to increase its capital spending by more than
Rs 5800 crore during the year. This has also allowed the state government to limit its Gross
Fiscal Deficit to only 2.9 percent of the new estimate of GSDP (2011-12 series), well
within the FRBMA limits. If one uses the old estimate of GSDP (2004-05 series), then the
ratio is even lower at 2.4 percent.

2. In 2015-16, the outstanding debt was Rs. 88,829 crore implying a Debt: GSDP ratio of 21.5
percent, well below the limit of 25 percent, specified by the Fourteenth Finance
Commission. The ratio of interest payment to revenue receipts was at 9.3 percent in 2011-
12, which got reduced to 8.5 percent in 2015-16, again well below the upper limit of 10
percent, recommended by the Fourteenth Finance Commission. Thus, both conditions
having been satisfied in addition to Bihar being a revenue surplus state for years together,
the state government is eligible for an additional half percent fiscal deficit over and above
its FRBMA target of 3 percent during the current fiscal. The budget estimates in fact
indicates the fiscal deficit as 3.4 percent of new estimate of GSDP (2011-12 series). This
clearly indicates that the debt problem is well under the control of the state government.

3. The revenue receipts of the state increased by Rs 17,706 crore, of which Rs 16,659 crore
(94 percent) came from increases in tax revenues alone. The central grants increased by
only Rs 420 crore and non-tax revenues by Rs 628 crore. During the five-year period from
2011-12 to 2015-16, the own tax revenue of the state government grew from Rs 12,612
crore to Rs 25,449 crore, implying a high annual growth rate of 19 percent. The transfers to
the state government from the divisible pool of central taxes grew annually at 15 percent,
while central grants recorded an annual growth rate of 19 percent.

4. The revenue expenditure in 2015-16 increased by Rs 11,046 crore over that in 2014-15, of
which social services accounted for Rs 4230 crore (38 percent), economic services for Rs
5251 crore (48 percent), and the general services for Rs. 4564 crore (14 percent). The state
governments concern for social development is amply reflected in the increased allocation
for this sector from Rs. 19,536 crore in 2011-12 to Rs. 38,684 crore in 2015-16.

xv
5. Of the total capital outlay of Rs 23,966 crore in 2015-16, as much as Rs 17,609 crore
(73 percent) was spent on economic services, Rs 2740 crore (11 percent) on social services
and rest of Rs 3617 crore (15 percent) on general services.

6. The total development expenditure of the state government including capital outlay, stood
at Rs 78,077 crore in 2015-16, about 70 percent of the total expenditure, compared to 68
percent in 2014-15. The state government is committed to maintain a high growth rate in
development expenditure, both in revenue and capital account.

AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTORS

1. Bihars water resources are abundant, as it receives an average of 995 mm. of rainfall each
year. The annual rainfall is reasonably adequate for the states agricultural operations.
However, only worrisome feature is the year-to-year variation in rainfall which tends to
create flood or draught-like situations in the state. During the period 2001 to 2015, the
annual rainfall has varied from being 678 mm. in 2010 to 1506 mm. in 2007.

2. The proportion of total land put to agricultural use is high in Bihar, compared to other
states of India. In 2009-10, net area sown was 57.0 percent and it has increased marginally
to 57.7 percent in 2012-13. In 2013-14, it has again decreased to 56.1 percent. During this
period, there has been an increase in gross sown area between 2009-10 (7295.81 thousand
hectares) and 2013-14 (7580.14 thousand hectares). The cropping intensity has increased
marginally from 1.37 in 2009-10 to 1.44 in 2013-14.

3. The total cereals production of Bihar is estimated at 140.9 lakh tonnes for its population of
around 10 crores. Presently, Bihar produces rice (68.0 lakh tonnes), wheat (47.4 lakh
tonnes), maize (25.2 lakh tonnes), pulses (4.2 lakh tonnes), oilseeds (1.3 lakh tonnes), fibre
crops (16.3 lakh tonnes) and sugarcane (119.1 lakh tonnes).

4. In 2015-16, the total production of vegetables was 142.84 lakh tonnes. The total vegetable
production in 2015-16, comprised potato (63.46 lakh tonnes), onion (12.47 lakh tonnes),
tomato (10.01 lakh tonnes), cauliflower (10.04 lakh tonnes), cabbage (7.20 lakh tonnes),
brinjal (11.38 lakh tonnes) bottlegourd (6.32 lakh tonnes) and radish (2.47 lakh tonnes).
The levels of production of seven major fruits in Bihar in 2015-16 were mango (1465
thousand tonnes), guava (370 thousand tonnes), litchi (198 thousand tonnes), banana (1535
thousand tonnes), pineapple (116 thousand tonnes), papaya (53 thousand tonnes) and amla
(14 thousand tonnes). The gangatic alluvial soil of the state is most suitable for the
cultivation of a variety of fruits and vegetables.

5. Irrigation is an extremely important input for the Green Revolution, along with high
yielding varieties of seeds. Therefore, under Agricultural Road Map II, the state
government has identified several targets for the expansion of irrigation potential in Bihar,

xvi
 like increasing total irrigation potential to 101.9 lakh hectares, summer irrigation to 30.6
lakh hectares, construction of 14.6 lakh tubewells, extensive renovation of 1770 ahars/
pynes, and interlinking of rivers to transfer surplus water of north Bihar to south Bihar.

6. In 2013-14, the total consumption of fertilizers in Bihar was 38.62 lakh tonnes, which
increased to 51.95 lakh tonnes in 2015-16, implying an increase of round 11 percent per
year. The NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium) ratio for the last three years has
been 10:2:1 (2013-14), 9:2:1 (2014-15) and 8:2:1 (2015-16) which indicates more rational
use of fertilizer components by the farmers in Bihar. Besides NPK, the state government is
making concerted efforts to promote bio-fertilizers and green manure technique on a larger
scale.

7. The agricultural scientists are now shifting their focus from the use of chemical fertilizers
to recently evolved bio-fertilizer. The vermi compost production has been made demand-
based, with a provision of 50 percent subsidy. The state government has also sanctioned
additional subsidy for the purchase of vermi compost from 2011-12. During 2014-15, a
total of about Rs. 160 crore was spent on promoting organic farming.

8. In 2015-16, the coverage for agricultural credit rose to 97 percent from 71 percent in 2011-
12. In intermediate years, the level varied from 85 to 96 percent. The gross flow of credit
which was Rs. 14,958 crore in 2011-12 increased nearly three times to Rs. 41,350 crore in
2015-16. The share of 3 different sources in 2015-16 stood at Commercial Banks (60.4
percent) RRBs (36.6 percent) and CCB (3.0 percent). This shows that commercial bank
handle the major part of agricultural credit in Bihar.

9. Animal husbandry, along with agriculture, is one of key sectors which provide massive
employment and income opportunities for the rural people of Bihar. The production of milk
has increased 25.1 percent from 66.25 lakh tonnes in 2011-12 to 82.88 lakh tonnes in 2015-
16. The production of egg has also increased from 75.43 crores in 2011-12 to 100.21 crores
in 2015-16, implying an increase of 32.9 percent. In 2004-05, the production of fish in
Bihar was 2.67 lakh tonnes. The production grew continuously thereafter and reached the
peak level of 5.07 lakh tonnes in 2015-16.

ENTERPRISES SECTOR
1. The growth of an economy is largely dependent on the growth of its enterprises sector
which includes both secondary (industrial) and tertiary (services) activities. This is because,
with increase in income, the demand for non-agricultural goods and services keeps on
growing. The overall Bihar economy has grown at 7.6 percent, the secondary sector has
grown at 8.4 percent and the tertiary sector has recorded an even higher growth rate of 10.4
percent.

xvii
2. The mineral resources in Bihar are extremely limited, thus the importance of agro-based
industries are relatively more in Bihar. The agro-based industries in Bihar are dominated by
cereal-based industries (rice, wheat and maize). The number of food processing industries
in Bihar in 2015-16 was 399, of which 266 (66.7 percent) were operational. By August,
2016, there were a few additions, resulting in 407 units, of which 278 (68.3 percent) were
operational. No less than two-thirds of the agro-based industries in Bihar are engaged in
processing of cereals. The total employment under the Food Processing Industry is 48.4
thousand.

3. The industrial sector in Bihar, as elsewhere in India, is very heterogeneous with industrial
units ranging from tiny/small to large. There were 17.07 lakh economic enterprises in the
state in 2013, after recording an increase of 39.4 percent over the number in 2005 (12.25
lakh). This increase of about 40 percent over a period of 8 years implies an annual growth
of 4-5 percent, which may be considered as at least a modest growth rate. It is heartening to
note that this growth in the number of economic enterprises is higher in the rural areas
(43.7 percent) than in the urban areas (30.3 percent).

4. The sugarcane is grown in about 3 lakh hectares in Bihar, approximately 6 percent of the
total area under cultivation. At present, 9 sugar mills are operating in the state in the private
sector. There are also 2 new sugar mills under the Bihar State Sugar Corporation which
were handed over to HPCL in 2011 on long term lease. During 2015-16, 515 lakh quintals
of sugarcane was crushed in Bihar, producing 50 lakh quintals of sugar.

5. There were 19.5 thousand milk cooperative societies in 2015-16, compared to 18.4
thousand societies a year ago. It implies an annual growth of 6.0 percent. The total milk
procurement per day in 2015-16 was 1740 thousand kgs. and this amount has recorded a
steady growth of 13.5 percent in the last five years. As regards milk procurement per
functional dairy, it was 124.5 kilo litres in 2015-16.

6. The state government has prepared a new policy document Industrial Investment
Promotion Policy in 2016. This policy aims to achieve an annual growth rate of 15 percent
for the industrial sector, so that its contribution to the GSDP can gradually reach to about
25 percent. To achieve this goal, the main strategy of this policy is to focus on (a)
development of support infrastructure, (b) prioritising core sectors with emphasis on
advanced technology, (c) skill development, (d) modified structured package of assistance,
and (e) balanced regional development.

7. The potential for tourism in Bihar is very substantial because of its rich historical heritage.
In 2015, there were 28.95 lakh tourists in Bihar, of which 923 thousand were foreign
tourists. Although the number of foreign tourists visiting Bihar has remained nearly same

xviii
 over the years, the trend for domestic tourists is very positive. Between 2011 and 2015, the
number of domestic tourists has increased by more than 50 percent.

INFRASTRUCTURE

1. Development of the infrastructure sector has been a priority area for the state government
and it has enhanced public investment in roads and bridges. The investment in the road
sector has increased three fold from Rs 2696 in 2007-08 to Rs 7696 in 2016-17, indicating
an annual growth rate of more than 10 percent. In 2015-16, the expenditure on roads
constituted 16.4 percent of the expenditure of the state government on economic sectors,
7.7 percent of development expenditure, and 1.5 percent of the GSDP of the state.

2. For inter-state road transportation, the National Highways is an extremely important mode.
A total of 40 NHs, measuring 4621 kms were there in Bihar till September, 2016, as
compared to 35 NHs (4321 kms) in 2014. A major share (72.4 percent) of the NHs is of
double and multiple lane roads.

3. The State Highways (SH) connect the different districts in the state through roads. The total
length of the SH in Bihar till September 2016 was 4253 kms. Around 67.8 percent of SH
was double-lane roads, 13.5 percent intermediate lane roads, and 18.2 percent single lane
roads. The multiple-lane roads constituted only 0.6 percent of the SH.

4. Major District Roads (MDR), mainly connect the villages to the urban centres. There was
11,054 kms of MDR in the state as on September, 2016, with a major portion (54 percent)
of it being single-lane roads. Out of the total length of MDR, 5121 kms have been
converted into intermediate or double lane roads.

5. The rural roads connect villages to one-another and to the nearest road of higher category
(MDR, SH and NH). Till September 2016, rural road network of 60,503 kms have been
constructed with an expenditure of Rs 31,589 crore in Bihar. Ghar tak Pakki Gali-
Naliyaan has been included under seven commitments (Saat Nischaya) of the state
government.

6. A total of 1068 bridges have been constructed during the last decade under Mukhyamantri
Setu Nirman Yojna (MMSNY). In addition, 583 mega, major and minor bridges have been
completed under other schemes. The mega bridges over river Sone (Arwal-Sahar), Gandak
(Gopalganj-Bettia), Gandak (Dhanha-Ratwal in West Champaran) Kosi (Vijay Ghat of
Nawgachia in Bhagalpur), 6 lane bridge over Falgu river (Gaya), flyover (Sheikhpura more
to Jagdeopath in Patna), and extension work of Chiraiyatand overbridge to Gandhi Maidan
in Patna have been completed.

7. The number of registered motor vehicles in Bihar has been increasing rapidly, at an annual
rate of 15.4 percent during the last five years (2010-15). In this regard, Bihar was the
xix
 second fastest growing state in India, after West Bengal (24.2 percent). However, the state
still continues to remain at the bottom among all the major states in terms of number of
vehicles per thousand of population. Till 2015, Bihar reported only 45.9 vehicles per
thousand of population, compared to 173.5 for all-India.

8. Airways play a vital role in facilitating the growth of business and economy. In Bihar, the
number of aircraft movements has almost doubled from 9547 in 2010-11 to 18,744 in
2015-16. Similarly, the number of passengers has also nearly doubled from 8.39 lakh in
2010-11 to 15.99 lakh during 2015-16. The freight also increased from 3.28 thousand
tonnes (2004-05) to 4.41 thousand tonnes (2015-16).

9. Towards promoting information technology in state administration, Bihar State Wide Area
Network (BSWAN) covers all districts of the state, upto the block headquarters. In addition
to that, a Secretariat Local Area Networks (Sec. LAN) is working for departmental and
secretarial work of the state which enables timeliness, transparency and accountability of
the departments. Under this, a total of 3300 data nodes were established in important
government offices in and around the secretariat complex in Patna and all of them are
functional. The Common Service Centre (CSC) facility has been established in all the 9
divisions of the state. This is a core infrastructure for the national e-governance.

10. Bihar has registered a tremendous growth in the telecom sector during the last decade. The
number of telephone connections increased phenomenally from 9.7 lakh (2001) to 448 lakh
(2010). Later, the number of telephone connection increased further from 448 lakh (2010)
to 748 lakh (2016). Consequently, Bihar witnessed a substantial increase in its tele-density
in the recent years, from 1.15 in 2001 to 54.3 in 2016.

11. Indian Postal services has the largest postal network in the world. Within Bihar, a total of
9067 post offices were in existence as on March, 2015, out of which 8591 (95 percent)
were in rural areas and 476 (5 percent) in the urban areas. In terms of share in the all-India
postal network, the share of Bihar at 6.2 percent of rural post offices is rather less, since
Bihar accounts for 11.1 percent of countrys rural population.

12. The ultimate irrigation potential in the state is estimated to be 117.54 lakh hectares,
including major, medium and minor irrigation schemes. The created potential of 68.90 lakh
hectares is 58.6 percent of the ultimate potential. The utilised potential of 56.66 lakh
hectares, which is 82.2 percent of created potential and 48.2 percent of ultimate potential. If
ultimate potential is exploited fully, it will be far more than the total demand for irrigation
in the state.

xx
ENERGY SECTOR

1. There has been significant improvement in power availability in Bihar from 1712 MW in
2011-12 to 3769 MW in 2016-17, registering a growth about 120 percent in six years. The
peak deficit in power has been around 30 percent for several years till 2012-13; by 2015-
16, this deficit was reduced to around 16 percent. Due to increased availability of power
from an average of 6-8 hours to 14-16 hours in rural areas and from 10-12 hours to 20-22
hours in urban areas, the per capita consumption in the state has risen from 145 kwh in
2012-13 to 258 kwh in 2015-16, implying a growth of about 78 percent in three years.

2. In order to meet the increased demand for power, the state government has already planned
for additional capacity of 5589 MW from different sources own generating stations,
renewable energy sources, central generating stations, and long/ medium term Power
Purchase Agreements (PPA) through competitive bidding. Out of this planned addition,
about 171 MW shall be from non-conventional energy sources and 5418 MW from
conventional sources. As such, the total available capacity for Bihar by 201819 is
expected to be 8925 MW, of which 8220 MW will be conventional and the remaining 705
MW non-conventional.

3. The allocation of fund for BSPHCL and its subsidiary companies, Bihar Renewable Energy
Development Agency (BREDA) and Bihar State Hydroelectric Power Corporation
(BSHPC) was Rs. 3110.92 crore in 2013-14, which increased to Rs. 4189.92 crore in 2014-
15. The outlay for 2016-17 is Rs. 8591.60 crore.

4. The generation and purchase of power (net of central transmission loss) in Bihar increased
from 11,966 MU in 2011-12 to 21,677 MU in 2015-16. With increase in sales, the revenue
collection has increased. The cost coverage has also risen from about 70 percent in 2011-12
to about 91 percent in 2015-16, thus bringing down financial loss from 30 percent to 9
percent.

5. Under Part-A of Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS) (erstwhile R-APDRP

scheme), the work in 67 towns (excluding 4 franchise towns) is under progress. The
distribution system is being strengthened under Part-B of the IPDS in 60 towns and under
the ADB-funded scheme in 7 towns. The work in 7 towns under the ADB-funded scheme
is on the verge of completion. The aim is to provide real-time monitoring and control,
minimizing loss, balancing load, and improving voltage profiles.

6. Bihar, with 88.7 percent of its population living in rural areas (2011 census), remains the
most ruralised state in India, the national average being around 68.9 percent. In view of
this, the rural electrification work is being carried out in all the 38 districts of the state
under Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana. Under electrification of unelectrified
villages, a total of 23,757 villages have been electrified against a target of 24,771

xxi
 unelectrified villages. Under intensive electrification of partially electrified villages, 23,415
village have been intensively electrified against a target of 39,767 partially electrified
villages.

7. Presently, about 9307 circuit km EHV (Extra High Voltage) transmission line, 104
grid sub-stations with total transformation capacity of 5590 MVA at 220/132 KV level
and 8720 MVA at 132/33 KV level comprise the transmission system in Bihar. The
projection for 2017-18 is 9907 circuit km transmission line, 148 grid sub-stations with
14570 MVA at 220/132 KV level and 15210 MVA at 132/33 KV transmission capacity.

8. Out of the total generation capacity of power i n B i h a r as on March 2016, 86.4 percent
is from coal based thermal power, 9.7 percent from hydro power and the balance 3.9
percent from renewable energy sources. In terms of ownership, central sector has the
largest share of 77.2 percent, followed by the private sector/IPPs 15.6 percent and state
sector 7.2 percent.

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

1. Between 2004-05 and 2011-12, the poverty ratio in Bihar was reduced by 20.7 percentage
points, from 54.4 percent in 2004-05 to 33.7 in 2011-12. It is heartening to note that this
reduction in poverty level in Bihar was more than the reduction at all-India level (15.3
percentage points). Further, one may also note that the reduction in the poverty ratio in
rural areas of Bihar (21.6 percentage point) was higher than in the urban areas (12.5
percentage points).

2. JEEVIKA is an initiative of the state government to reduce poverty. It has organised 70.98
lakh households into 5.57 lakh Self-Help Groups (SHGs) till October, 2016. It has also
formed 32,431 Village Organisations (VO) and 365 Cluster Level Federations. The
project emphasises on providing financial support to the SHGs by opening of saving bank
account in different banks and ensuring their credit linkage. Till October 2016, 3.03 lakh
SHGs have been linked with banks, and they were able to obtain a total loan of Rs. 2113
crore.

3. MGNREGS aims at enhancing livelihood security of rural workers by providing at least

one hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every rural
household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The number of
job cards issued for MGNREGS has been very high, more than 130 lakhs throughout the
period. In 2015-16, 99.8 percent of the fund was utilised, which is 25.5 percentage points
higher than the utilization figure of the previous year. The total employment generated was
683.7 lakh persondays in 2015-16, compared to 352.7 lakh persondays in 2014-15. Overall,
the performance of MGNREGS was much better in 2015-16.

xxii
4. Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana (PMAY) is the new name of erstwhile Indira Awas Yojana
(IAY). It is a flagship programme of the Ministry of Rural Development and it has been in
operation since 1985-86. The physical achievement under PMAY has been more than
hundred percent in previous three years (2012-13 to 2014-15), but it has dropped to only
21.0 percent in 2015-16. The share of SC & STs in the total houses completed was as high
as 90 percent in 2014-15. However, the fund utilized was only 54.6 percent in 2015-16.

5. The PDS for foodgrains is one of the main vehicles which ensure 'food security' to the
people, especially the economically vulnerable ones. The total number of PDS dealers is
42,059 in 2016. The social groups accounting for major shares in PDS outlets are
backward castes (29.3 percent), general castes (19.4 percent), scheduled castes (16.4
percent) and Ex-Army Personnel (10.6 percent). These four categories together account for
three-fourths of the PDS outlets.

6. The Panchayat system has been the backbone of rural economy. The Fifth State Finance
Commission (2015-16 to 2019-20) has made its recommendations for the financial base of
the PRIs. Under this recommendations, 2.75 percent of the actual total expenditure of the
state and 8.50 percent of the States Own Tax Revenue during the preceding financial year
will be transferred each year to the PRIs. The distribution of the total transferred amount
among the three tiers will be Gram Panchayats (70 percent), Panchayat Samities (10
percent) and Zila Parishad (20 percent). Under this devolution scheme, a sum of Rs.
1081.16 crore has been sanctioned in 2016-17 as the first instalment.

7. The financial burden on the state government for disaster management was extremely high
in 2015-16 when it had to spend Rs. 1289 crore for various programmes. A major part of
this expenditure was for agricultural inputs (Rs. 1007 crore). During the last five years, the
second highest expenditure was in 2013-14 (Rs. 663 crore) and the lowest in 2012-13 (Rs.
60 crore). For efficient disaster management, the state government has prepared a 15 year
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) road map, following the Sendai Framework agreement,
and Bihar is the first among all the Indian states to complete the exercise.

8. The protection of environment is a crucial requirement of any sustainable growth strategy.

At Piparghatti near Bodh Gaya, a bio-diversity park is being developed, called Buddha
Vatika. On 23 hectares of land, this park will have all the indigenous tree species of Bihar.
A second bio-diversity park is also being developed on 163 acres of land in Kusiargaon in
Araria district.

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

1. Bihar is the least urbanised state in the country, with an urbanisation level of only 11.3
percent, according to census 2011. The state accounts for 8.6 percent of Indias total
population, but it has only 3.1 percent of countrys total urban population. Between 2001
xxiii
 and 2011, the increase in urbanisation was only 0.8 percentage point in Bihar, from 10.5
percent (2001) to 11.3 percent (2011). This slow pace of urbanisation in Bihar is indeed a
long term phenomenon. Between 1961 and 2011, a span of half a century, the level of
urbanisation in Bihar has increased by only 3.9 percentage point, from 7.4 percent (1961)
to 11.3 percent (2011).

2. The state government is paying more attention to urban development in the recent years. In
2015-16, the total expenditure of the state government on urban development and housing
was Rs. 3134 crore, compared to only Rs. 1290 crore in 2010-11. This implies an annual
growth rate of 21.9 percent, indicating the state governments deep attention to this sector
in recent years.

3. The state government has been collecting data on municipal finances for 28 largest towns
in the state. In 2015-16, out of a total income of Rs. 683.10 crore, the revenue grants
accounted for Rs. 454.90 crore (66.6 percent). In the recent past, the self-generated income
of the local bodies has grown only at a modest rate of only 11.3 percent.

4. The Smart City Mission is an urban renewal programme initiated by the central
government in June 2015. Three cities in Bihar were recognized for this initiative
Muzaffarpur, Bhagalpur and Biharsharif. The smart city proposal is to be implemented at a
cost of Rs. 1309.30 crore, with Rs. 1000 crore shared equally between the state government
and central government, Rs. 214.81 crore through convergence with various schemes, and
the remaining Rs. 94.49 crore through PPP funding.

BANKING AND ALLIED SECTORS

1. Till March 2016, of the total of 6661 branches of commercial banks in Bihar, 55 percent
were located in rural areas, compared to 60 percent in 2011. In comparison with a record of
638 branches opened during 2013-14, the year 2015-16 saw only 364 new branches, with
only 44 branches (12 percent) opened in rural areas, 224 branches (62 percent) in semi-
urban areas, and 96 branches (26 percent) in urban areas. Bihar accounted for only 4.8
percent of all the bank branches in the country in June 2016, though its share in country's
population was about 8.6 percent.

2. There has been a significant growth of Rs. 26,376 crore (13.9 percent) in the total deposits
in Bihar in 2014-15 over the previous year. Simultaneously, the credit in 2014-15 has also
expanded by Rs 10,400 crore, implying a high growth of 16.7 percent, but much less than
25.6 percent growth witnessed in the previous year. Bihars share in the total deposits of
Scheduled Commercial Banks remained the same (2.4 percent) in 2013-14 and 2014-15,
and its share of credit improved marginally from 1.0 percent to 1.1 percent in this period.
But, it is to be noted that the total bank credit in Bihar accounts for just about 1 percent of

xxiv
 the total bank credit in the country, while Bihar accounts for 8.6 percent of Indias
population.

3. As on September 2016, the aggregate deposits of all banks in Bihar were Rs 2,38,384
crore, against a credit of Rs 99,454 crore, resulting in a CD ratio of 41.7 percent, higher
than the 36.7 percent in 2011-12, but lower than 47.4 percent in 2014-15. Even though
there has been some improvement in the CD ratio in recent years, its low level continues to
plague the banking scenario in Bihar.

4. The CD ratios showed a wide variation across the districts as of September 2016, from a
low 26.6 percent in Siwan to a high of 68.7 percent for Kaimur. Among the Lead Banks,
UCO Bank had the highest CD ratio of 46.0 percent as on September 2016, followed
closely by Canara Bank (44.7 percent) and Union Bank of India (43.1 percent).

5. The priority sector advances constituted 76 percent of the total bank advances in the state.
The share of agriculture in the total advances was 52 percent, about the same as in the
previous year. It can be seen that while advances to agriculture dominated the credit in the
state, the advances made to the small and medium scale industries were only 16 percent of
the total loans disbursed in 2015-16, which was a little higher than 13 percent registered in
2014-15. This lower volume of credit to industry in Bihar is certainly a cause for concern.

6. As on March 2015, with 8463 PACS, Bihar accounts for 9.1 percent of all PACS in India.
The PACS in Bihar are much behind the other states in terms of both deposits and
borrowings. Also, out of the total 8463 PACS in Bihar, as many as 3962 societies are
making losses, their total loss amounting to Rs 1 crore, while 1180 societies have earned a
total profit of Rs 6 crore. The total deposits of all PACS were only Rs 175 crore, and their
total borrowings amounted to Rs 501 crore.

7. The total financial support provided during 2015-16 by NABARD was Rs 6778 crore, less
than the amount of Rs 7655 crore in 2014-15. There was substantial decrease in crop loan
refinance, which was partly compensated by increase in investment credit refinancing.
During the year, the shares of different components were crop loan refinancing (35
percent), investment credit refinancing (47 percent) and RIDF loans (17 percent).

8. As of March, 2016, bank-linked SHG coverage in rural Bihar was 36.21 lakh households,
up from 29.18 lakh a year before. The average savings of Rs 12,924 per SHG in Bihar was
still well below the national average of Rs 17,324, and the gap has considerably widened in
2016. The average credit of Rs 62 thousand per SHG was again far below the national
average of Rs 2.03 lakh. The total loans disbursed during 2015-16 to the SHGs by banks
amounted to Rs 610 crore, which was much higher than Rs 471 crore disbursed in the
previous year. Their outstanding loans at the end of 2015-16 stood at Rs 1002.48 crore,
little less than the corresponding figure one year earlier (Rs 1026.76 crore). The non-
xxv
 productive assets of SHGs in Bihar increased substantially from Rs 71.3 crore in 2014-15
to Rs 132.8 crore in 2015-16. Such non-productive assets in 2015-16 constituted 13.25
percent of total outstanding loans, compared to a much lower 6.94 percent in the previous
year.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

1. The state government has enhanced its development expenditure during the last five years
and is utilizing 35 percent of its total expenditure on social services. Because of limited
resources of the state government, the Per Capita Development Expenditure (PCDE) in
Bihar has been low compared to the national average. However, during the last five years,
the PCDE of Bihar has grown at 16.4 percent, nearly the same rate (17.1 percent) at which
it has grown at all-India level.

2. The functioning of the public health institutions is improving steadily due to several
initiatives taken by the state government. The average number of patients visiting
government hospitals per month was 9317 in 2011, which has increased to 10,232 in 2016,
implying an increase of 10 percent. This increase is primarily due to better infrastructure
facilities, larger manpower, and proper monitoring of the health institutions.

3. Institutionalised delivery is an effective way to combat maternal morbidity and mortality.

The institutional deliveries in Bihar have increased rapidly in the recent years. The number
of institutional deliveries grew at an annual rate of 3.4 percent, even though there was a
moderate drop in the number of institutional deliveries from 16.47 lakh in 2013-14 to 15.34
lakh in 2015-16. It is obvious that the significant decrease in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
in Bihar in recent years is an outcome of the wider practice of institutional delivery.

4. Presently, 544 ICDS projects are operational in Bihar, covering all development blocks in
38 districts. The budget provisions for ICDS has steadily increased from Rs. 1255.9 crore
in 2011-12 to Rs. 1409.7 crore in 2015-16, implying an annual growth rate of 7.3 percent .
The fund utilisation has been generally high, in some years exceeding 100 percent.

5. National Rural Drinking Water Supply Programme (NRDWP), is to address water supply
and sanitation problems in rural areas. In 2015-16, as many as 26.7 thousand handpumps
have been installed under this programme. The goal of NRDWP is to ensure that, by 2022,
every rural household in the country has access to at least 70 litres of water per capita per
day (lpcd), within their household premises or at a distance of less than 50 meters. In
2015-16, there were 4.26 lakh additions in the construction of individual household
latrines.

6. The state has made remarkable progress in literacy in the last decade. The literacy rate in
Bihar increased from 47.0 percent in 2001 to 61.8 percent in 2011, implying an increase of
14.8 percentage point during the decade. This decadal increase is not only the highest
xxvi
 among all the decades since 1961, it is also the highest among all the states in India for the
decade 2001-2011. The total enrolment at elementary level has been steadily increasing
over the five years at an annual rate of 3.9 percent. The total enrolment in primary level
was 161.35 lakhs in 2014-15, increasing from 149.34 lakhs in 2010-11. Similarly, at upper
primary level, the total enrolment at this level in 2014-15 was 67.91 lakhs, indicating an
annual growth rate of 9.6 percent. As a whole, the total enrolment, taking primary and
upper primary together, rose to 229.26 lakhs in 2014-15 from 198.14 lakhs in 2010-11,
implying an annual growth rate of 3.9 percent. The enrloment for SC and ST students
during this period has grown at an even higher rate of 5.2 percent and 16.6 percent
respectively.

7. The dropout rates in Bihar have continuously declined in the recent years. For the primary
stage, the dropout rate was 39.3 percent in 2010-11, but it has reduced to 26.8 percent in
2014-15, implying a decrease of 12.4 percentage points. Similarly, in Upper Primary, a
decrease of 10.1 percentage points, from 2010-11 (55.1 percent) to 2014-15 (45.1 percent),
is also observed. As regards gender differences, it is appreciable that, at all the levels of
education (elementary, secondary and higher secondary), the dropout rates of girl students
are lower than that for the boys.

8. The Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS) is a right-based scheme which was introduced to
improve elementary education in Bihar. In 2011-12, the coverage of MDMS at primary
level was 44.8 percent, which increased to 68.6 percent in 2015-16. Likewise, the coverage
of MDMS at upper primary level was 39.2 percent in 2011-12 and it is 63.9 percent in
2015-16. Thus, the coverage of MDMS at both the levels have increased substantially over
the last five years.

9. Higher education is of vital importance for the state. In 2015, there were 276 government
colleges and 468 local body colleges. To ensure the delivery of quality education, teachers
training is very important, and there are 60 teacher training institutes in Bihar in 2015. In
2015, there were 23 engineering colleges in Bihar, compared to 10 colleges in 2013.

10. The total budget for SC/ST welfare increased from Rs. 1181.12 crore in 2014-15 to Rs.
1973.82 crore in 2015-16. The actual expenditure was Rs. 1740.67 crore in 2015-16,
implying utilisation of 88.2 percent of the budget.

11. To expand the employment opportunities and fulfill the target of Aarthik Hal, Yuvaon ko
Bal, one of the components of Saat Nischay, the state government has launched Kushal
Yuva Programme on October 2, 2016. In order to enhance the scope of skill development,
149 courses have been selected by Bihar Skill Development Mission (BSDM) and it is
being implemented by 15 Departments of the state government.
_____________

xxvii
 CHAPTER I
BIHAR ECONOMY : AN OVERVIEW

The growth momentum of the Bihars economy, experienced in the last decade, was continued in
the recent years also. Last year the Central Statistical Organisation has released a new series of
GSDP, with 2011-12 as the base year for estimation of both national and state incomes. The new
GSDP estimates also utlises some fresh data sources. According to these new estimates, the
medium term growth rate for GSDP (2011-12 to 2015-16) in Bihar was 7.6 percent, compared to
6.8 percent for the national economy. Consequently, the Per Capita Income in Bihar was about
35 percent of the national average in 2015-16, compared to about 33 percent a decade ago. This
high growth had obviously impacted the poverty scenario in the state and the poverty ratio had
fallen from 54.4 percent in 2004-05 to 33.7 percent in 2011-12. When the next round of poverty
estimates will be made available, it is almost certain to record even lower incidence of absolute
poverty in Bihar. To supplement the gains from the economic growth, the state government has
also initiated a number of welfare measures to improve the standard of living of the population.
The main development focus of the state government is now around seven resolves (Saat
Nischay) which include welfare of the youth, women employment, supply of electricity to all
households, clean drinking water, road connectivity, toilet facility and higher technical
education.

A high level of investment generated vide financial discipline of the government during 2004-05
to 2014-15 has a bearing on the sustained growth rate around 10 percent during the said period.
The state was able to generate revenue surpluses which kept development expenditure buoyant.
Other parameters of fiscal performance were also kept within desired limits. Recently, the
proclamation of prohibition had initially caused worry on the fiscal front due to an expected fall
in commercial taxes collection, but other ways and means adopted by the state government will
help it to tide over the situation. At present, the twin challenge of higher growth rate and
inclusive development are being met by the state government with all due attention.

The current status of the states overall economy along with various sectors are presented in this
Economic Survey for 2016-17. In each sector, the analysis of the development would throw light
on the efforts made by the state government with resultant achievements. The bottlenecks has
also been underlined so that remedial measures could be undertaken. Apart from this
introductory chapter, the survey has nine more chapters State Finances, Agriculture and
Allied Sectors, Enterprises Sectors, Infrastructure, Energy Sector, Rural Development, Urban
Development, Banking and Allied Sector and finally, Human Development.

1
1.1 Demographic Profile
Population of a state is an important macro-economic variable which has a substantial role in
determining its development indicators. The broad demographic profiles of Bihar and India have
been presented in Table 1.1. According to 2011 census, Bihars population was 104.1 million
which is 8.6 percent of total population of India (1210.6 million). The demographic scenario in
Bihar, as can be seen from the table, is not similar to that of India as a whole. In the first place,
the decadal rate of growth of population (during the period 2001 and 2011) was reported to be
25.1 percent in Bihar, against 17.6 percent for India. Bihar is yet to experience the demographic
transition, as experienced by most other states, and overcome the social and economic barriers
attached to high rate of growth of population. Secondly, the density of population (1106 persons
per sq.km) in Bihar is much higher than that of India (382 persons per sq.km). Such enormous
pressure of population on land put up a major challenge of development for Bihar. Urbanisation
is extremely low in Bihar as compared to India 11.3 percent against 31.2 percent for India.
This indicates that around 90 percent of the population lives in rural areas in Bihar which has a
strong connotation for development. Here one may also note that decadal increase in
urbanisation in Bihar has been only 0.8 percent, against a much larger increase (3.4 percent) in
India. As regards sex ratio, it is lower in Bihar (918) than in India (943); but fortunately the child
sex ratio in Bihar (935) is higher than the national average (919).

Table 1.1 : Demographic Profile and Administrative Structure of Bihar and India (2001 and 2011)

Bihar India
Demographic Indicator
2001 2011 2001 2011

Population (million) 82.9 104.1 1028.7 1210.6

Sex Ratio (females per '000 males) 919 918 933 943

Child Sex Ratio 942 935 927 919

Density (persons per sq. km.) 880 1106 325 382

Urbanisation (Percentage) 10.5 11.3 27.8 31.2

Decadal Growth (Percentage) 28.6 25.1 21.5 17.6

No. of Districts 37 38 593 640

No. of CD blocks 533 534 5463 5924

No. of Towns (statutory/census) 130 199 5161 7935

No. of Villages 45098 39073 638596 597369

Source : Census of India, 2001 and 2011

The district-wise demographic profile of Bihar has been presented in Table A 1.1 (Appendix). In
the table, community-wise population figures, sex-ratio (overall), sex-ratio (child), density of
2
population, urbanisation and decadal growth rate have been presented for all the districts. The
figures indicate wide variation in indices across the districts. In terms of decadal growth of
population, the best performing districts are Arwal, Gopalganj and Darbhanga. Regarding sex
ratio, the range of variation is from 876 (Munger) to 1021 (Gopalganj), the state average being
918. In case of child sex ratio, the figure are fairly uniform. Density of population also show
wide variation. Out of the 38 districts, there are 10 districts where the density of population is
very high at more than 1400 persons / sq.km.

1.2 State Domestic Product

The estimates of State Domestic Product are prepared separately for both Gross State Domestic
Product (GSDP) and Net State Domestic Product (NSDP), both at current and constant prices. In
Table A 1.2 (Appendix) the estimates of GSDP and NSDP are presented for the period 2004-05
to 2014-15 at current and constant (2004-05) prices. In the second part (presented in the bottom
half of the table) the estimates of GSDP and NSDP have been given for the period 2011-12 to
2015-16 at current and constant (2011-12) prices (New Series). In Table A 1.3 and A 1.4
(Appendix) the sector-wise estimates of GSDP are presented at current and constant (2011-12)
prices for the period 2011-12 to 2015-16. Further, the sector-wise estimates of NSDP at current
and constant (2011-12) prices for the same period are presented in Table A 1.5 and A 1.6
(Appendix) respectively.

The GSDP of Bihar at constant (2011-12) prices in 2015-16 was Rs. 3.27 lakh crore, yielding a
Per Capita Income of Rs. 29,190. The estimated GSDP at current prices in 2015-16 is Rs. 4.14
lakh crore, implying a Per Capita Income of Rs. 36,964.

Growth of State Income

During the last decade (2004-05 to 2014-15), the state income at constant prices grew annually at
10.1 percent. In the immediate past (2011-12 to 2015-16), the growth rate of GSDP in Bihar was
7.6 percent. This growth rate, however, is higher than the growth rate of 6.8 percent for the
national economy. One should note here that the GSDP estimates with 2004-05 and 2011-12
bases are not really comparable because, apart from change in base year, there were also some
methodological changes. The slower growth rate of the states economy in the last five years is
also due to the sluggishness of the national economy due to veracity of various macro-economic
factors. But, as mentioned before, even now the growth rate of the state economy is higher than
that of the national economy. Presently, Bihar is one of the fastest growing states in India.

Behaviour of Sectoral Growth Rates

To identify the major contributors to growth of state income, one needs to examine the sectoral
growth rates (Table 1.2). This table presents the sectoral growth rates at constant prices for
the period 2011-12 to 2015-16. A glance at the various sectoral growth rates will indicate that the

3
 Table 1.2 : Sectoral Growth Rate of GSDP

Sector 2011-12 to 2015-16

Sl. Current Constant
Item
No. Prices Prices
1. Agriculture, forestry and fishing 5.8 -2.2
1.1 Crops 0.1 -7.4
1.2 Livestock 17.1 8.5
1.3 Forestry and logging 9.1 1.7
1.4 Fishing and aquaculture 21.9 10.0
2. Mining and quarrying 42.5 42.6
Primary 6.0 -2.0
3. Manufacturing 23.5 17.7
Electricity, gas, water supply & other
4. -2.6 15.2
utility services
5. Construction 8.6 2.1
Secondary 12.6 8.4
6. Trade, repair, hotels and restaurants 19.2 14.6
6.1 Trade & repair services 19.7 15.1
6.2 Hotels & restaurants 9.6 5.4
Transport, storage, communication &
7. 20.3 12.6
services related to broadcasting
7.1 Railways 18.2 9.3
7.2 Road transport 21.5 13.6
7.3 Water transport -15.7 -21.2
7.4 Air transport 46.4 37.0
7.5 Services incidental to transport 21.6 13.8
7.6 Storage 10.0 2.9
Communication & services related to
7.7 19.2 12.6
broadcasting
8. Financial services 9.0 6.3
Real estate, ownership of dwelling &
9. 9.8 3.6
professional services
10. Public administration 13.2 4.5
11. Other services 22.8 12.6
Tertiary 17.0 10.4
Total Gross State Value Added at
12. 13.5 7.1
basic prices
13. Taxes on Products 23.9 17.4
14. Subsidies on products 19.8 13.5
15. Gross State Domestic Product 14.0 7.6

4
following sectors, each recording growth rates of more than 10 percent, are probably drivers of
growth of Bihar economy manufacturing (17.7 percent), electricity, gas and water supply
(15.2 percent), trade, repair, hotels and restaurants (14.6 percent), transport, storage and
communications (12.6 percent), and fishing and aquaculture (10.0 percent).

Table 1.3 : Per Capita Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) at

(2011-12) Prices of Major Indian States

Per Capita Income (in Rs.)

State
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Andhra Pradesh 68866 68730 74062 79441 87487

Bihar 21750 22201 22776 25400 26801

Chhattisgarh 55177 56761 60846 63638 NA

Gujarat 87481 96683 102589 109981 NA

Haryana 107343 112088 116543 124092 NA

Jharkhand 41254 44176 43779 48550 54140

Karnataka 89899 93771 101487 106896 112542

Kerala 97912 103551 107854 116006 NA

Madhya Pradesh 38550 41251 42686 44518 47820

Maharashtra 98910 103832 108915 113379 NA

Odisha 47019 48335 49908 52516 55116

Punjab 85577 88915 93555 96638 NA

Rajasthan 57427 58502 61175 64002 NA

Tamil Nadu 92984 96355 100233 106034 114712

Uttar Pradesh 32002 32746 34079 35694 38234

Uttarakhand 100497 106738 113140 116557 125055

All-India 63460 65664 68867 72889 77435

Source : Central Statistical Organisation; Government of India

5
To know more about the comparative status of economic growth of Bihar vis--vis other states, it
is necessary to compare the Per Capita Income of various states. The Per Capita NSDP at
constant (2011-12) of various states has been presented in Table 1.3 for the years 2011-12 to
2015-16. In spite of a high growth phenomenon (2005-06 to 2014-15), Bihar even now ranks the
lowest in terms of Per Capita Income. However, the per capita income of Bihar in 2011-12 was
34 percent of all-India average; in 2015-16, this ratio went up to 35 percent. With the sustained
growth process, the gap between Bihar and India was bridged by about a percentage point over a
four year period. So, the momentum of growth has got to be sustained for many more years if the
gap between the per capita income of Bihar and India is to be wiped out. Admittedly, once the
growth process reaches a high point, the linkage effect within the economy starts working,
thereby increasing the growth momentum. Yet, some big push in investment is urgently required,
be it public or private, to attain a high plateau of development in near future.

Structural Change of the Economy

It is historically observed that, with economic growth, the structure of any economy would show
major changes. This is primarily because, with increase in income, the pattern of demand
changes from primary sectors products to products of secondary sector and services sector. This
expected trend can be judged from the figures in Table 1.4, which presents the sectoral
composition of GSDP at constant (2011-12) prices for the period from 2011-12 to 2015-16. It
may be mentioned here that GSVA (Gross State Value Added) is GSDP minus taxes on product
and plus subsidies on products. In 2011-12, the share of the primary sector in total GSDP
happened to be 25.2 percent, the secondary sectors contribution was 18.3 percent and the
remaining 54.3 percent was accounted for by the tertiary sector. In 2015-16 the changed shares
are primary (18.3 percent), secondary (18.1 percent) and tertiary (59.9 percent). This reveals
that, over the four year period, the share of primary sector has fallen by 7 percentage points.
During the same period, the contribution of tertiary sector has jumped by 6 percentage points and
touched a high of around 60 percent.

Within the three broad groups (primary, secondary and tertiary), there are specific sectors and
their shares have also changed substantially in some cases. Within the primary sector, there has
been a fall in the contribution of the crops sub-sector, whereas the livestock sub-sector
showed marginal improvement. In the tertiary sector, trade, repair, hotels and restaurants showed
substantial increase (from 17.8 to 22.7 percent), but real estates, ownership of dwelling and
professional services showed a decline (from 11.3 to 9.8 percent) over the period.

6
 Table 1.4 : Sectoral Composition of GSDP at Constant (2011-12) Prices

Sl.
Item 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 (P) 2015-16 (Q)
No.
1. Agriculture, forestry and fishing 25.1 26.5 22.1 19.6 18.1
1.1 Crops 17.2 18.5 13.8 11.6 10.3
1.2 Livestock 4.9 4.9 5.2 5.0 5.0
1.3 Forestry and logging 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.4
1.4 Fishing and aquaculture 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
2. Mining and quarrying 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2
Primary 25.2 26.6 22.6 19.8 18.3
3. Manufacturing 5.9 3.8 7.0 6.2 7.2
Electricity, gas, water supply &
4. 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.9
other utility services
5. Construction 10.9 10.0 10.1 9.0 8.9
Secondary 18.3 15.3 18.6 17.1 18.1
6. Trade, repair, hotels and restaurants 17.8 18.2 16.9 21.0 22.7
6.1 Trade & repair services 16.6 17.1 15.9 20.0 21.6
6.2 Hotels & restaurants 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0
Transport, storage, communication
7. 7.1 7.9 8.7 8.5 8.6
& services related to broadcasting
7.1 Railways 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.2
7.2 Road transport 3.4 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.3
7.3 Water transport 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
7.4 Air transport 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
7.5 Services incidental to transport 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5
7.6 Storage 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Communication & services related
7.7 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.6
to broadcasting
8. Financial services 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.5 3.5
Real estate, ownership of dwelling
9. 11.3 11.2 11.1 10.1 9.8
& professional services
10. Public administration 5.5 5.2 4.7 5.3 4.7
11. Other services 9.0 9.8 10.2 11.4 10.5
Tertiary 54.3 56.1 55.4 59.8 59.9
12. TOTAL GSVA at basic prices 97.8 98.0 96.7 96.7 96.3
13. Taxes on Products 6.9 7.6 8.4 8.8 10.0
14. Subsidies on products 4.7 5.6 5.1 5.5 6.3
15. Gross State Domestic Product 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

7
1.3 Regional Disparity
As there exists disparity in Per Capita Income across the states of India, there also exists similar
disparity among the districts of Bihar. This is visible from the district-wise data on Per Capita
GDDP (Gross District Domestic Product) in 2011-12, as shown in Table A 1.7 (Appendix). The
ranking of the districts has been given in the brackets for each district. In 2011-12, Patna,
Munger and Begusarai turn out to be the most prosperous districts of the state. The poorest
districts according to the data are Madhepura, Supaul and Sheohar. If one leaves out Patna
(the capital of the state), the per capita income of Munger is more than 3 times that of Sheohar,
the poorest district.

Apart from a measure of GDDP, consumption of Petrol, Diesel and Cooking Gas can also throw
some light on the economic disparity among the districts. In Table A 1.8 (Appendix), data
relating to the consumption of various petroleum products in different districts is presented for
2014-15 and 2015-16. The table also presents the average consumption levels for those two
years, the shares of districts in total consumption, and their shares in total population. If the share
of consumption is higher than that of population share, the district is identified as relatively
prosperous. Based on this method, 3 most prosperous and most backward districts have been
identified, and their names have been presented in Table 1.5. Patna happens to be the most
prosperous district for all three indicators. For Patna, compared to the population share of 5.6
percent, the consumption shares are Petrol (13.6), Diesel (10.0 percent) and Cooking Gas
(15.4 percent). The analysis also shows that for Petrol, Patna is followed by Muzaffarpur and
East Champaran; in case of Diesel, Patna is followed by East Champaran and Muzaffarpur; and
in case of Cooking Gas, Patna is followed by Muzaffarpur and East Champaran. In terms of
these indicators, the most disadvantaged districts are Sheohar, Supaul, Madhepura, Arwal,
Sheikhpura and West Champaran.

Table 1.5 : Relatively Prosperous and Backward Districts of Bihar

Criteria Top 3 districts Bottom 3 districts

GDDP Patna, Munger, Begusarai Sheohar, Supaul, Madhepura

Patna, Muzaffarpur, East

Petrol Sheohar, Arwal, Sheikhpura
Champaran

Patna, East Champaran,

Diesel Sheohar, Arwal, Sheikhpura
Muzaffarpur

Patna, Muzaffarpur, East

LPG Sheikhpura, Sheohar, Arwal
Champaran

Small West Champaran, Sitamarhi,

Patna, Saran, Nalanda
Savings Araria

8
The deposits in small savings kept in Post Offices and Public Provident Fund across the districts
can also be considered as another index of relative prosperity of the districts. The data related to
such deposits is given in Table A 1.9 (Appendix). In the table, the averages for these deposits for
the years 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16 are also presented, along with percentage share of these
averages for each districts in total savings. A higher percentage share of each districts vis--vis
its population share would indicate the relative prosperity of the district. The relatively
prosperous districts on this count are Patna, Saran and Nalanda (Table 1.5). At the other end,
the backward districts as per the above indicator are West Champaran, Sitamarhi and Araria.

1.4 Study of Statewise Inflation Rates during 2015 and 2016

The estimates of wholesale and consumer price indices indicate the trend of price movement
over time. In India, the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) is available for union and Consumer Price
Indices (CPI) are available for the union and its states. Based on those figures, in Table 1.6,
statewise inflation rates of CPI have been presented for September 2016 over September 2015.
In the table, we have also indicated the CPI for rural as well as urban for September, 2015 and
September, 2016.

Table 1.6 : State-wise Annual Inflation Rates for CPI (base: 2012 = 100)

Rural Urban Combined

Sep. 15 Sep. 16 Inflation Sep. 15 Sep. 16 Inflation Sep. 15 Sep. 16 Inflation
State
Index Index Rate Index Index Rate Index Index Rate
(Final) (Prov.) (%) (Final) (Prov.) (%) (Final) (Prov.) (%)
Andhra Pradesh 128.9 137.1 6.36 125.8 131.1 4.21 127.8 134.9 5.56
Bihar 131.6 135.2 2.74 125.1 127.2 1.68 130.7 134.0 2.52
Chhattisgarh 133.3 138.5 3.90 122.5 127.8 4.33 129.1 134.4 4.11
Gujarat 126.4 136.3 7.83 121.2 125.5 3.55 123.5 130.2 5.43
Haryana 124.1 130.1 4.83 120.9 124.1 2.65 122.6 127.3 3.83
Jharkhand 129.2 137.3 6.27 123.6 127.2 2.91 127.1 133.4 4.96
Karnataka 129.8 135.4 4.31 128.8 134.7 4.58 129.3 135.0 4.41
Kerala 125.4 130.6 4.15 125.7 131.2 4.38 125.5 130.8 4.22
Madhya Pradesh 125.1 129.5 3.52 124.2 127.5 2.66 124.7 128.7 3.21
Maharashtra 126.3 133.2 5.46 120.1 124.2 3.41 122.2 127.2 4.09
Odisha 130.5 138.9 6.44 123.6 127.4 3.07 128.6 135.7 5.52
Punjab 123.3 129.8 5.27 122.8 126.6 3.09 123.1 128.4 4.31
Rajasthan 127.6 135.4 6.11 123.7 129.4 4.61 126.2 133.3 5.63
Tamil Nadu 125.1 130.3 4.16 125.5 130.1 3.67 125.3 130.2 3.91
Uttar Pradesh 125.5 132.2 5.34 124.4 128.7 3.46 125.1 130.9 4.64
Uttarakhand 123.3 127.7 3.57 117.9 120.9 2.54 121.3 125.2 3.22
West Bengal 126.6 133.7 5.61 123.9 129.0 4.12 125.3 131.5 4.95
All India 127.0 133.3 4.96 123.5 128.0 3.64 125.4 130.8 4.31
Source: RBI and Labour Bureau, Government of India.

9
From Table 1.6, we can note that the rise in prices in September 2016 over September 2015 for
rural Bihar have been comparatively slower than that for India as a whole. Compared to a
inflation rate of 4.96 percent for rural India, the rate for rural Bihar has been lower at 2.74
percent. The states with higher inflation rates are Gujarat (7.83 percent), Odisha (6.44
percent), Andhra Pradesh (6.36 percent), Jharkhand (6.27 percent) and Rajasthan (6.11 percent).
In case of inflation rate for urban areas, it has again been lower at Bihar (1.68 percent), compared
to the whole of India (3.64 percent). Since the inflation rate has been lower in Bihar for both
rural and urban areas, the overall rate is also lower in Bihar (2.52 percent), with the all-India rate
at 4.31 percent.

10
 APPENDIX
Table A 1.1 : District-wise Demographic Profile of Bihar (2011)

Other Sex
Hindu Muslim Sex Ratio Urbanis Decadal
District Religion Ratio Density
(Lakh) (Lakh) (Overall) ation Growth
(Lakh) (child)
Patna 91.7 7.5 0.7 897 909 1803 43.1 23.7
Nalanda 92.8 6.9 0.3 922 931 1220 15.9 21.4
Bhojpur 92.3 7.3 0.5 907 918 1136 14.3 21.6
Buxar 93.3 6.2 0.6 922 934 1003 9.6 21.7
Rohtas 89.4 10.2 0.5 918 931 763 14.5 20.8
Kaimur 89.5 9.5 0.9 920 942 488 4.0 26.2

Gaya 88.3 11.1 0.6 937 960 880 13.2 26.4

Jehanabad 92.9 6.7 0.4 922 922 1206 12.0 21.7
Arwal 90.5 9.2 0.4 928 940 1099 7.4 18.9
Nawada 88.5 11.0 0.5 939 945 889 9.7 22.6
Aurangabad 90.2 9.3 0.5 926 944 760 9.3 26.2

Saran 89.4 10.3 0.3 954 926 1493 8.9 21.6

Siwan 81.4 18.3 0.3 988 940 1495 5.5 22.7
Gopalganj 82.7 17.0 0.3 1021 954 1258 6.4 19.0

W. Champaran 77.4 22.0 0.6 909 953 750 10.0 29.3

E. Champaran 80.1 19.4 0.4 902 933 1281 7.9 29.4
Muzaffarpur 84.0 15.5 0.5 900 915 1506 9.9 28.1
Sitamarhi 78.1 21.6 0.3 899 930 1491 5.6 27.6
Sheohar 84.2 15.1 0.7 893 929 1882 4.3 27.2
Vaishali 90.2 9.6 0.2 895 904 1717 6.7 28.6

Darbhanga 77.3 22.4 0.3 911 931 1721 9.7 19.5

Madhubani 81.4 18.2 0.4 926 936 1279 3.6 25.5
Samastipur 89.2 10.6 0.2 911 923 1465 3.5 25.5

Begusarai 86.0 13.7 0.3 895 919 1540 19.2 26.4

Munger 91.6 8.1 0.4 876 922 958 27.8 20.2
Sheikhpura 93.7 5.9 0.4 930 940 922 17.1 21.1
Lakhisarai 95.6 4.1 0.4 902 920 815 14.3 24.8
Jamui 86.7 12.4 1.0 922 956 567 8.3 25.9
Khagaria 89.2 10.5 0.3 886 926 1115 5.2 30.2

Bhagalpur 81.9 17.7 0.4 880 938 1180 19.8 25.4

Banka 87.1 12.3 0.5 907 943 672 3.5 26.5

Saharsa 85.7 14.0 0.3 906 933 1125 8.2 26.0

Supaul 81.2 18.4 0.4 929 944 919 4.7 28.7
Madhepura 87.6 12.1 0.3 911 930 1116 4.4 31.1

Purnea 60.9 38.5 0.6 921 954 1014 10.5 28.3

Kishanganj 31.4 68.0 0.6 950 971 898 9.5 30.4
Araria 56.7 42.9 0.4 921 957 992 6.0 30.2
Katihar 54.9 44.5 0.7 919 961 1004 8.9 28.4

Bihar 82.7 16.9 0.4 918 935 1106 11.3 25.4

Source : Census of India, 2011

11
Table A 1.2 : Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) and Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) of
Bihar At Factor Cost

GSDP (Rs. crore) NSDP (Rs. crore) Per Capita GSDP (Rs.)

Year At constant At constant At constant

At current At current At current
(2004-05) (2004-05) (2004-05)
prices prices prices
prices prices prices

Base Year 2004-05

200405 77781 77781 70167 70167 8773 8773

200506 82490 76466 74144 68419 9149 8481

200607 100737 88840 91331 80260 10994 9695

200708 113680 93774 102853 84415 12215 10076

200809 142279 107412 129690 97284 15060 11369

200910 162923 113158 148151 101938 16998 11806

201011 203555 130171 185745 117503 20944 13393

2011-12 243269 143560 222442 129521 24696 14574

2012-13 293616 158909 268902 143250 29425 15925

2013-14 (P) 343663 173409 315225 156671 34014 17163

2014-15 (Q) 402283 189789 369576 171802 39341 18560

CAGR
18.9 10.0 19.1 10.1 17.2 8.5
(2004-15)

Base Year 2011-12

2011-12 247144 247144 228497 228497 23525 23525

2012-13 282368 256851 261327 236932 26459 24068

2013-14 317101 269650 292143 246915 29251 24874

2014-15 (P) 373920 304766 345571 279711 33954 27675

2015-16 (Q) 413503 326535 382223 299814 36964 29190

CAGR
14.0 7.6 14.0 7.4 12.2 5.9
(2011-16)
Note : P - Provisional, Q - Quick
Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GOB

12
 Table A 1.3 : Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Bihar at Factor Cost (Current Prices)

(Rs. crore)
Sl. 2014-15 2015-16 CAGR
Item 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
No. (P) (Q) (2011-16)
1. Agriculture, forestry and fishing 62067 76700 73719 79519 80950 5.8
1.1 Crops 42608 53365 45223 46882 45772 0.1
1.2 Livestock 12028 14811 18316 20603 22470 17.1
1.3 Forestry and logging 4187 4571 5010 5501 5910 9.1
1.4 Fishing and aquaculture 3244 3953 5170 6532 6797 21.9
2. Mining and quarrying 199 234 1508 681 685 42.5
Primary 62265 76934 75227 80200 81636 6.0
3. Manufacturing 14666 10351 21209 21900 28930 23.5
Electricity, gas, water supply &
4. 3659 4422 3859 3452 3631 -2.6
other utility services
5. Construction 27017 27810 31848 34498 36677 8.6
Secondary 45341 42583 56916 59849 69237 12.6
6. Trade, repair, hotels and restaurants 43904 51755 52051 74484 87892 19.2
6.1 Trade & repair services 41109 48672 48735 70814 83830 19.7
6.2 Hotels & restaurants 2796 3083 3316 3670 4062 9.6
Transport, storage, communication
7. 17545 21616 26850 31472 36582 20.3
& services related to broadcasting
7.1 Railways 2751 3348 3957 4624 5404 18.2
7.2 Road transport 8405 10697 13479 15723 18337 21.5
7.3 Water transport 49 26 17 22 22 -15.7
7.4 Air transport 31 58 46 136 136 46.4
7.5 Services incidental to transport 893 1120 1425 1666 1947 21.6
7.6 Storage 74 84 85 106 106 10.0
Communication & services related
7.7 5342 6282 7842 9194 10629 19.2
to broadcasting
8. Financial services 8839 9774 11223 11780 12365 9.0
Real estate, ownership of dwelling
9. 28023 31217 34604 37406 40820 9.8
& professional services
10. Public administration 13587 14777 15768 20782 21295 13.2
11. Other services 22193 28043 34046 45876 48453 22.8
Tertiary 134092 157182 174542 221800 247406 17.0
12. TOTAL GSVA at basic prices 241698 276699 306685 361849 398280 13.5
13. Taxes on Products 17169 21185 26236 32135 40671 23.9
14. Subsidies on products 11724 15517 15820 20064 25448 19.8
15. Gross State Domestic Product 247144 282368 317101 373920 413503 14.0
16. Population (crore) 10.51 10.67 10.84 11.01 11.19 1.6
17. Per Capita GSDP (Rs.) 23525 26459 29251 33954 36964 12.2
Note : Data of 2014-15 is Provisional Estimates and 2015-16 Quick Estimates;
Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GOB

13
 Table A 1.4 : Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Bihar at Factor Cost (2011-12 Prices)

(Rs. crore)
Sl. CAGR
Item 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 (P) 2015-16 (Q)
No. (2011-16)
1. Agriculture, forestry and fishing 62067 68040 59516 59715 59145 -2.2
1.1 Crops 42608 47493 37107 35426 33601 -7.4
1.2 Livestock 12028 12525 14008 15371 16298 8.5
1.3 Forestry and logging 4187 4253 4330 4399 4473 1.7
1.4 Fishing and aquaculture 3244 3768 4071 4518 4773 10.0
2. Mining and quarrying 199 216 1386 629 688 42.6
Primary 62265 68256 60902 60343 59832 -2.0
3. Manufacturing 14666 9714 18893 19010 23650 17.7
Electricity, gas, water supply &
4. 3659 4017 4128 5508 6341 15.2
other utility services
5. Construction 27017 25607 27261 27484 28991 2.1
Secondary 45341 39339 50282 52001 58982 8.4
Trade, repair, hotels and
6. 43904 46729 45683 64066 74087 14.6
restaurants
6.1 Trade & repair services 41109 43945 42775 60912 70667 15.1
6.2 Hotels & restaurants 2796 2784 2908 3154 3421 5.4
Transport, storage, communication
7. 17545 20372 23473 25833 28241 12.6
& services related to broadcasting
7.1 Railways 2751 3346 3965 3959 3952 9.3
7.2 Road transport 8405 9962 11373 12676 14125 13.6
7.3 Water transport 49 24 15 18 17 -21.2
7.4 Air transport 31 54 38 110 105 37.0
7.5 Services incidental to transport 893 1043 1202 1343 1500 13.8
7.6 Storage 74 79 71 86 82 2.9
Communication & services related
7.7 5342 5863 6808 7642 8461 12.6
to broadcasting
8. Financial services 8839 9580 10273 10772 11295 6.3
Real estate, ownership of dwelling
9. 28023 28686 29819 30928 32139 3.6
& professional services
10. Public administration 13587 13350 12752 16090 15450 4.5
11. Other services 22193 25297 27478 34669 34279 12.6
Tertiary 134092 144015 149478 182357 195491 10.4
12. TOTAL GSVA at basic prices 241698 251609 260662 294702 314306 7.1
13. Taxes on Products 17169 19588 22638 26793 32672 17.4
14. Subsidies on products 11724 14347 13650 16729 20443 13.5
15. Gross State Domestic Product 247144 256851 269650 304766 326535 7.6
16. Population (crore) 10.51 10.67 10.84 11.01 11.19 1.6
17. Per Capita GSDP (Rs.) 23525 24068 24874 27675 29190 5.9
Note : Data of 2014-15 is Provisional Estimates and 2015-16 Quick Estimates;
Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GOB

14
 Table A 1.5 : Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) of Bihar at Factor Cost (Current Prices)

(Rs. crore)
Sl. CAGR
Item 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 (P) 2015-16 (Q)
No. (2011-16)
1. Agriculture, forestry and fishing 57852 71802 67874 72908 73671 5.1
1.1 Crops 39053 49248 40320 41349 39680 -1.4
1.2 Livestock 11795 14525 17975 20240 22071 17.2
1.3 Forestry and logging 4141 4520 4953 5438 5840 9.1
1.4 Fishing and aquaculture 2862 3509 4625 5881 6081 22.4
2. Mining and quarrying 174 203 1291 574 568 40.6
Primary 58025 72005 69166 73482 74239 5.3
3. Manufacturing 12681 8450 19073 19729 26540 26.2
Electricity, gas, water supply &
4. 2431 2892 2554 2235 2291 -3.7
other utility services
5. Construction 25764 26372 29909 32459 34432 8.2
Secondary 40876 37713 51536 54423 63263 13.2
Trade, repair, hotels and
6. 43256 50952 51087 73401 86700 19.2
restaurants
6.1 Trade & repair services 40564 47998 47926 69896 82820 19.8
6.2 Hotels & restaurants 2692 2955 3161 3505 3880 9.4
Transport, storage, communication
7. 14845 18612 22530 26084 30650 19.6
& services related to broadcasting
7.1 Railways 2022 2558 2996 3525 4193 19.5
7.2 Road transport 7582 9771 12282 14543 17037 22.3
7.3 Water transport 44 20 10 14 13 -23.7
7.4 Air transport 15 40 22 109 106 63.8
7.5 Services incidental to transport 761 971 1233 1466 1727 22.8
7.6 Storage 63 74 72 89 87 8.6
Communication & services related
7.7 4359 5178 5916 6339 7486 13.7
to broadcasting
8. Financial services 8700 9601 11035 11566 12129 8.9
Real estate, ownership of dwelling
9. 25298 28025 30922 33292 36222 9.3
& professional services
10. Public administration 10485 11490 12339 16613 16705 13.9
11. Other services 21567 27259 33112 44638 47090 22.8
Tertiary 124151 145940 161025 205595 229497 17.0
12. Total NSVA at basic prices 223052 255658 281727 333500 366999 13.4
13. Taxes on Products 17169 21185 26236 32135 40671 23.9
14. Subsidies on products 11724 15517 15820 20064 25448 19.8
15. Net State Domestic Product 228497 261327 292143 345571 382223 14.0
16. Population (crore) 10.51 10.67 10.84 11.01 11.19 1.6
17. Per Capita NSDP (Rs.) 21750 24487 26948 31380 34168 12.2
Note : Data of 2014-15 is Provisional Estimates and 2015-16 Quick Estimates
Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GOB

15
 Table A 1.6 : Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) of Bihar at Factor Cost (2011-12 Prices)

(Rs. crore)
Sl. CAGR
Item 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 (P) 2015-16 (Q)
No. (2011-16)
1. Agriculture, forestry and fishing 57852 63491 54487 54318 53384 -3.1
1.1 Crops 39053 43675 32908 30942 28815 -9.1
1.2 Livestock 11795 12260 13706 15058 15964 8.4
1.3 Forestry and logging 4141 4206 4280 4345 4414 1.6
1.4 Fishing and aquaculture 2862 3350 3593 3973 4191 9.8
2. Mining and quarrying 174 187 1187 534 587 41.7
Primary 58025 63678 55674 54852 53971 -2.9
3. Manufacturing 12681 7896 16913 17042 21549 20.1
Electricity, gas, water supply &
4. 2431 2542 2904 4389 5146 22.7
other utility services
5. Construction 25764 24235 25437 25625 27007 1.5
Secondary 40876 34674 45253 47055 53702 8.9
Trade, repair, hotels and
6. 43256 45972 44805 63107 73064 14.6
restaurants
6.1 Trade & repair services 40564 43309 42038 60100 69800 15.2
6.2 Hotels & restaurants 2692 2663 2767 3007 3264 5.2
Transport, storage, communication
7. 14845 17490 19386 20822 22918 11.0
& services related to broadcasting
7.1 Railways 2022 2605 3088 2976 2903 8.9
7.2 Road transport 7582 9077 10265 11599 12975 14.1
7.3 Water transport 44 18 7 10 9 -30.7
7.4 Air transport 15 37 17 85 105 60.7
7.5 Services incidental to transport 761 899 1021 1160 1304 14.3
7.6 Storage 63 68 60 70 66 1.0
Communication & services related
7.7 4359 4785 4927 4921 5556 5.3
to broadcasting
8. Financial services 8700 9412 10095 10573 11082 6.2
Real estate, ownership of dwelling
9. 25298 25724 26548 27392 28365 3.0
& professional services
10. Public administration 10485 10191 9553 12292 11395 3.6
11. Other services 21567 24550 26613 33553 33088 12.4
Tertiary 124151 133339 137000 167739 179912 10.2
12. Total NSVA at basic prices 223052 231691 237927 269647 287585 6.8
13. Taxes on Products 17169 19588 22638 26793 32672 17.4
14. Subsidies on products 11724 14347 13650 16729 20443 13.5
15. Net State Domestic Product 228497 236932 246915 279711 299814 7.4
16. Population (crore) 10.51 10.67 10.84 11.01 11.19 1.6
17. Per Capita NSDP (Rs.) 21750 22201 22776 25400 26801 5.7
Note : Data of 2014-15 is Provisional Estimates and 2015-16 Quick Estimates
Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GOB

16
Table A 1.7 : District-wise Per Capita Gross District Domestic Product (2004-05 Prices)

(Rupees)
District 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
Patna 43448 (1) 48719 (1) 53428 (1) 57823 (1) 63063 (1)
Nalanda 8219 (14) 9152 (11) 9787 (10) 10971 (11) 12561 (8)
Bhojpur 8775 (8) 10146 (8) 10134 (8) 11537 (9) 12459 (10)
Buxar 8368 (12) 8992 (15) 8812 (18) 9732 (20) 11289 (15)
Rohtas 9544 (7) 10950 (6) 10908 (7) 12265 (6) 13909 (6)
Kaimur 7564 (21) 8441 (22) 7785 (27) 9539 (22) 10412 (24)
Gaya 8660 (9) 9135 (12) 9519 (15) 10504 (18) 11897 (13)
Jehanabad 7490 (24) 8588 (19) 8478 (22) 9322 (24) 11182 (17)
Arwal 6475 (33) 7028 (35) 7283 (35) 8133 (35) 9125 (34)
Nawada 6739 (31) 7409 (32) 7602 (30) 8437 (31) 9560 (30)
Aurangabad 7575 (20) 7922 (29) 8189 (23) 9293 (25) 11012 (18)

Saran 7522 (23) 7938 (28) 8559 (20) 9576 (21) 10615 (23)
Siwan 7377 (26) 8864 (16) 8042 (26) 9192 (26) 10685 (22)
Gopalganj 7646 (17) 8059 (26) 8543 (21) 10386 (19) 12129 (12)

W. Champaran 8476 (11) 9484 (10) 9706 (11) 10577 (17) 9971 (27)
E. Champaran 6223 (35) 8457 (21) 7571 (31) 8790 (29) 10735 (21)
Muzaffarpur 9814 (5) 11602 (5) 12159 (5) 14082 (5) 15402 (5)
Sitamarhi 6180 (37) 7301 (33) 7456 (32) 8274 (33) 9538 (31)
Sheohar 5541 (38) 6128 (38) 5438 (38) 6208 (38) 7092 (38)
Vaishali 7728 (16) 9604 (9) 9937 (9) 11591 (8) 12490 (9)

Darbhanga 7614 (18) 8516 (20) 9036 (16) 10798 (12) 10932 (19)
Madhubani 6216 (36) 7643 (30) 7455 (33) 10607 (15) 9241 (33)
Samastipur 7559 (22) 8729 (18) 8843 (17) 10705 (14) 10762 (20)

Begusarai 12419 (3) 15001 (3) 14235 (4) 18433 (3) 17587 (3)
Munger 15791 (2) 17034 (2) 18554 (2) 21011 (2) 22051 (2)
Sheikhpura 7209 (28) 8105 (25) 7775 (28) 8377 (32) 9687 (29)
Lakhisarai 9549 (6) 10209 (7) 10950 (6) 11870 (7) 13073 (7)
Jamui 7584 (19) 8028 (27) 8186 (24) 8944 (28) 10166 (25)
Khagaria 8517 (10) 9111 (13) 9642 (12) 10603 (16) 11515 (14)

Bhagalpur 12097 (4) 13351 (4) 14253 (3) 15870 (4) 17324 (4)
Banka 6882 (30) 7596 (31) 7724 (29) 7756 (37) 9269 (32)

Saharsa 8164 (15) 8744 (17) 9591 (14) 11268 (10) 12197 (11)
Supaul 6382 (34) 6790 (36) 7043 (36) 8193 (34) 8492 (37)
Madhepura 6920 (29) 6602 (37) 6979 (37) 8096 (36) 8609 (36)

Purnea 7419 (25) 8228 (23) 8743 (19) 9357 (23) 10099 (26)
Kishanganj 7312 (27) 8120 (24) 8085 (25) 9126 (27) 9928 (28)
Araria 6635 (32) 7251 (34) 7376 (34) 8534 (30) 8776 (35)
Katihar 8267 (13) 9060 (14) 9594 (13) 10721 (13) 11278 (16)

Bihar 10076 11369 11806 13393 14574

Note : Figures in parenthesis denote rank
Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GOB

17
 Table A 1.8 : District-wise Consumption of Petroleum Products
(Figures in MT)
Share of Petrol Diesel LPG
District popul- Average and Average and Average and
2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16
ation Share Share Share
Patna 5.6 61819 71347 66583 (13.6) 186342 202322 194332 (10) 105255 115764 110510 (15.4)
Nalanda 2.8 8457 10644 9551 (2.0) 43224 52314 47769 (2.4) 18905 21006 19956 (2.8)
Bhojpur 2.6 9942 12418 11180 (2.3) 49712 54289 52000 (2.7) 21976 24031 23004 (3.2)
Buxar 1.6 6859 8010 7435 (1.5) 35911 36878 36395 (1.9) 10671 12440 11555 (1.6)
Rohtas 2.9 12898 15185 14041 (2.9) 75582 80797 78190 (4.0) 19423 22216 20819 (2.9)
Kaimur 1.6 5572 6660 6116 (1.3) 30883 35711 33297 (1.7) 6465 7334 6900 (1.0)

Gaya 4.2 15621 18839 17230 (3.5) 68270 79538 73904 (3.8) 23890 27770 25830 (3.6)
Jehanabad 1.1 2922 3605 3264 (0.7) 14506 17174 15840 (0.8) 8241 9015 8628 (1.2)
Arwal 0.7 1872 2274 2073 (0.4) 9733 10464 10099 (0.5) 3413 4107 3760 (0.5)
Nawada 2.1 5011 6168 5590 (1.1) 29209 33650 31429 (1.6) 12424 13872 13148 (1.8)
Aurangabad 2.4 8421 10459 9440 (1.9) 53281 61512 57397 (2.9) 12066 13844 12955 (1.8)

Saran 3.8 16787 20195 18491 (3.8) 62959 72081 67520 (3.5) 26710 29924 28317 (3.9)
Siwan 3.2 17584 20748 19166 (3.9) 52181 58584 55382 (2.8) 24116 27880 25998 (3.6)
Gopalganj 2.5 14109 17437 15773 (3.2) 42814 52984 47899 (2.5) 20669 24565 22617 (3.2)

W Champaran 3.8 14919 23406 19163 (3.9) 59712 77141 68427 (3.5) 20693 25188 22941 (3.2)
E Champaran 4.9 21602 30323 25962 (5.3) 103557 120518 112038 (5.7) 28994 36269 32631 (4.5)
Muzaffarpur 4.6 26803 32020 29411 (6.0) 102000 116318 109159 (5.6) 39593 45636 42615 (5.9)
Sitamarhi 3.3 9845 15632 12738 (2.6) 40279 47168 43723 (2.2) 18374 22824 20599 (2.9)
Sheohar 0.6 1325 1600 1463 (0.3) 4554 5509 5032 (0.3) 3179 4103 3641 (0.5)
Vaishali 3.4 18811 22562 20686 (4.2) 74367 82491 78429 (4) 29731 32958 31344 (4.4)

Darbhanga 3.8 14499 17427 15963 (3.3) 53649 59677 56663 (2.9) 26905 31306 29106 (4.1)
Madhubani 4.3 15202 24286 19744 (4) 44626 56585 50606 (2.6) 20704 27616 24160 (3.4)
Samastipur 4.1 15700 18911 17306 (3.5) 64791 70133 67462 (3.5) 20473 24385 22429 (3.1)

Begusarai 2.8 11049 13100 12074 (2.5) 76217 84600 80408 (4.1) 20517 24760 22639 (3.2)
Munger 1.3 4596 5366 4981 (1) 14872 16151 15511 (0.8) 12340 13527 12933 (1.8)
Sheikhpura 0.6 1757 2081 1919 (0.4) 11320 12889 12104 (0.6) 2870 3468 3169 (0.4)
Lakhisarai 1 2186 2634 2410 (0.5) 18021 18171 18096 (0.9) 5002 5688 5345 (0.7)
Jamui 1.7 4170 5097 4634 (0.9) 18946 21847 20396 (1.0) 5593 7062 6327 (0.9)
Khagaria 1.6 4163 4898 4530 (0.9) 30547 32864 31705 (1.6) 6184 7516 6850 (1.0)

Bhagalpur 2.9 11895 14421 13158 (2.7) 61020 73017 67019 (3.4) 21467 24365 22916 (3.2)
Banka 2 4292 5528 4910 (1) 20203 24931 22567 (1.2) 6510 7412 6961 (1.0)

Saharsa 1.8 6136 7293 6714 (1.4) 26086 29661 27874 (1.4) 8748 9993 9371 (1.3)
Supaul 2.1 6934 11774 9354 (1.9) 26732 38845 32789 (1.7) 6675 8074 7375 (1.0)
Madhepura 1.9 6880 8157 7519 (1.5) 29795 32169 30982 (1.6) 8113 8919 8516 (1.2)

Purnea 3.2 13836 16661 15248 (3.1) 75203 81706 78455 (4.0) 13231 14630 13930 (1.9)
Kishanganj 1.6 6706 8665 7686 (1.6) 20274 23440 21857 (1.1) 5033 5713 5373 (0.7)
Araria 2.7 10766 17568 14167 (2.9) 51283 65489 58386 (3.0) 8922 10335 9629 (1.3)
Katihar 3 9956 11526 10741 (2.2) 39231 42054 40642 (2.1) 11809 13437 12623 (1.8)

Bihar 100 431902 544924 488413 (100) 1821893 2081674 1951784 (100) 665884 768953 717418 (100)
Note : Figures in the parenthesis present percent share of Bihar
Source : Indian Oil Corporation
18
 Table A 1.9 : District-wise Small Savings in Post Offices and Public Provident Fund

(Rs. crore)
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Trinium
Average
Share of Share of
of
District popula- Achive- Achive- Achive- Achieve- Achieve-
tion Target Target Target ments (%)
ment ment ment ments
(2013-16)
Patna 5.6 96 210 175 301 300 466 326 14.8
Nalanda 2.8 66 126 115 152 180 249 176 8.0
Bhojpur 2.6 73 156 140 153 200 176 162 7.3
Buxar 1.6 20 37 30 51 50 79 56 2.5
Rohtas 2.9 23 32 34 47 60 116 65 3.0
Kaimur 1.6 10 15 15 20 24 45 27 1.2
Gaya 4.2 30 29 25 41 70 73 48 2.2
Jehanabad 1.1 10 18 15 17 24 35 23 1.1
Arwal 0.7 8 12 10 11 16 19 14 0.6
Nawada 2.1 48 70 67 93 105 107 90 4.1
Aurangabad 2.4 15 12 10 19 25 64 32 1.4
Saran 3.8 84 147 140 170 190 241 186 8.4
Siwan 3.2 50 59 50 71 90 127 86 3.9
Gopalganj 2.5 40 69 62 76 85 97 81 3.7
E. Champaran 3.8 23 30 25 39 45 58 42 1.9
W. Champaran 4.9 20 27 25 27 40 42 32 1.4
Muzaffarpur 4.6 47 54 48 65 80 94 71 3.2
Sitamarhi 3.3 8 15 12 19 30 39 24 1.1
Sheohar 0.6 2 4 3 5 5 9 6 0.3
Vaishali 3.4 40 78 65 72 100 98 83 3.8
Darbhanga 3.8 39 62 58 65 90 100 76 3.4
Madhubai 4.3 26 42 39 52 62 69 54 2.5
Samastipur 4.1 23 58 50 47 75 81 62 2.8
Begusarai 2.8 26 39 35 40 55 51 43 2.0
Munger 1.3 18 31 27 26 40 67 41 1.9
Sheikhpura 0.6 6 10 9 7 12 22 13 0.6
Lakhisarai 1 6 10 9 7 15 22 13 0.6
Jamui 1.7 10 22 15 21 24 23 22 1.0
Khagaria 1.6 6 9 7 9 15 13 10 0.5
Bhagalpur 2.9 49 75 70 67 100 94 79 3.6
Banka 2 3 10 5 9 12 21 13 0.6
Saharsa 1.8 14 29 23 36 37 35 33 1.5
Supaul 2.1 11 21 17 27 27 29 26 1.2
Madhepura 1.9 11 22 17 27 27 25 25 1.1
Purnea 3.2 16 23 20 16 35 31 23 1.1
Kishanganj 1.6 4 8 6 7 10 8 8 0.3
Araria 2.7 6 9 7 6 10 10 8 0.4
Katihar 3 13 27 20 23 35 25 25 1.1
Bihar 100 1000 1707 1500 1941 2400 2957 2202 100.0
Source: Department of Finance, GOB

_______________

19
 CHAPTER II
STATE FINANCES

The fiscal year 2016-17 was marked by many important developments initiated by the central
government which will have substantial impact on the finances of the state government. The
most important of these have been the enactment of the 122nd Constitution Amendment Act
providing for the introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) all over India. This will
subsume most of the indirect taxes presently being collected by the central and state
governments. The GST will subsume central indirect taxes like excise duty, countervailing duty
and service tax, as also most of the state indirect taxes. The final consumer will bear only the
GST charged by the last dealer in the supply chain, with set-off benefits at all the previous
stages. As a measure of support for the states, petroleum products, alcohol for human
consumption and tobacco have been kept out of the purview of the GST. The excise from the
sale of alcohol does not of course affect Bihar which has already imposed total prohibition in the
state for larger considerations of social good.

The GST is a destination based tax, and it will have three components central GST (CGST),
state GST (SGST) and GST on inter-state trade or commerce (IGST). The IGST would be
collected by the central government and would be divided between the centre and the states in a
manner to be decided by the Parliament, on the recommendations of the GST Council. The
Council will comprise the Union Finance Minister as Chairman, the Union Minister of State of
Finance and the Finance Ministers of every state. The Act also proposes an additional tax not
exceeding 1 percent on inter-state trade in goods, to be levied and collected by the central
government to compensate the states for losses to them resulting from the implementation of
GST. The GST Council is presently busy finalizing the drafts of three bills to be passed by
Parliament, viz., (i) Model GST Bill, dealing with central and state GST, (ii) IGST Bill dealing
with inter-state trade and (iii) GST (Compensation to the States for Loss of Revenue) Bill, all of
which have already been released in the public domain.

For the purpose of compensation to the states, the projected annual growth rate of revenue for a
state during the transition period shall be 14 percent, taking 2015-16 as the base year. The base
year revenue for a state shall be the sum of the revenue collected by the state government and
local bodies on account of the taxes, net of refunds, with respect to the following taxes :

(a) VAT, sales tax, purchase tax, tax collected on works contract, or any other tax levied by the
concerned state under the erstwhile Entry 54 of the State List;
20
(b) Central Sales Tax (CST) levied by the Central Sales Tax Act, 1956;

(c) Entry tax, octroi, local body tax or any other tax levied by the concerned state under the
erstwhile Entry 52 of the State List;

(d) Taxes on luxuries, including taxes on entertainments, amusements, betting and gambling or
any other tax levied by the concerned state under the erstwhile Entry 62 of the State List;

(e) Taxes on advertisement or any other tax levied by the concerned state under the erstwhile
Entry 55 of the State List;

(f) Duties of excise on medicinal and toilet preparations levied by the Union (under the
erstwhile Article 268 of the Constitution), but collected and retained by the concerned state
under the erstwhile State List and

(g) Any cess or surcharge levied by the state government under any Act.

The State List mentioned above refers to the one, prior to the 101st Amendment Act, 2016. Of
the taxes mentioned above, the Department of Commercial Taxes in Bihar collects VAT, CST,
Entry Tax, Entertainment Tax, Luxury Tax, and Taxes on Advertisement. The total collection
from these taxes during 2014-15 and 2015-16 were respectively Rs 13,150 crore and Rs 17,015
crore, including the excise duty on alcohol, abolished in January, 2016. The GST is to be rolled
out mandatorily by September 15, 2017, after which the current taxation powers of the central
and the state governments will cease to apply. With the introduction of GST, the framework for
federal financial relation is now poised for substantial change. It is too early to predict now what
effect it will have on the finance of a poor state like Bihar, especially because the GST Council is
still busy finalizing the modalities for the three tier tax regime.

The second most important development has been the demonetization of higher denomination
notes which is expected to have severe impact on the economic activities of the states, at least in
the short term, affecting their economic growth. Again, what impact it will have on the revenue
and GSDP of a poor state like Bihar is yet to be seen.

Another important development in public finance was the abolition of the artificial distinction
between plan and non-plan expenditure with effect from the next fiscal. It is a belated
recognition of the fact that both are equally important for the development of the states. This is a
welcome development after the abolition of the direct off-budget transfers in respect of the
Centrally Sponsored Schemes which upholds the spirit of financial federalism in the country.

As regards state finances in Bihar, the state government had passed the Bihar Fiscal
Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act in February 2006, committing itself to,
among others, keeping the Gross Fiscal Deficit (GFD) to a level of less than 3 percent of GSDP.
21
This in general limited the scope for state government to borrow more and invest in capital
assets. The Fourteenth Finance Commissions recommendations, however, have allowed a little
flexibility to all states in this respect. The state governments will now be eligible for flexibility of
0.25 percent over and above the limit of 3 percent for any given year, provided their debt-GSDP
ratio is less than or equal to 25 percent in the preceding year. The state governments will be
further eligible for an additional borrowing limit of 0.25 percent of GSDP in a given year,
provided the interest payments are less than or equal to 10 percent of the revenue receipts in the
preceding year. Thus, a state government can have a GFD which is within the limit of 3.5 percent
of GSDP. However, this higher limit for the borrowing under either of the two options will be
available to a state government, only if there is no revenue deficit in the year of borrowing and in
the preceding year.

The development effort in an economically disadvantaged state like Bihar hinges greatly on the
proper management of its finances. Such management generates future optimism by
strengthening the governments capacity for policy implementation. In this direction, the state
government has already made some significant progress by improving the quality of expenditure
and increasing the revenue, including the revenues from its own sources. The capital outlay has
continuously increased for the much-needed investments in infrastructure. The delivery of public
services and goods have significantly improved, and the economic growth rate in Bihar has
surpassed the national growth rate during the recent years. Significant increases in social sector
spending had led to improvement in the quality of life, as reflected by most socio-economic
indicators. The poverty scenario has also been improving, especially in the rural areas.

2.1 Overview of Financial Position

The financial and fiscal performance of the state government have been analysed in the
following sections, first by summarizing its receipts and expenditures (Table 2.1), and then by
comparing the trends in eight major performance indicators relating to Bihar and other major
Indian states (Table 2.2). The actual figures have been used for the period 2011-12 to 2015-16,
taken from the Finance Accounts of the state; for 2016-17, the budget estimates have been used.
For other states, however, actual figures have been used only for 2014-15, while Revised
Estimates (RE) and Budget Estimates (BE) have been used for 2015-16 and 2016-17
respectively. The finances of the state government have been later analysed with reference to
(i) Fiscal Performance, (ii) Deficit Management, (iii) Debt Management, (iv) Resource
Management, (v) Expenditure Management, (vi) State Budget, and (vii) Overview of the
performance of State Public Sector Undertakings.

Ever since 2004-05 when a modest revenue surplus of only Rs 1076 crore could be generated,
Bihar has consistently been a revenue surplus state. The revenue surplus has increased from Rs

22
4820 crore in 2011-12 to Rs 12,507 crore in 2015-16, the highest so far, exceeding the budgetary
expectations of Rs 14,649 crore. This has allowed the state government to increase its capital
spending by more than Rs 5800 crore during the year. This has also allowed the state
government to limit its Gross Fiscal Deficit to only 2.9 percent of new estimate of GSDP
(2011-12 series), well within the FRBMA limits. If one uses the old estimate of GSDP (2004-05
series), then the ratio is even lower at 2.4 percent. Nearly half of the increased capital outlay of
Rs. 23,966 crore was financed by the revenue surplus. The budget estimates of 2016-17 has
projected the revenue surplus to increase further to Rs 14,649 crore.

The primary accounts of the state finances, however, reflects a deficit which has steeply
increased till 2014-15, but thereafter, it decreased marginally from Rs 5050 crore in 2014-15 to
Rs 4964 crore in 2015-16. It is projected to rise steeply to Rs 7835 crore in 2016-17, due to
higher increase in capital outlay. While the revenue receipts increased by Rs 17,706 crore during
2015-16 over the previous year to reach at a peak of Rs 96,123 crore, the revenue expenditure
went up by Rs 11,046 crore to Rs 83,616 crore. It was the increases in development expenditure
(Rs 9,540 crore) that accounted for 67 percent of the increase in revenue expenditure. The 23
percent growth in the revenue receipts witnessed during 2015-16 was the highest revenue growth
witnessed so far, and the increases came almost entirely (94 percent) from an unprecedented 29
percent growth in total tax revenues, by Rs 16,659 crore. Even the own revenues of the state
government registered a high growth of 23 percent. The revenue growth was somewhat subdued
in the previous years due to the stagnation in the growth in the tax receipts, a consequence of
judicial order for VAT collection. The central grants had predictably increased by Rs 6562 crore
just after the recommendations of the Fourteenth Finance Commission to Rs 19,146 crore in
2014-15. In 2015-16, it increased only marginally to Rs 19,566 crore. The non-tax revenue in
2015-16 has registered a healthy increase by Rs 628 crore, after stagnating at Rs 1558 crore in
the previous year. In the current fiscal, both the tax revenue as well as the central grants are
expected to increase substantially by Rs 13,718 crore and Rs 14,577 crore respectively.

The Gross Fiscal Deficit has increased by only Rs 883 crore in 2015-16, compared to the
increase of Rs 2827 crore in the previous year, reflecting the states resolve to maintain fiscal
discipline. It is projected to increase to Rs 16,014 crore in the current fiscal due to substantial
increases in capital outlay and social sector expenditure. Total borrowings during 2015-16
increased by Rs 4465 crore, amounting to Rs 18,383 crore, while interest payments went up by
Rs 969 crore, amounting to Rs 7098 crore. The debt level increased to 21.5 percent of the GSDP
during 2015-16, from 19.9 percent in the previous year. It is expected to increase further to 22.5
percent during the current fiscal. The trend and summary of state finances during the six-year
period (2011-17) is shown in Table 2.1.

23
 Table 2.1 : Receipts and Expenditure
(Rs. crore)
Sl. 2016-17
Item 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
No. BE
1 Total Receipts Revenue Account 51320 59567 68919 78417 96123 124590
a Tax Revenue 40547 48153 54790 57713 74372 88090
b Non Tax Revenue 890 1135 1545 1558 2186 2358
c Grants in Aid and Contributions 9883 10278 12584 19146 19566 34142
2 Total Exp. Revenue Account 46500 54466 62477 72570 83616 109941
a General Services, of which 17730 18645 22018 26408 27972 36185
Interest Payments 4304 4428 5459 6129 7098 8179
b Social Services 18729 23107 26395 31713 35943 47147
c Economic Services 10038 12710 14060 14445 19696 26605
d Grants-in-aid 3 4 4 4 4 5
3 Revenue Deficit -4820 -5101 -6441 -5847 -12507 -14649
4 Capital Receipts 6650 9579 9922 15411 18402 21272
a Public Debt etc. 6628 9554 9907 13918 18383 21255
b Recovery of Loan and Advances 23 25 15 1493 19 17
5 Capital Expenditure, of which 13682 14740 17928 22128 28712 34755
a Capital Outlay 8852 9585 14001 18150 23966 30107
b Loans and Advances 1906 2086 807 369 621 574
c Public Debt. 2922 3070 3120 3609 4125 4074
6 Total Expenditure 60182 69207 80405 94698 112328 144696
a Plan Expenditure 23008 28381 33678 43939 53732 72419
b Non Plan Expenditure 37174 40825 46728 50759 58596 72277
7 Gross Fiscal Deficit 5915 6545 8352 11179 12062 16014
8 Primary Deficit 1611 2117 2893 5050 4964 7835
9 Total Borrowings 6628 9554 9907 13918 18383 21255
a Internal Debt Receipt 5801 9046 9357 13199 17565 19299
b Loans from Central Government 827 508 550 718 818 1956
10 Repayment of Public Debt 2922 3070 3120 3609 4125 4074
11 Public Debt Outstanding 50990 57474 64262 74570 88829 106009
12 GSDP 247144 282368 317101 373920 413503 471391
As percentage of GSDP
1 Total Receipts Revenue Account 20.8 21.1 21.7 21.0 23.2 26.4
a Tax Revenue 16.4 17.1 17.3 15.4 18.0 18.7
b Non Tax Revenue 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5
c Grants in aid and contr. 4.0 3.6 4.0 5.1 4.7 7.2
2 Total Exp. Revenue Account 18.8 19.3 19.7 19.4 20.2 23.3
a General Services, of which 7.2 6.6 6.9 7.1 6.8 7.7
Interest payments 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7
b Social Services 7.6 8.2 8.3 8.5 8.7 10.0
c Economic Services 4.1 4.5 4.4 3.9 4.8 5.6
d Grants-in-aid 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 Revenue Deficit -2.0 -1.8 -2.0 -1.6 -3.0 -3.1
4 Capital Receipts 2.7 3.4 3.1 4.1 4.5 4.5
a Public Debt etc. 2.7 3.4 3.1 3.7 4.4 4.5
b Recovery of Loan and Advances 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0
5 Capital Expenditure, of which 5.5 5.2 5.7 5.9 6.9 7.4
a Capital Outlay 3.6 3.4 4.4 4.9 5.8 6.4
b Loans and Advances 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1
c Public Debt. 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9
6 Total Expenditure 24.4 24.5 25.4 25.3 27.2 30.7
a Plan Expenditure 9.3 10.1 10.6 11.8 13.0 15.4
b Non Plan Expenditure 15.0 14.5 14.7 13.6 14.2 15.3
7 Gross Fiscal Deficit 2.4 2.3 2.6 3.0 2.9 3.4
8 Primary Deficit 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.7
9 Total Borrowing 2.7 3.4 3.1 3.7 4.4 4.5
a Internal Debt Receipt 2.3 3.2 3.0 3.5 4.2 4.1
b Loans from Central Government 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4
10 Repayment of Public Debt 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9
11 Debt Outstanding 20.6 20.4 20.3 19.9 21.5 22.5
Source : State Government Budgets
24
Revenue Account
As pointed out already, in 2015-16 budgets estimates, Bihars revenue surplus was projected to
increase to Rs 14,649 crore, more than double the amount of Rs 5847 crore registered in the
previous year; but, it actually increased to Rs 12,507 crore. The revenue receipts increased by Rs
17,706 crore, of which Rs 16,659 crore (94 percent) came from increases in tax revenues alone.
The central grants increased by only Rs 420 crore and non-tax revenues by Rs 628 crore. Within
the broad head of tax revenue, own tax revenue of the state government increased by only Rs
4699 crore (28 percent of increase) and most of the increase (72 percent) came from increase in
the states share of central taxes by Rs 11,960 crore. These increases were much higher
compared to the previous year, when the increases in states own revenue was Rs. 789 crore and
increase in its share of central taxes was Rs 2134 crore. Further, in 2015-16, contribution of the
states own revenues to the growth of overall revenues was much higher, compared to the
previous year, restoring the trend that was broken in the last year. The growth rate of the own
revenues of the state government, tax plus non-tax, improved substantially to 22 percent during
2015-16, from 18 percent in the year before. The own revenue of the state government
constituted 29 percent of its total revenue receipts, compared to 28 percent in the previous year.
The share of central taxes accounted for 51 percent of the total revenue receipts in 2015-16 (47
percent in 2014-15) and central grants constituted the remaining 20 percent of the total revenues
(24 percent in 2014-15).

The revenue expenditure in 2015-16 increased by Rs 11,046 crore over that in 2014-15, of which
social services accounted for Rs 4230 crore (38 percent), economic services for Rs 5251 crore
(48 percent), and the general services for Rs. 4564 crore (14 percent). The corresponding figures
in the previous year stood at 53 percent, 4 percent and 43 percent respectively. The most
remarkable was the significant increase in economic services during 2015-16, which reflects the
state governments determination to maintain the standards of economic assets created within the
state. As regards their respective shares in the total revenue expenditure, social services claimed
43 percent, economic services 24 percent and general services 33 percent. Of the increase in
general services by Rs 1564 crore during 2015-16, interest payment alone accounted for an
additional expenditure of Rs 969 crore, compared to an increase of Rs 670 crore in 2014-15.
Pension payments accounted for another Rs 505 crore. Thus, these two heads together claimed
94 percent of the total increase in general services during 2015-16. The pension liability of the
state government has increased rapidly over the years, from only Rs 7808 crore in 2011-12 to Rs
11,850 crore in 2015-16, increasing annually at about 11 percent. The salary payments to the
state government employees also accounted for increases in revenue expenditure by Rs 317 crore
in 2015-16, compared to an increase of Rs 570 crore in 2014-15. During 2015-16, salary
payments amounted to Rs 14,924 crore. The salary and pension expenditure of the state
government will be discussed in details later in this chapter.

25
The budget estimates of 2016-17 aimed at substantially higher levels of revenue expenditure as
well as capital outlay, to be financed by much higher revenue collection as well as substantially
higher devolution of central taxes and grants. The total expenditure during 2016-17, revenue plus
capital, was budgeted to be Rs 1,44,696 crore, compared to actual expenditure of Rs 1,12,328
crore in 2015-16, an increase of 29 percent. The actual increase in total expenditure was about 19
percent last year.

Chart 2.1 : Revenue Accounts of Bihar Government (Rs. crore)

140000
Total Receipts Revenue Account
120000 Tax Revenue
Non Tax Revenue
100000
Grants in Aid and Contributions
80000 Total Exp. Revenue Account

60000

40000

20000

0
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 BE

Developmental Revenue Expenditure and Capital Outlay

The developmental revenue expenditure on social and economic services increased by Rs 9481
crore in 2015-16, over that in the last fiscal. Between 2011-12 and 2015-16, the developmental
revenue expenditure increased almost two-folds from Rs. 28,767 crore to Rs. 55,639 crore, while
the non-developmental revenue expenditure grew at a slower rate, rising from Rs. 17,730 crore
to Rs. 27,972 crore, bulk of it owing to pension as well as interest payments. Of the total capital
outlay of Rs 23,966 crore in 2015-16, as much as Rs 17,609 crore (73 percent) was spent on
economic services, almost 25 percent of it (Rs 4417crore) on creating the transport infrastructure
of roads and bridges, Rs 2794 crore (16 percent) on power, and nearly 10 percent (Rs 1685
crore) on irrigation and flood control. The capital outlay on social services amounted to Rs 2740
crore; out of this, 40 percent (Rs 1091 crore) was spent on creating and improving health
infrastructure, 28 percent (Rs. 773 crore) on improving the water supply and sanitation, and 20
percent (Rs 550 crore) on creating educational infrastructure in the state.

26
The surplus in the revenue account has all along played a substantial role in the growth story of
Bihar. The revenue surplus was achieved primarily due to increase in revenue receipts,
supplemented by the containment of revenue expenditure. Between 2011-12 and 2015-16, the
total revenue receipts of the state government increased at an annual rate of 17 percent, while its
revenue expenditure increased at a slightly less annual rate of 16 percent. The sustained
phenomenon of revenue surplus had enabled the state government to increase its capital outlay
continuously since 2011-12.

The total development expenditure of the state government including capital outlay, stood at Rs
78,077 crore in 2015-16, about 70 percent of the total expenditure, compared to 68 percent in
2014-15. The state government is committed to maintain a high growth rate in development
expenditure, both in revenue and capital account; this is also reflected in the budget estimates of
2016-17, where it has been projected to rise to Rs 1,03,859 crore, 30 percent higher than in the
previous year. The expenditure on non-developmental general services stood at Rs 27,972 crore
in 2015-16, compared to Rs 26,408 crore in 2014-15, implying an increase of only 6 percent. As
already indicated, the rise in non-developmental expenditure was due mainly to the increases in
pension and interest payments.

The beginning of the reform process in public finances in Bihar had started in 2006-07, when
capital outlay was increased substantially to Rs 5211 crore from a meagre Rs 2084 crore in the
previous year. The state government has kept this focus on investing in capital assets in every
budget since 2006-07, which translated into a higher growth for the state's economy because of
its multiplier effect. During the Eleventh Plan period, the GSDP of Bihar at current prices had
grown annually at 20.7 percent, compared to the nations GDP growth rate at 15.6 percent,
making the state one of the fastest growing ones in the country. This growth rate was also much
higher than that during the Tenth Plan period (12.0 percent). During the last five years, 2011-12
to 2015-16, capital outlay grew annually at 28 percent and the total developmental expenditure
grew at 21 percent. The capital outlay of Bihar constituted 5.8 percent of its GSDP in 2015-16,
compared to 4.9 percent in 2014-15 and only 3.6 percent in 2011-12. It accounted for 21 percent
of total expenditure made by the state government in 2015-16, compared to 19 percent in the
previous year. In 2011-12, this share was 15 percent. The state government is aware that there is
an urgent need to increase capital expenditure further. Thus, in the budget estimates of 2016-17,
capital outlay has been projected to rise by nearly 26 percent, when it would account for 6.4
percent of the state GSDP.

27
 Chart 2.2 : Capital Accounts of Bihar Government (Rs. crore)

40000

35000
Capital Receipts
30000
Capital Expenditure
25000 Capital Outlay
20000

15000

10000

5000

0
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 BE

Resource Mobilisation
The total tax revenue of the state government has increased from Rs. 40,547 crore in 2011-12 to
Rs 96,123 crore in 2015-16, growing annually at 16 percent. The own tax revenue of the state
government grew from Rs 12,612 crore to Rs 25,449 crore during this period, implying a much
higher annual growth rate of 19 percent. The growth in own tax revenues has picked up in recent
years and, except for 2014-15, the growth has been well above 20 percent during the entire
period; in 2012-13, it grew by as much as 29 percent over the previous year. It is expected to
rise by a little lower rate of 17 percent to Rs 29,730 crore during the current fiscal. The total tax
revenue of the state government also registered an increase of 22 percent in 2015-16 over the
previous year. During the five-year period from 2011-12 to 2015-16, the transfers to the state
government from the divisible pool of central taxes grew annually at 15 percent, while central
grants recorded an annual growth rate of 19 percent.

In contrast to the growth in tax revenue, the receipts under non-tax revenue has been fluctuating.
It has actually been on the decline since 2009-10 when it was Rs 1670 crore. Till 2009-10, it was
boosted by the debt relief available to the state government from the central government, as
recommended by the Twelfth Finance Commission; but it was not available afterwards. In 2014-
15, it stood at Rs. 1558 crore, increasing by only a meagre Rs 13 crore over the previous year.
However, in 2015-16, it has registered substantial increase by Rs 628 crore mainly on account of
higher interest receipts, receipts from non-ferrous mining and metallurgical industries and other
non-tax revenues. It was, however, much lower than the projection of Rs 3396 crore in the
budget estimates for 2015-16, as the expected transfer from the Government of Jharkhand as
Contributions and Recoveries for Pension etc. did not materialize. The Contributions and

28
Recoveries for Pension etc. was a legacy of the division of the erstwhile composite state of
Bihar.

The Own Tax: GSDP ratio in Bihar has been much below than that of other states, although
during the five-year period 2011-12 to 2015-16, it had improved from 5.1 percent to 6.2 percent.
But, there still remains a large untapped potential for further increasing the state government's
own tax revenue. In the budget estimates of 2016-17, states own tax revenue receipts are
estimated to be Rs 29,730 crore, an increase of 17 percent over the level achieved in 2015-16. Of
the total revenue to be realized in 2016-17, state's own revenues are projected to constitute nearly
26 percent.

Outstanding Public Debt

The public debt of the state government comprises only two elements internal debt raised by
the state government from the market (including financial institutions) and the loans taken from
the central government. The second component has been falling as a consequence of the
recommendations made by the Twelfth Finance Commission. The state government also acts as a
trustee in respect of certain items in the public account which constitute the other liabilities
discussed later.

The state government had an outstanding public debt of Rs. 50,990 crore in 2011-12, equaling
20.6 percent of its GSDP. In 2015-16, the outstanding debt increased to Rs. 88,829 crore, and the
Debt: GSDP ratio increased to 21.5 percent, well below the limit of 25 percent, specified by the
Fourteenth Finance Commission. The ratio of interest payment to revenue receipts was at 9.3
percent in 2011-12, which got reduced to 8.5 percent in 2015-16, again well below the upper
limit of 10 percent, recommended by the Fourteenth Finance Commission. Thus, both conditions
having been satisfied in addition to Bihar being a revenue surplus state for years together, the
state government is eligible for an additional half percent fiscal deficit over and above its
FRBMA target of 3 percent during the current fiscal; the budget estimates in fact indicates the
fiscal deficit as 3.4 percent of new estimate of GSDP (2011-12 series). This also clearly indicates
that the debt problem is well under the control of the state government.

The debt servicing payments rose from Rs 7226 crore to Rs 11,223 crore between 2011-12 and
2015-16. The interest payments accounted for Rs 4304 crore (60 percent of debt service
payments) in 2011-12 and Rs 7098 crore (63 percent of debt service payments) in 2015-16. The
repayment of principal increased from Rs 2922 crore to Rs 4125 crore during the same period. In
2016-17, the outstanding public debt is projected to rise to Rs 1,06,009 crore (22.5 percent of
GSDP) and debt servicing payments are expected to rise to Rs 12,253 crore as per the budget
estimates.

29
The structure of debt has undergone a significant change since 2002-03. This occurred first by
swapping of the high-cost central government loans with low-cost market loans and then, as a
result of the recommendations of the Twelfth Finance Commission, by consolidation and
rescheduling of all central government loans for payment over a 20-year period at 7.5 percent
rate of interest. The Commission also recommended that, if the state governments want to raise
loans, they should get it from the market and the central governments help should be limited to
only grants. As a result, the proportion of central government loans diminished substantially
since then. During the period 2011-12 to 2013-14, the central loans declined from Rs 827 crore
to Rs 550 crore, but increased to Rs 818 crore during 2015-16. The share of central loans, availed
only for states plan schemes, in the total public debt receipts had declined significantly from
12.5 percent to 4.4 percent between 2011-12 and 2015-16.

For the treatment of debt liabilities, a new approach was adopted in 2012-13 when, unlike in the
past, the net receipts from Small Savings, Provident Fund and other accounts were included in
the total debt liabilities of the state government. However, the new Indian Government
Accounting Standard (IGAS) 10 has introduced a distinction between the receipts of debt into the
Consolidated Fund and the liabilities that accrue to the state government automatically by virtue
of its Public Account. Though the standard has not yet been formally adopted and is not free
from contradictions, it has redefined the outstanding liabilities of the state government. Earlier,
the total debt of the state government comprised its internal debt, loans from the central
government, and loans from small savings and provident fund account. While the first two are
part of the borrowings against the Consolidated Fund, the small savings and provident fund
account share is maintained in its Public Account. As per the new accounting standard, public
debt now comprises the borrowings from the Consolidated Fund only, while the three major
public account balances constitute the Other Liabilities of the state government, since they all
stand merged into the cash balance of the state government. The Other Liabilities include
Provident Fund and Other Accounts, Reserve Funds, and Deposits and Advances. The accounts
of the state government are already reflecting this new classification of public debt and other
liabilities, and the same classification will be followed in the Economic Surveys from now on. It
may be mentioned that public accounts create a lot of distortions in the government financial
system and there is a need to deal with it at a structural level.

The Small Saving schemes have always been an important component of household savings in
India. Following the Report of the Committee on Small Savings in February 1999, a 'National
Small Savings Fund' (NSSF) was established in the Public Account of India with effect from
April, 1999. All deposits under small savings schemes are credited to NSSF and all withdrawals
by the depositors are made out of accumulations in the Fund. The NSSF invests the net
collections of small savings in the Special State Government Securities (SSGS), as per the
sharing formula decided by the central government. The loans from NSSF outstanding against

30
the state government at the end of 2015-16 amounted to Rs 24,932 crore, as against Rs 22,907
crore in 2014-15. During 2015-16, the state government had availed loans against special
securities issued to NSSF, amounting to Rs 3307 crore, as compared to Rs. 3945 crore in
2014-15. The Fourteenth Finance Commission recommended to exclude the states from the
operations of the NSSF scheme and recommended that the involvement of the state governments
in the NSSF scheme may be limited only for the purpose of discharging the debt obligations
already incurred by them until that date. To that effect, the Union Finance ministry had asked all
state governments to give their opinions on these recommendations. Bihar has preferred to opt
out of the NSSF loans.

The year 2006-07, being the year of the enactment of FRBM legislation, also marked the
beginning of fiscal discipline in Bihar, as seen in the containment of its Gross Fiscal Deficit
(GFD) within the FRBM Act limits of 3 percent of GSDP. The GFD: GSDP ratio of Bihar was
brought down to 2.92 percent in 2006-07 from 4.43 percent in the previous year. It was,
thereafter, kept well within the 3 percent limit in all the subsequent years, barring 2009-10 when
it was just marginally higher at 3.2 percent of GSDP. It necessitated an amendment to the FRBM
Act that was reversed the very next year. This was basically a consequence of the economic
meltdown in 2008-09. In 2015-16, the ratio of GFD to GSDP stood at 2.9 percent and is
estimated to go beyond 3 percent as per budget estimates of 2016-17 (3.4 percent) which, as
explained earlier, would still be within the additional limit of 0.5 percent, offered by the
Fourteenth Finance Commission recommendations. In absolute terms, the GFD increased from
Rs 5915 crore in 2011-12 to Rs 12,062 crore in 2015-16. It is estimated to rise substantially to Rs
16,014 crore as per the budget estimates of 2016-17. Summing up, it can be said that the
financial consolidation process in Bihar was on track in 2015-16, which needs to be strengthened
further.

2.2 Fiscal Performance

For analyzing the fiscal performance of the state government during three years (2014-15 to
2016-17), the present analysis has used the following 8 indicators (i) Ratio of Revenue Deficit
to GFD, (ii) Ratio of Capital Outlay to GFD, (iii) Ratio of Non-Development Revenue
Expenditure to Aggregate Disbursement, (iv) Ratio of Non-Development Revenue Expenditure
to Revenue Receipt, (v) Ratio of Interest Payment to Revenue Expenditure, (vi) Ratio of States
Own Revenue to Revenue Expenditure, (vii) Ratio of Gross Transfer from Central Government
to Aggregate Disbursement, and (viii) Ratio of Debt Servicing Expenditure to Gross Transfers
from Central Government.

(i) Ratio of Revenue Surplus to GFD : This ratio indicates the extent to which revenue surplus
contributes to GFD. Ideally, the revenue account should leave a surplus for the creation of
capital assets. As noted already, there were substantial surpluses in the revenue account of

31
 state government for the last three years, enabling it to increase its capital expenditure
continuously. The revenue surplus of Bihar constituted 88 percent of GFD in 2015-16, a
steep rise from 52 percent in 2014-15. Thanks to the recommendations of the Twelfth
Finance Commission, most major states in the country today are revenue surplus states.
During the last three years, among 17 major states, other than Bihar, 5 other states
(Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Karnataka) have consistently maintained
reasonable surpluses in their revenue accounts. The remaining states have failed to generate
revenue surplus continuously.

(ii) Ratio of Capital Outlay to GFD : As an obvious consequence of the improvements in its
revenue accounts, Bihar has had a high capital outlay during the last three years. In 2014-
15, the capital outlay was nearly 1.6 times its GFD; this increased to 1.8 times in 2015-16.
In 2016-17, the ratio is expected to increase further to 1.9. Among the major states, those
which could register a similar high level of capital outlay are Jharkhand, Odisha, Uttar
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat and Chhattisgarh.

(iii) Ratio of Non-Development Revenue Expenditure to Aggregate Disbursements: The non-

development expenditure, incurred mainly for administrative or general services, should
preferably be a small part of the total expenditure. In Bihar, non-developmental revenue
expenditure constituted only 31 percent of the total expenditure in 2015-16. In 2015-16, in
five states, this ratio was more than 30 percent Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Kerala, Tamil
Nadu and Himachal Pradesh. On the other hand, the ratio was below 20 percent in only
Chhattisgarh.

(iv) Ratio of Non-Development Revenue Expenditure to Revenue Receipts : This ratio

indicates the extent to which the state government's revenue receipts could not be utilized
for developmental purposes. In Bihar, the non-developmental revenue expenditure
consumed 33 percent of total revenue receipts in 2014-15 and, in 2015-16, this ratio was
brought down to 29 percent. In 2016-17 also, this ratio is projected to remain almost the
same. While West Bengal, Punjab and Tamil Nadu had this ratio at higher than 40 percent,
Kerala consistently had a very high ratio around 60 percent. The ratio was less than 30
percent for Jharkhand, Odisha, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh in 2015-16.

(v) Ratio of Interest Payment to Revenue Expenditure: Interest payments constitute a perennial
burden on governments' finances in most of the states, because of their high indebtedness.
For Bihar, however, interest payments have been consuming progressively lesser
proportion of the revenue expenditure since 2004-05. In 2014-15, it was 10 percent and it
decreased to 8.5 percent in 2015-16, and is expected to come down further to 8.0 percent in
the current fiscal. Except Jharkhand, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka

32
 and Chhattisgarh, all other states had this ratio above 10 percent in 2015-16, the highest
being 20 percent for West Bengal.

(vi) Ratios of States Own Revenue to Revenue Expenditure : The ratio of the states own
revenue to its total revenue expenditure indicates the self-sufficiency of the state
government vis--vis its revenue expenditure needs. In 2007-08, own tax and non-tax
revenue receipts of Bihar together covered barely 24 percent of its total revenue
expenditure. The ratio has improved since then, reaching the peak of nearly 38 percent in
2015-16. But it is still a long way from attaining the desired level of financial self-
sufficiency. The position of all other major states is far better on this count. There are ten
states whose own revenue meets more than 50 percent of their total revenue expenditure.
The level of self-sufficiency was even higher for Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and
Tamil Nadu, who could finance more than two thirds of their total revenue expenditure
from their own revenues.

(vii) Ratio of Gross Transfers from Central Government to Aggregate Disbursements: This ratio
brings out the state governments dependence on central resources. For Bihar, such
dependence has always been very high. The central transfers always accounted for more
than 60 percent of Bihars total expenditure. However, from the peak of almost 72 percent
in 2007-08, this ratio had decreased to 59 percent in 2015-16. In the budget estimates of
2016-17, however, it is projected to go up to 65 percent. No other major state has had such
a high dependence on the central government transfers. Among other major states, only
Jharkhand, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
had more than 40 percent of their total expenditure financed by the central transfers. Even
if only central grants are considered, since states in any case have a statutory right to the
share of central taxes, it accounted for about 20 and 17 percent of Bihars aggregate
disbursements in 2014-15 and 2015-16 respectively. This is a more appropriate indicator of
state government's dependence on central government.

(viii) Ratio of Debt Servicing to Gross Transfers from Central Government : Till 2003-04, debt
servicing used to consume a very substantial portion of the gross transfers from the central
government to Bihar. However, due to the recommendations of the Twelfth Finance
Commission and better financial management, this ratio has been successfully brought
down from more than 100 percent in 2003-04 to only about 27 percent in 2007-08. It has
declined further to 16 percent in 2015-16. As per the budget estimates of 2016-17, it is
projected to decline even further to 14 percent. The performance of Bihar in this respect is
significantly better than many of the major Indian states. In case of Punjab, Haryana and
Andhra Pradesh, the situation was alarming in 2015-16, since this ratio exceeded 100
percent for these three states, indicating that the entire central transfers was not sufficient to
discharge their existing debt servicing obligations.

33
 Table 2.2 : Major Fiscal Indicators

A. Revenue Deficit : GFD (%) B. Capital Outlay : GFD (%)

State 2016-17 2016-17
2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16
BE BE
Bihar -52.3 -88.2 -91.5 162.4 183.0 188.0
Jharkhand -80.5 -90.8 -124.2 167.4 168.2 195.1
West Bengal 62.7 37.4 0.0 36.1 61.7 99.1
Odisha -107.0 -68.8 -25.3 202.1 167.1 115.3
Uttar Pradesh 22.1 -96.3 -56.4 75.9 190.2 143.9
Madhya Pradesh -55.1 -2.1 -14.1 104.4 82.8 123.4
Rajasthan 16.9 17.4 25.1 84.7 77.6 66.9
Maharashtra 38.1 24.5 10.4 61.3 74.9 88.5
Gujarat -28.7 -16.5 -13.2 131.8 117.4 114.1
Punjab 41.8 53.8 61.0 57.7 40.8 36.7
Haryana 66.0 35.2 48.9 29.5 21.3 35.1
Karnataka -2.7 -4.8 -2.0 100.2 101.2 99.9
Andhra Pradesh 66.4 24.3 23.8 31.5 73.9 75.1
Kerala 99.8 99.7 99.5 0.2 0.3 0.3
Tamil Nadu 8.7 12.9 14.5 83.4 74.4 76.4
Himachal Pradesh 59.0 19.4 -146.9 35.0 72.9 219.2
Chhatisgarh 19.4 -57.8 -62.1 82.0 157.4 160.3

C. Non-Dev. Exp: Agg. D. Non-Dev. Exp: Revenue

Disbursements (%) Receipts (%)
State
2016-17 2016-17
2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16
BE BE
Bihar 32.1 30.5 28.3 33.2 28.6 28.6
Jharkhand 23.1 24.0 22.7 26.7 27.7 25.8
West Bengal 30.4 26.9 27.0 50.1 42.9 39.7
Odisha 23.0 23.0 24.2 26.9 27.2 29.1
Uttar Pradesh 35.7 30.1 29.8 48.2 36.8 36.8
Madhya Pradesh 23.7 24.2 23.2 30.0 30.1 30.8
Rajasthan 23.9 22.0 23.9 30.5 29.5 31.6
Maharashtra 29.5 29.9 31.5 38.0 37.3 38.6
Gujarat 25.1 24.2 26.5 31.9 30.8 34.1
Punjab 30.9 31.9 32.8 50.6 54.7 56.5
Haryana 27.3 20.4 22.7 41.4 35.2 35.5
Karnataka 26.6 25.8 25.1 32.9 31.3 31.4
Andhra Pradesh 20.4 23.7 28.7 29.8 29.8 35.6
Kerala 41.8 39.6 38.6 59.3 59.6 61.6
Tamil Nadu 33.5 32.8 33.1 41.6 41.2 42.3
Himachal Pradesh 24.7 30.5 30.3 46.2 37.6 34.6
Chhatisgarh 21.1 17.7 20.6 26.4 20.3 24.1
34
 E. Interest Payments: Revenue F. State Own Revenue: Revenue
Exp (%) Exp. (%)
State
2016-17 2016-17
2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16
BE BE
Bihar 9.8 8.5 8.0 30.7 37.6 29.2
Jharkhand 6.9 8.0 9.0 42.5 48.5 52.2
West Bengal 20.9 20.3 20.5 39.6 37.8 41.3
Odisha 5.5 6.4 6.2 54.6 47.4 44.4
Uttar Pradesh 16.3 9.8 10.8 62.6 50.6 49.5
Madhya Pradesh 8.6 7.8 8.3 57.0 45.7 47.3
Rajasthan 11.1 10.7 13.3 54.9 51.4 51.0
Maharashtra 13.5 12.6 12.6 71.9 69.9 73.1
Gujarat 17.2 16.3 15.4 81.8 74.7 74.1
Punjab 17.2 18.8 18.5 63.6 63.0 59.1
Haryana 14.1 13.2 13.9 65.7 62.1 64.5
Karnataka 9.1 9.8 10.1 72.3 69.4 69.2
Andhra Pradesh 10.6 10.7 11.3 47.9 53.2 50.6
Kerala 13.6 13.3 13.4 59.3 59.6 61.6
Tamil Nadu 11.6 11.1 11.9 75.6 69.2 71.4
Himachal Pradesh 12.9 11.7 12.8 36.3 34.1 40.2
Chhatisgarh 4.5 4.2 4.9 52.1 55.0 52.1

G. Gross Transfers: Aggregate H. Debt Servicing: Gross

Disbursements (%) Transfers (%)
State
2016-17 2016-17
2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16
BE BE
Bihar 60.0 59.4 65.3 18.9 16.2 13.6
Jharkhand 52.9 49.6 48.5 17.6 20.7 20.9
West Bengal 32.9 38.0 40.8 106.9 95.3 86.7
Odisha 44.4 50.2 49.5 23.4 16.7 12.6
Uttar Pradesh 24.9 46.0 45.2 67.8 30.3 27.1
Madhya Pradesh 38.5 45.2 41.8 27.8 22.4 27.6
Rajasthan 34.5 37.5 37.7 38.3 31.3 36.2
Maharashtra 18.0 21.9 21.3 102.2 66.8 72.7
Gujarat 18.4 22.4 22.2 95.5 75.8 78.6
Punjab 19.1 17.4 19.0 189.6 224.6 205.8
Haryana 14.0 15.4 15.5 174.6 118.6 132.3
Karnataka 23.8 27.0 26.0 46.4 39.7 47.2
Andhra Pradesh 29.3 36.4 38.7 62.4 38.1 35.1
Kerala 17.9 21.4 21.5 174.7 158.9 164.5
Tamil Nadu 20.1 24.1 22.0 65.5 53.6 62.6
Himachal Pradesh 29.8 52.8 55.5 111.7 28.7 31.9
Chhatisgarh 36.5 42.5 45.8 17.9 13.6 14.4
Source : State Governments Budgets

35
Sustainability, Flexibility and Vulnerability of State Finances

The preceding analysis can be extended further to identify the factors that make a state
government financially healthy, allowing for more development activities. For this, it would be
necessary to know whether the means of financing development activities are sustainable, i.e.,
they meet the increased expenditure needs of the state government without substantially adding
to its debt burden. Secondly, it would also be pertinent to examine the flexibility of the means of
financing, either by increasing the revenue or by borrowing. Finally, one should also examine
whether increased expenditure exposes the government to more risks and makes it vulnerable to
the sources of funding. Some of the indicators which measure the sustainability, flexibility and
vulnerability of the state government finances are presented in Table 2.3 and they are discussed
below.

(i) Balance of Current Revenue (BCR) :This is calculated as state government's own revenue
receipts, plus share of central taxes, plus non-plan grants, minus non-plan revenue
expenditure. A positive BCR shows that the state government has surplus funds from its
revenues to meet the development expenditure. Bihar has a substantial positive BCR that
has been increasing for the last six years. It increased from Rs 9987 crore in 2011-12 to
Rs 26,027 crore in 2015-16. This is projected to become Rs 26,984 crore in 2016-17, as
per the budget estimate.

(ii) Interest Ratio : This is calculated as (Interest Payment - Interest Receipt) / (Total
Revenue Interest Receipt). A higher ratio indicates a reduced ability of the state
government to service any fresh debt and meet its revenue expenditure from its revenue
receipts. For Bihar, the ratio has been falling continuously. This ratio was 9.1 percent in
2011-12. As per the budget estimate of 2016-17, it is expected to decrease to 8.6 percent.

(iii) Capital Outlay/Capital Receipts : This ratio indicates the extent to which capital receipts
are utilised for capital formation. A ratio of less than 100 percent would not be
sustainable in the long run, as that would indicate that capital receipts are being utilized
for revenue expenditure. This ratio was at a healthy level of 220 percent in 2006-07, and
373 percent in 2007-08, but declined to 130 percent in 2015-16. However, the ratio is
poised to rise to 142 percent in the current fiscal. Thus, the entire capital receipt of the
state government is presently being used for capital outlay, a part of the latter being
financed by the surplus in the revenue account.

(iv) State's Own Tax Receipts/ GSDP :This is an important indicator of the gap between the
tax receipts of the state government and tax potential. A low ratio also indicates low tax
compliance. For Bihar, the ratio of its own tax receipts to GSDP has stagnated at around
36
 4 percent till 2008-09 and, since then, has grown just above 5 percent in 2011-12. In
2015-16, the ratio improved to 6.2 percent. Since this ratio is much lower compared to
other states, there is further scope for tapping the hitherto untapped tax potential of the
state. In the current fiscal, it is expected to rise to 6.3 percent.

(v) Debt Outstanding/ GSDP : This ratio indicates whether the state government has fallen
into a debt trap from which it may not be able to come out on its own. A high ratio leaves
little room for the state government for financial leverage and indicates a lack of
flexibility. It can be noted here that the total debt which constituted 20.6 percent of the
GSDP in 2011-12 has increased to 21.5 percent in 2015-16. As this debt burden is clearly
sustainable, Bihar is safely positioned on this account.

(vi) Capital Repayment / Capital Borrowings : This ratio indicates the extent to which the
capital borrowings could not be utilized for asset creation. A high ratio indicates that
capital receipts are being utilized more for capital repayment, depriving the economy of
additional asset creation. For Bihar, this ratio has decreased from 73 percent in 2011-12
to 26 percent in 2015-16. As per the budget estimates, it is projected to decrease further
to 22 percent in 2016-17.

(vii) Primary Deficit : This is the GFD minus interest payments. It measures the impact of the
current policies of the state government without considering the liabilities created in the
past, for which interest has to be paid now. A necessary condition for long term
sustainability of debt is that the primary account should not be in deficit. In 2008-09,
Bihar had a primary surplus of Rs 1246 crore, but since then, except in 2010-11 when
there was a modest primary surplus of Rs 349 crore, Bihar could not generate any surplus
in its primary account. In 2015-16, it had a primary deficit of Rs 4964 crore (1.2 percent
of GSDP) which is estimated to increase further to Rs 7835 crore (1.7 percent of GSDP)
in 2016-17. This remains a matter of concern.

(viii) Buoyancy of States Tax and Non-Tax Revenues : The buoyancy of own tax receipts of
the state government shows considerable variation, but it has generally remained buoyant
in recent years, except in 2014-15. In case of non-tax revenue, the variations were even
wider. There was a negative buoyancy in non-tax revenues in 2010-11 due to the
withdrawal of debt relief as available under the period covered by the Twelfth Finance
Commission. In 2011-12, this buoyancy was again negative due to the recovery of a part
of debt relief that was given to the state government in 2011-12, amounting to Rs 384
crore. Such wide variation in the buoyancy for non-tax revenue is primarily because some
one-time transfers from the central government are treated as non-tax revenue.

37
 Table 2.3 : Fiscal and Financial Performance Indicators

2016-17
Indicators 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE
A. Sustainability
Balance from Current Revenue (Rs. crore) 9987 14128 16242 15484 26027 26984
Interest Ratio (%) 9.13 8.67 9.26 9.82 8.57 8.67
Buoyancy of Own Tax Receipts w.r.t. GSDP 1.3 2.0 1.9 0.2 2.1 1.2
Buoyancy of Non-Tax Receipts w.r.t. GSDP -0.5 1.9 2.9 0.0 3.8 0.6
Growth in outstanding debt (%) 7.8 12.7 11.8 16.0 19.1 19.3
Growth in total revenue receipts (%) 15.2 16.1 15.7 13.8 22.6 29.6
Growth in states own revenue receipts (%) 24.4 28.8 23.7 3.7 23.9 16.1
Growth in GSDP (%) 21.4 14.3 12.3 17.9 10.6 14.0
B. Flexibility
Capital Repayment / Capital Borrowings (%) 72.9 54.0 39.6 28.6 25.8 21.9
Total Tax Receipts / GSDP (%) 16.4 17.1 17.3 15.4 18.0 18.7
Capital Outlay / Capital Receipts (%) 133.1 100.1 141.1 117.8 130.2 141.5
States Own Tax Receipts / GSDP (%) 5.1 5.8 6.3 5.5 6.2 6.3
States Own Non-Tax Receipts / GSDP(%) 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5
Debt Outstanding / GSDP (%) 20.63 20.35 20.27 19.94 21.48 22.49
C. Vulnerability
Revenue Deficit (Rs. crore) -4820 -5101 -6441 -5847 -12507 -14649
Fiscal Deficit (Rs. crore) 5915 6545 8352 11179 12062 16014
Primary Deficit (Rs. crore) 1611 2117 2893 5050 4964 7835
Primary Deficit / Fiscal Deficit (%) 27.2 32.3 34.6 45.2 41.2 48.9
Revenue Deficit / Fiscal Deficit (%) -81.5 -77.9 -77.1 -52.3 -103.7 -91.5

With a better debt management, the state government has gained increased flexibility and was in
a better position to direct its resources for development expenditure. In terms of vulnerability,
however, the state government still remains overwhelmingly dependent on the central transfers
for meeting its own expenditure needs. This dependence can be lessened as there still remains
untapped potential for increasing its own tax revenues. Summing up, it is noted that while the
key fiscal indicators point to improvements in the fiscal position of the state government over the
recent years, there still remain some concerns like low Own Tax : GSDP ratio and deficit in the
primary account.

2.3 Deficit Management

The position in the revenue account as well as the combined position of the revenue and capital
accounts of the major Indian states for the years 2014-15 to 2016-17 (BE) are presented in Table

38
2.4. Bihar attained its highest surplus of Rs 12,507 crore in the revenue account in 2015-16,
recovering from the economic downturn which had caused a decline in its revenue surplus after
2010-11. This satisfactory position in terms of revenue surplus in 2015-16 is expected to
improve substantially in the current fiscal, with expected revenue surplus of Rs 14,649 crore.

Table 2.4 : Deficit/Surplus position of States

(Rs. crore)
Revenue Deficit (+)/ Surplus(-) Conventional Deficit (+)/ Surplus(-)
State 2016-17 2016-17
2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16
BE BE
Bihar -5848 -12507 -14649 870 -229 -1166
Jharkhand -3956 -4684 -6995 0 0 0
West Bengal 17137 9673 0 3833 -1044 -7728
Odisha -5862 -6829 -3683 1944 1674 1071
Uttar Pradesh 9566 -31966 -28201 36555 -23229 6814
Madhya Pradesh -6268 -437 -3510 1502 3544 739
Rajasthan 3215 5232 8802 6133 12490 15866
Maharashtra 12138 9290 3644 11281 10383 1739
Gujarat -5326 -3657 -3236 4374 3520 3656
Punjab 4253 6394 7983 1644 1229 792
Haryana 8319 10693 12280 1955 35 67
Karnataka -528 -999 -522 2514 3116 1462
Andhra Pradesh 13779 4140 4868 8355 856 1039
Kerala 13796 10814 9897 13796 10814 15964
Tamil Nadu 1788 3537 4616 746 1748 2816
Himachal Pradesh 4265 780 -2172 3961 1755 -1377
Chhatisgarh 1564 -3948 -5037 2976 584 587
Source : State Governments Budgets

The GFD of a state government is a sensitive indicator of its financial performance, as it reflects
the total resource gap. Table 2.5 presents the GFD of the major states in India. Four states
(Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana) have GFD exceeding Rs 30,000 crore in
2015-16. Other high deficit states are West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat and Madhya
Pradesh. Most states showed a conventional deficit in their budget, necessitating borrowings
during 2015-16. As noted earlier, Bihars GFD had sharply increased in last three years, due to
higher capital investments. As a percentage of GSDP, however, the GFD has remained below 3
percent of the GSDP (2004-05 series), as mandated by the FRBM Act, during all these three
years.

39
 Table 2.5 : Gross Fiscal Deficit

Gross Fiscal Deficit (Rs. crore) Gross Fiscal Deficit (Rs. crore
State 2016-17 State 2016-17
2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16
BE BE
Bihar 11178 12062 16014 Punjab 10176 11895 13087

Jharkhand 4914 5157 5633 Haryana 12605 30413 25138

West Bengal 27345 25834 19355 Karnataka 19587 20892 25732

Odisha 5479 9932 14532 Andhra Pradesh 20736 17005 20497

Uttar Pradesh 43288 33209 49961 Kerala 13824 10845 9942

Madhya Pradesh 11379 21167 24914 Tamil Nadu 20583 27346 31829

Rajasthan 19014 30096 35024 Himachal Pradesh 7228 4022 1478

Maharashtra 31827 37949 35031 Chhatisgarh 8078 6832 8111

Gujarat 18561 22177 24545

Source : State Governments Budgets

Table 2.6 shows the decomposition of the GFD of the state government, from which one can find
that revenue surplus has been financing almost half its capital outlay. This has allowed the state
government to increase the capital outlay substantially, which accounted for its increased share
in GFD, as it rightly should. This was true throughout the period from 2011-12 to 2015-16, and
more so during the recent years. The fact that the capital outlay now accounts for almost the
entire GFD, after exhausting the revenue surplus, indicates that it is now being utilised for
building the much-needed social and physical infrastructure in Bihar. Net lending has always
constituted a small part of the GFD of the state government. The capital outlay has increased in
Bihar at an annual rate of 22 percent during the last six years.

Table 2.6 : Decomposition of Gross Fiscal Deficit of Bihar

(Rs. crore)
2016-17
Amount 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE

Revenue Deficit -4820 -5101 -6441 -5847 -12507 -14649

Capital Outlay 8852 9585 14001 18150 23966 30107

Net Lending 1884 2061 792 -1124 603 557

GFD 5915 6545 8352 11179 12062 16014

GSDP 247144 282368 317101 373920 413503 471391

GFD: GSDP ratio (%) 2.4 2.3 2.6 3.0 2.9 3.4
Source : State Government Budgets

40
 Chart 2.3 : GFD : GSDP Ratio (Percentage)

4.0

3.5 3.4
3.0 3.0 2.9
2.6
2.5 2.4 2.3
2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 BE

Chart 2.4 : Decomposition of GFD (Rs. crore)

35000
30000
25000
20000 Net Lending Capital Outlay Revenue Deficit

15000
10000
5000
0
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 BE
-5000
-10000
-15000
-20000

Table 2.7 shows how the GFD was financed during the recent years. The net borrowing
consisted of mainly internal market borrowings, the central loans being a very small portion of
the total borrowing. In 2015-16, the net borrowings were much in excess of the states GFD
requirements by as much as 18 percent, which went to increase the cash balance of the state
government by Rs 214 crore. The cash balance further increased due to the net balance available
from public account of which it is a part. This is the kind of distortion that happens where the
state government borrows at a higher rate from the market to increase the cash balance which
earns a lesser rate of interest from investment in the treasury bills. This distortion happens only
because of the way the public account is structured, where availability rather than need becomes
the reason for the states over-borrowing.

41
 Table 2.7 : Financing of Gross Fiscal Deficit

(Rs crore)
2016-17
Amounts 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE

Net Borrowing 3706 6484 6788 10309 14258 17181

Net Public Account 2469 343 1606 551 -1983 -1235

Net Decrease in Cash Balance
-333 -281 -42 319 -214 -69
(Opening - Closing Balance)
GFD 5915 6545 8352 11179 12062 16014

Percentage Composition

Net Borrowing 62.6 99.1 81.3 92.2 118.2 107.3

Net Public Account 41.7 5.2 19.2 4.9 -16.4 -7.7

Net Decrease in Cash Balance -5.6 -4.3 -0.5 2.9 -1.8 -0.4
Source : State Government Budgets

Cash Management

As of March 31, 2016, the state government had a cash balance of Rs 11,717 crore, compared to
Rs 6337 crore on March 31, 2015. Out of this, Rs 8199 crore were invested in Cash Balance
investment account, Rs 216 crore as cash with departmental officers, Rs 342 crore as permanent
advances for contingent expenditure with various departments, and Rs 2834 crore were invested
in earmarked funds like the Sinking Fund, leaving a net credit cash balance of Rs 125 crore with
the RBI. An amount of Rs 453 crore was realised as interest on the state governments
investments during 2015-16, compared to Rs 312 crore during the preceding year.

Guarantees by State Government

The outstanding guarantees of the state government at the end of 2015-16 stood at Rs 4721 crore
(4.9 percent of total revenue receipts), compared to Rs 2001 crore at the end of 2014-15. Out of
this, Rs 3497 crore were against the loans to the Power Sector, mainly the Bihar State Electricity
Board (BSEB), Rs 43 crore against the Bihar State Road Transport Corporation, and Rs 127
crore against the Bihar State Financial Corporation. Further, Credit Cooperative Societies and
Housing Cooperatives accounted for Rs. 456 crore. The outstanding guarantees remained nearly
the same during the last two years, with the interest on outstanding guarantees amounting to Rs
118 crore. Only Rs 63 lakh had been received during the year as guarantee commission from the
Bihar State Food and Civil Supplies Corporation.

42
2.4 Debt Management
Table 2.8 shows the outstanding debt liabilities of the state government (excluding guarantees)
from 2011-12 to 2015-16. The outstanding liability as a percentage of GSDP had increased
marginally from 27 to 28 percent during the period.

Table 2.8 : Outstanding Liabilities

(Rs crore)
2016-17
Amounts 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE

Public Debt

Internal Debt 42365 48826 55624 65848 79990 96020

Central Loans 8626 8649 8638 8722 8838 9989

Total 50990 57474 64262 74570 88829 106009

Other Liabilities

Small Savings, PF etc. 9561 9346 9048 8865 8791 8509

Reserve Funds 1543 1819 2081 1836 1435 1435

Deposits and Advances 5718 7865 11549 13785 17523 16420

Total 16822 19029 22678 24486 27749 26364

Total (Public Debt +
67812 76504 86940 99056 116578 132374
Other Liabilities)
Outstanding Liability
27.4 27.1 27.4 26.5 28.2 28.1
as % of GSDP
Source : State Government Budgets

The total outstanding liabilities of the state government, as can be seen from Table 2.8, had
accumulated to Rs. 1,16,578 crore at the end of 2015-16, of which the public debt liability on
account of borrowings on the Consolidated Fund accounts for 76 percent. This figure is the
accumulated effect of past borrowings, growing at an annual rate of 12 percent since 2011-12.
The liability on account of public debt has also been growing at an annual rate of 15 percent
since 2011-12. Table 2.8 also shows that 90 percent of this outstanding public debt is due to the
internal loans raised by the state government, remaining 10 percent being loans from the central
government. The composition of outstanding debt has undergone a structural change over the
years, with the share of central loans decreasing gradually, because of the recommendations of
the Twelfth Finance Commission. In the coming years, the central government loans will
probably no longer be a part of the loan portfolio of the state government.

Liability from Public Account constitutes a significant part of the total liability of the state
government, though it is not a debt in the strict sense of the term. But the resources are indeed
used by the state government, and there is a liability to pay back the outstanding balances in

43
these accounts, which form a part of the cash balance of the state. It may be noted that some of
these liabilities under the Reserve Funds and Deposits and Advances will be non-interest
bearing, since the state government only holds these funds in trust. The National Small Savings
Fund (NSSF) contributes significantly to the internal borrowings of the state government. During
2015-16, the state government had raised Rs 17,565 crore (Rs 13,199 crore in 2014-15) through
internal borrowings, of which Rs 3307 crore came from NSSF, Rs 11,500 crore were raised from
the market, Rs 1555 crore raised through Bihar Special Bond under UDAY and Rs 1204 crore
were borrowed from financial institutions. The state government did not avail any ways and
means advances from the RBI during 2015-16. The central loans borrowed for state plan
schemes amounted to Rs 818 crore.

The composition of outstanding liabilities in the Consolidated Fund of the state government as
on March 31, 2016 is shown in Table 2.9. It is seen from the table that NSSF accounts for 31
percent and market loans 60 percent of the total outstanding internal debt of the state
government. The outstanding central loans are almost entirely on account of loans for state plan
schemes.

Table 2.9 : Composition of Outstanding Liabilities in the Consolidated Fund

Raised during the year Outstanding Balance Percentage

Percentage Composition
As on As on Increase of
Nature of Borrowings 2014-15 2015-16
31.03.2015 31.03.2016 over 2016 outstanding
(Rs crore) (Rs crore)
(Rs crore) (Rs crore) from 2015 balance as
on 31.03.16
A. Internal Debt, of which 13,199 17,566 65848 79990 21.5 90.1
Market Loans 8,100 11,500 37951 48184 27.0 54.2
WMA from the RBI 0 0 0 0 - 0.0
Bonds 0 1,555 226 1573 594.9 1.8
Loans from Financial Institutions 1,154 1,204 4756 5294 11.3 6.0
Special Securities Issued to NSSF 3,945 3,307 22907 24932 8.8 28.1
Others 0 0 7 7 0.0 0.0
B. Loans and Advances from Central
Government, of which
718 818 8722 8838 1.3 9.9

Non plan loans 0 0 56 53 -5.3 0.1

Loans for Central Plan Schemes 718 818 1 1 0.0 0.0
Loans for State Plan Schemes 0 0 8618 8737 1.4 9.8
Loans for Centrally Sponsored
0 0 1 1 0.0 0.0
Plan Schemes
Other Loans 0 0 47 47 0.0 0.1
Total (A+B) 13,917 18,384 74570 88829 19.1 100.0
Source : Finance Accounts, GOB

44
Table 2.10 shows the repayment liabilities of the state government. In 2015-16, the total
repayment of principal by the state government amounted to Rs. 5402 crore, while the interest
payment was higher at Rs 7098 crore. The annual interest burden has increased by Rs 2794 crore
over the past five years, due to substantial past borrowings. The total annual debt service burden
has increased from Rs. 8260 crore in 2011-12 to Rs. 12,500 crore in 2015-16, growing at an
annual rate of 11 percent. In the budget estimates for 2016-17, it is expected to increase by
nearly 11 percent to Rs 13,871 crore.

Table 2.10 : Public Debt Repayment Liabilities

(Rs. crore)
2016-17
Amounts 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE

Discharge of internal debt 2457 2585 2559 2975 3423 3269

Repayment of loans to Centre 465 485 561 634 702 805

Discharge of other liabilities 1034 1512 1370 1287 1277 1618

Total Repayment 3956 4582 4490 4895 5402 5692

Total Interest Payment 4304 4428 5459 6129 7098 8179

Total Debt Service Burden 8260 9010 9949 11024 12500 13871
Note : Liabilities include receipts and payments of Small Saving and Provident Fund under
Public Accounts of the Government of Bihar.

Public debt can be a powerful agent of economic growth, if it is utilised for the creation of
productive assets. As can be seen from Table 2.11, the debt resources could not be utilised much
by the state government for creating productive assets till 2011-12, when they were mostly used
to discharge the existing debt obligations. Since then, however, there has been a steady increase
in net accrual to the state exchequer out of the total borrowing. In 2015-16, out of the total
borrowed amount of Rs. 18,383 crore, Rs 4125 crore were used for repayment of the principal
amounts of the existing public debt, and Rs. 7098 crore for payment of interest. Taking into
account the nominal receipts on account of recoveries of loans and advances given by the state
government as well as interest receipts on such loans, it resulted in a net inflow of Rs 7763 crore
as resources for the state government, which was 42 percent of the net debt received. In 2014-15,
this was Rs 6013 crore or 43 percent of the total borrowings. As per the budget estimates of
2016-17, this situation is likely to be improved further and the state government should be in a
position to utilize Rs 9385 crore for its own developmental requirements, equivalent to 44
percent of its net borrowings. Though the overall situation has now improved vastly, it still
implies that there is further scope for expanding the space available to the state government for
fiscal maneuverability.

45
 Table 2.11 : Net Public Debt Received
(Rs. crore)
2016-17
Amounts 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE

Gross Central Loans Received 827 508 550 718 818 1956

Internal Debt Recd 5801 9046 9357 13199 17565 19299

Total Public Debt Received 6628 9554 9907 13918 18383 21255

Recoveries of Loans and Advances 23 25 15 1493 19 17

Interest payments 4304 4428 5459 6129 7098 8179

Interest Received 574 167 269 345 584 366

Repayment of Debt 2922 3070 3120 3609 4125 4074

Net Public Debt Received -2 2248 1613 6018 7763 9385

Net Debt Received as percentage
0.0 23.5 16.3 43.2 42.2 44.2
of total borrowing
Source : State Government Budgets

Chart 2.5 : State Own Tax : GSDP Ratio (Percentage)

7.0
6.3 6.2 6.3
6.0
5.8
5.5
5.0 5.1

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 BE

2.5 Tax : GSDP Ratio

Table 2.12 shows a comparison among different states with respect to their Tax : GSDP ratios in
2014-15. It is seen that, for Bihar, this ratio at only 5.5 percent was very low, higher than in only
Jharkhand and West Bengal. There were four states (Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and
Karnataka) with their Tax : GSDP ratios above 7 percent, while eight more sates had the ratio
between 6 and 7 percent. Bihars Own Tax: GSDP ratio of only 5.5 percent indicates that its tax
potential remains largely untapped. If its own tax: GSDP ratio improves, the ratio between its
total revenue and GSDP that currently stands at only 21 percent (2014-15) would also improve

46
automatically. As regards the total Revenue: GSDP ratio, which includes the central transfers
and grants, Bihar records the highest ratio of 21.0 percent, followed closely by Andhra Pradesh
(20.5 percent) and Jharkhand (20.0 percent).

Table 2.12 : Tax : GSDP Ratio of States (2014-15)

States
Revenue State's Own Total
GSDP Own Tax: State's Own
State Receipts Tax Revenue:
(Rs. crore) Revenue Tax: GSDP
(Rs. crore) (Rs. crore) GSDP
Receipts
Bihar 78418 20751 373920 26.5 5.5 21.0

Jharkhand 43444 11813 217107 27.2 5.4 20.0

West Bengal 86514 39412 800868 45.6 4.9 10.8

Odisha 56998 19828 309807 34.8 6.4 18.4

Uttar Pradesh 148581 75975 1043371 51.1 7.3 14.2

Madhya Pradesh 88641 36567 484538 41.3 7.5 18.3

Rajasthan 91327 38673 612194 42.3 6.3 14.9

Maharashtra 165415 115064 1792122 69.6 6.4 9.2

Gujarat 91978 61340 895927 66.7 6.8 10.3

Punjab 44894 28480 368011 63.4 7.7 12.2

Haryana 40799 27635 441864 67.7 6.3 9.2

Karnataka 104142 70180 920061 67.4 7.6 11.3

Andhra Pradesh 109300 29857 532922 27.3 5.6 20.5

Kerala 57950 35233 526774 60.8 6.7 11.0

Tamil Nadu 108036 73718 1092564 68.2 6.7 9.9

Himachal Pradesh 17843 5940 104369 33.3 5.7 17.1

Chhatisgarh 37933 15707 236318 41.4 6.6 16.1
Source : State Governments Budgets

2.6 Revenue Account: Receipt and Expenditure

The summary of revenue receipts and expenditure of the state government is shown in Table
2.13. During 2011-12 to 2015-16, the revenue receipts grew at an annual rate of 17 percent,
while revenue expenditure grew at a lower rate of 16 percent. Thus, there was an increasing
revenue surplus over the five years. The total revenue receipts increased 1.87 times during the
five-year period from Rs. 51,320 crore (2011-12) to Rs. 96,123 crore (2015-16). Simultaneously,
its own revenue, tax and non-tax combined, have grown at a faster rate of 20 percent during this
period, increasing from Rs. 13,502 crore (2011-12) to Rs. 27,635 crore (2015-16). In the budget
estimates of 2016-17, both the revenue receipts and revenue expenditure are projected to increase

47
steeply, leading to a higher surplus of Rs 14,469 crore. The state government's own revenue met
only 29 percent of its revenue expenditure in 2011-12, but it increased to 33 percent in 2015-16.

Table 2.13 : Revenue Account

(Rs. crore)
2016-17
Amounts 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE

Revenue Receipt 51320 59567 68919 78417 96123 124590

Revenue Expenditure 46500 54466 62477 72570 83616 109941

Revenue Surplus -4820 -5101 -6441 -5847 -12507 -14649

States own tax + non-tax revenue 13502 17388 21505 22308 27635 32088
States own revenue as % of total
26.3 29.2 31.2 28.4 28.7 25.8
revenue
States share of Central tax as % of
54.4 53.6 50.5 47.1 50.9 46.8
total revenue
Central Grants as % of its total
19.3 17.3 18.3 24.4 20.4 27.4
revenue
States own revenue as % of
29.0 31.9 34.4 30.7 33.0 29.2
revenue expenditure
Source : State Government Budgets

In Table 2.13, some more parameters of the state finances have been presented, comparing its
own tax and non-tax revenues with its total tax and non-tax revenues. The tax revenues of the
state government consist of its own revenues as well as its share from the divisible pool of
central taxes. The share of state government's own tax revenue in total tax revenue, which was
stagnating at about 20 percent earlier, had started increasing from 2011-12 onwards and stood at
29 percent in 2015-16. It has financed about 30-35 percent of its total revenue expenditure during
those years. As such, the state government still remains overwhelmingly dependent on the
central resources. About 50 percent of the total revenues of Bihar still came from the divisible
pool of central taxes during all these years. The central grants accounted for the remaining part
of total revenue. From 2013-14, the practice of direct transfers by the central government to
implementing agencies in respect of Centrally Sponsored Schemes has been significantly
reduced and such transfers are now routed through the state budget. In consequence, share of
central grants in total revenues of the state government increased since 2014-15.

Table 2.14 shows the break-up of the total expenditure of the state government between
developmental and non-developmental purposes, as well as between plan and non-plan
expenditures. The plan expenditure is mostly developmental, while non-plan expenditure may be
either developmental or non-developmental. In the absence of any rationale for the classification
of expenditure between plan and non-plan, the distinction was ambiguous and this has now been
abolished. Consequently, there is not much significance in analyzing the expenditure in terms of
plan and non-plan heads. The share of development expenditure, on revenue and capital accounts
48
combined, in the total expenditure of the state government had increased substantially from less
than 50 percent in 2005-06 to 65 percent in 2011-12 and further to 70 percent in 2015-16. In
absolute terms, the development expenditure has almost doubled during the five years, 2011-12
to 2015-16, indicating its remarkable growth.

Table 2.14 : Expenditure Pattern

(Rs crore)
2016-17
Amounts 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE

Non-Developmental Expenditure 20854 21924 25714 30405 34251 40917

Developmental Expenditure 39328 47282 54691 64293 78077 103779

Total Expenditure 60182 69207 80405 94698 112328 144696

Development Expenditure as %
of Total Expenditure 65.4 68.3 68.0 67.9 69.5 71.7

Plan Expenditure 23008 28381 33678 43939 53732 72419

Non Plan Expenditure 37174 40825 46728 50759 58596 72277

Plan Expenditure as % of Total
38.2 41.0 41.9 46.4 47.8 50.0
Expenditure
Interest Payments 4304 4428 5459 6129 7098 8179
Source : State Government Budgets

As regards the crucial element of interest payment, it is seen from Table 2.15 that the difference
between the gross and net interest payments is only marginal, due to the poor recovery of interest
on the loans and advances given by the state government to its mostly loss-making public sector
enterprises and autonomous bodies. For most of these public enterprises, their accumulated
losses have wiped out their equity bases several times over. As already emphasised before, Table
2.16 indicates that the capital outlay has substantially increased from Rs. 8852 crore in 2011-12
to Rs. 23,966 crore in 2015-16, drawing from the substantial surplus in the revenue account and
reinforcing the state governments commitment to development. In the budget estimates of 2016-
17, it is projected to rise further to Rs. 30,107 crore.

Table 2.15 : Interest Payment and Receipt

(Rs. crore)
2016-17
Amounts 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE

Gross Interest Payment 4304 4428 5459 6129 7098 8179

Net Interest Payment 3730 4261 5190 5784 6514 7813

Source : State Government Budgets

49
 Table 2.16 : Revenue vis--vis Capital Outlay
(Rs. crore)
2016-17
Amounts 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE

Total Tax Revenue 40547 48153 54790 57713 74372 88090

Own Tax Revenue 12612 16253 19961 20750 25449 29730

Own Non-tax Revenue 890 1135 1545 1558 2186 2358

Own Tax + Non-tax Revenue 13502 17388 21505 22308 27635 32088

Capital Outlay 8852 9585 14001 18150 23966 30107

Capital Outlay as % of Total
14.7 13.9 17.4 19.2 21.3 20.8
Expenditure
Source : State Government Budgets

The extent of the state government's dependence on central resources can be seen from Table
2.17, showing the gross transfer of resources to Bihar during 2011-12 to 2015-16. The gross
transfer of resources includes the state government's share in central taxes, grants-in-aid from the
central government, as well as central loans. The net transfer of resources from the central to
state government constituted 61 percent of its total expenditure in 2015-16; in 2011-12, such
transfers had met 63 percent of the total expenditure. In 2016-17, this share is estimated at 65
percent. As already noted, the contribution of state government's own resources to total
expenditure increased from 22 percent to 25 percent during 2010-11 to 2015-16, the rest being
covered by central transfers and borrowings. In addition, in 2015-16, 44 percent of the total
disbursements were met from its share of central taxes and 17 percent from the central grants,
with the share of loans from the central government being 7 percent. The rest had to be raised
from the market as loans.

Table 2.17 : Transfer of Resources from Central Government

(Rs crore)
2016-17
Amounts 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE
Aggregate Disbursements 60182 69207 80405 94698 112328 144696

Share in Central Tax 27935 31900 34829 36963 48923 58360

Grants-in-Aid from Centre 9883 10278 12584 19146 19566 34142

Gross Loans from Centre 827 508 550 718 818 1956

Gross transfer of Resources 38645 42686 47963 56828 69306 94457

Net Loans from Centre 361 23 -11 85 116 1151

Net Transfer of Resources 38179 42202 47402 56194 68604 93652

Own Tax + Non-tax Revenue 13502 17388 21505 22308 27635 32088
Source : State Government Budgets

50
2.7 Resource Management
The revenue receipts of the state government come from both tax and non-tax sources. The tax
revenue consists of its own tax revenues and its share in the divisible pool of taxes and duties of
the central government. Similarly, the non-tax revenues consist of the state governments own
non-tax revenue, as well as central grants for plan and non-plan purposes. The own tax revenues
of the state government include taxes on property and capital transactions, taxes on commodities
and services, and taxes on agricultural income, the second component being by far the most
important source. The non-tax revenues of the state government are collected under general,
social and economic services. These include interest receipts from loans and advances to various
government companies, public sector and quasi-commercial undertakings and other bodies,
dividends and profit from them, interest earned on the investment of cash balances of the state
government, and receipts from various services classified under general, social and economic
services. Economic services contribute more significantly to the non-tax revenues than the other
services.

The share of central taxes consists mainly of the shares of income tax, union excise duty,
customs duty, service tax and wealth tax, which are collected by the central government, but the
proceeds of which are shared with the state governments, under recommendations of the Finance
Commissions, constituted every five years. The distinction between plan and non-plan
expenditure having been removed with effect from the current fiscal, grants from the central
government which hitherto were separately given for plan and non-plan purposes will now be
mostly at the discretion of the state government to spend on its own priority areas. Further, the
direct transfer of funds to the state implementing agencies related to the grants for the centrally
sponsored schemes now being a thing of the past, the state government has more flexibility and
maneuverability to use the central grants. Coupled with the additional devolution awarded by the
Fourteenth Finance Commission, these institutional changes have substantially augmented the
resources available with and under the control of the state government.

Table 2.18 shows the revenue receipts of the state government from 2011-12 to 2016-17. From
this table, it can be seen that, during all these years, more than 70 percent of the total revenue
receipts of the state government came from the central government by way of states share of
divisible pool of central taxes and grants-in-aid. In 2011-12, this constituted as much as 74
percent of total revenue of the state government, which marginally decreased to 71 percent in
2015-16. Of this 71 percent, 51 percent was states share of central taxes and 20 percent was
central grants. The own resources of the state government contributed only 29 percent of total
revenue, 27 percent from tax revenues and only 2 percent from non-tax revenues.

The state government's own tax revenues have grown from Rs. 12,612 crore in 2011-12 to Rs.
25,449 crore in 2015-16, while the non-tax revenues have grown from Rs. 890 crore to Rs. 2186
crore during the same period. However, it should be remembered that the non-tax revenue
includes some special transfers. In 2012-13, the non-tax revenue increased by Rs 151 crore due
51
to receipts pertaining to 'Contributions and Recoveries from Pension etc.', as transfer from the
Government of Jharkhand. This transfer was on account of the reimbursement of pension dues
pertaining to the period prior to division of the erstwhile composite state of Bihar. In 2013-14
again, the non-tax revenue increased by Rs 400 crore on this account. There was no recovery on
this account in 2015-16, hence non-tax revenue could not register any growth. In that year, non-
tax revenue increased substantially due to higher receipts from interest (Rs 239 crore) and non-
ferrous mining and metallurgical industries (Rs 103 crore).

The total revenue of the state government increased from Rs. 51,320 crore in 2011-12 to Rs
96,123 crore in 2015-16, growing annually at 17 percent. Compared to this, state government's
own revenue receipts increased during the period at a higher annual rate of almost 20 percent and
its tax revenues also grew at a slightly higher annual rate of above 19 percent. During this period,
the grants from the central government also increased annually at a rate of 19 percent, though
there has been very little increase in this during 2015-16. However, as already mentioned,
consequent upon the significant reduction in direct transfers of grants by the central government
to the state implementing agencies in respect of the centrally sponsored schemes from the last
fiscal, most of these grants are now being routed through the state government budget. This
change has significantly increased the volume of central grants received by the state government.
In 2014-15, such grants jumped to Rs. 19,146 crore, from to Rs 12,584 crore during 2013-14;
and it remained nearly at that level even during 2015-16 (Rs 19,566 crore). Due to the higher
growth of state government's own revenues compared to the growth of other components of state
government revenues, the share of the state government's own revenue in total revenues has also
increased from 26 percent in 2011-12 to 29 percent in 2015-16. This share, however, is expected
to decrease again to 26 percent in 2016-17. The state will need more time to improve its own
contribution substantially.

Table 2.18 : Revenue Receipts

(Rs. crore)
2016-17
Sources of Revenue 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE

I. States Own Revenue 13502 17388 21505 22308 27635 32088

a) Tax Revenue 12612 16253 19961 20750 25449 29730

b) Non-Tax Revenue 890 1135 1545 1558 2186 2358

II. Receipts from Centre 37818 42178 47413 56109 68488 92502
a) Share of Divisible Taxes 27935 31900 34829 36963 48923 58360

b) Grants-in-aid 9883 10278 12584 19146 19566 34142

III. Total Revenue Receipts 51320 59567 68919 78418 96123 124590
States Own Revenue as % of
26.3 29.2 31.2 28.4 28.7 25.8
Total Receipts
Source : State Government Budgets

52
Among the direct taxes of the state government are included Stamp and Registration Fees, Taxes
on Vehicles, Taxes and Duties on Electricity, Land Revenue, and Taxes on Agricultural Income,
the last one being rather insignificant. Among the indirect taxes, which are far more important
than the direct taxes, there are Taxes on Sales/Trade, State Excise, Taxes on Goods and
Passengers, and Other Taxes and Duties on Commodities and Services. The details of receipts
from these tax heads from 2011-12 to 2016-17 are shown in Table 2.19. The receipts from state
excise, however, shows a decline after the imposition in prohibition in January 2016, since excise
on alcohol accounted for nearly the entire receipts under state excise.

Table 2.19 : Tax Revenues under Different Heads

(Rs. crore)
2016-17
Sources of Revenue 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE

Taxes on Sales, Trade etc. 7476 8671 8453 8607 10603 14021

Taxes on Goods and Passengers 828 1932 4349 4451 6087 7212

State Excise 1981 2430 3168 3217 3142 2100

Stamp and Registration Fees 1480 2173 2712 2699 3409 3800

Taxes on Vehicles 569 673 837 964 1081 1500

Land Revenue 167 205 202 277 695 330

Taxes & Duties on Electricity 55 103 141 375 298 590

Other Taxes/ Duties on Comm.
26 29 50 105 69 89
and Services
Other taxes on Income &
30 37 48 55 65 88
Expenditure
Total 12612 16253 19961 20750 25449 29730
Source : State Government Budgets

An analysis of the tax receipts of the state government reveals that its major sources are Sales
Tax (VAT), Taxes on Goods and Passengers, Stamp and Registration Fees, State Excise Duty
and Taxes on Vehicles. These five taxes together account for 96 percent of the state
governments total tax receipts in 2015-16. The Sales Tax alone (Rs. 10,603 crore) comprised 42
percent of the total tax receipts in 2015-16, same as in the last year. This was followed by Taxes
on Goods and Passengers (24 percent), Stamp and Registration Fees (13 percent), State Excise
Duty (12 percent, till prohibition was imposed in January 2016) and Taxes on Vehicles (4
percent). Except state excise duty which will be insignificant in coming years, all these taxes are
highly buoyant, their yields increasing steadily with the increase in GSDP. The composition of
the state government's tax revenue is shown in Table 2.20 and their growth rates in Table 2.21.

53
 Table 2.20 : Composition of Tax Revenues

2016-17
Sources of Revenue 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE
Taxes on Sales/ Trade 59.3 53.3 42.3 41.5 41.7 47.2

Taxes on Goods and Passengers 6.6 11.9 21.8 21.5 23.9 24.3

State Excise 15.7 14.9 15.9 15.5 12.3 7.1

Stamp and Registration Fees 11.7 13.4 13.6 13.0 13.4 12.8

Taxes on Vehicles 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.6 4.2 5.0

Land Revenue 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.3 2.7 1.1

Taxes & Duties on Electricity 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.8 1.2 2.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source : State Government Budgets

During the period 2011-12 to 2016-17 (BE), the highest annual growth rate has been registered
by Taxes & Duties on Electricity (58 percent), followed by Taxes on Goods and Passengers (50
percent). The Stamp and Registration Fees registered an annual growth rate of 19 percent during
the period, while Taxes on Vehicles registered an annual growth rate of 20 percent. The Sales
Tax grew at a modest rate of 11 percent during this period. It should be noted here that the yearly
growth rates of most of the taxes show wide variation, indicating the informal nature of large
swathes of the state economy.

Table 2.21 : Growth Rates of Tax Revenue

Percentage Growth over Previous Year

CAGR
Sources of Revenue 2016-17
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 (2011-17)
BE
Taxes on Sales, Trade etc. 16.0 -2.5 1.8 23.2 32.2 11.4

Taxes on Goods and Passengers 133.3 125.1 2.4 36.8 18.5 50.4

State Excise 22.7 30.4 1.5 -2.3 -33.2 3.1

Stamp and Registration Fees 46.8 24.8 -0.5 26.3 11.5 18.9

Taxes on Vehicles 18.3 24.4 15.1 12.2 38.7 20.1

Land Revenue 22.7 -1.8 37.4 150.8 -52.5 23.4

Taxes & Duties on Electricity 87.5 37.8 165.2 -20.5 98.0 58.3

Other Taxes and Duties 19.7 48.6 63.5 -16.5 32.1 27.3

Total 28.9 22.8 4.0 22.6 16.8 17.6

54
From Table 2.22, one can see that the direct taxes contributed only 22 percent of the total own
tax revenue of the state government, indirect taxes contributing the rest 78 percent in 2015-16,
79 percent in the previous year. This indicates that the process of fiscal reforms of the state
government is yet to be reflected in the structure of its tax administration. It also defies the trend
noticed in the structure of central tax receipts, which has shifted very significantly in favour of
direct taxes after the economic reforms were introduced. However, all states show this skewed
structure of taxation, as the high yielding direct taxes like income tax or corporation tax are
administered by the central government. This distribution is likely to undergo a change after roll
out of the GST.

Table 2.22 : Share of Direct and Indirect Taxes

2016-17
Source 2010-11 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2014-15 2015-16
(BE)
Share of Indirect Taxes in 79
82 82 80 80 79 78
States Own Tax Revenue (%)

Share of Direct Taxes in 21

18 18 20 20 21 22
States Own Tax Revenue (%)

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Table 2.23 shows the major non-tax revenues of the state government, while its composition and
growth rates are presented in Tables 2.24 and 2.25 respectively. The most important source of
non-tax revenues has always been the royalty from mines and minerals, classified as receipts
from Non-Ferrous Mining and Metallurgical Industries, followed by interest receipts. The
minor minerals available in the state are brick earth, stones, limestone, sand, etc. The receipts
against this element of non-tax revenues have grown consistently at an annual rate of nearly 22
percent during the period 2011-12 to 2015-16. In comparison, the growth of interest receipts, the
second most important element of its non-tax revenues, has shown wide fluctuations during the
period. These fluctuations arise from the nature of the interest receipts. Till 2007-08, these two
heads together accounted for more than 60 percent of the total non-tax revenues of the state
government; but due to the receipts of substantial debt relief from the central government, which
was included under the head Miscellaneous General Services, the combined share of these two
sources came down to 40 percent in 2009-10. Such debt relief ended with the end of the award
period of the Twelfth Finance Commission in 2009-10, and in 2011-12, the share of these two
heads was abnormally high due to the recovery of the excess amount of debt-relief (Rs 384
crore) paid in 2009-10.

In 2015-16, the total receipts from these two sources of non-tax revenues increased to Rs. 1555
crore, 27 percent higher than in the previous year. The receipts from these two sources
constituted 71 percent of the total non-tax revenues of the state during the year. The budget
55
estimates for 2015-16 included Rs 1600 crore against Contributions and Recoveries on account
of Pension due from the Government of Jharkhand, against which the actual receipts were Rs
177 crore only. This amount relates to the pensioners-on-roll from the pre-reorganisation period,
which was budgeted but never realized till 2012-13. For the current fiscal, the budget estimates
under this head is Rs 500 crore.

Table 2.23 : Major Non-Tax Revenues

(Rs. crore)
2016-17
Sources of Revenue 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE
Non-Ferrous Mining and
443 511 569 880 971 1100
Metallurgical Industries
Interest Receipts 574 167 269 345 584 366

Miscellaneous General Services -384 22 0 2 1 2

Other Administrative Services 11 10 10 22 73 23

Police 9 25 27 30 66 32
Major Irrigation 3 3 1 1 15 29

Education, Sports, Arts and Culture 7 8 14 11 41 11

Roads and Bridges 60 33 41 55 42 72

Medical and Public Health 24 41 30 30 40 32
Other Rural Development
30 21 28 29 24 31
Programmes
Social Security and Welfare 1 1 -1 0 0 0

Others 111 294 555 154 328 660

Total 890 1135 1545 1558 2186 2358

Source : State Government Budgets

As regards the share of interest receipts, the second largest contributor to non-tax revenue, its
share in total non-tax revenue had increased to 27 percent in 2015-16 from 22 percent in the
previous year. In 2011-12, there was substantially higher collections under this head, due to
contra-adjustment of Rs 268 crore on account of interest on loans given to the Bihar State
Electricity Board, against its outstanding dues payable by the Department of Water Resources.
The interest receipts had registered a sharp decline in 2012-13 due to less interest received from
the investment of surplus cash balances of the state government. However, receipts on this
account had increased from Rs 128 crore in 2012-13 to Rs 455 crore in 2015-16; consequently,
the total interest receipts had also increased to Rs 584 crore in 2015-16. The non-tax revenues of
the state government have been growing at an annual rate of 22 percent during 2011-12 to 2016-
17 (BE), with wide variations from year-to-year.

56
 Table 2.24 : Composition of Non-Tax Revenues

(Percentages)
2016-17
Revenue Sources 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE
Non-Ferrous Mining and
49.8 45.0 36.8 56.5 44.4 46.6
Metallurgical Industries
Interest Receipts 64.5 14.7 17.4 22.1 26.7 15.5

Miscellaneous General Services -43.1 1.9 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1

Other Administrative Services 1.3 0.9 0.7 1.4 3.3 1.0

Other non-Tax Revenues 27.6 37.4 45.0 19.9 25.5 36.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source : State Government Budgets

Table 2.25 : Growth Rates of Non-Tax Revenues

Yearly Growth Rates

CAGR
Revenue Sources 2016-17 (2011-17)
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE
Non-Ferrous Mining and
9.2 15.3 11.4 54.6 10.4 13.2 21.8
Metallurgical Industries
Interest Receipts 141.1 -70.9 61.2 27.9 69.3 -37.3 5.1

Miscellaneous General Services -112976.5 -105.7 -98.7 611.0 -48.3 105.0 -

Other Administrative Services -42.5 -12.9 1.7 113.9 233.5 -67.8 34.0

Other non-Tax Revenues -23.7 73.2 63.7 -55.5 79.9 55.6 19.8

Total -9.7 27.6 36.1 0.9 40.3 7.9 21.6

Note : A dash indicates that the growth rate is not computed, because of very old amount.
Source : State Government Budgets

Comparing the budget estimates of revenues with the actual collections for 2015-16 (Table 2.26),
it is seen that there was a shortfall by Rs 6636 crore (19 percent) in overall revenue collections
by the state during the year. The shortfall against budget estimates in respect of non-tax revenues
was Rs 1210 crore (36 percent), and the shortfall in respect of tax revenues was Rs 5426 crore
(18 percent). The shortfall in non-tax revenue was almost entirely due to the non-realisation of
dues from the Government of Jharkhand (classified among Others). The major shortfalls in tax
revenues were in respect of Taxes on Sales and Trade (Rs 5422 crore), Stamp and Registration
duty (Rs 591 crore) and State Excise (Rs 858 crore). There was a surplus collection in respect of
Taxes on Goods and Passengers (Rs 940 crore), Land Revenue (Rs 395 crore) and Taxes and
Duties on Electricity (Rs 195 crore).

57
 Table 2.26 : Variation between the Estimated and Actual Realisation of Tax and
Non-Tax Revenue (2015-16)

(Rs. crore)
Variance % Variation
Budget Actual
Revenue Sources (Excess+/ Excess (+),
Estimate Receipts
Shortfall -) Shortfall (-)
Own Tax Revenue
Taxes on Sales, Trade 16025 10603 -5422 -33.8

Taxes on Goods and Passengers 5147 6087 940 18.3

State Excise 4000 3142 -858 -21.5

Stamp and Registration Fees 4000 3409 -591 -14.8

Taxes on Vehicles 1200 1081 -119 -9.9

Land Revenue 300 695 395 131.7

Taxes & Duties on Electricity 103 298 195 189.3

Other Taxes and Duties on

45 69 24 54.1
Commodities and Services

Total 30875 25449 -5426 -17.6

Non Tax Revenue
Non-Ferrous Mining and
1000 971 -29 -2.9
Metallurgical Industries
Interest Receipts 312 584 272 87.2

Miscellaneous General Services 0 1 1

Other Administrative Services 51 73 22 42.4

Police 29 66 37 127.6
Major Irrigation 30 15 -15 -50.0

Education, Sports, Arts and Culture 15 41 26 173.3

Roads and Bridges 64 42 -22 -34.4

Medical and Public Health 32 40 8 26.5
Other Rural Development
29 24 -5 -17.2
Programmes
Social Security and Welfare 1 0 -1 -100.0

Others 1832 328 -1504 -87.3

Total 3396 2186 -1210 -35.6

Grant Total (Tax + Non-Tax) 34271 27635 -6636 -19.4

Source : State Government Budgets

The cost of collection of major taxes is shown in Table 2.27. It can be seen from the table that
this cost is relatively higher for taxes on vehicles. Secondly, except for taxes on vehicles, the cost

58
of collection of major taxes as a percentage of total taxes collected has been decreasing in recent
years, as a result of the modernization of infrastructure and introduction of technology.

Table 2.27 : Cost of Collection of Taxes

Expenditure Cost as Expenditure Cost as

Collection on Percentage Collection on Percentage
(Rs. crore) collection of (Rs. crore) collection of
Year
(Rs. crore) Collection (Rs. crore) Collection
Taxes on sales / trade, etc State excise

2011-12 8414 65 0.8 1981 41 2.1

2012-13 10771 78 0.7 2430 43 1.8

2013-14 13041 70 0.5 3168 45 1.4

2014-15 13593 96 0.7 3217 50 1.6

2015-16 17121 90 0.5 3142 50 1.6

2016-17 BE 22000 103 0.5 2100 73 3.5

Stamp duty and registration fee Taxes on Vehicles

2011-12 1480 43 2.9 569 22 3.9

2012-13 2173 45 2.1 673 25 3.8

2013-14 2712 55 2.0 837 30 3.6

2014-15 2699 52 1.9 964 38 3.5

2015-16 3409 55 1.6 1081 40 3.4

2016-17 BE 3800 78 2.1 1500 49 3.2

Source : State Government Budgets

Table 2.28 shows the state government's own tax and non-tax revenues as percentage of GSDP,
which is a measure of its capacity to raise resources. The ratio of own tax revenues to the GSDP
has risen slowly from 5.1 percent in 2011-12 to 6.2 percent in 2015-16. This ratio is rather low,
compared to other states. The total tax and non-tax revenues, as percentage of the GSDP, which
was just 5.5 percent in 2011-12, has improved to 6.7 percent in 2015-16. The total revenue,
including central transfers and grants, which constituted 20.8 percent of the GSDP in 2011-12
rose to 23.2 percent in 2015-16. It has been projected to rise to 26.4 percent in 2016-17. While
the ratio of own tax to GSDP in Bihar is one of the lowest in the country, the ratio between the
total revenues and GSDP is quite high, due to the high volumes of central transfers to the state
government.

59
 Table 2.28 : Tax and Non-tax Revenue as Percentage of GSDP

2016-17
Indicators 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE
Own Tax Revenue as % of GSDP 5.1 5.8 6.3 5.5 6.2 6.3
Own Non-Tax Revenue as % of
0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5
GSDP
Total Revenue as % of GSDP 20.8 21.1 21.7 21.0 23.2 26.4
Buoyancy of Total Revenue
0.7 1.1 1.3 0.8 2.1 2.1
w.r.t. GSDP (Ratio)
Buoyancy of States Own Taxes
1.3 2.0 1.9 0.2 2.1 1.2
w.r.t. GSDP(Ratio)
Source : State Government Budgets

Table 2.29 gives the buoyancy ratios in respect of the state government's major tax and non-tax
revenues with respect to GSDP. From this table, it is noted that, in 2016-17, sales tax, taxes on
vehicles, taxes and duties on electricity and taxes on goods and passengers are likely to be more
buoyant than other tax heads of the state government. Given the significant growth rate of GSDP
in recent years, these taxes have a huge potential for resource mobilisation. None of the major
taxes remained buoyant in 2014-15, which explains why there was a shortfall in the collection of
tax revenues in that year. Among the major sources of non-tax revenues, interest receipt showed
negative buoyancy in 2016-17, while receipts from non-ferrous metals etc. was buoyant in 2014-
15, but not so in 2015-16.

Table 2.29 : Buoyancy of Important Tax and Non-Tax Revenue Sources

2016-17
Revenue Sources 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE
Taxes on Sales, Trade 3.0 1.1 -0.2 0.1 2.2 2.3
Stamp and Registration Fees 1.6 3.3 2.0 0.0 2.5 0.8
Taxes on Goods and Passengers -2.7 9.4 10.2 0.1 3.5 1.3
State Excise 1.4 1.6 2.5 0.1 -0.2 -2.4
Taxes on Vehicles 1.2 1.3 2.0 0.8 1.2 2.8
Land Revenue 1.0 1.6 -0.1 2.1 14.2 -3.8
Taxes & Duties on Electricity -0.8 6.1 3.1 9.2 -1.9 7.0
Total Tax Revenue 0.9 1.3 1.1 0.3 2.7 1.3
Non Ferrous Minerals 0.4 1.1 0.9 3.0 1.0 0.9
Interest Receipts 6.6 -5.0 5.0 1.6 6.5 -2.7
Total Non Tax Revenue -0.5 1.9 2.9 0.0 3.8 0.6
Source : State Government Budgets

Table 2.30 shows the trend of revenues from grants from the central government. The total
grants received by the state government was Rs 19,566 crore in 2015-16, as against Rs 9883
crore received in 2011-12. The total grants have increased twofolds during the five years

60
2011-12 to 2015-16. In 2015-16, 82 percent of the total grants (78 percent in 2014-15) were
received in respect of State Plan Schemes, after abolition of the direct off-budget transfers in
respect of Centrally Sponsored Schemes which are now being entirely routed through the budget.
The volume of central grants is projected to rise substantially during the current fiscal to Rs
34,142 crore, an increase of nearly 75 percent. The distinction between plan and non-plan
expenditure being abolished from the next fiscal, the state will have better control over use of
such grants in future.

Table 2.30 : Grants and Contributions from Central Government

(Rs. crore)
2016-17
Sources 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE

Grants for State Plan Schemes 5065 5052 6238 14936 13886 28778
Grants for Central Plan Schemes 96 36 137 117 2084 848
Grants for Centrally Sponsored
2159 2778 2921 822 161 0
Schemes
Non-plan Grants 2563 2413 3288 3271 3434 4516
Total Grants 9883 10278 12584 19146 19566 34142
Source : State Government Budgets

2.8 Performance of Tax Departments

Commercial Taxes Department
The Commercial Taxes Department collects taxes under eight acts (i) Bihar Value Added Tax
Act, 2005 (VAT); (ii) Bihar Tax on Entry of Goods into Local Area for Consumption, Use or
Sale therein Act, 1993 (ET); (iii) Central Sales Tax Act, 1956 (CST); (iv) Bihar Electricity Duty
Act, 1948 (ED); (v) Bihar Entertainment Tax Act, 1948 (ENT); (vi) Bihar Taxation On Luxuries
in Hotel Tax Act, 1988 (HLT); (vii) Bihar Advertisement Tax Act, 1981 (ADV) and (viii) Bihar
Tax on Professions, Trades, Calling and Employment Act, 2011 (PT).

Table 2.31 shows the taxes collected during 2011-12 to 2015-16 and till September for the
current fiscal (2016-17). The VAT that had replaced the Sales Tax is the major contributor and
accounts for about 62 percent of the total commercial tax collections by the state government in
2015-16, compared to 64 percent in the previous year. Besides VAT, Entry Tax is the only other
major source of revenue and it contributed 35 percent to its total collections in 2015-16. These
two taxes together, thus, accounted for 97 percent of the Departments total tax collections. The
trend of collections tax-act-wise and tax-circle-wise is presented in Table A 2.1 (Appendix) for
2014-15 and 2015-16, and Table A 2.2 (Appendix) for 2016-17 (up to September). Table 2.32
shows the year-wise shares of commercial taxes in the state governments revenue. The ratio was
17 percent in 2011-12, but had since increased to 19 percent in 2013-14, before declining to 18
percent in 2015-16. However, their share in the states total own taxes increased marginally from
67 percent in 2011-12 to 68 percent in 2015-16.

61
 Table 2.31 : Act-wise Commercial Tax Collection

(Rs. crore)
BST/
Year CST ENT ED ADV HLT ET PT Total
VAT

2011-12 5668 75 25 55 0 7 2591 36 8458

2012-13 7391 74 28 102 1 8 3268 40 10911

2013-14 8546 83 39 141 1 10 4283 53 13156

2014-15 8796 71 46 373 1 11 4406 55 13758

2015-16 10726 60 55 297 1 11 6162 66 17378

2016-17
4336 27 27 82 0 3 2268 6 6749
upto Sept. 2016
Source : Department of Commercial Taxes, GOB

Table 2.32 : Share of Commercial Taxes in Total Revenue

Amounts 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Total Revenue of State (Rs. crore) 51320 59567 68919 78417 96123

States Own Tax Revenues (Rs. crore) 12612 16253 19961 20750 25449

Revenue from Commercial Taxes (Rs. crore) 8458 10911 13156 13758 17378
Percentage Share of Commercial Taxes in
16.5 18.3 19.1 17.5 18.1
Total Revenue (%)
Percentage Share of Commercial Taxes in
67.1 67.1 65.9 66.3 68.3
States Own Taxes (%)
Source : Department of Commercial Taxes, GOB

The commodity-wise collection of sales tax is depicted in Table 2.33, from which it can be seen
that Petro-products have always been the single largest contributor to sales tax; it contributed Rs.
4385 crore in 2015-16, which was around 25 percent of the total collection of sales tax compared
to 24 percent a year ago. Its contribution is more than three times that of the second major
contributor, viz., Crude oil (Rs 1350 crore) which yielded only Rs 635 crore in the previous year.
Other important contributors, in order of their contributions are Electrical Goods, Cement,
Indian Made Foreign Liquor (IMFL), Unregistered Dealers and Works Contracts, FMCG, Four-
Wheelers and Chassis of Automobiles, Drugs and Medicines, Two/Three-Wheelers, Works
Contracts, Country Liquor, Iron and Steel, Coal, Fertiliser and Insecticides, and Consumer
Durables. While some of these, like Biscuits, Consumer Durables, Electrical Goods, Country
Liquor, Telephone, etc. have registered substantial growth in 2015-16, most high yielding items
have registered only modest growth below 20 percent. Coal and Crude Oil which had registered
substantial negative growth during the previous year could revert back to positive growth during
this year. The collections from Petro-products grew by 34 percent.

62
 Table 2.33 : Comparative Commodity-wise Collection of Sales Tax

(Rs. crore)
Sl. Collection (in crore) Rate of Growth (%)
Name of commodity
No. 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
1 Advertisement Tax 0 1 1 -19.99 9.37 9.83
2 Asbestos 27 32 45 -4.00 21.79 40.10
3 Auto parts 72 74 95 26.36 2.98 27.94
4 Battery 102 96 112 40.34 -5.38 16.72
5 Beverages 72 129 100 -0.73 80.10 -22.65
6 Bhujia 8 9 14 64.19 12.65 49.66
7 Bicycle 27 23 25 17.95 -14.70 8.38
8 Biscuits 140 126 177 25.70 -10.20 40.76
9 Bricks 34 36 43 14.53 7.77 17.22
10 Cement 929 920 1005 16.13 -0.92 9.19
11 Coal 378 223 262 33.81 -40.89 17.19
12 Computer 60 68 76 -7.09 13.50 12.13
13 Consumer Durables 145 173 225 17.14 19.60 30.26
14 Country Liquor 203 266 355 28.78 30.96 33.29
Crockery, Cutlery,
15 3 3 4 38.47 23.03 3.70
Glassware & Ceramic ware
16 Crude Oil 817 635 1350 159.41 -22.25 112.46
17 Diesel Oil 0 2 4 -69.83 367.92 87.02
18 Drugs and Medicines 408 459 469 14.05 12.66 2.07
19 Dry Fruits 3 3 3 94.15 -5.39 0.49
20 Edible Oil 95 107 135 43.58 12.73 26.21
21 Electrical Goods 546 787 1093 60.49 43.96 38.88
22 Electricity Duty 1 1 1 85.82 -30.61 -14.34
23 Electronic Goods 100 106 121 24.75 5.80 13.77
24 Engine & Motors 25 24 25 2.68 -5.40 4.10
25 Entertainment Tax 18 10 10 14.08 -41.82 -2.21
26 Ethanol 7 7 12 -15.44 -10.87 75.31
27 Fast Food & Cooked Food 139 138 157 15.32 -0.32 13.71
28 Fertiliser & Insecticides 171 188 244 -13.35 8.94 30.65
29 Fire Work 4 6 7 149.03 48.24 18.81
30 FMCG 492 523 615 18.94 6.18 17.56
31 Foodgrains 174 89 86 85.86 -48.81 -3.30
32 Footwear 37 42 49 33.72 13.84 16.38
Four-Wheelers & Chassis of
33 491 528 596 -4.70 7.53 12.88
Automobile
34 Furniture 41 42 47 28.90 2.68 13.11
35 Ghee & Vanaspati 99 100 116 -0.50 1.09 15.68
36 Glasses 10 11 14 19.84 11.36 22.82
37 Gun & Rifles 1 1 1 13.70 2.33 9.87
38 Hardware 29 34 36 48.28 16.75 7.08
39 Hawai Chappals 0 1 1 67.20 138.03 20.14
40 Hide & Skin 1 2 1 25.91 31.35 -7.30
41 Hosiery And Readymade 73 80 93 25.01 9.78 16.30
42 IMFL 747 780 998 27.69 4.39 27.92
43 Iron & Steel 281 293 333 18.32 4.29 13.72
44 Jewellery 13 14 17 -14.30 8.19 26.04
45 Kerosene 2 2 3 6.99 4.68 25.34
46 Kirana 50 52 55 59.71 4.16 5.11

63
 Sl. Collection (in crore) Rate of Growth (%)
Name of commodity
No. 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
47 LPG 6 7 9 20.30 21.85 23.27
48 Lubricants 55 56 64 16.70 3.43 13.11
49 Luxury And Hotel 9 9 10 16.74 2.55 6.82
50 Marble And Granites 27 35 43 45.82 30.58 23.95
51 Matches 1 1 1 151.60 -7.94 -2.91
52 Moulded Luggage 9 9 11 22.27 -0.97 27.21
1888.0
53 Not Tagged 1 3 2 212.96 -41.64
1
54 Not Tagged with any Commodity 20 15 12 139.09 -22.78 -23.75
55 Others @ 1 0 0 0 0.00 603.74 21.21
56 Others @ 12.5 35 14 16 21.40 -58.88 9.00
57 Others @ 13.5 44 85 160 180.83 91.42 88.13
58 Others @ 4 7 7 9 0.97 0.01 25.14
59 Others @ 5 35 51 59 312.19 46.08 15.84
60 Others (Tax Free) 17 15 15 24.03 -12.21 -0.43
61 Paints 83 89 110 36.59 6.93 24.32
62 Pan Masala 91 76 11 59.88 -16.77 -86.07
63 Paper 38 39 40 61.94 2.91 2.84
64 Petro Products 3152 3284 4385 8.25 4.19 33.51
65 Petrol 1 2 3 101.15 23.78 73.97
66 Plastic Goods 49 51 68 42.15 3.49 33.13
67 Plyboard 11 14 16 103.44 23.72 13.84
68 Plywood 9 12 15 12.65 29.35 23.56
69 Processed Vegetable & Food 6 7 8 42.57 21.88 13.12
70 Professional Tax 51 52 65 37.76 2.95 24.66
71 Sand 10 26 20 31.57 154.65 -23.82
72 Sanitary Fittings & Tiles 46 50 59 35.74 8.76 18.82
73 Sarees More Than Rs. 2000/Pc 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
74 Shewing Machine 0 1 1 70.59 21.76 18.72
75 Spectacles 1 1 1 61.51 36.38 10.69
76 Sport Goods 1 1 1 23.14 7.84 9.68
77 Staple Yarn 3 3 2 26.02 -4.04 -12.79
78 Stationery 10 11 14 31.58 9.80 21.46
79 Stone Chips And Ballast 10 14 11 42.19 42.14 -20.13
80 Tea & Coffee 12 13 15 47.89 12.03 10.23
81 Telephone 113 141 180 12.81 24.57 27.69
82 Textile Fibers More Than Rs.500/Mtr 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00
83 Timber 17 22 22 58.74 26.97 2.15
84 Tobacco 158 167 200 4.66 5.69 19.60
85 Tools 12 10 9 22.91 -19.04 -7.00
86 Tractors 126 125 130 18.46 -0.73 4.14
87 Transporter 0 0 0 -26.69 152.39 -56.36
88 Two And Three Wheelers 336 378 452 23.42 12.50 19.52
89 Tyres & Tubes 114 120 133 0.14 5.37 10.56
90 Unregistered Dealer Others 344 476 472 -12.12 38.06 -0.70
91 Unregistered Dealer Works Contractor 659 750 912 34.70 13.76 21.52
92 Utensils 7 4 4 89.39 -37.90 2.36
93 Watch & Clock 13 12 14 15.56 -4.12 20.11
94 Works Contract And TDS 334 248 371 -.51 -25.62 49.35
Total 13156 13750 17378 20.63 4.51 26.39
Source : Department of Commercial Taxes, GOB

64
Department of Prohibition, Excise and Registration

The Department of Prohibition, Excise and Registration is responsible for the collection of
Excise Duty, as well as the Stamp Duty and Registration Fees. In terms of revenue collection, it
was second only to the Department of Commercial Taxes, before prohibition was imposed by the
state government in January 2016. Table 2.34 shows the collections of State Excise Duty during
the last five years. More than 96 percent of total state excise duty collections were contributed by
country spirit and foreign liquors/spirits during 2014-15; these two together yielded Rs 3102
crore, out of the total excise collections of Rs 3216 crore. During 2015-16, these two again
yielded Rs 2829 crore, out of the total excise duty collection of Rs. 3224 crore.

Table 2.34 : Collections of State Excise Duty

(Rs. crore)

Sources of Revenue 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Country Spirits 624 777 1223 1325 1184

Country Fermented Liquors 0 0 5 24 8

Malt Liquor 5 6 9 8 0

Liquor 0 0 0 0 41

Foreign Liquors and Spirits 1294 1579 1854 1777 1645

Commercial & denatured Spirit
0 0 0 1 0
& Medicated wines
Medicinal and toilet preparations
1 1 1 4 0
containing alcohol, opium etc.

Opium, Hemp & other drugs 6 7 6 2 0

Fines and confiscations 19 14 17 27 27

Other Receipts 32 47 52 47 308

Deduct-Refunds -1 0 0 0 11

Total 1981 2430 3168 3216 3224

Source : Department of Prohibition, Excise and Registration, GOB

Table 2.35 shows the details of revenue from Stamp Duties and Registration Fees during the
period 2011-12 to 2015-16. The trend of the data reveals that there has been a steady increase in
the collection of Stamp Duty from Rs. 1608 crore in 2011-12 to Rs. 3295 crore in 2015-16, at an

65
annual growth rate of 20 percent. The total collections in 2015-16 had increased by 15 percent
compared to 2014-15, on account of a increase in respect of the the most important component
non-judicial stamp duty.

Table 2.35 : Revenue from Stamp Duty and Registration Fees

(Rs. crore)
Source of Revenue 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
From Printed Non-judicial stamps 356 369 320 330 391
From Non-judicial stamp duty
809 1340 1856 1750 2024
deposited through Bank challan
Non-Judicial adhesive stamps 17 13 28 30 32
Non Judicial special adhesive stamp
8 24 16 18 20
through Franking machines
Revenue Stamps 2 3 2 2 2

Judicial Stamps 32 12 36 37 40

Sub-Total 1224 1761 2257 2167 2508

Fees on registration of instruments 356 522 668 646 741

Landlords Registration fee 21 27 32 31 34

Landlords Process fee 3 4 4 4 5

Fee from searches of records &
2 2 4 5 5
Non-Encumbrances
Fee from certified copies 2 3 2 2 2

Sub-Total 384 558 711 688 787

Total 1608 2319 2968 2855 3295

Source : Department of Prohibition, Excise and Registration, GOB

Table 2.36 shows the district-wise collection of revenue from Stamp Duties and Registration
Fees till September, 2016 for the year 2016-17. Patna district expectedly contributes the
maximum revenue (about 20 percent) from this source, more than three times the collection from
Muzaffarpur, the next highest contributor. The pattern of contributions of the distrcts remains
more or less the same as the last year. The details for the years 2014-15 and 2015-16 are shown
in Table A 2.3 (Appendix).

66
Table 2.36 : District-wise Revenue from Stamp Duty and Registration Fees, 2016-17 (Upto Sept., 2016)

(Rs. crore)
% receipt Receipt per
No. of Registration Total
District Stamp Fee Target against Document
Documents Fees Receipt
target (Rs.)
Patna 38786 74.83 261.04 335.88 354.05 94.87 86598
Nalanda 14375 10.74 33.95 44.70 42.84 104.34 31096
Bhojpur 14500 14.69 39.90 54.59 44.68 122.18 37648
Buxar 7234 6.28 18.71 24.99 24.81 100.73 34545
Rohtas 14117 13.39 41.02 54.41 46.55 116.89 38542
Kaimur 7924 4.58 13.38 17.96 17.50 102.63 22665

Gaya 18555 16.44 52.08 68.52 77.27 88.68 36928

Jehanabad 5074 4.39 14.67 19.06 16.59 114.89 37564
Arwal 9486 5.39 16.11 21.51 7.32 293.85 22676
Nawada 9486 5.39 16.11 21.51 25.33 84.92 22676
Aurangabad 11327 9.57 28.98 38.55 38.41 100.36 34034

Saran 18171 12.41 36.00 48.41 50.69 95.50 26641

Siwan 16788 11.70 33.85 45.55 49.71 91.63 27132
Gopalganj 14687 11.06 32.23 43.29 45.62 94.89 29475

West Champaran 30123 21.04 60.33 81.37 85.97 94.65 27013

East Champaran 3755 1.86 5.34 7.21 43.55 16.56 19201
Muzaffarpur 26374 23.76 68.53 92.29 103.58 89.10 34993
Sitamarhi 18409 11.29 32.06 43.35 50.04 86.63 23548
Sheohar 3755 1.86 5.34 7.21 7.59 94.99 19201
Vaishali 17125 13.97 41.55 55.52 61.78 89.87 32420

Darbhanga 18203 13.26 38.96 52.22 55.98 93.28 28688

Madhubani 22935 12.06 34.04 46.1 50.04 92.13 20100
Samastipur 24808 13.60 39.82 53.42 54 98.93 21533

Begusarai 14283 12.44 38.51 50.95 51.08 99.75 35672

Munger 4298 4.44 14.42 18.86 19.12 98.64 43881
Sheikhpura 4252 1.83 5.97 7.80 7.85 99.36 18344
Lakhisarai 4822 3.37 10.34 13.71 14.17 96.75 28432
Jamui 7860 3.91 11.51 15.42 15.90 96.98 19618
Khagaria 7035 4.55 12.82 17.36 15.90 109.18 24677

Bhagalpur 12786 17.24 53.81 71.05 59.64 119.13 55569

Banka 8759 5.61 13.93 19.54 19.75 98.94 22308

Saharsha 8597 6.04 18.99 25.03 28.01 89.36 29115

Supaul 10668 5.14 14.71 19.85 23.80 83.40 18607
Madhepura 9093 6.48 19.15 25.63 24.98 102.60 28187

Purnea 16922 12.73 39.42 52.15 53.19 98.04 30818

Kishanganj 12953 5.38 16.46 21.83 22.00 99.23 16853
Araria 12953 5.38 16.46 21.83 32.09 68.03 16853
Katihar 18227 9.98 30.15 40.13 38.62 103.91 22017

Total 1103174 418.07 1280.67 1698.75 1780.00 95.44 15399

Source : Department of Prohibition, Excise and Registration, GOB

67
2.9 Expenditure Management
The expenditure of the state government is classified under three major functional categories
General Services, Social Services and Economic Services. Apart from revenue expenditure and
capital outlay on these services, the other areas of spending are repayment of loans and advances
on the capital account, and grants to local bodies and autonomous institutions. The state
government also gives loans for various purposes to its Public Sector Undertakings, Urban Local
Bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions, and to its own employees. It is to be noted that while the
repayments of principal amounts of loans are made from the capital account, interest payment is
made from the revenue account, under the General Services.

Table 2.37 presents the expenditure of the state government under various heads for the period
2011-12 to 2016-17. Tables 2.38 and 2.39 present the structure of the expenditure during this
period. Finally, Table 2.40 presents the annual growth rates of various expenditure items. These
four tables together give us an insight into the expenditure pattern of the state government.

Table 2.37 : Expenditure from Consolidated Fund

(Rs. crore)
2016-17
Expenditure Heads 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE
General Services 17730 18645 22018 26408 27972 36185

Social Services 18729 23107 26395 31713 35943 47147

Economic Services 10038 12710 14060 14445 19696 26605

Grants in Aid 3 4 4 4 4 5

Capital Outlay 8852 9585 14001 18150 23966 30107

Discharge of Public Debt 2922 3070 3120 3609 4125 4074

Loans and Advances by State 1906 2086 807 369 621 574

Total 60180 69207 80405 94698 112328 144696

Source : State Government Budgets

Between 2005-06 and 2009-10, the share of capital outlay in the total expenditure of the state
government had increased from 9 to 17 percent; thereafter, it has generally remained around that
level till 2013-14, after which it began rising again. In 2015-16, capital outlay claimed 21 percent
of the total expenditure and is expected to remain at that level during the current fiscal 2016-17
(Table 2.38). For the future growth of the state economy, the increase in capital outlay is a very
positive development.

The revenue expenditure on general services is of non-developmental nature and its share in total
expenditure was 25 percent in 2015-16, down from 28 percent a year ago. In 2015-16, the shares
of other components were social services (32 percent), economic services (18 percent), capital
outlay (21 percent), discharge of public debt (4 percent) and loans and advances (0.6 percent).

68
The capital outlay grew annually at 28 percent, and it increased by about Rs 15,000 crore
between 2011-12 (Rs 8852 crore) and 2015-16 (Rs 23,966 crore). The increase in capital outlay
has catapulted the economy of the state to one of the fastest growing among all major states in
India. The overall pattern shows some structural changes in the expenditure pattern over the
years. While the share of expenditure on social services remains nearly the same, the expenditure
pattern has shifted in favour of economic services and capital outlay at the expense of
expenditure on general services, which is a welcome feature. It shows that funds used earlier for
running the administration are now being released increasingly for expenditure on development
and asset creation in the economy.
Table 2.38 : Composition of Government Expenditure
(Percentage)
2016-17
Expenditure Heads 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE
General Services 29.5 26.9 27.4 27.9 24.9 25.0
Social Services 31.1 33.4 32.8 33.5 32.0 32.6
Economic Services 16.7 18.4 17.5 15.3 17.5 18.4
Capital Outlay 14.7 13.8 17.4 19.2 21.3 20.8
Discharge of Public Debt 4.9 4.4 3.9 3.8 3.7 2.8
Loans and Advances 3.2 3.0 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.4
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source : State Government Budgets

Table 2.39 : Percentage Composition of Total Expenditure

2016-17
Expenditure Heads 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE
Revenue A/c 77.27 78.70 77.70 76.63 74.44 75.98
Non-Developmental Revenue Expenditure 29.08 26.56 26.94 27.48 24.50 24.60
Developmental Revenue Expenditure 48.19 52.14 50.76 49.16 49.94 51.38
General Services (Public Works) 0.39 0.39 0.45 0.42 0.40 0.41
Social Services 31.12 33.39 32.83 33.49 32.00 32.58
Economic Services 16.68 18.37 17.49 15.25 17.53 18.39
Capital A/c 22.73 21.30 22.30 23.37 25.56 24.02
Non-Developmental Capital Expenditure 5.57 5.12 5.04 4.63 5.99 3.67
General Service (Except Public Works) 0.69 0.66 1.14 0.81 2.30 0.84
Discharge of Public Debt (General Services) 4.86 4.44 3.88 3.81 3.67 2.82
Loans and Advances by State (General Services) 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01
Developmental Capital Expenditure 17.16 16.18 17.26 18.73 19.57 20.35
Capital Outlay (General Services (Public
Works), Social and Economic Services) 14.02 13.19 16.27 18.36 19.04 19.96
Loans and Advances by State
3.14 2.99 0.99 0.38 0.53 0.38
(Social and Economic Services)
Total Non- Developmental Expenditure 34.65 31.68 31.98 32.11 30.49 28.28
Total Developmental Expenditure 65.35 68.32 68.02 67.89 69.51 71.72
Total Expenditure 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source : State Government Budgets

69
Table 2.39 presents the composition of total expenditure of the state government in more detail.
From this table, it is seen that social and economic services, essential for the development of the
state, now account for the bulk of the expenditure, reflecting the state governments commitment
to improve the social sectors. The revenue and capital accounts claimed 74 and 26 percent
respectively of the total expenditure (2015-16). About 70 percent of the total expenditure was of
developmental nature and 30 percent non-developmental in 2015-16. In 2011-12, these shares
were 65 and 35 percent respectively.

As observed earlier, the state government has been able to manage its debt problem quite well in
recent years by consistently generating substantial surpluses in its revenue account. The
servicing of debt now accounts for around 4 percent of the total expenditure and interest payment
consumes another 6 percent. Containing the debt burden within manageable limits has enabled
the state government to launch ambitious programmes for infrastructure, essential for economic
growth of the state. From Table 2.40, it is seen that the annual growth rate of capital outlay is as
high as 29 percent during the recent period 2011-12 to 2016-17. The expenditure on both social
and economic services has also been growing at high rates of 19 percent. On the whole, the total
expenditure of the state government has also been growing annually at 19 percent.

Table 2.40 : Growth Rates of Expenditure

Annual Growth Rates

CAGR
Expenditure Heads 2016-17 (2011-17)
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE

General Services 16.0 5.2 18.1 19.9 5.9 29.4 15.2

Social Services 24.1 23.4 14.2 20.1 13.3 31.2 19.1
Economic Services 28.1 26.6 10.6 2.7 36.4 35.1 19.4
Capital Outlay -3.7 8.3 46.1 29.6 32.0 25.6 29.8
Discharge of Public Debt 33.4 5.0 1.6 15.7 14.3 -1.2 8.0
Loans and Advances 72.9 9.4 -61.3 -54.3 68.5 -7.6 -25.7

Total 18.7 15.0 16.2 17.8 18.6 28.8 18.7

Source : State Government Budgets

Within general services, expenditure on certain items cannot be much controlled. These are
mostly items of charged expenditure, like pension and interest payment, expenditure in respect of
judiciary, jails, police and the like, which can be curtailed only at a great peril to the state
government. For all these items, the expenditure has been rising steadily. Even though the share
of general services in the total expenditure of the state government has been going down, in
absolute terms, it has grown steadily at an annual rate of around 15 percent during the period
2011-12 to 2016-17. Besides steep increases in interest payments and pension charges, this

70
increase has also been due to increased expenditure on police administration, district
administration, judiciary, legislature, tax departments, and public works. In 2015-16, expenditure
on general services increased by 6 percent over the previous year, compared to 20 percent a year
ago.

2.10 Revenue Expenditure

Table 2.41 depicts the details of revenue expenditure of the state government, which is incurred
to maintain the present level of activities. The share of revenue expenditure in total expenditure
has remained almost unchanged between 75-79 percent during the period 2011-12 to 2015-16.
The non-plan component of revenue expenditure consumes the bulk of it. In 2015-16, it
constituted 56 percent of the total revenue expenditure, compared to 66 percent in 2011-12. The
shares of plan and non-plan expenditure in total expenditure had also undergone gradual shifts
over the past five years, with the share of non-plan expenditure decreasing from 62 percent in
2011-12 to 52 percent in 2015-16. With the winding up of the Planning Commission and
abolition of the distinction between plan and non-plan expenditure, this discussion about plan
and non-plan expenditure has already become irrelevant and rightly so, since every government
expenditure approved by the legislature is equally important.

Table 2.41 : Details of Revenue Expenditure

(Rs. crore)
2016-17
Expenditure Heads 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE
Revenue Expenditure (RE) 46500 54466 62477 72570 83616 109941
Capital Expenditure (CE) 13682 14740 17928 22128 28712 34755
Total Expenditure (TE) 60182 69207 80405 94698 112328 144696
Non Plan Expenditure 37174 40825 46728 50759 58596 72277
Revenue A/c (NPRE) 34013 37574 43381 47059 53965 67981
Capital A/c 3161 3252 3347 3700 4630 4296
Plan Expenditure 23008 28381 33678 43939 53732 72419
Revenue A/c (PRE) 12487 16892 19096 25511 29651 41960
Capital A/c 10521 11489 14581 18428 24082 30459
Rate of growth of NPRE (%) 24.5 10.5 15.5 8.5 14.7 26.0
Rate of growth of PRE (%) 14.6 35.3 13.0 33.6 16.2 41.5
RE/TE(%) 77.3 78.7 77.7 76.6 74.4 76.0
NPRE/TE (%) 56.5 54.3 54.0 49.7 48.0 47.0
TE/GSDP(%) 24.4 24.5 25.4 25.3 27.2 30.7
RE/GSDP(%) 13.8 13.3 13.7 12.6 13.0 14.4
Revenue Receipt (RR)/TE (%) 85.3 86.1 85.7 82.8 85.6 86.1
NPRE/RR(%) 66.3 63.1 63.0 60.0 56.1 54.6
Buoyancy of RE w.r.t. GSDP 1.01 1.20 1.20 0.90 1.44 2.25
Buoyancy of RE w.r.t. RR 1.42 1.07 0.94 1.17 0.67 1.06
Source : State Government Budgets
71
The total government expenditure and revenue expenditure was 27 percent and 13 percent,
respectively of the GSDP of Bihar in 2015-16. From the buoyancy ratios, it is seen that, during
2011-12 to 2015-16, the revenue expenditure increased at a faster rate than the GSDP, except in
2014-15. In the budget estimates of 2016-17, revenue expenditure has again been projected to
grow at a much higher rate than the GSDP, because of much higher projected expenditure in
economic services and capital outlay.

2.11 Expenditure on Salary and Pension

The salary and pension constitute the two most important items of expenditure for all
governments. The trends in expenditure on salaries as well as pension are presented in Table
2.42. The pension and salary payments together constituted 32 percent of the state government's
revenue expenditure in 2015-16 (same as last year); down from 43 percent five years ago.

Table 2.42 : Expenditure on Salaries and Pensions

(Rs. crore)
2016-17
Heads 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE
Expenditure on Salaries 12194 13558 14037 14607 14924 18329
Non-Plan Head 11495 12865 13315 13910 14307 17723
Plan Head 699 693 721 697 617 605
Salary as percentage of GSDP 4.9 4.8 4.4 3.9 3.6 3.9
Salary as percentage of RR 23.8 22.8 20.4 18.6 15.5 14.7
Salary as percentage of RE 26.2 24.9 22.5 20.1 17.8 16.7
Expenditure on Pensions 7808 8364 9482 11345 11850 16285
Rate of Growth 27.1 7.1 13.4 19.6 4.5 37.4
Pension as percentage of GSDP 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 3.5
Pension as percentage of RR 15.2 14.0 13.8 14.5 12.3 13.1
Pension as percentage of RE 16.8 15.4 15.2 15.6 14.2 14.8
Total expenditure on Salary & Pension 20002 21921 23518 25952 26774 34614
Total as percentage of GSDP 8.1 7.8 7.4 6.9 6.5 7.3
Total as percentage of RR 39.0 36.8 34.1 33.1 27.9 27.8
Total as percentage of RE 43.0 40.2 37.6 35.8 32.0 31.5
Source : State Government Budgets

The salary of the state government employees alone accounted for 18 percent of the total revenue
expenditure in 2015-16, gradually coming down from 26 percent in 2011-12. In the current
fiscal, it is likely to further decrease to 17 percent. Similarly, pension constituted 14 percent of
the revenue expenditure in 2015-16, down from 17 percent five years ago. During 2011-12 to
2015-16, there had been major increases in expenditure on these two accounts by almost Rs.
6772 crore (Rs 2730 crore for salary and Rs. 4042 crore for pension). The expenditure on salary
and pension is projected to increase by about Rs 7840 crore in the budget estimates of 2016-17.

72
However, the salary expenses lie well within the norm of 35 percent of revenue expenditure, as
recommended by the Twelfth Finance Commission. The salary and pension payments had
increased annually at the rate of 5 percent and 11 percent respectively during the period 2011-12
to 2015-16. The total expenditure on these two accounts registered an annual growth rate of
nearly 8 percent during this period.

2.12 Quality of Expenditure

The quality of expenditure can be judged by the proportion of expenditure devoted to the
creation of social and physical infrastructure, proportion of developmental expenditure on social
and economic services as opposed to the non-developmental expenditure on general services,
and the proportion of plan expenditure as opposed to non-plan expenditure. Thus, the important
parameters of quality in expenditure are : (i) ratio of capital outlay to total expenditure; (ii) ratio
of capital outlay to GSDP; (iii) proportion of revenue expenditure on social and economic
services; (iv) proportion of non-salary expenditure incurred in these services; and (v) ratio of
plan to non-plan expenditure. The higher these ratios, the better the quality of expenditure would
become. Table 2.43 shows these ratios during the five-year period from 2011-12 to 2015-16 and
also for the budget estimates of 2015-16.

Table 2.43 : Quality Parameters of Expenditure

2016-17
Expenditure Heads 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE
Capital Outlay (Rs. crore) 8852 9585 14001 18150 23966 30107
Revenue Expenditure (Rs. crore) 46500 54466 62477 72570 83616 109941
Expenditure on Social/ Economic Services
28767 35817 40455 46158 55639 73751
(Rs. crore)
(i) Salary Component (Rs. crore) 8171 9033 9072 9046 9108 10424
Salary component (%) 28.4 25.2 21.0 19.6 16.4 14.1
(ii) Non salary component (Rs. crore) 20596 26784 31383 37112 46531 63327
Non-salary component (%) 71.6 74.8 79.0 80.4 83.6 85.9
Capital Outlay/ Total Expenditure (%) 14.7 13.8 17.4 19.2 21.3 20.8
Revenue Expenditure / Total Expenditure (%) 77.3 78.7 77.7 76.6 74.4 76.0
Revenue Expenditure /GSDP (%) 18.8 19.3 19.7 19.4 20.2 23.3
Capital Outlay /GSDP (%) 3.6 3.4 4.4 4.9 5.8 6.4
Plan Expenditure / Non-Plan Expenditure (%) 61.9 69.5 72.1 86.6 91.7 100.2
Plan Expenditure / Total Expenditure (%) 38.2 41.0 41.9 46.4 47.8 50.0
Source : State Government Budgets

Judged by all the parameters, the quality of expenditure in Bihar has significantly improved over
the recent years. The non-salary component of developmental revenue expenditure had increased
from 72 to 84 percent between 2011-12 and 2015-16, while the share of plan expenditure in total
expenditure had increased from 38 to 48 percent during the same period. The ratio of plan to
non-plan expenditure has also steadily increased from 62 percent to nearly 92 percent over this
73
period. All these ratios reflect that the public finances in Bihar are being managed prudently.
These improvements have led to higher growth of GSDP of Bihar and improvement in socio-
economic conditions of its people.

2.13 Sectoral Expenditure

Expenditure on Social Services
Providing better education and health services, safe drinking water, sanitation, housing etc. is
very important to establish the linkage between economic growth and welfare of citizens. This
desired linkage can be established through adequate expenditure on social services. Table 2.44
presents such expenditures by the state government during 2011-12 to 2015-16 and also the
budget estimates of 2016-17.

Table 2.44 : Expenditure on Social Services

2016-17
Expenditure Heads 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE
Education, Sports, Arts & Culture
Total Expenditure (Rs. crore) 10214 14445 15047 16531 19155 22823
Revenue Expenditure (Rs. crore) 10157 14080 14344 16267 18605 21770
(a) Salary component (%) 43.5 35.9 33.7 28.7 23.34 21.76
(b) Non-salary component (%) 56.5 64.1 66.3 71.3 76.66 78.24
Capital Outlay (Rs. crore) 56 364 704 263 550 1053
Capital Outlay (%) 0.6 2.5 4.7 1.6 2.9 4.6
Health and Family Welfare
Total Expenditure (Rs. crore) 2125 2398 2574 3604 4571 7718
Revenue Expenditure (Rs. crore) 1804 1836 2113 3288 3481 6793
(a) Salary component (%) 72.9 79.6 74.8 51.0 40.02 25.17
(b) Non-salary component (%) 27.1 20.4 25.2 49.0 59.98 74.83
Capital Outlay (Rs. crore) 321 563 460 316 1091 925
Capital Outlay (%) 15.1 23.5 17.9 8.8 23.9 12.0
Water Supply, Sanitation, Housing and Urban Development
Total Expenditure (Rs. crore) 2045 2587 3605 4542 4518 7329
Revenue Expenditure (Rs. crore) 1713 2304 2967 3639 3694 5894
(a) Salary component (%) 11.6 8.9 8.0 6.6 5.24 4.23
(b) Non-salary component (%) 88.4 91.1 92.0 93.4 94.76 95.77
Capital Outlay (Rs. crore) 332 282 638 903 824 1435
Capital Outlay (%) 16.2 10.9 17.7 19.9 18.2 19.6
Total (Social Services)
Total Expenditure (Rs. crore) 19536 24438 28253 33386 38684 51071
Revenue Expenditure (Rs. crore) 18729 23107 26395 31713 35943 47147
(a) Salary component (%) 33.6 30.7 26.6 21.9 17.87 15.09
(b) Non-salary component (%) 66.4 69.3 73.4 78.1 82.13 84.91
Capital Outlay (Rs. crore) 807 1331 1858 1674 2740 3924
Capital Outlay (%) 4.1 5.4 6.6 5.0 7.1 7.7
Source : State Government Budgets

74
The state governments concern for social development is amply reflected in the increased
allocation for this sector from Rs. 19,536 crore in 2011-12 to Rs. 38,684 crore in 2015-16. In the
budget estimates of 2016-17, social services expenditure is projected to increase further by Rs.
12,387 crore (32 percent). The share of capital outlay in social services sector, with some
fluctuations in between, increased from 4 percent in 2011-12 to 7 percent in 2015-16, and it has
been projected to rise further to 8 percent in the budget of 2016-17.

The non-salary component of the revenue expenditure on social services (the amount spent on
the maintenance of assets already created) was 82 percent in 2015-16, as against 66 percent in
2011-12. The salary component of revenue expenditure in respect of water supply, sanitation,
housing and urban development has in fact been very small (5 percent in 2015-16), but it
accounted for a large share of total revenue expenditure in respect of health and family welfare
(40 percent in 2015-16), though it has been reducing over the years. The total revenue
expenditure on social services has increased from Rs 18,729 crore in 2011-12 to Rs 35,943 crore
in 2015-16, growing at an annual rate of 18 percent. In 2016-17, it is estimated to rise to Rs
47,147 crore, an increase of 31 percent over the previous year. The total capital outlay on social
services increased from Rs. 807 crore in 2011-12 to Rs. 2740 crore in 2015-16. In 2016-17
budget, it has been projected to increase sharply to Rs 3924 crore, mostly due to increases of
over Rs 1000 crore each in capital outlay on education and water supply, sanitation etc. The
capital outlay on health and family welfare is expected to be reduced by Rs 166 crore to Rs 925
crore during 2016-17.

Expenditure on Economic Services

Table 2.45 shows the expenditure on economic services, which creates additional productive
capacity in the economy. Agriculture and allied activities, irrigation and flood control, energy
and power, industry and minerals and transport together accounted for nearly 60 percent of the
total expenditure on economic services in 2015-16, considering both revenue and capital
accounts. About 47 percent of the total expenditure on economic services was made on capital
account in 2015-16, nearly the same as in year before. The capital outlay in respect of economic
services increased substantially from Rs 7437 crore (2011-12) to Rs 17,609 crore (2015-16). It
had increased steadily during the last few years and was more than 73 percent of the total capital
outlay of Rs 23,966 crore in 2015-16. Out of the total capital outlay on economic services,
transport had taken the largest share (Rs 4417 crore), followed by energy and power (Rs 2794
crore) and irrigation and flood control (Rs 1685 crore) in 2015-16. The non-salary component of
the revenue expenditure in economic services, as in the case of social services, also remained
high throughout the period and was 89 percent during 2015-16. The salary component was high
only in respect of irrigation and flood control, accounting for nearly 57 percent of the total
expenditure on irrigation and flood control during 2015-16, much lower than 78 percent in
2014-15.

75
 Table 2.45 : Expenditure on Economic Services

2016-17
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE
Agriculture and Allied Activities
Total Expenditure (Rs. crore) 2032 3262 3670 3615 4120 4276
Revenue Expenditure (Rs. crore) 1914 3170 3193 3431 3515 4032
(a) Salary component (%) 23.8 14.8 14.9 14.4 14.6 16.3
(b) Non-salary component (%) 76.2 85.2 85.1 85.6 85.4 83.7
Capital Outlay (Rs. crore) 117 92 477 185 605 244
Capital Outlay (%) 5.8 2.8 13.0 5.1 14.7 5.7
Irrigation and Flood Control
Total Expenditure (Rs. crore) 3275 2854 2838 2444 2836 2847
Revenue Expenditure (Rs. crore) 1311 914 1039 1020 1151 1152
(a) Salary component (%) 47.2 65.9 56.3 58.0 57.0 59.8
(b) Non-salary component (%) 52.8 34.1 43.7 42.0 43.0 40.2
Capital Outlay (Rs. crore) 1964 1940 1799 1424 1685 1695
Capital Outlay (%) 60.0 68.0 63.4 58.3 59.4 59.5
Energy and Power
Total Expenditure (Rs. crore) 2270 3374 5133 7948 8945 13930
Revenue Expenditure (Rs. crore) 2168 3200 3236 3773 6151 5347
(a) Salary component (%) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
(b) Non-salary component (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Capital Outlay (Rs. crore) 102 174 1897 4175 2794 8583
Capital Outlay (%) 4.5 5.1 37.0 52.5 31.2 61.6
Transport
Total Expenditure (Rs. crore) 4852 4138 5471 5194 6130 7724
Revenue Expenditure (Rs. crore) 789 826 1381 996 1712 2056
(a) Salary component (%) 23.3 24.6 15.4 22.8 13.9 14.2
(b) Non-salary component (%) 76.7 75.4 84.6 77.2 86.1 85.8
Capital Outlay (Rs. crore) 4064 3313 4090 4198 4417 5668
Capital Outlay (%) 83.7 80.1 74.8 80.8 72.1 73.4
Industry and Minerals
Total Expenditure (Rs. crore) 429 583 1115 564 1230 1075
Revenue Expenditure (Rs. crore) 363 534 580 561 1201 965
(a) Salary component (%) 14.0 10.6 11.0 11.1 5.2 8.9
(b) Non-salary component (%) 86.0 89.4 89.0 88.9 94.8 91.1
Capital Outlay (Rs. crore) 66 49 535 3 29 110
Capital Outlay (%) 15.4 8.4 48.0 0.5 2.4 10.2
Total (Economic Services)
Total Expenditure (Rs. crore) 17475 20246 24871 29173 37305 49828
Revenue Expenditure (Rs. crore) 10038 12710 14060 14445 19696 26605
(a) Salary component (%) 18.7 15.2 14.6 14.6 11.2 10.2
(b) Non-salary component (%) 81.3 84.8 85.4 85.4 88.8 89.8
Capital Outlay (Rs. crore) 7437 7536 10811 14728 17609 23223
Capital Outlay (%) 42.6 37.2 43.5 50.5 47.2 46.6
Source : State Government Budgets

76
2.14 Per Capita Expenditure on Social and Economic Services

Tables 2.46 shows the per capita expenditure on social and economic services for the years 2011-
12 to 2015-16 and also for the budget estimates of 2016-17. During this period, the per capita
expenditure on social services increased from Rs 1801 to Rs 3157, and the increase in economic
services was also high (from Rs 965 to Rs 1730). The per capita capital outlay also increased
from Rs 851 to Rs 2105 during this period.

Table 2.46 : Per Capita Expenditure on Social and Economic Services

2016-17
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
BE
Estimated Population (crore) 10.4 10.6 10.9 11.1 11.4 11.6
Total Expenditure (Rs. crore)
Education, Sports & Culture 10157 14080 14344 16267 18605 21770
Medical and Public Health 1804 1836 2113 3288 3481 6793
Water Supply and Sanitation 1713 2304 2967 3639 3694 5894
Social Services 18729 23107 26395 31713 35943 47147
Economic Services 10038 12710 14060 14445 19696 26605
Capital Outlay 8852 9585 14001 18150 23966 30107
General Services 17730 18645 22018 26408 27972 36185
Per Capita Expenditure (Rs.)
Education, Sports & Culture 977 1324 1318 1461 1634 1869
Medical and Public Health 173 173 194 295 306 583
Water Supply and Sanitation 165 217 273 327 324 506
Social Services 1801 2172 2426 2849 3157 4048
Economic Services 965 1195 1292 1298 1730 2284
Capital Outlay 851 901 1287 1631 2105 2585
General Services 1705 1753 2023 2372 2457 3107
Source : State Government Budgets

2.15 Comparison of Budget Estimates of 2016-17 and Actual Amounts of 2015-16

In this section, the budget estimates of 2016-17 will be compared with the actual receipts and
expenditure of the state government during 2015-16. The accounts for 2015-16 showed a surplus
of Rs. 2197 crore in the Consolidated Fund of the state government, while the budget for 2016-
17 shows a reduced surplus of Rs. 1166 crore. From Table 2.47, it can be seen that revenue
receipts and revenue expenditure are estimated to go up by nearly Rs 28,467 crore and Rs 26,325
crore respectively in 2016-17, compared to the previous year. The estimated revenue surplus in
2016-17 will be Rs. 14,649 crore, much higher than the revenue surplus of Rs. 12,507 crore in
2015-16.

77
 Table 2.47 : Summary of Actual Amounts (2015-16) and Budget Estimates (2016-17)

(Rs. crore)
2015-16 2016-17 2015-16 2016-17
(Actuals) BE (Actuals) BE
Revenue Account Capital Account
Receipts Receipts
Tax revenues 74372 88090 Public Debt 18383 21255
Recovery of Loans and
Non-Tax Revenues 2186 2358 19 17
Advances
Grants and Contributions 19566 34142
Total Revenue Receipts 96123 124590 Total Capital Receipts 18402 21272
Expenditure Expenditure
General Services 27972 36185 Capital Outlay 23966 30107
Social Services 35943 47147 Public Debt 4125 4074
Economic Services 19696 26605 Loans & advances 621 574
Grants and Contributions 4 5
Total Revenue Expenditure 83616 109941 Total Capital Expenditure 28712 34755
Deficit Revenue A/c -12507 -14649 Deficit Capital Account 10311 13483
Consolidated Fund
Consolidated Fund Receipts 114525 145863 112328 144696
Expenditure
Net Consolidated Fund
2197 1166
(Receipt-Expenditure)
Contingency Fund
Income Expenditure
Contingency Fund Total Contingency Fund Total
Public Account Public Account
Receipts Disbursements
Small Savings, PF etc. 1203 1336 Small Savings, PF etc. 1277 1618
Reserve Funds 1761 1054 Reserve Funds 2162 1054
Deposits and Advances 34894 19750 Deposits and Advances 31162 20703
Suspense and Misc. 235534 0 Suspense and Misc. 240780 0
Remittances 10619 0 Remittances 10613 0
Total Disbursements
Total Receipts Public Account 284011 22140 285994 23375
Public Account
Net Results Public Account
-1983 -1235
(Receipt-Expenditure)
Net Result (All Accounts)
214 -69
(Receipt-Expenditure)
Source : State Government Budgets

In the capital account, the budget estimates for 2016-17 envisaged an increase of Rs 6043 crore
in expenditure over 2015-16. The capital receipts were estimated to increase by only Rs 2870
crore, mainly from public debt (including loans from the market and NSSF), leaving a net deficit

78
in the capital account of Rs 13,483 crore in 2016-17. The repayment of loans during 2016-17
was estimated to decrease marginally by only Rs 51 crore, compared to 2015-16, and the lending
by the state government was also estimated to go down by Rs 47 crore. The capital outlay was
estimated to increase substantially by Rs 6141 crore. The deficit of Rs 13,483 crore in the capital
account is estimated to be completely offset by the revenue surplus of Rs 14,649 crore, leaving a
surplus of Rs 1166 crore in the budget. The Public Account is estimated to leave a net deficit of
Rs 1235 crore, and the net results of all accounts would be a small deficit of Rs 69 crore in
2016-17 compared to a net deficit of Rs 214 crore in 2015-16.

Table 2.48 : Percentage Distribution of Consolidated Fund Receipts and Expenditure

2015-16 2016-17 2015-16 2016-17

Receipts Expenditure
(Actuals) BE (Actuals) BE
Revenue Account Revenue Account
Tax Revenue 74372 88090 General Services 27972 36185

Non-Tax Revenue 2186 2358 Social Services 35943 47147

Grants-in-Aid and Economic Services 19696 26605

19566 34142
Contributions Grants-in-Aid 4 5

Capital Account Capital Account

Public Debt 18383 21255 Discharge of Public Debt 4125 4074
Recovery of Loans
19 17 Loans and Advances 621 574
and Advances
Inter State
0 0 Capital Outlay 23966 30107
Settlement
Total 114525 145863 Total 112328 144696
Source : State Government Budgets

The structures of receipts and expenditure of the state government are presented in Table 2.48.
From this table, it can be seen that, besides some variations in respect of the inter-se shares of
grants and tax revenues, there was a structural change in the composition of receipts on accounts
of grants-in-aid and tax revenue. The tax revenue accounted for 60 percent of the total receipts in
2016-17, as against 65 percent in the previous year. While the share of non-tax revenue showed
very little variation during 2016-17, that of public debt was expected to go down by 1 percent to
15 percent. The share of central government grants is likely to increase substantially from 17
percent in 2015-16 to 21 percent in 2016-17.

The structure of expenditure also remained practically the same in these two years. While the
share of general services in total expenditure was 25 percent in both these years, that of social
services was 33 percent in 2016-17 budget estimates and 32 percent in 2015-16. The share of
economic services remained the same at 18 percent in both these years, and that of capital outlay

79
also remained unchanged at 21 percent. The share of public debt decreased by 1 percent to 3
percent in 2016-17 budget estimates.

2.16 State Public Sector Undertakings and Corporations

Government Investments in Public Sector

The public sector in Bihar presently comprises 70 government companies and 3 statutory
corporations. However, of the 70 government companies, only 30 are working. The total
investment by the state government in public sector units, as of March 2015, is shown in Table
2.49. Such investments amounted to Rs 33,784 crore till March 2015 (Rs 21,543 crore as equity
and Rs 12,241 crore as long term loans). Of these, Rs 729 crore (Rs 181 crore as equity and Rs
548 crore as long term loans) were invested in non-working companies (Table 2.50).

Table 2.49 : State Government Investment in Public Sector

Number of Public
As on Number of
Non- Statutory Sector Equity Loans (Rs Investment
31st Working
Working Corporations Companies/ (Rs crore) crore) (Rs crore)
March PSUs
PSUs Corporations
2009 19 40 4 63 526 8615 9,141

2010 21 40 4 65 585 9037 9,622

2011 21 40 4 65 625 10,240 10,865

2012 22 40 4 66 633 11,741 12,374

2013 28 40 3 71 3743 4579 8,322

2014 30 40 3 73 18323 9898 28,221

2015 30 40 3 73 21542 12242 33,783

Source : Audit Reports on Public Sector Undertakings of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India

Table 2.50 : Investment in Working and Non-Working Public Sector Companies (March 31, 2015)

(Rs crore)
Government Companies Statutory Corporations
Type of
Long Long Grand
Company/
Capital Term Total Capital Term Total Total
corporation
Loans Loans
Working 21176 10917 32093 186 776 962 33055

Non-Working 181 548 729 - - - 729

Total 21357 11465 32822 186 776 962 33784

Source : Audit Reports on Public Sector Undertakings of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India

The investments increased significantly only during 2013-14. The total investments till 2012-13
stood at Rs 8322 crore, almost at the same level of 2007-08. The massive increase during 2013-

80
14 by almost Rs 20,000 crore was, however, a notional increase only due to the inclusion of the
assets of the erstwhile Bihar State Electricity Board which had since been unbundled into five
separate companies and the release of the state governments budgetary support to these entities
(Chart 2.6).

Chart 2.6 : Investment in Public Sector (Rs. crore)

40000

35000
Investment Budgetary Support
30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

The sector-wise break-up of the public sector units as at the end of March 2015 is presented in
Table 2.51. The majority of the working companies belong to power, infrastructure and financial
sectors (total 19 companies). Agriculture, Manufacturing, Services and others accounted for
remaining 11 working companies.

Table 2.51 : Sector-wise Government Companies and Corporations (2014-15)

Number of Number of Number of

Sector Statutory Working Non-Working
Corporations Companies Companies
Agriculture 0 3 12

Power 0 9 0

Infrastructure 0 6 1

Manufacturing 0 3 12

Services 2 3 1

Finance 1 4 4

Others 0 2 10

Total 3 30 40
Source : Audit Report on Public Sector Undertakings of the CAG, India

Of the 40 non-working companies, 10 are under liquidation process, as their continuance may
not serve any useful purpose. Of these, 7 companies have been under liquidation process for the

81
last 14 years. No company could be wound up during the year. The overall net loss of the
working companies stood at Rs 2594 crore in 2011-12, after which they earned meagre profits of
Rs 1 crore and Rs 37 crore during 2012-13 and 2013-14 respectively. This was due to the impact
of unbundling of erstwhile Bihar State Electricity Board into five companies. However, there
was a loss of Rs 37 crore again in 2014-15.

During 2014-15, out of 33 working companies, 16 companies had earned profit of Rs 427 crore
and 12 companies incurred losses of Rs 464 crore. Of the remaining five, three companies had
nil profit/loss and two companies had not finalised its first accounts as of September, 2015. The
major contributors of profit were Bihar State Beverages Corporation Limited (Rs 133 crore),
Bihar Rajya Pul Nirman Nigam Limited (Rs 107 crore), Bihar State Educational Infrastructure
Development Corporation Limited (Rs 73 crore) and Bihar State Road Development Corporation
Limited (Rs 59 crore). The loss-incurring companies were South Bihar Power Distribution
Company Limited (Rs 269 crore), North Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited (Rs 74
crore) and Bihar State Road Transport Corporation (Rs 59 crore) as per their latest finalised
accounts.

Among the public sector units in Bihar, investment is mainly focused on the power sector, which
accounted for about 82 percent of the total state government investment in public sector
undertakings at the end of 2014-15. The investment in this sector had increased from Rs 23,534
crore in 2013-14 to Rs 27,668 crore in 2014-15. The services sector accounted for 14 percent of
the total investment (Rs 4001 crore).

As of March 2015, the Public Sector Undertakings in Bihar employed 17,281 employees
Working Companies (15,890) and Non-Working Companies (1391). Their total accumulated
debt amounted to Rs 12,242 crore at the end of 2014-15, compared to Rs 9898 crore in 2013-14.

82
 APPENDIX
Table A 2.1 : Act-wise / Circle-wise Collection 2014-15 and 2015-16
(Rs. lakh)
VAT C.S.T ENT. Tax E.D. ADV Tax
Division / Circle
2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16
Patna Special 400694 506187 2136 1716 0 0 37233 29669 0 0
Patliputra 129092 156711 1362 833 3274 4203 0 0 0 0
Central Division 529786 662898 3498 2548 3274 4203 37233 29669 0 0
Patna West 16626 17448 65 83 218 198 0 0 39 24
Patna Central 11764 13807 217 175 0 3 0 0 18 18
Patna North 14993 14792 67 92 96 165 0 0 0 2
Gandhi Madan 7555 9194 172 159 49 123 0 0 11 23
Patna South 16767 18916 114 108 2 1 0 0 3 3
Kadam Kuan 8677 11495 48 49 0 0 0 0 0 0
Patna City East 16035 20702 140 109 1 1 0 0 0 0
Patna City West 14935 20218 239 260 15 18 0 0 0 0
Danapur 28422 38118 123 164 22 19 0 0 0 0
Barh 13440 5962 110 66 12 10 0 0 0 0
Shahabad 5109 7482 18 39 23 16 0 0 0 0
Buxar 2359 2209 9 19 17 18 0 0 0 0
Biharshariff 5815 7995 12 25 35 35 0 0 0 0
Patna Division 162497 188336 1332 1349 489 609 0 0 70 69
Sasaram 9872 10898 195 71 17 14 0 0 0 0
Bhabhua 6512 5953 156 272 5 5 0 0 0 0
Gaya 12318 13980 182 168 58 56 0 0 0 0
Jehanabad 2796 2813 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Nawada 3442 4592 1 5 17 16 6 7 0 1
Aurangabad 5634 5591 61 54 13 20 0 0 0 0
Gaya Division 40573 43826 596 571 111 111 6 7 0 1
Saran 4541 5029 4 6 24 25 0 0 0 0
Siwan 5571 8171 20 19 16 14 0 0 0 0
Gopalganj 5296 5166 22 7 14 14 0 0 0 0
Hajipur 15512 19748 266 271 62 54 0 0 0 0
Saran Division 30920 38114 313 304 115 107 1 0 0 0
Muzaffarpur West 11608 13615 160 66 18 24 2 2 0 0
Muzaffarpur East 6892 8828 108 88 42 27 1 1 0 0
Sitamarhi 5550 6633 20 16 51 58 0 0 0 0
Motihari 6891 8928 22 27 40 37 0 0 0 0
Raxaul 1166 1324 19 21 11 12 0 0 0 0
Bettiah 5318 4496 21 27 25 33 7 4 0 0
Bagaha 1218 1820 31 22 11 8 0 0 0 0
Tirhut Division 38644 45644 382 266 199 199 10 7 0 0
Darbhanga 9120 10827 50 18 55 34 0 0 0 0
Samastipur 7197 7150 320 303 30 26 9 8 2 1
Madhubani 4217 6697 3 5 30 24 0 0 0 0
Janjharpur 1124 1313 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
Begusarai 5768 7389 90 83 26 24 1 1 0 0
Teghara 649 962 45 75 7 4 0 0 0 0
Darbhanga Division 28075 34339 509 485 147 112 10 9 2 1
Saharsa 5838 5907 15 7 30 23 0 0 0 0
Madhepura 2768 3204 1 5 10 6 0 0 0 0
Purnea 8204 12074 149 173 56 43 0 0 0 0
Katihar 6544 6528 31 57 34 27 0 0 0 0
Forbesganj 3404 4115 35 50 15 17 0 0 0 0
Kishanganj 2757 3412 122 47 9 7 0 0 0 0
Khagaria 2365 2787 14 11 7 6 0 0 0 0
Supaul - 1788 - 1 - 8 - 0 - 0
Purnea Division 31880 39814 366 350 161 137 0 0 0 0
Bhagalpur 9787 11283 53 72 51 50 12 2 0 0
Lakhisarai 1982 2279 17 29 5 5 0 0 0 0
Munger 2963 3038 9 14 1 1 45 39 0 0
Jamui 2514 3038 30 36 3 3 0 0 0 0
Bhagalpur Division 17246 19638 109 152 60 59 57 41 0 0
State 879621 1072609 7104 6024 4555 5537 37315 29733 73 71
(Contd.)

83
 Table A 2.1 : Act-wise / Circle-wise Collection 2014-15 and 2015-16 (Contd.)
(Rs. lakh)
LUX Tax Entry Tax Professional Tax Total Target
Division / Circle
2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16
Patna Special 0 0 186870 231818 85 241 627017 769631 732549 927746
Patliputra 0 0 62567 73267 126 121 196422 235135 238374 294171
Central Division 0 0 249436 305085 211 362 823438 1004765 970923 1221917
Patna West 275 309 2553 2816 570 588 20346 21465 24652 29487
Patna Central 67 39 4224 6171 169 210 16459 20424 23862 24013
Patna North 73 69 3526 4329 259 310 19014 19759 25839 27805
Gandhi Madan 129 154 2709 3756 123 153 10748 13564 11542 15974
Patna South 8 7 7925 8726 57 84 24875 27845 29057 36650
Kadam Kuan 12 11 2059 2283 19 25 10816 13863 10946 15612
Patna City East 0 0 7919 10115 7 16 24103 30942 25640 36229
Patna City West 7 7 4152 5077 28 50 19375 25630 24637 28294
Danapur 2 8 4940 4871 137 177 33646 43357 41572 51316
Barh 3 1 4689 11740 41 49 18294 17827 38225 30958
Shahabad 8 13 1327 1541 48 135 6533 9226 7762 9506
Buxar 0 1 282 330 68 109 2736 2686 3303 3918
Biharshariff 39 38 1171 1072 160 161 7232 9327 8008 10390
Patna Division 624 657 47476 62829 1687 2066 214175 255914 275045 320151
Sasaram 3 4 1942 1996 124 142 12152 13124 14945 17910
Bhabhua 4 3 877 1053 49 67 7602 7352 9043 11420
Gaya 271 231 3686 4309 206 239 16720 18983 21514 24061
Jehanabad 0 0 109 155 82 99 2989 3068 3134 4151
Nawada 1 1 705 853 69 84 4242 5559 4593 6122
Aurangabad 8 7 12792 22369 96 120 18604 28161 24172 27717
Gaya Division 286 247 20112 30734 626 751 62309 76247 77401 91382
Saran 4 4 912 2975 217 267 5702 8306 7101 8181
Siwan 2 13 1547 1564 90 87 7247 9868 7502 10485
Gopalganj 2 2 1142 1354 74 84 6550 6627 7325 9530
Hajipur 1 1 3505 3970 155 151 19501 24195 26177 28844
Saran Division 9 19 7106 9863 535 590 38999 48997 48104 57040
Muzaffarpur West 26 18 8078 9026 242 190 20133 22942 25095 29097
Muzaffarpur East 8 9 2229 3101 115 118 9396 12171 12079 13731
Sitamarhi 2 3 853 1165 98 129 6574 8004 11568 9533
Motihari 4 5 1751 3899 110 141 8818 13036 10197 12794
Raxaul 0 0 178 288 13 19 1387 1665 1524 1998
Bettiah 6 8 1007 1013 93 97 6478 5677 8859 9389
Bagaha 0 0 39 35 23 36 1323 1922 2358 1960
Tirhut Division 46 43 14136 18528 694 730 54109 65417 71681 78502
Darbhanga 10 11 2259 3846 143 179 11636 14914 13062 16714
Samastipur 4 1 1924 4656 205 248 9691 12394 10589 14020
Madhubani 2 4 766 814 79 93 5097 7637 5588 7390
Janjharpur 0 0 26 41 33 38 1184 1393 1329 1685
Begusarai 5 5 68663 140093 132 137 74683 147733 122693 207508
Teghara 1 2 479 293 7 20 1188 1356 1317 1736
Darbhanga Division 23 23 74117 149742 597 716 103479 185427 154579 249052
Saharsa 8 6 516 3664 130 105 6537 9711 7678 9464
Madhepura 2 3 486 730 54 65 3321 4012 3585 4801
Purnea 8 22 5319 6372 95 101 13832 18787 17215 20195
Katihar 12 14 1556 1525 122 161 8299 8311 10568 12001
Forbesganj 2 4 714 838 57 77 4227 5101 4674 6110
Kishanganj 2 2 1366 1344 41 53 4298 4865 5796 6233
Khagaria 1 1 376 352 76 85 2839 3241 3435 4094
Supaul - 0 - 29 - 51 0 1878 - 0
Purnea Division 35 51 10333 14853 576 699 43351 55905 52951 62898
Bhagalpur 24 24 14763 21214 267 322 24956 32966 46483 40533
Lakhisarai 1 1 488 435 68 78 2560 2826 2675 3669
Munger 3 2 2391 2639 188 200 5600 5935 6494 8242
Jamui 1 2 260 284 47 60 2857 3423 3663 4114
Bhagalpur Division 28 29 17903 24572 571 659 35972 45150 59315 56558
State 1051 1070 440619 616205 5496 6573 1375834 1737822 1710000 2137500
Source : Department of Commercial Tax, GOB (Concluded)

84
 Table A 2.2 : Act-wise / Circle-wise Collection 2016-17 (Up to September 2016)
(Rs. lakh)
ENT. ADV LUX Entry
Division / Circle VAT C.S.T E.D. P. Tax Total Target
Tax Tax Tax Tax
Patna Special 227591 840 0 8124 0 0 95332 28 331916 429776
Patliputra 49809 312 1825 0 0 0 31370 12 83329 105160
Central Division 277400 1153 1825 8124 0 0 126702 41 415244 534936
Patna West 7234 66 180 0 5 84 1433 42 9045 11748
Patna Central 6992 63 94 0 10 18 3050 27 10255 10924
Patna North 6726 56 141 0 2 22 2142 10 9099 13938
Gandhi Maidan 3976 71 47 0 10 48 2194 11 6355 7371
Patna South 9593 49 0 0 3 4 4040 12 13701 15853
Kadamkua 4721 48 0 0 0 4 1281 3 6057 7132
Patna City East 5658 41 1 0 0 0 4482 1 10183 11466
Patna City West 7763 129 9 0 0 4 2529 3 10437 10608
Danapur 2646 61 9 0 0 4 1911 131 4763 6300
Barh 946 20 5 0 0 0 4926 3 5901 8555
Shahabad 2557 22 8 0 0 4 702 12 3305 4952
Buxar 1043 6 9 0 0 1 162 5 1226 1360
Biharsharif 2283 8 17 0 0 4 572 3 2888 3957
Patna Division 62141 641 520 0 30 195 29423 264 93214 114163
Sasaram 3995 34 4 0 0 4 1419 4 5460 7739
Bhabhua 2272 29 2 0 0 1 351 8 2663 4636
Gaya 6123 132 30 0 0 43 2002 8 8339 9228
Jehanabad 1386 0 0 0 0 0 105 3 1494 1560
Nawada 1659 8 10 0 0 1 476 10 2164 2363
Aurangabad 3129 14 12 1 0 1 11133 9 14298 16465
Gaya Division 18564 217 57 1 0 50 15487 42 34417 41991
Saran 2494 3 11 0 0 3 1602 4 4116 4960
Siwan 2729 6 5 0 0 1 922 5 3669 3842
Gopalganj 2270 8 4 0 0 1 665 4 2952 3525
Hajipur 9329 113 20 0 0 1 2092 17 11572 12314
Saran Division 16822 131 41 0 0 6 5280 30 22310 24641
Muzaffarpur West 6838 39 22 1 0 5 4110 34 11050 17068
Muzaffarpur East 3210 37 33 0 0 3 1979 20 5282 5708
Sitamarhi 2674 11 27 0 0 1 617 18 3347 4132
Motihari 2418 10 18 0 0 3 2745 11 5205 6687
Raxaul 553 15 5 0 0 0 187 1 761 949
Bettiah 1950 8 4 1 0 3 551 3 2520 2889
Bagaha 655 31 5 0 0 0 26 1 718 1207
Tirhut Division 18298 150 115 2 0 16 10215 87 28883 38640
Darbhanga 4494 10 17 0 0 7 2129 17 6675 7973
Samastipur 4085 100 11 7 1 0 1733 4 5942 7364
Madhubani 1880 1 11 0 0 2 592 5 2491 3040
Janjharpur 506 2 0 0 0 0 19 3 530 783
Begusarai 2330 13 12 0 0 1 15799 6 18162 28053
Teghara 405 43 3 0 0 1 215 4 671 835
Darbhanga Division 13700 169 54 8 1 11 20489 40 34470 48049
Saharsa 1885 0 10 0 0 3 2061 3 3962 4763
Madhepura 1606 3 2 0 0 2 376 4 1993 2390
Purnea 4898 102 22 0 0 4 3366 38 8429 8672
Katihar 2911 6 11 0 0 6 806 17 3758 4746
Forbesganj 1933 28 9 0 0 2 489 4 2465 2809
Kishanganj 2107 25 3 0 0 1 673 4 2812 2841
Khagaria 1617 10 2 0 0 1 213 2 1845 1810
Supaul 1212 6 7 0 0 0 40 1 1266 1255
Purnea Division 18168 180 65 0 0 19 8023 73 26529 29286
Bhagalpur 5073 27 20 0 0 12 9015 28 14176 19418
Lakhisarai 1048 9 2 0 0 1 175 3 1238 1584
Munger 1080 7 1 31 0 1 1754 3 2877 3158
Jamui 1291 14 1 0 0 1 217 1 1526 1759
Bhagalpur Division 8492 58 24 31 0 15 11161 36 19817 25920
State 433585 2697 2700 8165 31 312 226781 612 674884 857626
Source : Department of Commercial Tax, GOB

85
 Table A 2.3 : District-wise No. of Document and Revenue from Stamp Duty and Registration Fees

(Rs. crore)
No. of Registration
Stamp Fee Total Receipt Target
District Document Fees
2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16
Patna 66950 79112 119 142 406 488 526 631 780 677
Nalanda 26292 29250 16 18 53 59 69 78 97 89
Bhojpur 25843 27709 18 19 56 60 74 80 91 91
Buxar 13810 14426 11 11 32 33 42 44 56 53
Rohtas 15584 26480 19 21 54 62 73 83 87 87
Kaimur 14274 14156 8 8 23 23 31 31 38 39

Gaya 35380 38711 27 34 87 104 114 138 160 147

Jehanabad 9274 10194 6 7 21 23 27 30 33 32
Arwal 5237 5673 3 3 9 10 13 13 13 15
Nawadah 17003 18682 9 11 28 34 37 45 45 45
Aurangabad 23905 25048 15 17 45 51 60 68 75 75

Saran 34245 36704 20 23 56 67 76 90 92 95

Siwan 35083 35244 21 23 59 66 80 89 95 97
Gopalganj 29847 30793 18 21 53 61 72 81 83 86

West Champaran 42289 45640 18 20 50 58 68 78 90 86

East Champaran 62345 63728 34 40 95 114 129 153 158 155
Muzaffarpur 52436 58102 42 48 117 137 159 185 230 204
Sitamarhi 40244 39375 21 23 59 66 81 89 105 101
Sheohar 7390 7508 3 3 9 10 12 14 17 16
Vaishali 33632 36740 24 28 70 82 94 110 118 115

Darbhanga 34452 36876 23 25 66 75 89 100 115 110

Madhubani 44662 48077 22 24 60 67 82 91 100 99
Samastipur 46816 50032 22 25 66 72 88 97 96 108

Begusarai 25396 28037 20 22 60 69 79 91 106 102

Munger 7161 8438 7 8 20 26 27 34 32 34
Sheikhpura 7450 8340 3 3 9 11 12 14 14 15
Lakhisarai 8823 9575 5 6 16 19 21 25 25 28
Jamui 14529 15372 6 7 19 21 25 28 30 30
Khagaria 12486 12443 7 7 20 21 27 28 34 33

Bhagalpur 23660 27039 21 26 66 80 88 106 117 110

Banka 15295 17015 8 10 23 26 31 35 40 40

Saharsha 19224 19559 11 12 34 38 45 50 56 56

Supaul 22773 24527 10 11 27 31 37 42 36 41
Madhepura 18870 19179 10 11 27 33 37 44 46 45

Purnea 34841 33895 21 23 63 71 84 95 102 100

Kishanganj 25749 26915 9 9 27 29 36 38 42 45
Araria 33635 35906 14 15 40 42 54 57 62 66
Katihar 40573 38674 17 18 51 51 68 69 84 85

Total 1027458 1103174 688 784 2080 2391 2768 3175 3600 3450
Sources : Department of Registration, Excise and Prohibition, Government of Bihar;
_____________

86
 CHAPTER III
AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED SECTORS

The erstwhile state of Bihar was bifurcated in November, 2000, and the present Bihar does not
have any mineral resources. The state also lost the important industrial sector that went to present
Jharkhand. Therefore, Bihar has got only an agricultural sector to rely upon. The base of Bihars
agriculture is its fertile soil and abundant water resources, particularly ground water. Because of
its favourable agro-climatic conditions, Bihar produces a variety of crops, vegetables and fruits.
Recently, the state is producing flower on a large scale for its domestic and outside market. The
state government is stressing for higher agricultural growth with a variety of interventions for
technological change. Agriculture Road Map II contains a number of programmes for ensuring
higher productivity in agriculture. A strong monitoring system has been put in place to ensure
effective implementation of those programmes. The rise in productivity has led to higher rate of
growth of GSDP during the last decade. This rise has also led to higher generation of agricultural
surplus during the recent years. This surplus has got invested in secondary and tertiary sectors,
helping them to grow at high rates.

The total geographical area of 93.6 lakh hectares of Bihar has three distinct agro-climatic zones
North-West, North-East and South. The North-West zone has 13 districts. This zone receives
an annual rainfall of 1040-1450 mms, and the soil here is mostly loam or sandy loam. The North-
East zone has 8 districts and it receives rainfall ranging from 1200-1700 mms. The soil here is
loam or clay loam. Finally, the South zone, having 17 districts, receives an average annual
rainfall of 990-1300 mms. and the soil is sandy loam, loam, clay and clay loam. The status of
agriculture and allied sectors is presented in this Chapter under the following major heads
Rainfall, Land Utilization, Production and Productivity, Irrigation, Agricultural Inputs, and
Agricultural Credit. Under Allied Activities, the Chapter also discusses the performance in
Animal Husbandry and Fishery sectors.

3.1 Rainfall

The amount of annual rainfall is very important for Bihars agricultural economy, as around 89
percent of population is presently engaged in agriculture and associated activities. Fortunately,
Bihars water resources are indeed abundant, as it receives an average of 995 mm. of rainfall
each year. This rainfall is largely due to south-west monsoon, which accounts for around 85
percent of the total rainfall in the state. The annual rainfall is reasonably adequate for the states
agricultural operations. However, only worrisome feature is the year-to-year variation in rainfall
87
which tends to create flood or draught-like situations in the state in some years. Apart from loss
of human and animal lives, this causes serious damage to crop production, which affects the state
economy in several ways.

During the period 2001 to 2015, the annual rainfall has varied from being 678 mms. in 2010 to
1506 mms. in 2007. The total rainfall has been substantially lower than the normal in 4 out of the
last 5 years. The rainfall pattern of the state is presented in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 : Annual Rainfall for Different Seasons

(Rainfall in mm)
Hot-Weather Southwest Northwest
Winter Rain Rain
Year Monsoon Monsoon Total
(Jan-Feb)
(March-May) (June-Sept) (Oct-Dec)

2001 20.9 (125.1) 86.7 (115.9) 908.2 (107.8) 192.2 (317.2) 1208.0 (121.4)

2002 48.9 (292.8) 66.8 (89.3) 896.9 (106.4) 33.2 (54.8) 1045.8 (105.1)

2003 19.2 (115.0) 93 (124.3) 767.6 (91.1) 128.9 (212.7) 1008.7 (101.4)

2004 23.7 (141.9) 41.4 (55.3) 906.1 (107.5) 60.1 (99.2) 1031.3 (103.7)

2005 0.1 (0.6) 89.5 (119.7) 777.6 (92.3) 30.2 (49.8) 897.4 (90.2)

2006 0.1 (0.6) 90.0 (120.3) 925.9 (109.9) 27.8 (45.8) 1043.7 (104.9)

2007 28.3 (169.7) 76.4 (102.1) 1360.9 (161.5) 40.5 (66.8) 1506.1 (151.4)

2008 30.6 (183.3) 61.8 (82.6) 1084.3 (128.7) 19.3 (31.9) 1196.0 (120.2)

2009 0.1 (0.5) 98.2 (131.3) 699.2 (83.0) 71.1 (117.4) 868.6 (87.3)

2010 0.74 (4.4) 49.3 (65.9) 584.4 (69.3) 43.4 (71.6) 677.9 (68.1)

2011 5.2 (31.1) 79.4 (106.1) 1028.0 (122.0) 0.5 (0.8) 1113.1 (111.9)

2012 11.2 (67.1) 31.3 (41.8) 704.2 (83.6) 51.2 (84.5) 797.9 (80.2)

2013 17.1 (102.4) 73.8 (98.7) 518.4 (61.5) 164.3 (271.1) 773.6 (77.8)

2014 33.3 (199.4) 96.1 (128.5) 788.3 (93.5) 41.9 (69.1) 959.6 (96.5)

2015 11.7 (70.1) 89.3 (119.4) 690.7 (82.0) 4.3 (7.1) 796.0 (80.0)
2016
7.5 72.6 937.0 54.5 1071.6
(Upto October)
Average
16.7 74.8 842.7 60.6 994.8
(2001-2015)
Note : Figures in parentheses denote actual rainfall as the percentage of average
Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GOB

88
 Chart 3.1 : Annual Rainfall in Bihar

1600 1506
1400 Average Rainfall
1208 1196
1200 1113
1046 1009 1031 1043
Rainfall in mm

1000 897 869 960

798 774 796
800 678
600

400

200

0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

The rainfall pattern in various districts of Bihar in 2015 and 2016 (up to October) can be
observed from Table A 3.1 (Appendix). The annual rainfall varies from district to district, as they
fall in different agro-climatic zones. Just as some parts of the state are draught-prone, other
districts are flood-prone. In 2015, the state had about 14 percent deficit rainfall under south-west
monsoon. From Table A3.1 (Appendix), it is observed that around 16 districts received less than
the average rainfall. Nearly all the districts falling in South-Bihar plains received less than the
average rainfall in 2015.

3.2 Land Utilisation

The proportion of total land put to agricultural use is high in Bihar, compared to other states of
India. This is because of its topographical nature, as it falls in the riverine plains of the Ganga
basin. Table 3.2 presents the land-use pattern in the state from 2009-10 to 2013-14. A glance at
the data would reveal that this pattern has remained nearly the same over the years. The area
under forests has remained unchanged at 6.6 percent and so has the area under permanent
pastures at 0.2 percent. In 2009-10, net area sown was 57.0 percent and it has increased
marginally to 57.7 percent in 2012-13. In 2013-14, it has again decreased to 56.1 percent. During
this period, there has been an increase in gross sown area between 2009-10 (7295.81 thousand
hectares) and 2013-14 (7580.14 thousand hectares). The cropping intensity has increased
marginally from 1.37 in 2009-10 to 1.44 in 2013-14.

89
 Table 3.2 : Land Utilization Pattern
(Area in '000 hectares)
Land Use 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
Geographical Area 9359.57 (100.0) 9359.57 (100.0) 9359.57 (100.0) 9359.57 (100) 9359.57 (100)

(1) Forests 621.64 (6.6) 621.64 (6.6) 621.64 (6.6) 621.64 (6.6) 621.64 (6.6)
(2) Barren and Unculturable
431.72 (4.6) 431.72 (4.6) 431.72 (4.6) 431.72 (4.6) 431.72 (4.6)
Land
(3) Land put to Non-
1689.72 (18.1) 1699.74 (18.2) 1702.54 (18.2) 1708.37 (18.3) 1712.29 (18.3)
agricultural use
Land Area 1332.51 (14.2) 1342.69 (14.3) 1345.57 (14.4) 1352.89 (14.5) 1356.8 (14.5)

Water Area 357.21 (3.8) 357.05 (3.8) 356.97 (3.8) 355.48 (3.8) 355.49 (3.8)

(4) Culturable Waste 45.38 (0.5) 45.34 (0.5) 45.23 (0.5) 45.02 (0.5) 44.89 (0.5)

(5) Permanent Pastures 15.78 (0.2) 15.73 (0.2) 15.7 (0.2) 15.6 (0.2) 15.47 (0.2)

(6) Land under Tree Crops 243.98 (2.6) 244.56 (2.6) 244.57 (2.6) 246.34 (2.6) 247.36 (2.6)
(7) Fallow Land
122.00 (1.3) 121.88 (1.3) 121.17 (1.3) 121.78 (1.3) 120.49 (1.3)
(excl. Current Fallow)
(8) Current Fallow 857.63 (9.2) 920.27 (9.8) 781.26 (8.3) 766.7 (8.2) 913.49 (9.8)
Total Unculturable Land
4027.84 (43.0) 4100.87 (43.8) 3963.83 (42.4) 3957.17 (42.3) 4107.32 (43.9)
(1 to 8)
Net Sown Area 5331.73 (57.0) 5258.70 (56.2) 5395.75 (57.6) 5402.39 (57.7) 5252.25 (56.1)

Gross Sown Area 7295.81 7194 7646.76 7777.52 7580.14

Cropping Intensity 1.37 1.37 1.42 1.44 1.44

Note : The figures in parentheses denote percentage share in total geographical area
Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GOB

The land-use pattern for different districts of Bihar for the latest year 2013-14 has been presented
in Table A 3.2 (Appendix). An analysis of this data would indicate that the pattern of land use
exhibits substantial variation across the districts, because of topographical variance. If one
considers the net sown area of various districts in 2013-14, there exist 5 districts whose net sown
area is more than 70 percent, whereas the average net sown area for the entire state is less than
60 percent. These districts are the valuable agrarian tract of Bihar Buxar (82.7 percent),
Bhojpur (75.7 percent), Siwan (76.1 percent), Gopalganj (72.6 percent) and Sheikhpura (72.0
percent). On the other hand, there are 8 districts where net sown area is less than 50 percent of its
geographical area. These districts are Jamui (14.9 percent), Gaya (26.1 percent), Munger
(31.1 percent), Lakhisarai (36.3 percent), Banka (39.1 percent), Nawada (42.8 percent), Kaimur
(45.6 percent) and Patna (47.4 percent). The cropping intensity is the highest in Saharsa, Sheohar
and Araria, and it is the lowest in Sheikhpura, Arwal and Munger.

Cropping Pattern
In Table 3.3, the cropping pattern in Bihar has been shown for the period from 2011-12 to 2015-
16. The data reveals that the agricultural economy of Bihar is very much tilted in favour of the
90
subsistence sector, since the acreage under foodgrains has been more than 92 percent in all the
years. During the last five years, the acreage under pulses has shown a decline, creating shortage
of pulses with rising prices. For oilseeds also, there is a marginal fall. For sugarcane, the acreage
has risen from 3.03 percent in 2011-12 to 3.46 percent in 2015-16.

Table 3.3 : Cropping Pattern

Percentage of Area
Crops
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Foodgrains 93.01 93.02 92.89 93.25 93.27

Cereals 85.73 85.90 85.80 86.14 86.18

Pulses 7.28 7.11 7.08 7.09 7.07

Oilseeds 1.85 1.59 1.74 1.63 1.69

Fibre Crops 2.11 1.94 1.71 1.58 1.58

Sugarcane 3.03 3.46 3.66 3.56 3.46

Total Area 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Source : Department of Agriculture, GOB

3.3 Production and Productivity

The fertility of soil along with abundant ground water resources help farmers of Bihar to produce
a variety of crops, both food and non-food. Apart from major cereals and pulses, the cultivators
also show immense interest in growing fibres, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables. Recently, they are
also producing flowers on a large scale in response to increasing demand, both domestic and
external.

In Table 3.4, the production levels of 34 most important crops have been presented for the period
2010-11 to 2015-16. The total cereals production in 2015-16 is 140.87 lakh tonnes, compared to
103.52 lakh tonnes in 2010-11. This increase is due a high increase in rice production. The rice
production increased from a modest quantum of 31 lakh tonnes in 2010-11 to about 68 lakh
tonnes in 2015-16, due to a technological change that has come up with the introduction of SRI
(System of Rice Intensification) technique and zero tillage method in the same. In the realm of
foodgrains, it is found that during the last 6 years, the quantum of cereal production has grown
annually at 2.51 percent. This has enhanced the food security of population, particularly its
marginalised section. The annual growth of wheat production was negative (-6.04 percent),
whereas for maize, the annual growth rate was 2.45 percent. For fiber crops, the rate of growth
worked out to be moderate at 2.70 percent. For sugarcane, the growth rate was satisfactory at
2.89 percent, compared to a negative trend seen in earlier decade.

91
 Table 3.4 : Production Levels of Major Crops

(Production in '000 tonnes)

Crops 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 CAGR
Total Cereals 10352.15 17363.65 17286.69 15716.30 14321.11 14087.25 2.51
Total Rice 3112.62 8237.98 8322.01 6649.59 8241.62 6802.22 11.11
Autumn Rice 444.04 914.23 960.01 798.68 1010.34 725.21 7.61
Aghani Rice 2505.54 7141.12 7076.17 5634.96 7049.73 5876.03 12.09
Summer Rice 163.03 182.63 285.83 215.95 181.56 200.98 2.16
Wheat 5094.03 6530.96 6174.26 6134.68 3570.21 4736.45 -6.04
Total Maize 2108.20 2557.06 2755.95 2904.24 2478.75 2517.10 2.45
Kharif Maize 468.52 622.42 926.32 778.21 825.15 692.70 7.79
Rabi Maize 922.29 1098.17 791.00 1199.39 913.78 1105.14 2.22
Summer Maize 717.39 836.47 1038.63 926.64 739.82 719.26 -1.33
Total Coarse Cereals 2145.50 2594.71 2790.42 2932.03 2509.28 2548.58 2.34
Barley 15.69 16.69 15.23 14.25 13.43 13.90 -3.71
Jowar 3.27 2.15 2.82 1.31 1.55 1.71 -13.29
Bajra 5.42 5.01 4.84 3.00 3.73 4.64 -5.93
Ragi 8.85 9.39 9.37 7.14 9.84 9.89 1.22
Small Millets 4.08 4.41 2.21 2.09 1.98 1.34 -20.50
Total Pulses 467.18 521.62 542.74 522.02 428.93 420.78 -3.23
Total Kharif Pulses 30.28 27.81 29.50 30.96 33.69 28.98 1.16
Urad 13.23 11.87 12.15 14.14 14.36 12.05 0.73
Bhadai Moong 6.08 4.70 7.18 7.36 9.23 8.34 10.93
Kulthi 9.32 8.23 7.75 7.83 7.96 7.21 -3.85
Ghagra 0.24 0.57 0.78 0.34 0.43 0.49 5.54
Other Kharif Pulses 1.41 2.45 1.64 1.29 1.71 0.89 -9.81
Total Rabi Pulses 436.91 493.81 513.25 491.06 395.24 391.80 -3.53
Arhar (Tur) 39.44 42.06 47.12 36.46 28.54 37.13 -4.80
Gram 59.38 76.82 86.19 70.34 57.49 58.55 -3.21
Lentil 162.22 171.61 183.24 196.06 140.06 140.44 -3.54
Pea 19.82 19.23 19.25 18.35 17.31 17.94 -2.42
Khesari 73.18 92.07 83.80 70.55 60.06 50.99 -8.89
Summer Moong 81.26 90.10 92.13 98.01 90.73 86.02 1.05
Other Rabi Pulses 1.62 1.93 1.53 1.30 1.05 0.73 -15.63
Total Oilseeds 142.24 174.47 182.73 157.18 127.01 126.52 -4.71
Castor seed 0.17 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.09 0.04 -17.60
Safflower (Kusum) 0.06 0.23 0.08 1.32 0.08 0.09 4.86
Sesamum 2.02 2.25 1.95 1.99 2.56 2.39 3.62
Sunflower 24.99 22.87 22.24 19.79 16.64 16.20 -8.83
Mustard/ Rapeseed 95.82 127.93 138.52 117.14 92.89 94.39 -3.38
Linseed 18.82 20.27 19.05 15.87 14.16 12.91 -8.60
Ground Nut 0.37 0.83 0.78 0.91 0.59 0.50 1.79
Total Fibre Crops 1309.41 1738.81 1717.73 1745.08 1637.12 1630.60 2.70
Jute 1164.59 1490.70 1490.24 1498.08 1418.71 1308.60 1.26
Mesta 144.82 248.11 227.49 247.00 218.41 322.00 11.13
Sugarcane 11827.66 11288.58 12741.42 12881.78 15498.95 11914.62 2.89
Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GOB

92
 Table 3.5 : Productivity Level of Major Crops
(kgs/ha)
Percentage
Triennium Triennium
change
Crops Average 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Average
between
(2005-08) (2013-16)
trienniums
Total Cereals 1493 2595 2328 2320 2462 64.9
Total Rice 1284 2110 2525 2104 2318 80.5
Autumn Rice 868 1454 1739 1321 1597 83.9
Aghani Rice 1350 2246 2711 2258 2479 83.6
Summer Rice 1557 2342 2207 2472 2275 46.1
Wheat 1915 2855 1657 2244 2256 17.8
Total Maize 2549 3966 3508 3571 3737 46.6
Kharif Maize 1380 2814 2974 2559 2894 109.7
Rabi Maize 3477 4552 3630 4421 4091 17.7
Summer Maize 3223 4820 4171 3903 4496 39.5
Total Coarse Cereals 1956 3877 3425 3491 3651 86.7
Barley 1104 1398 1109 1304 1254 13.5
Jowar 1035 1065 1068 1063 1067 3.0
Bajra 1067 1138 1134 1133 1136 6.5
Ragi 789 1015 1474 1429 1245 57.7
Small Millets 752 754 757 756 756 0.5
Total Pulses 1606 1044 848 844 946 -41.1
Total Kharif Pulses 860 886 892 821 889 3.4
Urad 782 912 913 883 913 16.7
Bhadai Moong 602 805 838 683 822 36.5
Kulthi 872 952 957 929 955 9.5
Other Kharif Pulses 578 752 757 753 755 30.5
Total Rabi Pulses 746 1056 844 846 950 27.4
Arhar 949 1667 1438 1577 1553 63.6
Gram 919 1147 958 986 1053 14.5
Lentil 753 1272 916 932 1094 45.3
Pea 942 1060 1010 1053 1035 9.9
Khesari 826 1116 990 934 1053 27.5
Summer Moong 594 672 579 548 626 5.3
Other Rabi Pulses - 1010 1000 1010 1005 -
Total Oilseeds 996 1279 1093 1059 1186 19.1
Castor seed 944 956 958 953 957 1.4
Safflower (Kusum) 800 805 804 802 805 0.6
Sesamum 788 872 874 868 873 10.8
Sunflower 1339 1410 1429 1421 1420 6.0
Mustard & 967 1374
Rapeseed 1100 1053 1237 27.9
Linseed 851 850 861 859 856 0.5
Ground Nut 494 1024 1023 1018 1024 107.2
Jute 9967 2571 2694 2508 2633 -73.6
Mesta 9185 2746 2402 3515 2574 -72.0
Sugarcane 40178 49916 60938 48826 55427 38.0
Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GOB

93
The productivity level of various crops produced in Bihar is presented in Table 3.5. The
triennium averages of productivity ending 2005-08 and 2013-16 are shown in two different
columns of Table 3.5. The comparison of triennium averages allows one to measure productivity
gains, eliminating short term fluctuations. The last column represents the percentage change
between two trienniums for each crop. The average productivity of three important cereals for
the triennium (2013-16) are 2318 kgs/ha. for rice, 2256 kgs/ha. for wheat and 3737 kgs/ha. for
maize. For rice, the percentage change between two trienniums was found out to be 80.5 percent.
For wheat, the change was of the order of 17.8 percent and for maize, it stood at 46.6 percent.

In Bihar, the variation of agro-climatic situation and soil structure across the districts tend to
influence the variety of crops produced in different districts, as well as their productivity levels.
In this section, a detailed districtwise analysis of the area and production of four important crops
is presented.

Area and Production of Rice

The districtwise data on area, production and productivity of rice for the years 2014-15 and
2015-16 has been presented in Table A 3.3 (Appendix). The districtwise shares in total area and
production have also been shown alongside in brackets. Productivity ranking for each districts
has also been shown in the respective column for 2014-15 and 2015-16. If one looks at the figure
in brackets along with area and production, the relative position of districts can easily be found
out. Considering the level of productivity, the leading districts in 2015-16 are Lakhisarai,
Sheikhpura and Rohtas. The highest level of productivity (4270 kg/hectare) was recorded in
Lakhisarai. Considering the production level, the leading districts are Rohtas, Aurangabad
and Banka.

Area and Production of Wheat

The districtwise data on area and production of wheat for the years 2014-15 and 2015-16 is
presented in Table A 3.4 (Appendix). The districtwise shares in total area and production have
also been shown in the brackets, along the data on area and production. The productivity levels
along with their respective ranks are also presented in the Table. On the basis of wheat
productivity, the leading districts in 2015-16 are Purnea, Sitamarhi and Bhagalpur. The
highest productivity was reported from Purnea (3484 kg / hectare). In terms of production level,
the leading districts are Rohtas, Sitamarhi and Buxar.

Area and Production of Maize

The shares in area and production of maize for various districts of Bihar have been presented in
Table A 3.5 (Appendix) for the years 2014-15 and 2015-16. The productivity of maize for each
district with its rank has also been presented in the Table. As per ranking, the top three districts
in terms of maize productivity in 2015-16 are Katihar, Bhagalpur and Darbhanga. The highest

94
productivity have been reported from Katihar (8025 kg. / hectare). The three leading districts in
terms of production level are Katihar, Bhagalpur and Araria.

Area and Production of Pulses

The area, production and productivity of pulses have been presented districtwise for the years
2014-15 and 2015-16 in Table A 3.6 (Appendix). In case of production, top three performing
districts in 2015-16 are Patna, Nalanda and Auragabad. For productivity, the top districts turn
out to be Sheikhpura, Rohtas and Nawada. The highest productivity level (1437 kg. per
hectare) was reported from the district of Araria.

On the basis of the preceding discussions, the top three districts in terms of production and
productivity for four major crops (rice, wheat, maize and pulses) have been listed in Table 3.6.

Table 3.6 : Leading Districts for Production and Productivity of Rice, Wheat, Maize and Pulses

Production / Top 3 Districts

Crop
Productivity 2014-15 2015-16

Production Rohtas, Aurangabad, West Champaran Rohtas, Aurangabad, Banka

Rice
Productivity Rohtas, Arwal, Sheikhpura Lakhisarai, Sheikhpura, Rohtas

Production Rohtas, Kaimur, Siwan Rohtas, Sitamarhi, Buxar

Wheat
Productivity Jehanabad, Patna, Gaya Purnea, Sitamarhi, Bhagalpur

Production Katihar, Madhepura, Khagaria Katihar, Bhagalpur, Araria

Maize
Productivity Katihar, Madhepura, Saharsa Katihar, Bhagalpur, Darbhanga

Production Patna, Aurangabad, Nalanda Patna, Nalanda, Aurangabad

Pulses
Productivity Kaimur, Patna, Darbhanga Sheikhpura, Rohtas, Nawada

Area and Production of Fruits

Bihar is known all over India for its litchi and mango. In litchi season, production from Bihar can
be found in all markets of India, be it a rural one or a big metro. The Muzaffarpur variety of
litchi, particularly shahi litchi, is famous for its taste and flavour. The malda variety of mango
from Bihar is also special for its taste. The levels of production of seven major fruits in Bihar in
2015-16 were mango (1465 thousand tonnes), guava (370 thousand tonnes), litchi (198
thousand tonnes), banana (1535 thousand tonnes), pineapple (116 thousand tonnes), papaya (53
thousand tonnes) and amla (13 thousand tonnes) (Table 3.7). For three of these seven fruits
(litchi, pineapple and amla), the annual growth rates of production have been negative in last five
years. However, for four other fruit crops, the annual growth rates have been positive mango
(2.8 percent), guava (13.5 percent), banana (0.2 percent) and papaya (8.5 percent).

95
 Table 3.7 : Area and Production of Fruits in Bihar

(area in 000 hectares/ production in 000 tonnes)

Area/
Year Mango Guava Litchi Banana Pineapple Papaya Amla Others Total
Production
Area 148.78 29.96 32.17 35.26 4.16 1.76 1.69 32.09 285.86
2013-14
Production 1477.74 373.71 258.69 1723.87 113.91 61.97 16.04 323.61 4349.53
Area 148.37 29.40 32.20 34.64 4.21 1.88 1.69 32.11 284.50
2014-15
Production 1271.62 370.00 197.70 1526.50 116.37 65.25 15.54 310.58 3873.55
Area 149.14 29.34 32.10 34.80 4.30 1.60 1.50 32.40 285.18
2015-16
Production 1464.93 370.00 198.00 1535.30 116.30 53.44 13.50 310.90 4062.37
CAGR* Production 2.79 13.47 -5.09 0.19 -2.28 8.47 -2.90 -0.09 0.68
Note : *CAGR is calculated for 5 years (2011-12 to 2015-16)
Source : Department of Agriculture, GOB

There is widespread variation across districts in Bihar in terms of fruit production. This is
depicted in Table A 3.8 (Appendix). In the table, the district-wise area and production for four
important fruit crops have been presented, for 2014-15 and 2015-16. These fruit crops are
mango, litchi, guava and banana. The table also presents the share of each district in area and
production, which are shown in the brackets alongside each crop. Considering the production
levels for mango in 2015-16, one finds that the lead districts are Darbhanga, Samastipur and
Muzaffarpur. For guava, the lead districts are Nalanda, Rohtas and Bhojpur. For litchi,
Muzaffarpur easily dominates the scene. For banana, Muzaffarpur, Vaishali and Samastipur are
the leading producers.

Area and Production of Vegetables

The agro-climatic conditions in the state are most suitable for the cultivation of a variety of
vegetables. The gangetic alluvial soil of the state is very fertile and help farmers to produce
vegetables at a low cost. Thus, Bihar ranks first among all the states of India and its vegetables
are exported to far-off states. In Table 3.8, the area and production level of 18 important
vegetables in Bihar are presented for the years 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16.

From the table, it is observed that there has been modest increase in the production of major
vegetables like potato and onion during the period 2013-14 to 2015-16. For example, the
production of potato grew annually at the rate of 1.61 percent during that period and onion also
by 1.61 percent. Other important vegetables like tomato, cauliflower and brinjal show a negative
growth rate. During the same period, the total vegetable production showed a marginal decline
by 1.55 percent per annum. In 2015-16, the total production of vegetables was 142.84 lakh
tonnes, against 151.58 lakh tonnes reported in 2013-14. The total vegetable production in 2015-
16, comprised of potato (63.46 lakh tonnes), onion (12.47 lakh tonnes), tomato (10.01 lakh
tonnes), cauliflower (10.04 lakh tonnes), cabbage (7.20 lakh tonnes), brinjal (11.38 lakh tonnes)
bottlegourd (6.32 lakh tonnes) and radish (2.47 lakh tonnes).

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 Table 3.8 : Area and Production of Vegetables in Bihar

(area in 000 hectares/ production in 000 tonnes)

Area/
Year Potato Onion Tomato Cauliflower Cabbage
Production
Area 318.45 54.32 47.69 65.73 40.00
2013-14
Production 6050.60 1304.16 1061.77 1147.76 734.98
Area 318.99 54.30 47.73 65.70 39.00
2014-15
Production 6345.55 1247.31 1046.44 1003.55 695.33
Area 319.13 54.03 45.81 65.71 40.52
2015-16
Production 6345.52 1247.34 1001.01 1003.90 719.81
CAGR Production 1.61 1.61 -2.10 -4.08 -0.96

Area/ Okra Bottle-

Year Brinjal Chillies Cucumber
Production (Bhindi) gourd
Area 57.49 58.08 39.49 31.73 2.06
2013-14
Production 1240.49 783.54 478.13 658.11 22.88
Area 57.60 57.71 44.82 40.27 4.02
2014-15
Production 1141.57 762.90 418.33 631.54 67.04
Area 57.62 57.90 44.80 40.30 3.60
2015-16
Production 1138.05 763.00 418.30 631.60 67.00
CAGR Production -3.76 -1.85 -4.25 -2.54 34.39

Area/ Musk Pointed Bitter- Water

Year Pea
Production melon Guard gourd melon
Area 1.13 6.46 3.68 10.16 1.41
2013-14
Production 14.15 69.48 70.01 67.15 30.67
Area 1.46 6.59 9.71 10.24 1.99
2014-15
Production 12.82 69.72 67.25 65.85 29.88
Area 1.70 6.60 9.70 10.40 1.40
2015-16
Production 12.90 69.60 67.30 65.70 29.70
CAGR Production -5.68 -7.01 -3.01 -4.56 -3.01

Area/ Sweet
Year Radish Carrot Others Total
Production Potato
Area 16.01 4.63 0.85 89.75 849.13
2013-14
Production 252.35 54.34 8.32 1109.48 15158.37
Area 24.10 9.27 1.03 92.81 887.33
2014-15
Production 246.55 53.45 8.34 1099.43 15012.84
Area 24.30 9.10 0.90 29.00 822.51
2015-16
Production 246.50 53.40 8.40 395.40 14284.42
CAGR* Production -1.37 -2.43 -2.48 -20.61 -1.55
Note : *CAGR is calculated for 5 years (2011-12 to 2015-16)
Source: Department of Agriculture, GOB
97
The districtwise area and production of four important vegetables (potato, onion, cauliflower and
brinjal) have been presented in Table A 3.7 (Appendix). In the table, area and production levels
have been presented for two years for 2014-15 and 2015-16. The production level and acreage
share of each district are shown in the brackets against that total figures. From the table, one can
easily find out that in 2015-16, Nalanda, Patna and Vaishali are the lead district for the
production of potato. For onion, the lead districts are Nalanda, Katihar and Muzaffarpur.
Similarly, for cauliflower, the lead districts are Vaishali, Muzaffarpur and Nalanda.

Area and Production of Sugarcane

The sugarcane industry is an important component of the agro-based industry in the state. It not
only provides cash benefits to the farmers producing the crop, it also creates substantial direct
and indirect employment. The total gross cultivable area is around 76 lakh hectares in the state,
of which approximately 3 lakh hectares are under sugarcane cultivation. In 2015-16, the
sugarcane production was of the order of 181.75 lakh tonnes, recording an average yield of 68.97
tonnes per hectare.

The districtwise area and production of sugarcane has been presented in Table A 3.9 (Appendix).
The share of each district in area and production is shown in brackets, along with the area and
production for the years 2014-15 and 2015-16. One can easily find out from the table that, in
terms of production, West Champaran and East Champaran are easily the lead districts.
However, in productivity data, the highest productivity is recorded in Nalanda (98.23 tonnes per
hectare).

Recently, the state government has come up with various schemes which would help the
sugarcane production in the state. They are :

(a) A subsidy of Rs. 135 per quintal is provided for the purchase of certified sugarcane seeds
of improved varieties.

(b) An incentive schemes has also been sanctioned by the government for the production of
foundation seed. The schemes provides Rs. 25,000 per hectare.

(c) The state government has made provision for training of farmers to use the improved
variety of seeds in a scientific way. The farmers are sent to other states where the
cultivation of improved varieties are taking place on a large scale.

98
(d) A provision of subsidy is also there for the cultivators who adopt the system of
intercropping of other crops along with sugarcane. A subsidy has also been provided when
the farmer uses diesel for irrigation purposes for the cultivation of sugarcane.

(e) An incentive scheme is also in progress for production of breeder seeds of improved
varieties through Sugarcane Research Institute.

3.4 Irrigation

Irrigation is an extremely important input for the Green Revolution, along with high yielding
varieties of seeds. Timely and assured irrigation is absolutely essential for raising agricultural
productivity. Therefore, under Agricultural Road Map II, the state government has identified
several targets for the expansion of irrigation potential in Bihar, like increasing total irrigation
potential to 101.9 lakh hectares, summer irrigation to 30.6 lakh hectares, construction of 14.64
lakh tubewells, extensive renovation of 1770 ahars/ pynes, and interlinking of rivers to transfer
surplus water of north Bihar to south Bihar. A more detailed discussion on irrigation and its
possibilities has been discussed in Chapter V which deals with infrastructural development of the
state.

3.5 Agricultural Inputs

Adequate and high quality inputs, apart from fertile soil and matching irrigation, are the
cornerstone of a highly efficient agricultural sector. These inputs are even more necessary for an
economy like Bihar where about 90 percent of the population live in rural areas with agriculture
as their principal livelihood. The agricultural inputs include seeds, fertiliser, farm equipment,
and well-monitored extension services. One should also keep in mind that these inputs need to be
supplied at a proper time in accordance with the agricultural calendar.

Seeds

Any modern agricultural operation needs improved quality seeds. The Agricultural Road Map II
of Bihar, therefore stressed the need of producing indigenous high yielding variety seeds and
make these available to farmers through efficient extension services and use of Kisan Vikas
Shibirs and Krishi Salahkars. There is also a need to maintain the approved level of SRR
(Seed Replacement Rate) along with the use of improved seeds for attaining a high level of
productivity in agriculture. As there was limitation in producing quality seeds in Bihar in the
past, the SRR was often low. The state government is taking steps to increase the SRR in the
agricultural sector.
99
 Table 3.9 : Distribution of Certified Seeds and Seed Replacement Rate (SRR) for Important Crops

(Requirement and supply in '000 qntl./SRR in percentage)

2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Crops Require Require Require
Supply SRR Supply SRR Supply SRR
- ment - ment - ment
Kharif Crops
Paddy 353.60 245.70 40.80 324.80 245.09 38.75 409.38 273.96 39.13
Maize 95.00 19.10 20.15
Urad 1.40 0.60 18.80 1.62 -- 25.00
Arhar -- -- -- 5.48 1.06 10.58 7.84 1.50 15.01
Moong 1.30 2.10 79.10 -- -- --
Rabi Crops
Wheat 840.00 817.20 35.70 864.00 728.31 35.58 912.00 616.39 27.12
Maize 130.00 126.40 85.00 226.45 207.00 90.00 90.00 70.65 80.66
Arhar 4.60 2.50 19.40 5.40 1.05 10.58
Gram 23.00 7.10 9.10 27.60 4.38 5.51 29.44 6.58 8.32
Masoor 20.80 3.57 5.67 25.80 7.08 11.35 27.52 1.07 1.25
Rapeseed /
3.30 2.60 39.80 3.46 3.07 49.04 3.59 2.28 36.33
Mustard
Source : Department of Agriculture, GOB

Under the Agricultural Road Map II, the production of certified seeds of recently evolved crop
varieties has been emphasised. As many as 23 crops have been identified for promotional
programme by the state government. Some prominent initiatives on the seed front, like Chief
Ministers crash seed programme, Seed Village Programme (Beej Gramin Yojana) and provision
of subsidy for the production and purchase of certified seeds have immensely benefitted the
farmers to raise agricultural productivity. Other important intervention have been the revival of
the dormant Bihar Rajya Beej Nigam (BRBN), strengthening the seed certification agency and
the programmes for multiplication of base and breeder seeds. As a sequel, three new seed
processing plants have also been established at Hajipur, Bhagalpur and Begusarai for the
multiplication of both base and breeder seeds. All these have led to higher crop productivity in
the state. The Mukhyamantri Tibra Beej Vistar Yojana laid the formulation for the introduction
of SRI technique and zero-tillage method in rice production which substantially boosted the
productivity. The SRR for major crops like paddy, wheat and maize has increased substantially
in recent years. More specifically, the SRR for self-pollinated crops has reached the scientific
level of 33 percent. Table 3.9 presents the SRR for major cereals, pulses and oilseeds for the
years 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16. The table would reveal that, for two cereals (paddy and
wheat), the SRR has nearly stabilised. For maize, particularly rabi maize, the SRR has touched

100
80.66 percent in 2015-16. For other crops, the SRR has not reached the desired level; but with
increasing availability of certified seeds, the situation would improve in coming years.

Fertilizer
Since the phenomenon of Green Revolution in India, the use of fertilizers has played a vital role
in increasing productivity of the agricultural crops. Indeed, the Green Revolution technology was
known as seed, water, fertilizer technology. In Bihar also, along with the use of better quality
seeds, use of chemical fertilizers in optimum quantity has played a key role in increasing
agricultural productivity of crops. Consequently, the consumption of fertilizers has showed
steady increase over the years. Table 3.10 presents the figures for consumption of fertiliser in last
three years.

Table 3.10 : Consumption of Fertilizers

('000 tonnes)
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Type of
Fertilizer Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total

Urea 862.0 1008.7 1870.6 864.3 1076.1 1940.4 954.2 1403.9 2358.1

DAP 94.5 265.6 360.2 128.6 224.1 352.7 186.4 356.4 542.8

SSP 30.0 28.8 58.7 26.1 30.7 56.8 47.6 26.2 73.7

MOP 51.2 88.8 140.0 54.6 99.1 153.7 48.3 105.5 153.7
Ammonium
6.8 7.2 14.0 1.3 2.4 3.7 2.6 15.8 18.4
Sulphate
Complex 40.7 117.3 157.9 76.0 186.0 262.0 150.3 201.6 351.8

Sub Total 1085.0 1516.3 2601.4 1150.8 1618.5 2769.4 1389.2 2109.3 3498.5

N 421.7 533.2 955.0 433.1 567.3 1000.4 499.8 749.9 1249.8

P 57.1 152.7 209.8 82.4 152.8 235.1 128.1 212.8 340.9

K 34.0 62.0 96.0 39.4 71.8 111.2 35.4 70.7 106.2

Total (NPK) 512.9 747.9 1260.8 554.8 791.8 1346.7 663.4 1033.4 1696.8

Grand Total 1597.9 2264.2 3862.2 1705.7 2410.3 4116.0 2052.6 3142.7 5195.3
Consumption
of fertilizer 127.2 171.5 150.2 138.1 181.8 160.8 160.4 240.2 201.1
(kg/ha.)
Source : Department of Agriculture, GOB

In 2013-14, the total consumption of fertilizers in Bihar was 38.62 lakh tonnes, which increased
51.95 lakh tonnes in 2015-16, registering an increase of 34.5 percent in three years, implying an
increase of round 11 percent per year. From Table 3.10, one may also observe a trend towards a
more balanced use of fertilizers in the last two years. The NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorous and
101
Potassium) ratio for the last three years has been 10:2:1 (2013-14), 9:2:1 (2014-15) and 8:2:1
(2015-16). This indicates more rational use of fertilizer components by the farmers in Bihar.

Table 3.10 also indicates that urea is the most important fertiliser used by the farmers and it
constitutes around 67 percent of the total fertilizer consumption. It can also be noted that,
although kharif crops are more important in Bihar, the use of chemical fertilizers is
comparatively higher for rabi crops. In 2015-16, whereas the farmers used 160.40 kgs/ha of
fertilisers for kharif crops, they used a much higher quantity of 240.18 kgs/ha for rabi crops.
Besides NPK, the state government is making concerted efforts to promote bio-fertilizers and
green manure technique on a larger scale. To supplement the central subsidy, the state
government is providing additional subsidy for the use of micro-nutrients. Under the Agriculture
Road Map II, the state government is pressing for the cultivation of 'Dhaicha' and Moong, the
green manure plants. The process has evoked immense response from the farmers.

Extension Services
An efficient team of extension workers, equipped with knowledge of scientific farming, can help
the farmers to acquire knowledge about modern technology at their door-step. This team can
work as a catalyst for seed management, use of optimum mix of chemical fertilisers (on the basis
of earth chemistry), adopting newer cropping pattern, and extensive use of high yielding variety
of seeds. With the introduction of subject matter specialist and Kisan Salahakar at the sub-
block level, the extension services have grown manifold in Bihar in recent years.

A massive training programme to enhance the knowledge of farmers through 'Kisan Pathshalas'
has gained momentum. They are attending these 'schools' to gain knowledge regarding soil-
testing methods at the field level, vermi compost, and new SRI (System of Rice Intensification)
technique for paddy cultivation. The 'Kishan Vikas Shivirs' and Kisan Chaupals have become a
forum for exchange of ideas between experts and farmers. 'Rabi and Kharif Mahotsavs' are being
organised at the block level, before the onset of crop season. During 2011-12, 16 districts were
selected for the introduction of SRI technique for paddy cultivation. During 2012-13, SRI
technique for wheat cultivation was also demonstrated in those districts. They were based on
'zero tillage' methods. During 2015-16, all districts have been covered by SRI technique for rice
cultivation.

Recently, the Kisan Vikas Shivirs are involved in a big way for the distribution of all agricultural
inputs and related subsidies. The farmers purchase inputs (seed, bio-fertilizers and farm
implements) during their visits to these camps. In recent years, Dhaicha seeds are distributed to

102
farmers free of cost. The implementation of the green manure technology will have far-reaching
effect in keeping the soil fertility intact.

Farm Mechanization
It is a historical fact that with increasing mechanization, economies of scale becomes operative
in agriculture and agricultural production becomes cost effective. With increase in productivity,
cost of cultivation per unit of production diminishes. Thus, an optimum level of mechanization
brings in a phase of low-cost agriculture. Further, the drudgery associated with manual
agricultural operation diminishes and agricultural cycle is completed in a time-bound manner.
The farm mechanization is thus an integral part of the Agricultural Road Map II of the state
government. It is presently providing subsidy, in addition to the subsidy provided under centrally
sponsored schemes, for power tillers, tractors, sprayers, winnowing machines, power weeders
and power threshers. The recent focus is on zero-tillage methods which is particularly suitable
for small and marginal farmers. Because of the efforts of the state government, many agricultural
equipments which were hitherto unknown in rural households, are now common with cultivators
in Bihar.

The provision of subsidy has taken off farm mechanization in Bihar on a big scale. In 2009-10,
the number of tractors distributed in Bihar was 3672. The figure jumped to 9062 in 2014-15. By
December 2016, the figure rose to as high as 26,919. Likewise, combine harvesters which were a
meager 42 in number in 2009-10 grew to 261 in 2013-14. By December 2016, around 990
combine harvesters were distributed on subsidy. The zero-tillage machines rose from 860 in
2009-10 to around 12,900 by December, 2016 because of the promptness and eagerness on the
part of the extension workers. There were as many as 8635 threshers in use in 2016-17.

Organic Farming
Throughout the world, the agricultural scientists are shifting their focus from the use of chemical
fertilizers to recently evolved bio-fertilizer. Use of chemical fertilizers, as has been found out,
has eroded nutrient components inherent in soil itself. In some parts of the world, after extensive
use of chemical fertilizers for several years, the soil has been left unusable for agricultural
purposes. In contrast, organic farming is environment friendly and free of health hazards. Bihar
is not far behind in this sphere. The promotion of organic farming has been a part of the
Agricultural Road Map II of Bihar, so that the soil can retain its inherent fertility for years to
come. This programme would cost Rs. 255 crores over a period of 5 years. The vermi compost
production has been made demand-based, with a provision of 50 percent subsidy. The state
government has also sanctioned additional subsidy for the purchase of vermi compost from
2011-12. During 2014-15, a total of about Rs. 160 crore was spent on promoting organic

103
farming. The integrated pest control programme has also been undertaken for controlling insects
and diseases from the stage of seed sowing to standing crops. An amount of Rs. 91.33 lakh was
targeted to be spent on bio-pesticides in Bihar in 2015-16. The districtwise details about
utilisation of bio-fertilisers have been presented in Table A 3.10 (Appendix).

Horticultural Development
Bihar is one of the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the country. So, it is extremely
important to develop horticulture in a scientific manner in the state. Easy availability of quality
planting materials is most crucial for horticultural development. So, a strategy has been adopted
to make mother plants available in agricultural universities and other departmental nurseries of
the state, to be distributed among the farmers in time. Depending on the agro-climatic conditions,
one specific horticulture crop has been identified per district, so that a cluster approach can be
undertaken in each district. Apart from important fruit crops, the universities would be directed
to set up progeny nurseries for less common fruits like bael, ber, jamun, amla, etc. Further, more
tissue culture laboratories would be set up in the state under Agriculture Road Map II during
2017-22, since tissue culture technique is extensively used for multiplication of plants like
banana and flowers. Under State Horticulture Mission, a scheme has been introduced for the
popularization of highly productive mushroom cultivation. Under this, subsidy is provided to
womans groups to provide spawn of mushroom and composite kits for mushroom cultivation.

3.6 Agricultural Credit

For agricultural farm operations, physical inputs like seed, water, fertiliser and agricultural
implements are most important. But such modern agricultural inputs cannot be procured from
market without adequate credit support. Thus, farm credit is very important for the farmers, as it
provides them with much needed working capital. The data related to agricultural credit in the
state shows that there is a big gap between demand and supply of agricultural credit. In Table
3.11, the bank-wise details are presented for agricultural credit.

Table 3.11 : Agricultural Credit Flow

(Rs. crore)
Commercial Bank RRBs CCB Total
Year
Target Achievement Target Achievement Target Achievement Target Achievement
2011-12 12241 9689 (79.2) 7013 4882 (69.6) 1848 387 (20.9) 21102 14958 (70.9)
2012-13 14674 13203 (90.0) 8407 8035 (95.6) 2319 328 (14.2) 25401 21566 (84.9)

2013-14 18709 17786 (95.1) 10777 10676 (99.1) 800 307 (38.4) 30286 28770 (95.0)

2014-15 22191 21260 (95.8) 12809 13058 (101.9) 1000 362 (36.2) 36000 34680 (96.3)
2015-16 26554 24957 (94.0) 14946 15135 (101.3) 1000 1258 (125.8) 42500 41350 (97.3)
Note : Figures in the parentheses denote achievement percentage to the target
Source: State Level Bankers' Committee
104
The table covers the period from 2011-12 to 2015-16. The flow of agricultural credit comprises
three major sectors Commercial Banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRB) and Central Co-
operative Banks (CCB). In 2011-12, the achievement level for agricultural credit has been
around 71 percent. However, the level rose to 97 percent in 2015-16. In intermediate years, the
level varied from 85 to 96 percent. The gross flow of credit which was Rs. 14,958 crore in 2011-
12 increased nearly three times to Rs. 41,350 crore in 2015-16. However, with rising prices of
inputs and rising demand of modern inputs by the farmers who are interested in scientific
farming, the supply of credit is not sufficient at the moment. The share of 3 different sources in
2015-16 stood at Commercial Banks (60.4 percent) RRBs (36.6 percent) and CCB (3.0 percent).
This shows that commercial bank handle the major part of agricultural credit in Bihar.

Since the Commercial Banks and RRBs are not keen to supply the credit as they seek collaterals
from the farmers for granting credit, the Co-operative Banks could have played a supporting role
in providing agricultural credit. But, unfortunately this strategy has failed to work. The district-
wise position of targets and achievements of Co-operative Banks are shown in Table A 3.11
(Appendix). It is evident from the table that no district could fulfill the targets, fixed for them in
2015-16. The levels of co-operative credit supply were comparatively higher in Begusarai,
Madhubani, Khagaria, Patna and East Champaran in 2015-16. In districts like Saharsa, Supaul,
Madhepura, Sheikhpura, Lakhisarai, Jamui and Saran, co-operative credit operations are either
nil or negligible.

Recently, for crop loan, an amount of interest subsidy has been announced by the state
government which may help the farmer to reduce the cost of loan. Under this programme, the
farmers would be getting loan at the rate of 4 percent. NABARD is refinancing the loan scheme
for the state government. This will lead to an increased flow of agricultural credit to farmers.

Kisan Credit Cards (KCC)

The Kisan Credit Card Scheme (KCC), introduced in 1998-99, is an important instrument for the
farmers to avail of crop loans in a flexible and cost effective manner. Through this scheme,
farmers are allowed a maximum credit limit of Rs. 50,000 to procure necessary inputs. In 2011-
12, an estimated number of 8.19 lakh farmers could reap the benefits of this scheme, the
achievement level being 55 percent. In 2015-16, the coverage was extended to 7.64 lakh farmers
with an achievement level of 51 percent. The working of KCC in Bihar has been discussed
comprehensively in Chapter IX, dealing with the banking sector in the state.

105
3.7 Animal Husbandry
Animal husbandry, along with agriculture, is one of key sectors which provide massive
employment and income opportunities for the rural people of Bihar. This sector contributes about
one-fifth of the total rural income and creates large scale employment to women and workers
belonging to the marginalised section of the society. Therefore, the state government has taken
steps to treat this sector as well as fisheries at par with agriculture. This is for the first time in the
country that such a step has been taken by any state government. The state government has
sanctioned the creation of a separate Animal Science University, namely Bihar Pashu Vigyan
Vishwavidyalaya in 2016.

According to the livestock census of 2012, the total livestock population was estimated to be
329.39 lakh. It is proposed that the next census would be undertaken in 2017. According to data,
as presented in Table A 3.12 (Appendix), 60 percent of the total livestock population are milch
animals, with a cow population of 122.32 lakh and a buffalo population of 75.67 lakh. The
population of goat, popularly termed as poor mans cow, stands at 121.54 lakh. The state
government has taken several steps like breed upgradation, health and nutrition, and insurance
schemes for milch animals and marketing of the product of the sector. Further, training
programmes have been arranged for rural workers for upgradation of their skills in animal
husbandry. A sum of Rs. 69.10 lakh has been sanctioned for the training of 2067 SC/ST
members.

Table 3.12 presents the comparative picture depicting the livestock wealth for last three
censuses. From this table, one can notice that total livestock population increased from 269.57
lakhs in 2003 to 329.39 lakhs in 2012, implying an increase of 22 percent. For poultry, the
figures are 139.68 lakhs (2003) and 127.48 lakhs (2012), implying decrease of 8.7 percent.

The districtwise details of livestock census data, 2012 has been presented in Table A 3.12
(Appendix). If one looks into the data, wide variation of livestock population over the districts is
easily noticed. For bovine population (cows and buffalos), the district with higher shares are
Araria, Gaya, Katihar, Banka and Bhagalpur for cows and Madhepura, Madhubani, East
Champaran, Gaya and Nalanda for buffalos. For goats and poultry, there is higher concentration
in the north-eastern region of the state where the climate is rather conducive for their upkeep.
The districts which have large concentration of goats are Araria, East Champaran, West
Champaran, Bhagalpur and Katihar. For poultry Katihar, Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Kishanganj
and Araria are the key districts.

106
 Table 3.12 : Livestock Wealth (2003, 2007 and 2012)

(Figures in 000)

Livestock and Poultry 2003 2007 2012 Livestock and Poultry 2003 2007 2012

Cattle 10470 12408 12232 Sheep 346 218 232

Males over 3 years 3020 2737 1915 Goats 9606 10167 12154

Females over 3 years 3643 4919 5982 Pigs 627 632 650

Young stock 3807 4752 4334 Horses and Ponies 115 51 49

Buffalo 5766 6690 7567 Others 0 0 55

Males over 3 years 274 329 300 Total Livestock 26957 30167 32939

Females over 3 years 2901 3546 4017 Total Poultry 13968 11420 12748

Young stock 2590 2815 3250

Source : Department of Animal Husbandry, GOB

In Table 3.13, the production levels of various animal husbandry products have been presented
for the period 2010-11 to 2015-16. Milk is the most important produce of this sector. The
production of milk has increased 25.1 percent from 66.25 lakh tonnes in 2011-12 to 82.88 lakh
tonnes in 2015-16. The production of egg has also increased from 75.43 crores in 2011-12 to
100.21 crores in 2015-16, implying an increase of 32.9 percent.

Table 3.13 : Livestock and Fish Production

Milk Wool Meat Fish

Egg
Year (lakh (lakh (lakh (lakh
(crores)
tonnes) kgs) tonnes) tonnes)
2011-12 66.25 75.43 2.66 2.28 3.44

2012-13 68.45 83.72 2.67 2.28 4.00

2013-14 71.97 93.08 2.71 2.92 4.32

2014-15 77.75 98.45 2.78 2.94 4.79

2015-16 82.88 100.21 2.40 3.02 5.07

CAGR 5.92 7.58 -1.64 8.51 10.03

Source : Department of Animal Husbandry, GOB

The state government has several schemes like medical treatment of animals, vaccination,
sterilization, artificial insemination, free distribution of fodder seeds for the growth of the animal
husbandry sector. The progress of livestock services over the past few years have been shown in
Table 3.14. Recently, 50 ambulatory van has been provided for such services in remote rural
areas.

107
 Table 3.14 : Livestock Services

Free
Animal Artificial Distribution
Immunization
Year Treated Insemination of Fodder
(lakh)
(lakh) (lakh) Seed
(qntls.)
2012-13 28.24 198.78 24.63 3.40

2013-14 25.12 147.57 24.14 102.60

2014-15 32.99 19.96 26.24 Not Distributed

2015-16 33.89 163.31 26.34 Not Distributed

Source : Department of Animal Husbandry, GOB

For Bihar as a whole, 32.99 lakh animals were treated in 2014-15. The figure increased to 33.89
lakh in 2015-16. In addition, 163.31 lakh animals were immunized in 2015-16. The coverage of
artificial insemination stood at 26.34 lakh animals in 2015-16, including the share of COMFED.
The state government provide 5 Milk scanner through COMFED at a cost of Rs. 3.00 crore for
the benefit of the milk producers. Under Samagra Gavya Vikash Yojana for the establishment
of dairy units of various sizes, the state government has sanctioned an amount of Rs. 80.00 crore.

For smooth working of the artificial insemination project, silos has been provided at 9 urban
centres for the storage of liquid nitrogen. The artificial insemination centres at all the district
levels have been duly upgraded. Several NGOs have been associated to invigorate the
insemination centres, where expected number of new born calves are rather high.

Fisheries
The water area in Bihar is 273.3 thousand hectares and it also has 3200 kms. of river length. This
constitutes about 3.9 percent of the total geographical area. Consequently, there exists wide
scope of fish cultivation in the state, providing gainful occupation for fishing population. This
sector is growing steadily and the contribution of this sector to the GSDP has more-than-doubled
during the last decade. In 2004-05, the production of fish in Bihar was 2.67 lakh tonnes. The
production grew continuously thereafter and reached the peak level of 5.07 lakh tonnes in
2015-16 (Table 3.13).

In view of the potential of the sector in providing gainful employment to poor persons, the state
government has taken steps to enhance the skill of the fishermen. The fishermen have been
provided on-site training and exposure visits to various places in India, including Andhra
Pradesh and West Bengal. The state government has supported in installation of fish feed mill
and construction of fish seed hatchery on subsidised rate. To facilitate fish marketing, the scheme
of distribution of moped-cum-icebox has been introduced. Two and three wheeler vehicles have
108
also been inducted on subsidised rates for fast movement of fish to the markets. In 2011-12, a
new insurance scheme has been introduced for fish farmers under the aegis of Oriental Insurance
Company, a public sector enterprise. Premium of this scheme is highly subsidised in favour of
fishermen.

Several schemes undertaken by the state government have highly benefitted the fish farmers in
the state. These include distribution of fish seed on subsidies, loans for maintenance and
renovation of private ponds on low interest and easy repayment terms, and provisions of free
homes to poor fishermen. The initiative to develop ponds and chaurs have increased the water
bed for wider fish farming in the state. The districtwise details of fish production and distribution
of seeds are given in Table A 3.13 (Appendix) for the years 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16. A look
at the table would show that the three leading districts in terms of fish production in 2015-16 are
Madhubani (51.5 thousand tonnes), East Champaran (50.4 thousand tonnes) and Darbhanga
(44.0 thousand tonnes). For fish seed, the two leading districts are Sitamarhi (596 lakhs) and
Darbhanga (499 lakhs).

109
 APPENDIX

Table A 3.1 : District-wise Annual Rainfall for Different Seasons

(Rainfall in mm)
2015 2016(Upto October)
Hot South- North- Hot South- North-
District Winter Winter
Weather West West Total Weather West West Total
Rain Rain
Rain Monsoon Monsoon Rain Monsoon Monsoon
Patna 0.0 41.0 491.8 1.7 534.5 3.4 56.7 801.3 57.8 919.2
Nalanda 9.0 43.3 619.6 0.0 671.9 13.4 48.9 953.3 72.1 1087.7
Bhojpur 3.2 60.3 569.6 9.9 643.0 2.5 43.8 716.8 44.2 807.3
Buxar 23.8 32.1 687.9 3.8 747.6 6.0 57.6 815.2 62.8 941.6
Rohtas 9.3 70.6 444.2 2.5 526.6 0.0 2.3 961.9 76.9 1041.1
Kaimur 17.9 45.7 762.4 0.0 826.0 24.0 13.7 1114.3 42.5 1194.5
Gaya 15.4 33.0 689.4 0.5 738.3 20.0 19.3 1061.7 84.7 1185.7
Jehanabad 5.1 11.6 574.3 0.0 591.0 13.4 26.8 892.0 74.6 1006.8
Arwal 10.9 29.2 713.8 0.0 753.9 3.0 4.9 1131.4 97.0 1236.3
Nawada 16.0 22.1 589.3 2.7 630.1 20.0 16.8 807.4 70.6 914.8
Aurangabad 17.1 70.8 861.2 0.0 949.1 12.6 17.6 1220.0 127.0 1377.2
Saran 3.4 32.8 431.7 5.7 473.6 0.3 42.3 548.2 35.7 626.5
Siwan 2.2 104.0 548.3 1.4 655.9 1.2 20.7 783.2 39.1 844.2
Gopalganj 11.3 124.7 554.5 24.0 714.5 0.0 112.0 710.0 31.7 853.7
W.Champaran 12.2 128.7 746.5 23.3 910.7 1.7 98.2 980.5 2.7 1083.1
E.Champaran 8.0 112.3 745.5 5.1 870.9 6.4 112 773.5 20.7 912.6
Muzaffarpur 6.2 6.9 453.6 1.2 467.9 1.2 88.1 571.2 19 679.5
Sitamarhi 0.8 81.7 508.4 0.0 590.9 1.9 52.1 685.9 6.8 746.7
Sheohar 17.6 93.4 638 28.7 777.7 5.3 108.7 843.9 7.8 965.7
Vaishali 4.6 37.9 465.1 4.2 511.8 1.2 0.2 651.9 57.8 711.1
Darbhanga 0.0 122.4 715.9 2.8 841.1 0.0 111.0 878.9 46.5 1036.4
Madhubani 9.8 93.6 601.9 0.0 705.3 6.1 128.4 951.7 30.9 1117.1
Samastipur 12.8 83.9 797.1 0.0 893.8 0.2 111.9 859.1 87.4 1058.6
Begusarai 20.9 83.4 858 2.5 964.8 5.6 55.7 844.8 31.8 937.9
Munger 9.1 67.7 742.4 2.8 822.0 39.9 50.8 882.4 21.6 994.7
Sheikhpura 0.0 38.7 755.4 0.0 794.1 18.6 18.0 987.9 78.1 1102.6
Lakhisarai 3.0 24.7 714.8 1.8 744.3 12.2 28.9 990.7 33.7 1065.5
Jamui 16.9 52.6 728.8 0.1 798.4 18.3 15.5 1026.1 60.6 1120.5
Khagaria 31.5 111.9 903.6 0.0 1047.0 17.9 50.7 679.1 19.5 767.2
Bhagalpur 57.1 179.9 1174.5 0.0 1411.5 0.0 109.7 986.4 36.7 1132.8
Banka 21.4 91.4 607.1 - 719.9 12.3 50.9 916.1 45.1 1024.4

Saharsa 16.7 134.4 806.4 0.0 957.5 0.0 111.0 1169.9 68.9 1349.8
Supaul 0.0 94.4 566.0 13.9 674.3 0.0 164.1 1122.0 80.8 1366.9
Madhepura 20.3 169.0 667.7 0.7 857.7 1.8 139.8 1010.0 65.0 1216.6
Purnea 13.0 113.6 693.8 4.4 822.8 0.0 185.3 1131.1 51.7 1368.1
Kishanganj 7.5 348.5 1298.4 0.0 1654.4 4.8 250.2 1887.2 124.8 2267.0
Araria 0.0 240.0 768.7 5.7 1014.4 8.1 164.2 1431.0 81.1 1684.4
Katihar 9.2 164.1 750.3 9.49 933.1 0 71 827 75.5 973.5
Bihar 11.7 89.4 690.7 4.3 795.9 7.5 72.6 937.0 54.5 1071.6
Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GOB

110
 Table A 3.2 : District-wise Land Utilisation Pattern (2013-14)

(Area in 000 hectares)

Barren and Non- Agriculture Use (4) Culturable
Name of Geographical
Forest (2) Unculturable Water Area Waste
District Area (1) Land area
land (3) Perennial Temporary Land (5)
Patna 317.2 (100.0) 0.1 (0.0) 12.4 (3.9) 67.4 (21.2) 10.3 (3.2) 2.4 (0.8) 0.8 (0.3)
Nalanda 232.7 (100.0) 4.6 (2.0) 1.2 (0.5) 35.7 (15.3) 2.5 (1.1) 7.6 (3.3) 0.2 (0.1)
Bhojpur 237.3 (100.0) 0.0 (0.0) 6.7 (2.8) 30.2 (12.7) 2.8 (1.2) 1.4 (0.6) 0.6 (0.3)
Buxar 167 (100.0) 0.0 (0.0) 2.2 (1.3) 13.1 (7.8) 3.2 (1.9) 1.3 (0.8) 0.7 (0.4)
Rohtas 390.7 (100.0) 66.7 (17.1) 16.8 (4.3) 39.3 (10.1) 9 (2.3) 0.3 (0.1) 1.1 (0.3)
Kaimur 342.4 (100.1) 113 (33) 19.3 (5.6) 31.1 (9.1) 2.5 (0.7) 1.3 (0.4) 1.9 (0.6)
Gaya 493.8 (100.0) 77.8 (15.8) 27.5 (5.6) 63.2 (12.8) 3.8 (0.8) 6.8 (1.4) 3.3 (0.7)
Jehanabad 94.0 (99.9) 0.6 (0.6) 3.3 (3.5) 13.8 (14.7) 0.8 (0.9) 0.4 (0.4) 0.1 (0.1)
Arwal 62.6 (100.3) 0.0 (0.0) 2.2 (3.5) 9.2 (14.7) 0.6 (1.0) 0.6 (1.0) 0.1 (0.2)
Nawada 248.7 (100.0) 63.8 (25.7) 11.2 (4.5) 25.7 (10.3) 3.0 (1.2) 7.0 (2.8) 1.1 (0.4)
Aurangabad 330 (100.1) 18.8 (5.7) 16.4 (5.0) 56.2 (17.0) 1.7 (0.5) 1.7 (0.5) 1.8 (0.5)
Saran 264.9 (100.0) 0.0 (0.0) 17.9 (6.8) 28.6 (10.8) 3.5 (1.3) 2.9 (1.1) 0.2 (0.1)
Siwan 224.4 (100.1) 0.0 (0.0) 8.7 (3.9) 29.5 (13.1) 2.0 (0.9) 1.6 (0.7) 0.7 (0.3)
Gopalganj 203.8 (100.0) 0.0 (0.0) 5.5 (2.7) 31.3 (15.4) 2.1 (1) 0.4 (0.2) 1.4 (0.7)
W. Champaran 484.4 (100.0) 91.8 (19.0) 2.9 (0.6) 70.9 (14.6) 15.2 (3.1) 8.4 (1.7) 1.3 (0.3)
E. Champaran 431.7 (100.0) 0.1 (0.0) 8.1 (1.9) 51.5 (11.9) 10.1 (2.3) 15.8 (3.7) 0.3 (0.1)
Muzaffarpur 315.4 (100.0) 0.0 (0.0) 5.3 (1.7) 51.4 (16.3) 7.8 (2.5) 4.6 (1.5) 0.3 (0.1)
Sitamarhi 221.9 (100.0) 0.0 (0.0) 1.8 (0.8) 45.2 (20.4) 2.5 (1.1) 15.6 (7) 0.1 (0.0)
Sheohar 43.5 (100.2) 0.0 (0.0) 0.4 (0.9) 10 .0 (23.0) 1.3 (3.0) 0.2 (0.5) 0.0 (0.0)
Vaishali 201.5 (100.0) 0.0 (0.0) 24.1 (12) 30.4 (15.1) 5.8 (2.9) 2.0 (1.0) 0.1 (0.0)
Darbhanga 254.1 (100.0) 0 .0 (0.0) 1.3 (0.5) 44.3 (17.4) 9.4 (3.7) 7.2 (2.8) 0.1 (0.0)
Madhubani 353.5 (100.0) 0.0 (0.0) 2.2 (0.6) 71.3 (20.2) 13.4 (3.8) 2.3 (0.7) 0.5 (0.1)
Samastipur 262.4 (100.1) 0.0 (0.0) 3.8 (1.4) 54.7 (20.8) 8.2 (3.1) 0.9 (0.3) 0.1 (0.0)
Begusarai 187.8 (100.1) 0.0 (0.0) 18.0 (9.6) 30.2 (16.1) 7.7 (4.1) 3.9 (2.1) 0.0 (0.0)
Munger 139.8 (99.9) 28.5 (20.4) 11.4 (8.2) 20.8 (14.9) 5.8 (4.1) 5.2 (3.7) 0.8 (0.6)
Sheikhpura 62.1 (99.8) 0.0 (0.0) 1.0 (1.6) 7.7 (12.4) 0.9 (1.4) 2.1 (3.4) 0.2 (0.3)
Lakhisarai 128.6 (100.2) 13.5 (10.5) 7 .0 (5.4) 9.2 (7.2) 1.2 (0.9) 4.8 (3.7) 0.7 (0.5)
Jamui 305.3 (100.0) 92.9 (30.4) 28.6 (9.4) 39.4 (12.9) 2.2 (0.7) 2.8 (0.9) 10.3 (3.4)
Khagaria 149.3 (100.0) 0.0 (0.0) 13.6 (9.1) 19.3 (12.9) 7.7 (5.2) 4.2 (2.8) 0.6 (0.4)
Bhagalpur 254.3 (100.0) 0.1 (0.0) 22.4 (8.8) 54.7 (21.5) 6.6 (2.6) 9.7 (3.8) 2.3 (0.9)
Banka 305.6 (100.0) 46.3 (15.2) 43 (14.1) 36.8 (12.0) 2.9 (0.9) 3.0 (1.0) 7.9 (2.6)
Saharsa 164.6 (100.0) 0.0 (0.0) 10.8 (6.6) 22.2 (13.5) 4.8 (2.9) 2.2 (1.3) 0.4 (0.2)
Supaul 238.6 (100.0) 0.0 (0.0) 20.2 (8.5) 39.2 (16.4) 9.8 (4.1) 2.9 (1.2) 1.4 (0.6)
Madhepura 179.6 (100.1) 0.0 (0.0) 3.9 (2.2) 26.8 (14.9) 3.9 (2.2) 1.1 (0.6) 0.0 (0.0)
Purnea 313.9 (100.0) 0.1 (0.0) 12.3 (3.9) 38 (12.1) 6.9 (2.2) 1.4 (0.4) 1.1 (0.4)
Kishanganj 189.1 (100.1) 0.4 (0.2) 11.2 (5.9) 25.9 (13.7) 7.3 (3.9) 2.6 (1.4) 1.2 (0.6)
Araria 271.7 (99.9) 0.8 (0.3) 5.0 (1.8) 40.7 (15.0) 6.4 (2.4) 5.2 (1.9) 0.5 (0.2)
Katihar 291.4 (100.0) 1.8 (0.6) 22.1 (7.6) 42.1 (14.4) 12.1 (4.2) 4.1 (1.4) 0.6 (0.2)
Bihar 9359.6 (100.0) 621.6 (6.6) 431.7 (4.6) 1356.9 (14.5) 207.5 (2.2) 148.1 (1.6) 44.9 (0.5)
Note : Figures in the parentheses denotes percentage
Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GOB
(Contd.)
111
 Table A 3.2 : District-wise Land Utilisation Pattern (2013-14) (Contd.)

(Area in 000 hectares)

Total
Grass Cropping
Permanent Tree Crops Fallow land Current Uncultivable Net Area
District Crop Intensity
Pastures (6) (7) (8) Fallow (9) Land (10) Sown (11)
Area (12) (13)
(2 to 9)
Patna 0.1 (0.0) 1.0 (0.3) 1.5 (0.5) 71.1 (22.4) 167.1 (52.7) 150.2 (47.4) 194.9 1.30
Nalanda 0.0 (0.0) 1.3 (0.6) 0.2 (0.1) 31.7 (13.6) 85.0 (36.5) 147.7 (63.5) 180.2 1.22
Bhojpur 0.1 (0.0) 2.1 (0.9) 2.4 (1.0) 11.4 (4.8) 57.7 (24.3) 179.7 (75.7) 217.7 1.21
Buxar 0.0 (0.0) 0.8 (0.5) 0.6 (0.4) 7.1 (4.3) 28.9 (17.3) 138.1 (82.7) 194.1 1.41
Rohtas 0.1 (0.0) 2.9 (0.7) 0.7 (0.2) 4.5 (1.2) 141.5 (36.2) 249.3 (63.8) 364.9 1.46
Kaimur 0.1 (0.0) 0.8 (0.2) 0.2 (0.1) 16.2 (4.7) 186.3 (54.4) 156.2 (45.6) 218.9 1.40
Gaya 2.1 (0.4) 3.9 (0.8) 11.3 (2.3) 165.2 (33.5) 364.9 (73.9) 128.9 (26.1) 175.2 1.36
Jehanabad 0.1 (0.1) 0.7 (0.7) 0.2 (0.2) 22.4 (23.8) 42.6 (45.3) 51.5 (54.8) 88.6 1.72
Arwal 0.2 (0.3) 0.9 (1.4) 1.6 (2.6) 5.2 (8.3) 20.5 (32.7) 42.2 (67.4) 47.4 1.12
Nawada 0.9 (0.4) 0.7 (0.3) 2.6 (1.0) 26.2 (10.5) 142.3 (57.2) 106.4 (42.8) 130.3 1.22
Aurangabad 0.6 (0.2) 0.7 (0.2) 1.2 (0.4) 52.8 (16) 151.7 (46.0) 178.3 (54.0) 264.9 1.49
Saran 0.2 (0.1) 8.6 (3.2) 3.6 (1.4) 33.4 (12.6) 98.8 (37.3) 166.1 (62.7) 213.2 1.28
Siwan 0.2 (0.1) 8.9 (4.0) 1.4 (0.6) 0.8 (0.4) 53.7 (23.9) 170.8 (76.1) 233.6 1.37
Gopalganj 0.2 (0.1) 7.5 (3.7) 2.4 (1.2) 5.2 (2.6) 55.9 (27.4) 147.9 (72.6) 217.8 1.47
W. Champaran 1.1 (0.2) 6.5 (1.3) 2.6 (0.5) 10.6 (2.2) 211.3 (43.6) 273.1 (56.4) 435.9 1.60
E. Champaran 0.4 (0.1) 27.2 (6.3) 2.9 (0.7) 43.3 (10) 159.6 (37) 272.1 (63.0) 419.5 1.54
Muzaffarpur 0.0 (0.0) 17.5 (5.5) 1.4 (0.4) 8.4 (2.7) 96.6 (30.6) 218.8 (69.4) 308.4 1.41
Sitamarhi 1.4 (0.6) 13.9 (6.3) 0.5 (0.2) 4.6 (2.1) 85.5 (38.5) 136.4 (61.5) 241.5 1.77
Sheohar 0.0 (0.0) 3.7 (8.5) 0.8 (1.8) 1.6 (3.7) 17.9 (41.1) 25.6 (58.9) 46.5 1.82
Vaishali 0.3 (0.1) 9.8 (4.9) 0.3 (0.1) 7.7 (3.8) 80.6 (40.0) 120.9 (60.0) 175.4 1.45
Darbhanga 0.1 (0.0) 12.4 (4.9) 2.1 (0.8) 21.4 (8.4) 98.4 (38.7) 155.7 (61.3) 183.8 1.18
Madhubani 1.3 (0.4) 23.9 (6.8) 2.9 (0.8) 8.0 (2.3) 125.9 (35.6) 227.7 (64.4) 316.3 1.39
Samastipur 0.1 (0.0) 8.3 (3.2) 0.9 (0.3) 12.7 (4.8) 89.6 (34.1) 172.9 (65.9) 302.1 1.75
Begusarai 0.0 (0.0) 3.8 (2.0) 0.8 (0.4) 7.8 (4.2) 72.2 (38.4) 115.7 (61.6) 171.3 1.48
Munger 0.2 (0.1) 0.6 (0.4) 1.9 (1.4) 20.9 (14.9) 96.2 (68.8) 43.5 (31.1) 49.7 1.14
Sheikhpura 0.0 (0.0) 0.3 (0.5) 1.6 (2.6) 3.5 (5.6) 17.4 (28.0) 44.7 (72) 46.7 1.04
Lakhisarai 0.1 (0.1) 0.4 (0.3) 6.3 (4.9) 38.9 (30.2) 81.9 (63.7) 46.7 (36.3) 72.8 1.56
Jamui 1.6 (0.5) 2.1 (0.7) 16.1 (5.3) 63.7 (20.9) 259.6 (85.0) 45.6 (14.9) 68.3 1.50
Khagaria 0.2 (0.1) 3.1 (2.1) 2.2 (1.5) 6.1 (4.1) 57.0 (38.2) 92.3 (61.8) 133.2 1.44
Bhagalpur 0.6 (0.2) 6.7 (2.6) 4.9 (1.9) 19.0 (7.5) 127.0 (49.9) 127.3 (50.1) 158.5 1.25
Banka 1.1 (0.4) 7.5 (2.5) 11.2 (3.7) 26.6 (8.7) 186.2 (60.9) 119.4 (39.1) 156.6 1.31
Saharsa 1.1 (0.7) 4.4 (2.7) 3.7 (2.2) 9.0 (5.5) 58.6 (35.6) 106 (64.4) 203.1 1.92
Supaul 0.3 (0.1) 3.1 (1.3) 9.5 (4.0) 4.9 (2.1) 91.3 (38.3) 147.3 (61.7) 239.5 1.63
Madhepura 0.1 (0.1) 7.2 (4.0) 1 (0.6) 12.0 (6.7) 55.9 (31.1) 123.7 (68.9) 195.3 1.58
Purnea 0.1 (0.0) 8.9 (2.8) 4.7 (1.5) 59.6 (19) 133.0 (42.4) 180.9 (57.6) 231.6 1.28
Kishanganj 0.4 (0.2) 5.2 (2.7) 3.0 (1.6) 25.8 (13.6) 82.9 (43.8) 106.2 (56.2) 147.5 1.39
Araria 0.2 (0.1) 19.1 (7.0) 3.5 (1.3) 36.8 (13.5) 118.5 (43.6) 153.2 (56.4) 277.6 1.81
Katihar 0.1 (0.0) 11.1 (3.8) 5.9 (2.0) 7.7 (2.6) 107.7 (37.0) 183.7 (63.0) 257.6 1.40
Bihar 15.5 (0.2) 247.4 (2.6) 120.5 (1.3) 913.5 (9.8) 4107.3 (43.9) 5252.3 (56.1) 7580.2 1.44
Note : Figures in the parentheses denotes percentage
Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GOB
(Concluded)

112
 Table A 3.3 : District-wise Area, Production and Productivity of Rice

(Area in 000 hectare/Production in000 tonnes/ Productivity in kg/ha)

2014-15 2015-16
Districts
Area Production Productivity Area Production Productivity
Patna 63.66 (2.0) 163.12 (2.0) 2562 (19) 63.68 (2) 192.85 (2.8) 3029 (9)
Nalanda 83.95 (2.6) 217.10 (2.6) 2586 (18) 106.5 (3.3) 308.51 (4.5) 2897 (10)
Bhojpur 99.76 (3.1) 287.84 (3.5) 2885 (11) 88.04 (2.7) 305.03 (4.5) 3465 (4)
Buxar 82.23 (2.5) 228.89 (2.8) 2783 (13) 83.82 (2.6) 258.64 (3.8) 3086 (8)
Rohtas 196.51 (6.0) 820.98 (10.0) 4178 (02) 196.66 (6.1) 759.63 (11.2) 3863 (3)
Kaimur 102.38 (3.1) 281.88 (3.4) 2753 (15) 109.16 (3.4) 282.27 (4.1) 2586 (13)

Gaya 105.36 (3.2) 338.35 (4.1) 3211 (08) 99.93 (3.1) 239.92 (3.5) 2401 (15)
Jehanabad 35.88 (1.1) 118.14 (1.4) 3293 (07) 35.88 (1.1) 96.1 (1.4) 2679 (11)
Arwal 26.05 (0.8) 114.54 (1.4) 4398 (01) 23.95 (0.7) 74.84 (1.1) 3124 (7)
Nawada 77.23 (2.4) 237.02 (2.9) 3069 (09) 68.35 (2.1) 173.47 (2.6) 2538 (14)
Aurangabad 164.02 (5) 619.2 (7.5) 3775 (04) 160.23 (5) 553.35 (8.1) 3453 (5)

Saran 72.55 (2.2) 164.72 (2.0) 2271 (21) 68.74 (2.1) 74.25 (1.1) 1080 (31)
Siwan 92.63 (2.8) 190.88 (2.3) 2061 (26) 90.96 (2.8) 143.48 (2.1) 1577 (29)
Gopalganj 84.78 (2.6) 165.82 (2.0) 1956 (29) 84.25 (2.6) 70.28 (1) 834 (36)

West Champaran 152.98 (4.7) 368.15 (4.5) 2407 (20) 144.59 (4.5) 266.72 (3.9) 1845 (25)
East Champaran 199.56 (6.1) 347.77 (4.2) 1743 (34) 193.28 (6) 139.59 (2.1) 722 (37)
Muzaffarpur 140.37 (4.3) 285.34 (3.5) 2033 (28) 113.99 (3.5) 108.34 (1.6) 951 (35)
Sitamarhi 96.59 (3.0) 182 (2.2) 1884 (30) 96.75 (3) 93.52 (1.4) 967 (34)
Sheohar 22.89 (0.7) 42.02 (0.5) 1836 (32) 22.66 (0.7) 12.46 (0.2) 550 (38)
Vaishali 46.18 (1.4) 98.25 (1.2) 2127 (24) 43.72 (1.4) 44.58 (0.7) 1020 (33)

Darbhanga 78.98 (2.4) 134.78 (1.6) 1706 (35) 78.96 (2.4) 110.7 (1.6) 1402 (30)
Madhubani 208.39 (6.4) 324.57 (3.9) 1558 (38) 204.78 (6.3) 211.88 (3.1) 1035 (32)
Samastipur 88.87 (2.7) 186.44 (2.3) 2098 (25) 99.45 (3.1) 167.44 (2.5) 1684 (27)

Begusarai 22.33 (0.7) 37.45 (0.5) 1677 (36) 18.53 (0.6) 29.35 (0.4) 1584 (28)
Munger 22.26 (0.7) 61.79 (0.7) 2776 (14) 27.39 (0.8) 71.85 (1.1) 2623 (12)
Sheikhpura 26.74 (0.8) 101.86 (1.2) 3810 (03) 24.72 (0.8) 95.71 (1.4) 3872 (2)
Lakhisarai 15.87 (0.5) 58.52 (0.7) 3688 (05) 15.87 (0.5) 67.77 (1) 4271 (1)
Jamui 42.84 (1.3) 87.45 (1.1) 2042 (27) 70.38 (2.2) 132.22 (1.9) 1879 (23)
Khagaria 23.78 (0.7) 39.48 (0.5) 1660 (37) 20.92 (0.6) 38.79 (0.6) 1854 (24)

Bhagalpur 32.35 (1.0) 95.83 (1.2) 2962 (10) 32.91 (1) 77.53 (1.1) 2356 (16)
Banka 91.86 (2.8) 323.63 (3.9) 3523 (06) 94.57 (2.9) 316.98 (4.7) 3352 (6)

Saharsa 90.32 (2.8) 166.37 (2.0) 1842 (31) 79.25 (2.5) 157.26 (2.3) 1984 (20)
Supaul 112.08 (3.4) 200.96 (2.4) 1793 (33) 99.19 (3.1) 188.01 (2.8) 1895 (22)
Madhepura 70.85 (2.2) 153.77 (1.9) 2170 (23) 79.64 (2.5) 162.1 (2.4) 2035 (19)

Purnea 85.48 (2.6) 229.11 (2.8) 2680 (16) 86.06 (2.7) 167.11 (2.5) 1942 (21)
Kishanganj 77.62 (2.4) 221.12 (2.7) 2849 (12) 78.34 (2.4) 138.93 (2) 1773 (26)
Araria 121.29 (3.7) 266.92 (3.2) 2201 (22) 122.01 (3.8) 252.08 (3.7) 2066 (18)
Katihar 105.95 (3.2) 279.58 (3.4) 2639 (17) 104.23 (3.2) 218.71 (3.2) 2098 (17)

Bihar 3263.37 (100.0) 8241.62 (100.0) 2525 3232.31 (100) 6802.22 (100) 2104
Note : Figure in parentheses denotes percentage and ranking for productivity
Source : Department of Agriculture, GOB
113
 Table A 3.4 : District-wise Area, Production and Productivity of Wheat

(Area in 000 hectare/Production in000 tonnes/ Productivity in kg/ha)

2014-15 2015-16
Districts
Area Production Productivity Area Production Productivity
Patna 60.6 (2.8) 170.08 (4.8) 2807 (02) 60.07 (2.8) 143.99 (3.0) 2397 (17)
Nalanda 89.26 (4.1) 184.64 (5.2) 2069 (12) 84.66 (4.0) 211.69 (4.5) 2500 (13)
Bhojpur 74.57 (3.5) 136.53 (3.8) 1831 (16) 74.45 (3.5) 181.38 (3.8) 2436 (16)
Buxar 79.48 (3.7) 125.28 (3.5) 1576 (23) 90.52 (4.3) 245.58 (5.2) 2713 (07)
Rohtas 144.73 (6.7) 300.1 (8.4) 2074 (11) 131.58 (6.2) 294.21 (6.2) 2236 (25)
Kaimur 84.5 (3.9) 188.25 (5.3) 2228 (06) 77.97 (3.7) 177.97 (3.8) 2283 (22)

Gaya 72.15 (3.3) 178.51 (5) 2474 (03) 71.07 (3.4) 175.09 (3.7) 2464 (15)
Jehanabad 23.39 (1.1) 66.85 (1.9) 2859 (01) 23.39 (1.1) 61.71 (1.3) 2639 (08)
Arwal 10.78 (0.5) 18.37 (0.5) 1705 (20) 12.78 (0.6) 28.3 (0.6) 2215 (26)
Nawada 45.53 (2.1) 81.59 (2.3) 1792 (17) 42.92 (2.0) 86.53 (1.8) 2016 (29)
Aurangabad 79.12 (3.7) 160.18 (4.5) 2024 (13) 66.77 (3.2) 152.21 (3.2) 2280 (23)

Saran 84.46 (3.9) 170.37 (4.8) 2017 (14) 87.05 (4.1) 182.64 (3.9) 2098 (27)
Siwan 90.2 (4.2) 171.37 (4.8) 1900 (15) 90.2 (4.3) 181.03 (3.8) 2007 (30)
Gopalganj 73.94 (3.4) 71.48 (2) 967 (34) 76.75 (3.6) 174.19 (3.7) 2269 (24)

West Champaran 65.59 (3) 80.07 (2.2) 1221 (27) 61.67 (2.9) 147.1 (3.1) 2385 (18)
East Champaran 128.68 (6) 87.58 (2.5) 681 (37) 121.13 (5.7) 133.35 (2.8) 1101 (38)
Muzaffarpur 88.36 (4.1) 129.82 (3.6) 1469 (25) 80.08 (3.8) 124.27 (2.6) 1552 (35)
Sitamarhi 88.03 (4.1) 76.76 (2.2) 872 (35) 88.03 (4.2) 283.07 (6.0) 3216 (02)
Sheohar 16.62 (0.8) 22.91 (0.6) 1378 (26) 13.34 (0.6) 23.17 (0.5) 1736 (33)
Vaishali 44.81 (2.1) 93.82 (2.6) 2094 (09) 40.88 (1.9) 75.82 (1.6) 1855 (31)

Darbhanga 59.4 (2.8) 89.18 (2.5) 1501 (24) 59.35 (2.8) 172.95 (3.7) 2914 (05)
Madhubani 90.05 (4.2) 70.79 (2) 786 (36) 90.46 (4.3) 128.71 (2.7) 1423 (37)
Samastipur 55.74 (2.6) 116.64 (3.3) 2093 (10) 46.61 (2.2) 107.84 (2.3) 2314 (20)

Begusarai 53.92 (2.5) 64.16 (1.8) 1190 (28) 60.6 (2.9) 139.94 (3) 2309 (21)
Munger 14.17 (0.7) 23.13 (0.6) 1633 (21) 14.38 (0.7) 24.44 (0.5) 1700 (34)
Sheikhpura 25.25 (1.2) 55.17 (1.5) 2185 (08) 22.19 (1.1) 55.47 (1.2) 2500 (14)
Lakhisarai 29.7 (1.4) 67.33 (1.9) 2267 (05) 29.7 (1.4) 70.16 (1.5) 2362 (19)
Jamui 11.33 (0.5) 13.24 (0.4) 1168 (30) 52.12 (2.5) 78.85 (1.7) 1513 (36)
Khagaria 30.37 (1.4) 33.95 (1) 1118 (33) 29.36 (1.4) 82.35 (1.7) 2805 (06)

Bhagalpur 46.38 (2.2) 52.83 (1.5) 1139 (32) 46.23 (2.2) 143.02 (3.0) 3094 (03)
Banka 25.85 (1.2) 45.68 (1.3) 1767 (19) 24.81 (1.2) 62.59 (1.3) 2523 (12)

Saharsa 50.22 (2.3) 110.99 (3.1) 2210 (07) 49.84 (2.4) 103.65 (2.2) 2080 (28)
Supaul 53.75 (2.5) 84.93 (2.4) 1580 (22) 53.51 (2.5) 94.61 (2.0) 1768 (32)
Madhepura 31.09 (1.4) 71.46 (2.0) 2298 (04) 33.27 (1.6) 97.54 (2.1) 2932 (04)

Purnea 39.73 (1.8) 23.95 (0.7) 603 (38) 26.73 (1.3) 93.13 (2.0) 3484 (01)
Kishanganj 14.08 (0.7) 16.66 (0.5) 1183 (29) 14.85 (0.7) 38.48 (0.8) 2591 (10)
Araria 39.14 (1.8) 45.7 (1.3) 1168 (31) 25.99 (1.2) 66.99 (1.4) 2577 (11)
Katihar 39.46 (1.8) 69.87 (2.0) 1771 (18) 35.46 (1.7) 92.44 (2.0) 2607 (09)

Bihar 2154.42 (100.0) 3570.21 (100.0) 1657 2110.75 (100.0) 4736.45 (100) 2244
Note : Figure in parentheses denotes percentage and ranking for productivity
Source : Department of Agriculture, GOB
114
 Table A 3.5 : District-wise Area, Production and Productivity of Maize

(Area in 000 hectare/Production in 000 tonnes/ Productivity in kg/ha)

2014-15 2015-16
Districts
Area Production Productivity Area Production Productivity
Patna 6.78 (1.0) 21.91 (0.9) 3232 (15) 6.73 (1) 16.4 (0.7) 2436 (28)
Nalanda 5.9 (0.8) 18 (0.7) 3053 (17) 6.33 (0.9) 21.2 (0.8) 3351 (16)
Bhojpur 3.45 (0.5) 8.71 (0.4) 2523 (28) 6.61 (0.9) 17.43 (0.7) 2639 (27)
Buxar 1.36 (0.2) 2.03 (0.1) 1491 (37) 1.15 (0.2) 1.67 (0.1) 1448 (37)
Rohtas 0.05 (0.0) 0.13 (0.0) 2549 (26) 0.09 (0) 0.21 (0) 2477 (29)
Kaimur 0.38 (0.1) 0.45 (0.0) 1200 (38) 0.33 (0) 0.67 (0) 2012 (34)

Gaya 7.43 (1.1) 16.68 (0.7) 2245 (32) 5.74 (0.8) 25.51 (1) 4441 (5)
Jehanabad 0.45 (0.1) 1.53 (0.1) 3392 (10) 0.45 (0.1) 1.81 (0.1) 4054 (9)
Arwal 0.64 (0.1) 2.15 (0.1) 3357 (13) 0.56 (0.1) 2.34 (0.1) 4201 (8)
Nawada 1.93 (0.3) 5.03 (0.2) 2609 (25) 1.69 (0.2) 4.55 (0.2) 2688 (25)
Aurangabad 0.35 (0.0) 0.71 (0.0) 2034 (34) 0.21 (0) 0.83 (0) 3855 (12)

Saran 27.82 (3.9) 80.76 (3.3) 2903 (19) 27.11 (3.8) 87.89 (3.5) 3242 (18)
Siwan 18.16 (2.6) 44.5 (1.8) 2451 (29) 17.97 (2.5) 43.28 (1.7) 2409 (30)
Gopalganj 16.69 (2.4) 45.2 (1.8) 2708 (24) 11.7 (1.7) 33.79 (1.3) 2888 (23)

W. Champaran 9.83 (1.4) 28.32 (1.1) 2883 (20) 7.4 (1) 22.53 (0.9) 3043 (20)
E. Champaran 52.23 (7.4) 102.58 (4.1) 1964 (35) 46.51 (6.6) 67.04 (2.7) 1441 (38)
Muzaffarpur 48.77 (6.9) 191.89 (7.7) 3935 (07) 39.16 (5.6) 89.85 (3.6) 2294 (31)
Sitamarhi 5.49 (0.8) 18.6 (0.8) 3385 (11) 5.42 (0.8) 21.51 (0.9) 3972 (11)
Sheohar 1.82 (0.3) 6.45 (0.3) 3533 (09) 1.61 (0.2) 4.73 (0.2) 2936 (22)
Vaishali 32.33 (4.6) 131.45 (5.3) 4067 (06) 31.86 (4.5) 127.9 (5.1) 4014 (10)

Darbhanga 14.76 (2.1) 43.24 (1.7) 2930 (18) 14.77 (2.1) 72.4 (2.9) 4903 (3)
Madhubani 0.62 (0.1) 1.69 (0.1) 2728 (23) 0.59 (0.1) 1.87 (0.1) 3187 (19)
Samastipur 56.89 (8.1) 156 (6.3) 2742 (22) 63.59 (9) 169.64 (6.7) 2668 (26)

Begusarai 47.99 (6.8) 121.66 (4.9) 2535 (27) 56.5 (8) 121.72 (4.8) 2154 (32)
Munger 4.64 (0.7) 13.14 (0.5) 2830 (21) 4.51 (0.6) 9.64 (0.4) 2137 (33)
Sheikhpura 0.66 (0.1) 1.06 (0.0) 1591 (36) 0.65 (0.1) 1.21 (0) 1851 (35)
Lakhisarai 5.11 (0.7) 11.62 (0.5) 2276 (30) 4.7 (0.7) 7.17 (0.3) 1524 (36)
Jamui 2.8 (0.4) 6.35 (0.3) 2269 (31) 5.41 (0.8) 14.78 (0.6) 2732 (24)
Khagaria 60.16 (8.5) 214.83 (8.7) 3571 (08) 55.24 (7.8) 166.76 (6.6) 3019 (21)

Bhagalpur 46.06 (6.5) 155.81 (6.3) 3383 (12) 44.9 (6.4) 233.34 (9.3) 5197 (2)
Banka 11.03 (1.6) 35.93 (1.4) 3257 (14) 10.88 (1.5) 46.55 (1.8) 4279 (7)

Saharsa 28.24 (4.0) 128.11 (5.2) 4536 (03) 29.83 (4.2) 111.24 (4.4) 3729 (14)
Supaul 12.41 (1.8) 50.82 (2.1) 4096 (05) 10.26 (1.5) 37.87 (1.5) 3690 (15)
Madhepura 43.42 (6.1) 229.47 (9.3) 5285 (02) 43.52 (6.2) 144.78 (5.8) 3326 (17)

Purnea 35.6 (5.0) 77.57 (3.1) 2179 (33) 39.5 (5.6) 176.17 (7) 4460 (4)
Kishanganj 3.03 (0.4) 9.47 (0.4) 3121 (16) 3.28 (0.5) 12.88 (0.5) 3921 (13)
Araria 44.31 (6.3) 189.3 (7.6) 4272 (04) 52.6 (7.5) 232.05 (9.2) 4412 (6)
Katihar 46.94 (6.6) 305.62 (12.3) 6510 (01) 45.6 (6.5) 365.95 (14.5) 8025 (1)

Bihar 706.52 (100.0) 2478.75 (100.0) 3508 704.96 (100) 2517.10 (100) 3571
Note : Figure in parentheses denotes percentage and ranking for productivity
Source : Department of Agriculture, GOB
115
 Table A 3.6 : District-wise Area, Production and Productivity of Pulses

(Area in 000 hectare/Production in 000 tonnes/ Productivity in kg/ha)

2014-15 2015-16
Districts
Area Production Productivity Area Production Productivity
Patna 46.5 (9.2) 71.3 (16.6) 1533 (2) 47.01 (9.4) 49.74 (11.8) 1058 (9)
Nalanda 22.62 (4.5) 22.98 (5.4) 1016 (11) 24.47 (4.9) 27.81 (6.6) 1136 (6)
Bhojpur 19.17 (3.8) 17.6 (4.1) 918 (15) 20.73 (4.2) 18.25 (4.3) 880 (20)
Buxar 12.33 (2.4) 7.1 (1.7) 576 (31) 8.27 (1.7) 7.77 (1.8) 940 (12)
Rohtas 10.44 (2.1) 11.84 (2.8) 1134 (6) 9.36 (1.9) 11.82 (2.8) 1263 (2)
Kaimur 12.59 (2.5) 19.54 (4.6) 1552 (1) 11.77 (2.4) 10.81 (2.6) 919 (14)

Gaya 19.8 (3.9) 17.76 (4.1) 897 (16) 19.65 (3.9) 22.48 (5.3) 1144 (5)
Jehanabad 15.55 (3.1) 18.03 (4.2) 1159 (4) 15.55 (3.1) 14.22 (3.4) 914 (15)
Arwal 5.82 (1.2) 5.5 (1.3) 945 (14) 6.3 (1.3) 5.29 (1.3) 840 (25)
Nawada 9.92 (2.0) 6.21 (1.4) 627 (29) 8.64 (1.7) 10.23 (2.4) 1184 (3)
Aurangabad 35.58 (7) 28.83 (6.7) 810 (21) 33.38 (6.7) 26.01 (6.2) 779 (29)

Saran 3.37 (0.7) 3.75 (0.9) 1111 (9) 3.05 (0.6) 2.65 (0.6) 869 (22)
Siwan 3.77 (0.7) 4.3 (1.0) 1138 (5) 3.76 (0.8) 3.43 (0.8) 912 (16)
Gopalganj 2.14 (0.4) 2.42 (0.6) 1129 (7) 1.93 (0.4) 1.67 (0.4) 865 (23)

West Champaran 13.58 (2.7) 7.55 (1.8) 556 (32) 11.18 (2.2) 7.63 (1.8) 682 (32)
East Champaran 13.69 (2.7) 7.11 (1.7) 519 (35) 11.33 (2.3) 10.3 (2.4) 909 (17)
Muzaffarpur 28.72 (5.7) 15.72 (3.7) 547 (33) 27.04 (5.4) 13.52 (3.2) 500 (35)
Sitamarhi 6.2 (1.2) 2.58 (0.6) 416 (37) 6.19 (1.2) 4.69 (1.1) 758 (30)
Sheohar 2.39 (0.5) 1.28 (0.3) 538 (34) 2.02 (0.4) 1.25 (0.3) 616 (33)
Vaishali 8.93 (1.8) 5.62 (1.3) 629 (28) 7.98 (1.6) 4.41 (1.0) 553 (34)

Darbhanga 11.95 (2.4) 14.35 (3.3) 1201 (3) 11.72 (2.4) 10.39 (2.5) 887 (19)
Madhubani 15.01 (3) 9.65 (2.2) 643 (25) 15.66 (3.1) 11.08 (2.6) 709 (31)
Samastipur 15.78 (3.1) 10.15 (2.4) 643 (26) 17.52 (3.5) 14.15 (3.4) 808 (26)

Begusarai 4.5 (0.9) 4.36 (1.0) 970 (13) 5.1 (1.0) 5.2 (1.2) 1020 (11)
Munger 2.22 (0.4) 1.88 (0.4) 845 (18) 2.26 (0.5) 2.45 (0.6) 1084 (7)
Sheikhpura 6.31 (1.2) 7.06 (1.6) 1118 (8) 6.23 (1.3) 8.94 (2.1) 1437 (1)
Lakhisarai 13.19 (2.6) 11.12 (2.6) 843 (19) 11.17 (2.2) 11.68 (2.8) 1046 (10)
Jamui 6.32 (1.2) 5.03 (1.2) 797 (22) 13.44 (2.7) 15.65 (3.7) 1164 (4)
Khagaria 7.85 (1.6) 6.9 (1.6) 879 (17) 8.03 (1.6) 7.48 (1.8) 932 (13)

Bhagalpur 15.22 (3.0) 9.58 (2.2) 630 (27) 14.75 (3.0) 11.64 (2.8) 789 (27)
Banka 6.4 (1.3) 4.98 (1.2) 778 (23) 6.53 (1.3) 5.51 (1.3) 844 (24)

Saharsa 20.45 (4.0) 5.79 (1.3) 283 (38) 20.23 (4.1) 7.9 (1.9) 391 (38)
Supaul 30.13 (6.0) 17.73 (4.1) 589 (30) 29.71 (6) 13.26 (3.2) 446 (37)
Madhepura 20.93 (4.1) 9.76 (2.3) 466 (36) 21.66 (4.3) 9.73 (2.3) 449 (36)

Purnea 7.17 (1.4) 5.21 (1.2) 727 (24) 5.76 (1.2) 5.22 (1.2) 906 (18)
Kishanganj 9.2 (1.8) 9.83 (2.3) 1068 (10) 9.38 (1.9) 7.36 (1.7) 785 (28)
Araria 10.08 (2.0) 8.41 (2.0) 835 (20) 9.52 (1.9) 8.38 (2.0) 880 (21)
Katihar 10.27 (2.0) 10.13 (2.4) 987 (12) 10.02 (2.0) 10.8 (2.6) 1078 (8)

Bihar 506.08 (100) 428.93 (100) 848 498.3 (100) 420.78 (100) 844
Note : Figure in parentheses denotes percentage and ranking for productivity
Source : Department of Agriculture, GOB

116
 Table A 3.7 : District-wise Area and Production of Important Vegetables

(Area in '000 hectare/Production in '000 tonnes)

Potato Onion
Districts 2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16
Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production
Patna 12.5 (3.9) 360 (5.7) 12.51 (3.9) 360 (5.7) 2.6 (4.8) 63 (5.1) 2.6 (4.8) 63 (5.1)
Nalanda 20.8 (6.5) 600 (9.5) 20.81 (6.5) 600 (9.5) 6 (11.1) 160 (12.8) 6 (11.1) 160 (12.8)
Bhojpur 6.3 (2) 172.7 (2.7) 6.3 (2) 172.7 (2.7) 1.2 (2.2) 26 (2.1) 1.2 (2.2) 26 (2.1)
Buxar 3.9 (1.2) 105.1 (1.7) 3.9 (1.2) 105.1 (1.7) 0.9 (1.7) 22.6 (1.8) 0.9 (1.7) 22.6 (1.8)
Rohtas 8 (2.5) 206.9 (3.3) 8 (2.5) 206.9 (3.3) 1.2 (2.2) 27.3 (2.2) 1.2 (2.2) 27.3 (2.2)
Kaimur 3.2 (1) 84 (1.3) 3.22 (1) 84 (1.3) 1 (1.9) 20.7 (1.7) 1 (1.9) 20.7 (1.7)

Gaya 8.1 (2.5) 8.1 (0.1) 8.1 (2.5) 8.1 (0.1) 1.4 (2.6) 1.4 (0.1) 1.4 (2.6) 1.4 (0.1)
Jehanabad 2.8 (0.9) 73.8 (1.2) 2.81 (0.9) 73.8 (1.2) 0.5 (0.9) 13.1 (1.1) 0.5 (0.9) 13.1 (1.1)
Arwal 2.2 (0.7) 59.1 (0.9) 2.2 (0.7) 59.1 (0.9) 0.4 (0.7) 9.9 (0.8) 0.4 (0.7) 9.9 (0.8)
Nawada 4.2 (1.3) 100 (1.6) 4.2 (1.3) 100 (1.6) 1 (1.9) 21.8 (1.7) 1 (1.9) 21.8 (1.7)
Aurangabad 4.5 (1.4) 115.8 (1.8) 4.5 (1.4) 115.8 (1.8) 1.1 (2) 25.4 (2) 1.12 (2.1) 25.42 (2)

Saran 10.8 (3.4) 280.5 (4.4) 10.8 (3.4) 280.5 (4.4) 1 (1.9) 18 (1.4) 1 (1.9) 18 (1.4)
Siwan 7.7 (2.4) 205.9 (3.2) 7.7 (2.4) 205.9 (3.2) 0.9 (1.7) 21 (1.7) 0.9 (1.7) 21 (1.7)
Gopalganj 9.1 (2.9) 242.7 (3.8) 9.12 (2.9) 242.7 (3.8) 0.9 (1.7) 18.6 (1.5) 0.9 (1.7) 18.6 (1.5)

W. Champaran 9.2 (2.9) 250 (3.9) 9.27 (2.9) 250 (3.9) 2.4 (4.4) 62 (5) 2.4 (4.4) 62 (5)
E. Champaran 8.9 (2.8) 240.9 (3.8) 8.9 (2.8) 240.9 (3.8) 2.4 (4.4) 59.3 (4.8) 2.4 (4.4) 59.3 (4.8)
Muzaffarpur 85.5 (26.8) 254 (4) 85.5 (26.8) 254 (4) 2.6 (4.8) 67 (5.4) 2.6 (4.8) 67 (5.4)
Sitamarhi 5.1 (1.6) 136.5 (2.2) 5.1 (1.6) 136.5 (2.2) 1.3 (2.4) 32.5 (2.6) 1.3 (2.4) 32.5 (2.6)
Sheohar 3.2 (1) 83.6 (1.3) 3.2 (1) 83.6 (1.3) 0.7 (1.3) 17.3 (1.4) 0.7 (1.3) 17.3 (1.4)
Vaishali 9.9 (3.1) 290.5 (4.6) 9.91 (3.1) 290.5 (4.6) 1.8 (3.3) 44 (3.5) 1.8 (3.3) 44 (3.5)

Darbhanga 5.8 (1.8) 154.9 (2.4) 5.85 (1.8) 154.9 (2.4) 1 (1.9) 25 (2) 1 (1.9) 25 (2)
Madhubani 7.7 (2.4) 206.9 (3.3) 7.73 (2.4) 206.9 (3.3) 1.1 (2) 25.3 (2) 1.1 (2) 25.3 (2)
Samastipur 9.2 (2.9) 250 (3.9) 9.2 (2.9) 250 (3.9) 1.4 (2.6) 30.4 (2.4) 1.4 (2.6) 30.4 (2.4)

Begusarai 6 (1.9) 168 (2.6) 6 (1.9) 168 (2.6) 2 (3.7) 42.4 (3.4) 2 (3.7) 42.4 (3.4)
Munger 5.3 (1.7) 142.1 (2.2) 5.3 (1.7) 142.1 (2.2) 1 (1.9) 24.5 (2) 1 (1.9) 24.5 (2)
Sheikhpura 4.2 (1.3) 120 (1.9) 4.2 (1.3) 120 (1.9) 1.3 (2.4) 30 (2.4) 1.3 (2.4) 30 (2.4)
Lakhisarai 2.4 (0.8) 63.5 (1) 2.4 (0.8) 63.5 (1) 0.4 (0.7) 10.1 (0.8) 0.4 (0.7) 10.1 (0.8)
Jamui 2.6 (0.8) 67.3 (1.1) 2.6 (0.8) 67.3 (1.1) 0.8 (1.5) 22.2 (1.8) 0.8 (1.5) 22.2 (1.8)
Khagaria 4.1 (1.3) 108.6 (1.7) 4.1 (1.3) 108.6 (1.7) 0.8 (1.5) 17.3 (1.4) 0.8 (1.5) 17.3 (1.4)

Bhagalpur 6.3 (2) 168.3 (2.7) 6.31 (2) 168.31 (2.7) 1.6 (3) 40.3 (3.2) 1.6 (3) 40.32 (3.2)
Banka 4.9 (1.5) 125.7 (2) 4.9 (1.5) 125.7 (2) 0.7 (1.3) 15.5 (1.2) 0.7 (1.3) 15.5 (1.2)

Saharsa 5.7 (1.8) 151.6 (2.4) 5.7 (1.8) 151.6 (2.4) 0.6 (1.1) 15 (1.2) 0.6 (1.1) 15 (1.2)
Supaul 4.5 (1.4) 116 (1.8) 4.5 (1.4) 116 (1.8) 0.4 (0.7) 8.5 (0.7) 0.4 (0.7) 8.5 (0.7)
Madhepura 5.3 (1.7) 140.1 (2.2) 5.3 (1.7) 140.1 (2.2) 1 (1.9) 22.6 (1.8) 1 (1.9) 22.6 (1.8)

Purnea 5.2 (1.6) 137.3 (2.2) 5.2 (1.6) 137.3 (2.2) 1.8 (3.3) 42.5 (3.4) 1.8 (3.3) 42.5 (3.4)
Kishanganj 4.5 (1.4) 117.9 (1.9) 4.5 (1.4) 117.9 (1.9) 1.4 (2.6) 31.4 (2.5) 1.4 (2.6) 31.4 (2.5)
Araria 3.7 (1.2) 89.4 (1.4) 3.7 (1.2) 89.4 (1.4) 1.5 (2.8) 30.3 (2.4) 1.5 (2.8) 30.3 (2.4)
Katihar 5.6 (1.8) 147.8 (2.3) 5.6 (1.8) 147.8 (2.3) 3.9 (7.2) 83.1 (6.7) 3.9 (7.2) 83.1 (6.7)

Bihar 318.9 (100) 6345.5 (100) 319.13 (100) 6345.52 (100) 54 (100) 1247.3 (100) 54.03 (100) 1247.34 (100)
Note : Figure in parentheses denotes percentage
Source : Department of Agriculture, GOB
(Contd.)
117
 Table A 3.7 : District-wise Area and Production of Important Vegetables (Contd.)

(Area in '000 hectare/Production in '000 tonnes)

Cauliflower Brinjal
Districts 2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16
Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production
Patna 3.8 (5.8) 1.3 (0.1) 3.8 (5.8) 1.3 (0.1) 1.9 (3.3) 49 (4.3) 1.91 (3.3) 49 (4.3)
Nalanda 3.1 (4.7) 60 (6) 3.1 (4.7) 60 (6) 7.2 (12.5) 148.5 (13) 7.22 (12.5) 148.5 (13)
Bhojpur 1.1 (1.7) 21.5 (2.1) 1.1 (1.7) 21.5 (2.1) 1.2 (2.1) 28.9 (2.5) 1.2 (2.1) 28.9 (2.5)
Buxar 0.7 (1.1) 12.7 (1.3) 0.7 (1.1) 12.7 (1.3) 0.8 (1.4) 16.9 (1.5) 0.8 (1.4) 16.9 (1.5)
Rohtas 1.3 (2) 21.9 (2.2) 1.3 (2) 21.9 (2.2) 1 (1.7) 18.8 (1.6) 1 (1.7) 18.8 (1.7)
Kaimur 0.8 (1.2) 13.5 (1.3) 0.8 (1.2) 13.5 (1.3) 0.6 (1) 14.3 (1.3) 0.6 (1) 14.3 (1.3)

Gaya 2 (3) 2 (0.2) 2 (3) 2 (0.2) 1.6 (2.8) 1.6 (0.1) 1.6 (2.8) 1.6 (0.1)
Jehanabad 0.5 (0.8) 9.7 (1) 0.5 (0.8) 9.7 (1) 0.7 (1.2) 13.7 (1.2) 0.7 (1.2) 13.7 (1.2)
Arwal 0.4 (0.6) 8.1 (0.8) 0.4 (0.6) 8.1 (0.8) 0.4 (0.7) 9.5 (0.8) 0.4 (0.7) 9.5 (0.8)
Nawada 1.4 (2.1) 22.9 (2.3) 1.4 (2.1) 22.9 (2.3) 1.8 (3.1) 26.8 (2.3) 1.8 (3.1) 26.8 (2.4)
Aurangabad 1.4 (2.1) 28.2 (2.8) 1.4 (2.1) 28.2 (2.8) 1.1 (1.9) 22.5 (2) 1.1 (1.9) 22.51 (2)

Saran 2.9 (4.4) 38 (3.8) 2.9 (4.4) 38 (3.8) 1.8 (3.1) 38.5 (3.4) 1.8 (3.1) 38.5 (3.4)
Siwan 1.6 (2.4) 28.4 (2.8) 1.6 (2.4) 28.4 (2.8) 1.6 (2.8) 35 (3.1) 1.6 (2.8) 35 (3.1)
Gopalganj 1.9 (2.9) 33.9 (3.4) 1.9 (2.9) 33.9 (3.4) 1.4 (2.4) 30.4 (2.7) 1.42 (2.5) 30.4 (2.7)

W. Champaran 2.9 (4.4) 53.4 (5.3) 2.9 (4.4) 53.4 (5.3) 2 (3.5) 45 (3.9) 2 (3.5) 45 (4)
E. Champaran 2.9 (4.4) 39.3 (3.9) 2.91 (4.4) 39.3 (3.9) 1.6 (2.8) 36.3 (3.2) 1.6 (2.8) 36.3 (3.2)
Muzaffarpur 3.5 (5.3) 68 (6.8) 3.5 (5.3) 68 (6.8) 2.9 (5) 36.6 (3.2) 2.9 (5) 36.6 (3.2)
Sitamarhi 1.4 (2.1) 24.2 (2.4) 1.4 (2.1) 24.2 (2.4) 1.3 (2.3) 26.9 (2.4) 1.3 (2.3) 26.9 (2.4)
Sheohar 0.8 (1.2) 15 (1.5) 0.8 (1.2) 15 (1.5) 0.7 (1.2) 14.1 (1.2) 0.7 (1.2) 14.1 (1.2)
Vaishali 6 (9.1) 100 (10) 6 (9.1) 100 (10) 3.3 (5.7) 72.57 (6.4) 3.21 (5.6) 69 (6.1)

Darbhanga 1.6 (2.4) 28.5 (2.8) 1.6 (2.4) 28.5 (2.8) 2.5 (4.3) 51.7 (4.5) 2.5 (4.3) 51.7 (4.5)
Madhubani 2.6 (4) 45.8 (4.6) 2.6 (4) 45.8 (4.6) 2.1 (3.6) 43.2 (3.8) 2.11 (3.7) 43.2 (3.8)
Samastipur 3 (4.6) 59.5 (5.9) 3 (4.6) 59.5 (5.9) 2.3 (4) 58.5 (5.1) 2.31 (4) 58.5 (5.1)

Begusarai 1.8 (2.7) 34.9 (3.5) 1.8 (2.7) 34.9 (3.5) 2.8 (4.9) 58.9 (5.2) 2.81 (4.9) 58.94 (5.2)
Munger 0.8 (1.2) 13.3 (1.3) 0.8 (1.2) 13.3 (1.3) 0.8 (1.4) 16.7 (1.5) 0.8 (1.4) 16.7 (1.5)
Sheikhpura 0.2 (0.3) 4.4 (0.4) 0.2 (0.3) 4.4 (0.4) 0.3 (0.5) 6.7 (0.6) 0.3 (0.5) 6.7 (0.6)
Lakhisarai (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0)
Jamui 0.4 (0.6) 7.5 (0.7) 0.4 (0.6) 7.5 (0.7) 0.6 (1) 12.4 (1.1) 0.61 (1.1) 12.4 (1.1)
Khagaria 1.3 (2) 21.4 (2.1) 1.3 (2) 21.4 (2.1) 1.2 (2.1) 29.6 (2.6) 1.2 (2.1) 29.6 (2.6)

Bhagalpur 1.7 (2.6) 29.2 (2.9) 1.7 (2.6) 29.2 (2.9) 1.7 (3) 36 (3.2) 1.7 (3) 36 (3.2)
Banka 0.8 (1.2) 12.4 (1.2) 0.8 (1.2) 12.4 (1.2) 0.8 (1.4) 17.4 (1.5) 0.8 (1.4) 17.4 (1.5)

Saharsa 1.8 (2.7) 31.5 (3.1) 1.8 (2.7) 31.5 (3.1) 1.3 (2.3) 28.7 (2.5) 1.3 (2.3) 28.7 (2.5)
Supaul 0.7 (1.1) 11.7 (1.2) 0.7 (1.1) 11.7 (1.2) 0.6 (1) 13 (1.1) 0.6 (1) 13 (1.1)
Madhepura 1.8 (2.7) 30.9 (3.1) 1.8 (2.7) 30.9 (3.1) 1.6 (2.8) 33.9 (3) 1.6 (2.8) 33.9 (3)

Purnea 2.1 (3.2) 35.2 (3.5) 2.1 (3.2) 35.2 (3.5) 1.1 (1.9) 20.9 (1.8) 1.11 (1.9) 20.9 (1.8)
Kishanganj 0.9 (1.4) 15.9 (1.6) 0.9 (1.4) 15.9 (1.6) 0.6 (1) 12.4 (1.1) 0.6 (1) 12.4 (1.1)
Araria 0.8 (1.2) 14.7 (1.5) 0.8 (1.2) 14.7 (1.5) 0.6 (1) 13.9 (1.2) 0.6 (1) 13.91 (1.2)
Katihar 3 (4.6) 5.1 (0.5) 3 (4.6) 5.1 (0.5) 1.8 (3.1) 1.8 (0.2) 1.8 (3.1) 1.8 (0.2)

Bihar 65.7 (100) 1003.9 (100) 65.71 (100) 1003.9 (100) 57.6 (100) 1141.57 (100) 57.62 (100) 1138.05 (100)
Note : Figure in parentheses denotes percentage
Source : Department of Agriculture, GOB

118
 Table A 3.8 : District-wise Area and Production of Important Fruits

(Area in '000 hectare/Production in '000 tonnes)

Mango Guava
Districts 2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16
Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production
Patna 4 (2.7) 32.5 (2.6) 4.04 (2.7) 38.5 (2.6) 1.1 (3.7) 9 (2.4) 1.1 (3.7) 9 (2.4)
Nalanda 2.9 (2) 20.5 (1.6) 2.91 (2) 30.5 (2.1) 1.5 (5.1) 146.2 (39.5) 1.5 (5.1) 146.2 (39.5)
Bhojpur 4.6 (3.1) 42.8 (3.4) 4.65 (3.1) 46.8 (3.2) 1.9 (6.5) 16.5 (4.5) 1.93 (6.6) 16.5 (4.5)
Buxar 3.4 (2.3) 32.5 (2.6) 3.41 (2.3) 34.5 (2.4) 1.6 (5.4) 12.5 (3.4) 1.6 (5.5) 12.5 (3.4)
Rohtas 5.7 (3.8) 52.8 (4.2) 5.7 (3.8) 58.8 (4) 3.3 (11.2) 27 (7.3) 3.3 (11.2) 27 (7.3)
Kaimur 3.4 (2.3) 30.3 (2.4) 3.41 (2.3) 34.3 (2.3) 1.4 (4.8) 10.6 (2.9) 1.4 (4.8) 10.6 (2.9)

Gaya 1.4 (0.9) 12.5 (1) 1.41 (0.9) 14.5 (1) 0.7 (2.4) 5.5 (1.5) 0.7 (2.4) 5.5 (1.5)
Jehanabad 0.4 (0.3) 3.2 (0.3) 0.41 (0.3) 4.2 (0.3) 0.3 (1) 2.1 (0.6) 0.3 (1) 2.1 (0.6)
Arwal 0.4 (0.3) 3 (0.2) 0.4 (0.3) 3.6 (0.2) 0.2 (0.7) 1.8 (0.5) 0.2 (0.7) 1.8 (0.5)
Nawada 1.2 (0.8) 10.2 (0.8) 1.2 (0.8) 12.2 (0.8) 0.5 (1.7) 3.9 (1.1) 0.5 (1.7) 3.9 (1.1)
Aurangabad 1.3 (0.9) 12.1 (1) 1.3 (0.9) 14.2 (1) 0.7 (2.4) 4.8 (1.3) 0.7 (2.4) 4.8 (1.3)

Saran 5.1 (3.4) 50 (3.9) 5.18 (3.5) 50 (3.4) 0 0 0 0

Siwan 2.5 (1.7) 20.1 (1.6) 2.51 (1.7) 25.1 (1.7) 0.7 (2.4) 5.5 (1.5) 0.7 (2.4) 5.5 (1.5)
Gopalganj 3.1 (2.1) 27.2 (2.1) 3.12 (2.1) 30.2 (2.1) 0.6 (2) 5 (1.4) 0.6 (2) 5 (1.4)

W. Champaran 7.3 (4.9) 72.5 (5.7) 7.32 (4.9) 72.5 (4.9) 1.6 (5.4) 13.8 (3.7) 1.6 (5.5) 13.8 (3.7)
E. Champaran 9.3 (6.3) 82.3 (6.5) 9.33 (6.3) 92.3 (6.3) 1.7 (5.8) 14 (3.8) 1.7 (5.8) 14 (3.8)
Muzaffarpur 9.8 (6.6) 82.5 (6.5) 9.84 (6.6) 96.5 (6.6) 1.5 (5.1) 11.8 (3.2) 1.5 (5.1) 11.8 (3.2)
Sitamarhi 5.3 (3.6) 49.5 (3.9) 5.4 (3.6) 52.5 (3.6) 0.7 (2.4) 6.2 (1.7) 0.7 (2.4) 6.2 (1.7)
Sheohar 2.7 (1.8) 2.1 (0.2) 2.7 (1.8) 27 (1.8) 0.3 (1) 2.6 (0.7) 0.3 (1) 2.6 (0.7)
Vaishali 8.47 (5.7) 75.82 (6) 8.47 (5.7) 86 (5.9) 1.6 (5.4) 11.2 (3) 1.5 (5.1) 11.2 (3)

Darbhanga 13.5 (9.1) 120.5 (9.5) 13.55 (9.1) 140.5 (9.6) 0.6 (2) 4.9 (1.3) 0.6 (2) 4.9 (1.3)
Madhubani 6.1 (4.1) 51 (4) 6.1 (4.1) 61 (4.2) 0.5 (1.7) 4.1 (1.1) 0.5 (1.7) 4.1 (1.1)
Samastipur 10.6 (7.1) 89.3 (7) 10.64 (7.1) 99.3 (6.8) 0.7 (2.4) 5.3 (1.4) 0.7 (2.4) 5.3 (1.4)

Begusarai 4.1 (2.8) 36.5 (2.9) 4.1 (2.7) 40.5 (2.8) 0.5 (1.7) 4.6 (1.2) 0.5 (1.7) 4.6 (1.2)
Munger 1.3 (0.9) 10.7 (0.8) 1.3 (0.9) 13.7 (0.9) 0.3 (1) 2.3 (0.6) 0.3 (1) 2.3 (0.6)
Sheikhpura 0.9 (0.6) 8.5 (0.7) 0.9 (0.6) 9.6 (0.7) 0.1 (0.3) 1.1 (0.3) 0.1 (0.3) 1.1 (0.3)
Lakhisarai 0.6 (0.4) 4.8 (0.4) 0.61 (0.4) 6 (0.4) 0.1 (0.3) 1.1 (0.3) 0.1 (0.3) 1.1 (0.3)
Jamui 1.1 (0.7) 9.3 (0.7) 1.15 (0.8) 11 (0.8) 0.2 (0.7) 1.7 (0.5) 0.2 (0.7) 1.7 (0.5)
Khagaria 1.7 (1.1) 14.5 (1.1) 1.7 (1.1) 16.5 (1.1) 0.4 (1.4) 3 (0.8) 0.4 (1.4) 3 (0.8)

Bhagalpur 7.5 (5.1) 60.5 (4.8) 7.6 (5.1) 70.51 (4.8) 0.7 (2.4) 5.8 (1.6) 0.71 (2.4) 5.8 (1.6)
Banka 6.3 (4.2) 48.5 (3.8) 6.3 (4.2) 50.5 (3.4) 0.3 (1) 2.5 (0.7) 0.3 (1) 2.5 (0.7)

Saharsa 2.2 (1.5) 23.2 (1.8) 2.21 (1.5) 23.2 (1.6) 0.7 (2.4) 5.3 (1.4) 0.7 (2.4) 5.3 (1.4)
Supaul 1.3 (0.9) 10.1 (0.8) 1.3 (0.9) 13.1 (0.9) 0.4 (1.4) 3.3 (0.9) 0.4 (1.4) 3.3 (0.9)
Madhepura 2 (1.3) 14.3 (1.1) 2.01 (1.3) 18.3 (1.2) 0.7 (2.4) 5 (1.4) 0.7 (2.4) 5 (1.4)

Purnea 2.5 (1.7) 22.5 (1.8) 2.58 (1.7) 25.5 (1.7) 0.4 (1.4) 3.2 (0.9) 0.4 (1.4) 3.2 (0.9)
Kishanganj 0.8 (0.5) 7.5 (0.6) 0.8 (0.5) 7.5 (0.5) 0.2 (0.7) 1.9 (0.5) 0.2 (0.7) 1.9 (0.5)
Araria 0.7 (0.5) 5.2 (0.4) 0.71 (0.5) 5.72 (0.4) 0.2 (0.7) 1.2 (0.3) 0.2 (0.7) 1.2 (0.3)
Katihar 2.9 (2) 20.3 (1.6) 2.9 (1.9) 28.3 (1.9) 0.5 (1.7) 3.7 (1) 0.5 (1.7) 3.7 (1)

Bihar 148.37 (100) 1271.62 (100) 149.14 (100) 1464.93 (100) 29.4 (100) 370 (100) 29.34 (100) 370 (100)
Note : Figure in parentheses denotes percentage
Source : Department of Agriculture, GOB
(Contd.)

119
 Table A 3.8 : District-wise Area and Production of Important Fruits (Contd.)

(Area in '000 hectare/Production in '000 tonnes)

Litchi Banana
Districts 2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16
Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production
Patna 0.7 (2) 30.3 (2) 0.7 (2) 30.3 (2)
Nalanda 0.5 (1.4) 24.4 (1.6) 0.5 (1.4) 24.4 (1.6)
Bhojpur 0.4 (1.2) 15.2 (1) 0.4 (1.1) 15.2 (1)
Buxar 0.2 (0.6) 10.5 (0.7) 0.2 (0.6) 10.5 (0.7)
Rohtas 0.3 (0.9) 14.2 (0.9) 0.3 (0.9) 14.2 (0.9)
Kaimur 0.2 (0.6) 11.1 (0.7) 0.2 (0.6) 11.1 (0.7)

Gaya 0.3 (0.9) 12.9 (0.8) 0.3 (0.9) 12.9 (0.8)

Jehanabad 0.2 (0.6) 8.1 (0.5) 0.2 (0.6) 8.1 (0.5)
Arwal 0.1 (0.3) 6.1 (0.4) 0.1 (0.3) 6.1 (0.4)
Nawada 0.4 (1.2) 12 (0.8) 0.4 (1.1) 12 (0.8)
Aurangabad 0.4 (1.2) 16.2 (1.1) 0.4 (1.1) 16.2 (1.1)

Saran 1.1 (3.4) 9.3 (4.7) 1.1 (3.4) 9.3 (4.7) 0.9 (2.6) 38.4 (2.5) 0.9 (2.6) 38.4 (2.5)
Siwan 1.2 (3.7) 7.6 (3.8) 1.2 (3.7) 7.6 (3.8) 0.8 (2.3) 35.1 (2.3) 0.8 (2.3) 35.1 (2.3)
Gopalganj 1.2 (3.7) 8 (4) 1.2 (3.7) 8 (4) 0.8 (2.3) 32 (2.1) 0.8 (2.3) 32 (2.1)

W. Champaran 2.1 (6.5) 11.5 (5.8) 2.1 (6.5) 11.5 (5.8) 1.1 (3.2) 51 (3.3) 1.1 (3.2) 51 (3.3)
E. Champaran 2 (6.2) 12.3 (6.2) 2 (6.2) 12.3 (6.2) 1.1 (3.2) 48.1 (3.2) 1.1 (3.2) 48.1 (3.1)
Muzaffarpur 7.9 (24.5) 40.5 (20.5) 7.9 (24.6) 40.5 (20.5) 5.3 (15.3) 272.5 (17.9) 5.3 (15.2) 272.5 (17.7)
Sitamarhi 2.3 (7.1) 17.4 (8.8) 2.3 (7.2) 17.4 (8.8) 0.7 (2) 30.4 (2) 0.7 (2) 30.4 (2)
Sheohar 1 (3.1) 6.8 (3.4) 1 (3.1) 6.8 (3.4) 0.3 (0.9) 12 (0.8) 0.3 (0.9) 12 (0.8)
Vaishali 3.8 (11.8) 21.4 (10.8) 3.7 (11.5) 21.7 (11) 3.24 (9.4) 133.2 (8.7) 3.4 (9.8) 142 (9.2)

Darbhanga 0.8 (2.5) 4.1 (2.1) 0.8 (2.5) 4.1 (2.1) 1.3 (3.8) 70.9 (4.6) 1.3 (3.7) 70.9 (4.6)
Madhubani 0.8 (2.5) 5.5 (2.8) 0.8 (2.5) 5.5 (2.8) 1.1 (3.2) 54.2 (3.6) 1.1 (3.2) 54.2 (3.5)
Samastipur 1.5 (4.7) 10.3 (5.2) 1.5 (4.7) 10.3 (5.2) 2.3 (6.6) 102.5 (6.7) 2.3 (6.6) 102.5 (6.7)

Begusarai 0.6 (1.9) 3.3 (1.7) 0.6 (1.9) 3.3 (1.7) 1 (2.9) 45.4 (3) 1 (2.9) 45.4 (3)
Munger 0.3 (0.9) 2.2 (1.1) 0.3 (0.9) 2.2 (1.1) 0.4 (1.2) 21.2 (1.4) 0.4 (1.1) 21.2 (1.4)
Sheikhpura (0) 0.3 (0.2) (0) 0.3 (0.2) 0.1 (0.3) 6.2 (0.4) 0.1 (0.3) 6.2 (0.4)
Lakhisarai (0) 0.3 (0.2) (0) 0.3 (0.2) 0.2 (0.6) 6.5 (0.4) 0.2 (0.6) 6.5 (0.4)
Jamui 0.1 (0.3) 1.2 (0.6) 0.1 (0.3) 1.2 (0.6) 0.2 (0.6) 9.6 (0.6) 0.2 (0.6) 9.6 (0.6)
Khagaria 0.3 (0.9) 2.1 (1.1) 0.3 (0.9) 2.1 (1.1) 1.1 (3.2) 45.7 (3) 1.1 (3.2) 45.7 (3)

Bhagalpur 0.6 (1.9) 4.3 (2.2) 0.6 (1.9) 4.3 (2.2) 1.3 (3.8) 52.6 (3.4) 1.3 (3.7) 52.6 (3.4)
Banka 0.1 (0.3) 0.3 (0.2) 0.1 (0.3) 0.3 (0.2) 0.4 (1.2) 14.7 (1) 0.4 (1.1) 14.7 (1)

Saharsa 0.6 (1.9) 4.7 (2.4) 0.6 (1.9) 4.7 (2.4) 1.2 (3.5) 51.5 (3.4) 1.2 (3.4) 51.5 (3.4)
Supaul 0.1 (0.3) 0.7 (0.4) 0.1 (0.3) 0.7 (0.4) 0.7 (2) 24 (1.6) 0.7 (2) 24 (1.6)
Madhepura 0.2 (0.6) 1.4 (0.7) 0.2 (0.6) 1.4 (0.7) 1.4 (4) 68.4 (4.5) 1.4 (4) 68.4 (4.5)

Purnea 1.3 (4) 8.5 (4.3) 1.3 (4) 8.5 (4.3) 1.3 (3.8) 48.5 (3.2) 1.3 (3.7) 48.5 (3.2)
Kishanganj 0.4 (1.2) 2.1 (1.1) 0.4 (1.2) 2.1 (1.1) 0.7 (2) 31.5 (2.1) 0.7 (2) 31.5 (2.1)
Araria 0.4 (1.2) 1.4 (0.7) 0.4 (1.2) 1.4 (0.7) 0.5 (1.4) 18.7 (1.2) 0.5 (1.4) 18.7 (1.2)
Katihar 1.5 (4.7) 10.2 (5.2) 1.5 (4.7) 10.2 (5.2) 1.5 (4.3) 40.7 (2.7) 1.5 (4.3) 40.7 (2.7)

Bihar 32.2 (100) 197.7 (100) 32.1 (100) 198 (100) 34.64 (100) 1526.5 (100) 34.8 (100) 1535.3 (100)
Note : Figure in parentheses denotes percentage.
Source : Department of Agriculture, GOB

120
 Table A 3.9 : District-wise Area, Production and Productivity of Sugarcane

(Area in '000 ha. / Production in 000 Ton/ Yield in Ton/ha)

2014-15 2015-16
Districts
Area Prod. Yield Area Prod. Yield
Patna 0.47 (0.2) 34.03 (0.2) 71.97 (7) 0.49 (0.2) 44.31 (0.2) 90.11 (2)
Nalanda 0.2 (0.1) 20.83 (0.1) 102.5 (2) 0.19 (0.1) 19.01 (0.1) 98.23 (1)
Bhojpur 0.48 (0.2) 26.88 (0.1) 56.54 (24) 0.42 (0.2) 34.55 (0.2) 81.32 (4)
Buxar 0.37 (0.1) 19.26 (0.1) 51.5 (30) 0.34 (0.1) 26.22 (0.1) 78.04 (6)
Rohtash 0.29 (0.1) 15.3 (0.1) 52.19 (29) 0.28 (0.1) 16.05 (0.1) 57.31 (29)
Kaimur 0.15 (0) 4.65 (0) 30.38 (37) 0.15 (0.1) 5.77 (0) 39.31 (36)

Gaya 0.38 (0.1) 27.68 (0.1) 72.44 (6) 0.36 (0.1) 24.32 (0.1) 67.99 (12)
Jahanabad 0.08 (0) 7.96 (0) 97.1 (3) 0.09 (0) 7.39 (0) 84.3 (3)
Arwal 0.04 (0) 2.94 (0) 65.87 (14) 0.04 (0) 2.67 (0) 66.46 (15)
Nawada 0.4 (0.1) 21.73 (0.1) 54.18 (25) 0.38 (0.1) 20.15 (0.1) 52.86 (35)
Aurangabad 0.09 (0) 6.83 (0) 73.65 (5) 0.09 (0) 6.86 (0) 73.35 (8)

Saran 1.83 (0.6) 121.45 (0.6) 66.29 (12) 1.03 (0.4) 56.27 (0.3) 54.38 (31)
Siwan 6.39 (2) 432.85 (2) 67.76 (10) 2.87 (1.1) 156.27 (0.9) 54.36 (32)
Gopalganj 33.32 (10.6) 1455.35 (6.9) 43.67 (31) 25.98 (9.9) 1791.13 (9.9) 68.95 (11)

W. Champaran 148.5 (47.1) 9698.43 (45.9) 65.31 (15) 122.73 (46.6) 8529.69 (46.9) 69.5 (10)
E. Champaran 52.69 (16.7) 5575.68 (26.4) 105.83 (1) 43.3 (16.4) 3431.91 (18.9) 79.26 (5)
Muzaffarpur 9.24 (2.9) 637.54 (3) 69.01 (8) 8.11 (3.1) 597.28 (3.3) 73.64 (7)
Sitamarhi 17.37 (5.5) 755.33 (3.6) 43.48 (32) 14.64 (5.6) 904.49 (5) 61.79 (21)
Sheohar 3.94 (1.3) 170.02 (0.8) 43.18 (33) 3.65 (1.4) 137.97 (0.8) 37.78 (37)
Vaishali 0.86 (0.3) 55.21 (0.3) 63.84 (16) 1.83 (0.7) 118.65 (0.7) 64.98 (19)

Darbhanga 2.49 (0.8) 155.89 (0.7) 62.68 (17) 2.49 (0.9) 167.2 (0.9) 67.13 (13)
Madhubani 5.24 (1.7) 327.03 (1.5) 62.4 (18) 5.58 (2.1) 373.89 (2.1) 67.02 (14)
Samastipur 6.77 (2.2) 257.64 (1.2) 38.03 (35) 5.95 (2.3) 375.28 (2.1) 63.05 (20)

Begusarai 6.84 (2.2) 269.58 (1.3) 39.42 (34) 6.61 (2.5) 399.23 (2.2) 60.36 (23)
Munger 0.16 (0.1) 9.65 (0) 60 (20) 0.18 (0.1) 10.86 (0.1) 60 (25)
Sheikhpura 0.35 (0.1) 21.12 (0.1) 59.95 (21) 0.36 (0.1) 23.4 (0.1) 65 (17)
Lakhisarai 0.02 (0) 1.42 (0) 57.56 (23) 0.03 (0) 2.02 (0) 65 (17)
Jamui 0.81 (0.3) 49.19 (0.2) 60.44 (19) 0.82 (0.3) 49.38 (0.3) 60 (25)
Khagaria 0.32 (0.1) 11.96 (0.1) 37.07 (36) 0.36 (0.1) 20.14 (0.1) 56.72 (30)

Bhagalpur 5.56 (1.8) 377.76 (1.8) 67.98 (9) 4.52 (1.7) 272.34 (1.5) 60.24 (24)
Banka 2.9 (0.9) 194.89 (0.9) 67.15 (11) 2.59 (1) 154.71 (0.9) 59.8 (27)

Saharsa 0.8 (0.3) 42.22 (0.2) 52.67 (27) 0.84 (0.3) 44.62 (0.2) 53.44 (34)
Supaul 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (38) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (38)
Madhepura 4.02 (1.3) 211.59 (1) 52.67 (27) 4.25 (1.6) 229.33 (1.3) 54 (33)

Purnia 0.97 (0.3) 56.82 (0.3) 58.78 (22) 1.07 (0.4) 64.71 (0.4) 60.54 (22)
Kishanganj 0.18 (0.1) 16 (0.1) 91.24 (4) 0.33 (0.1) 21.5 (0.1) 65.02 (16)
Araria 0.32 (0.1) 17.45 (0.1) 53.76 (26) 0.43 (0.2) 24.87 (0.1) 58.25 (28)
Katihar 0.11 (0) 7.28 (0) 66.22 (13) 0.16 (0.1) 11.15 (0.1) 70.59 (9)

Bihar 314.99 (100) 21117.43 (100) 67.04 263.53 (100) 18175.59 (100) 68.97
Note : Figure in parentheses denotes percentage and ranking for productivity
Source : Department of Sugarcane, GOB

121
 Table A 3.10 : District-wise Utilisation of Bio-fertilizers in Bihar

(Physical in hectare and Financial in Rs. lakh)

Target Achievement
Districts
Physical Financial Physical Financial
Patna 699 3.49 360 (51.5) 1.8 (51.6)
Nalanda 524 2.62 346 (66) 1.43 (54.6)
Bhojpur 480 2.4 423 (88.1) 2.11 (87.9)
Buxar 300 1.5 0 (0) 0 (0)
Rohtas 531 2.65 133 (25) 0.67 (25.3)
Kaimur 365 1.82 0 (0) 0 (0)
Gaya 792 3.96 599 (75.6) 3 (75.8)
Jehanabad 197 0.98 0 (0) 0 (0)
Arwal 138 0.69 138 (100) 0.69 (100)
Nawada 405 2.03 284 (70.1) 1.42 (70)
Aurangabad 438 2.19 330 (75.3) 1.64 (74.9)
Saran 696 3.48 504 (72.4) 3.46 (99.4)
Siwan 617 3.08 578 (93.7) 2.87 (93.2)
Gopalganj 504 2.52 504 (100) 2.52 (100)
W. Champaran 745 3.72 270 (36.2) 1.35 (36.3)
E. Champaran 863 4.32 189 (21.9) 0.95 (22)
Muzaffarpur 816 4.08 363 (44.5) 1.82 (44.6)
Sitamarhi 575 2.87 566 (98.4) 2.83 (98.6)
Sheohar 110 0.55 0 (0) 0 (0)
Vaishali 611 3.06 395 (64.6) 1.79 (58.5)
Darbhanga 695 3.48 483 (69.5) 2.41 (69.3)
Madhubani 841 4.21 133 (15.8) 0.67 (15.9)
Samastipur 801 4.01 650 (81.1) 3.25 (81)

Begusarai 541 2.71 0 (0) 0 (0)

Munger 223 1.11 166 (74.4) 0.83 (74.8)
Sheikhpura 126 0.63 0 (0) 0 (0)
Lakhisarai 174 0.87 0 (0) 0 (0)
Jamui 346 1.73 207 (59.8) 1.04 (60.1)
Khagaria 272 1.36 352 (129.4) 1.06 (77.9)
Bhagalpur 534 2.67 296 (55.4) 1.48 (55.4)
Banka 436 2.18 0 (0) 0 (0)
Saharsa 325 1.63 341 (104.9) 1.57 (96.3)
Supaul 381 1.91 205 (53.8) 1.02 (53.4)
Madhepura 368 1.84 0 (0) 0 (0)
Purnea 542 2.71 59 (10.9) 0.3 (11.1)
Kishanganj 277 1.39 0 (0) 0 (0)
Araria 465 2.33 0 (0) 0 (0)
Katihar 513 2.56 486 (94.7) 2.43 (94.9)
Bihar 18266 91.33 9360 (51.2) 46.41 (50.8)
Note : Figure in parentheses denotes percentage.
Source : Department of Agriculture, GOB

122
 Table A 3.11 : District-wise Cooperative Credit Distribution

Target (Rs. Lakh) Achievement (Rs. lakh)

District
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Patna 7686 11433 11433 1564.32 (5.1) 3013.20 (7.9) 3072.40 (6.7)
Nalanda 4044 4303 4303 429.21 (1.4) 434.99 (1.1) 770.75 (1.7)
Bhojpur 4814 5391 5391 466.10 (1.5) 520.91 (1.4) 592.86 (1.3)
Buxar 3507 3926 3926 345.25 (1.1) 402.38 (1.1) 351.83 (0.8)
Rohtas 2188 2351 2351 1223.76 (4.0) 1743.26 (4.6) 910.00 (2.0)
Kaimur 1258 1647 1647 524.5 (1.7) 583.38 (1.5) 1016.97 (2.2)

Gaya 2741 3047 3047 248.49 (0.8) 268.38 (0.7) 374.15 (0.8)
Jehanabad 828 1018 1018 11.43 (0.0) 6.55 (0.0) 38.89 (0.1)
Arwal 347 383 383 1.73 (0.0) 1.00 (0.0) 18.40 (0.04)
Nawada 2581 2865 2865 802.03 (2.6) 2729.81 (7.2) 2078.00 (4.6)
Aurangabad 2880 3208 3208 1346.70 (4.4) 1534.52 (4.0) 1434.97 (3.2)

Saran
Siwan 2931 3393 3393 695.65 (2.3) 789.90 (2.1) 2296.54 (5.0)
Gopalganj 904 1092 1092 1415.25 (4.6) 1935.46 (5.1) 1773.31 (3.9)

W. Champaran 3028 3583 3583 259.05 (0.8) 488.72 (1.3) 567.91 (1.2)
E. Champaran 1571 2199 2199 1041.41 (3.4) 2318.87 (6.1) 3046.64 (6.7)
Muzaffarpur 1861 2997 2997 161.14 (0.5) 205.53 (0.5) 575.96 (1.3)
Sitamarhi 1501 1601 1601 227.09 (0.7) 121.19 (0.3) 224.72 (0.5)
Sheohar 202 286 286 74.34 (0.2) 45.82 (0.1) 55.46 (0.1)
Vaishali 829 964 964 185.78 (0.6) 156.36 (0.4) 64.53 (0.1)

Darbhanga
Madhubani 5630 7907 7907 4198.75 (13.6) 3951.74 (10.4) 6660.84 (14.6)
Samastipur 3273 3398 3398 3732.24 (12.1) 2951.83 (7.7) 3088.95 (6.8)

Begusarai 6762 11727 11727 7494.06 (24.4) 8326.25 (21.9) 10047.52 (22.1)
Munger 408 563 563 21.69 (0.1) 11.09 (0.0) 17.11 (0.04)
Sheikhpura 684 814 814 3.3 (0.0)
Lakhisarai 1492 1532 1532 17.85 (0.1)
Jamui 691 977 977 107.7 (0.4)
Khagaria 3388 3388 3388 3143.33 (10.2) 4326.32 (11.4) 3791.35 (8.3)

Bhagalpur 1182 1265 1265 186.89 (0.6) 233.39 (0.6) 289.47 (0.6)
Banka 1331 1557 1557 17.88 ( 0.1) 26.23 (0.1) 33.69 (0.1)

Saharsa 1118.29 (2.5)

Supaul
Madhepura

Purnea 2873 3464 3464 254.93 (0.8) 295.37 (0.8) 327.56 (0.7)
Kishanganj 3067 3540 3540 89.60 (0.3) 390.67 (1.0) 209.11 (0.5)
Araria 1744 2180 2180 85.96 ( 0.3) 120.01 (0.3) 584.01 (1.3)
Katihar 1774 2001 2001 384.29 (1.2) 155.58 (0.4) 87.5 (0.2)

Bihar 80000 100000 100000 30761.67 (100.0) 38088.71 (100.0) 45519.69 (100.0)
Note : Figures in the parentheses denote percentage
Source : Department of Cooperative, GOB

123
 Table A 3.12 : District-wise Livestock Wealth (2012)

(Figures in '000)
District Cow Buffalo Pig Sheep Goat Poultry
Patna 306 (2.5) 293 (3.9) 39 (5.9) 13 (5.7) 179 (1.5) 401 (3.1)
Nalanda 176 (1.4) 317 (4.2) 23 (3.5) 8 (3.5) 157 (1.3) 520 (4.1)
Bhojpur 204 (1.7) 202 (2.7) 131 (20.2) 19 (8.1) 115 (0.9) 161 (1.3)
Buxar 162 (1.3) 183 (2.4) 8 (1.3) 16 (6.7) 81 (0.7) 80 (0.6)
Rohtas 396 (3.2) 299 (3.9) 11 (1.7) 14 (6.0) 369 (3.0) 187 (1.5)
Kaimur 204 (1.7) 222 (2.9) 8 (1.3) 43 (18.5) 111 (0.9) 131 (1.0)

Gaya 654 (5.3) 314 (4.2) 83 (12.8) 10 (4.2) 428 (3.5) 496 (3.9)
Jehanabad 80 (0.7) 132 (1.7) 16 (2.5) 2 (0.9) 73 (0.6) 95 (0.7)
Arwal 53 (0.4) 73 (1.0) 4 (0.6) 2 (1.0) 50 (0.4) 134 (1.0)
Nawada 307 (2.5) 130 (1.7) 28 (4.3) 3 (1.1) 224 (1.8) 274 (2.1)
Aurangabad 364 (3.0) 200 (2.6) 11 (1.7) 25 (10.9) 209 (1.7) 377 (3.0)

Saran 321 (2.6) 187 (2.5) 8 (1.3) 5 (2.2) 188 (1.5) 325 (2.5)
Siwan 295 (2.4) 149 (2.0) 10 (1.6) 2 (0.9) 235 (1.9) 232 (1.8)
Gopalganj 188 (1.5) 115 (1.5) 6 (1.0) 0 (0.2) 211 (1.7) 146 (1.1)

W. Champaran 367 (3.0) 260 (3.4) 17 (2.7) 2 (1.0) 593 (4.9) 466 (3.7)
E. Champaran 360 (2.9) 340 (4.5) 16 (2.5) 2 (0.7) 725 (6.0) 684 (5.4)
Muzaffarpur 344 (2.8) 278 (3.7) 5 (0.8) 2 (0.8) 564 (4.6) 853 (6.7)
Sitamarhi 151 (1.2) 186 (2.5) 6 (1.0) 0 (0.1) 366 (3.0) 281 (2.2)
Sheohar 40 (0.3) 47 (0.6) 1 (0.2) 0 (0.0) 96 (0.8) 48 (0.4)
Vaishali 213 (1.7) 169 (2.2) 2 (0.3) 2 (0.7) 299 (2.5) 756 (5.9)

Darbhanga 260 (2.1) 222 (2.9) 9 (1.3) 1 (0.2) 302 (2.5) 480 (3.8)
Madhubani 526 (4.3) 380 (5.0) 16 (2.4) 1 (0.5) 400 (3.3) 259 (2.0)
Samastipur 467 (3.8) 241 (3.2) 3 (0.5) 3 (1.1) 387 (3.2) 551 (4.3)

Begusarai 363 (3.0) 99 (1.3) 4 (0.6) 0 (0.0) 231 (1.9) 256 (2.0)
Munger 167 (1.4) 52 (0.7) 8 (1.2) 0 (0.1) 169 (1.4) 141 (1.1)
Sheikhpura 67 (0.5) 46 (0.6) 5 (0.8) 1 (0.5) 64 (0.5) 60 (0.5)
Lakhisarai 126 (1.0) 58 (0.8) 4 (0.6) 1 (0.6) 107 (0.9) 45 (0.4)
Jamui 459 (3.8) 78 (1.0) 33 (5.0) 11 (4.6) 351 (2.9) 189 (1.5)
Khagaria 239 (2.0) 88 (1.2) 4 (0.7) 0 (0.0) 228 (1.9) 148 (1.2)

Bhagalpur 509 (4.2) 191 (2.5) 9 (1.4) 1 (0.2) 582 (4.8) 358 (2.8)
Banka 552 (4.5) 142 (1.9) 21 (3.3) 16 (6.9) 377 (3.1) 212 (1.7)

Saharsa 298 (2.4) 163 (2.1) 11 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 347 (2.9) 138 (1.1)
Supaul 475 (3.9) 313 (4.1) 11 (1.7) 16 (7.1) 448 (3.7) 176 (1.4)
Madhepura 346 (2.8) 820 (10.8) 7 (1.1) 1 (0.3) 403 (3.3) 198 (1.6)

Purnea 499 (4.1) 133 (1.8) 19 (2.9) 0 (0.0) 516 (4.2) 559 (4.4)
Kishanganj 411 (3.4) 45 (0.6) 12 (1.8) 1 (0.6) 407 (3.4) 736 (5.8)
Araria 678 (5.5) 300 (4.0) 16 (2.4) 3 (1.4) 980 (8.1) 722 (5.7)
Katihar 605 (4.9) 101 (1.3) 23 (3.5) 6 (2.7) 580 (4.8) 876 (6.9)

Bihar 12232 (100.0) 7567 (100.0) 650 (100.0) 232 (100.0) 12154 (100.0) 12748 (100.0)
Note : Figure is parentheses denotes percentage
Source : Directorate of Animal Husbandry, GOB

124
 Table A 3.13 : District-wise Production of Fish and Fish Seeds

Fish Fish Fish

Production Fish Seeds Production Fish Seeds Production Fish Seeds
Districts (000 (Lakh) (000 (Lakh) (000 (Lakh)
tonnes) tonnes) tonnes)
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Patna 12.09 35 14.01 21 15.5 154
Nalanda 21.12 293 16.59 290 17.6 288
Bhojpur 12.60 0 9.32 5 10.1 45
Buxar 8.80 0 6.42 3 6.9 61
Rohtas 6.85 0 6.30 81 6.8 60
Kaimur 4.85 0 7.00 135 10.0 103

Gaya 5.27 68 2.54 6 6.5 0

Jehanabad 4.08 7 3.15 8 1.3 9
Arwal 2.20 0 1.76 3 1.4 8
Nawada 5.93 0 5.20 70 5.4 12
Aurangabad 3.29 2 5.03 0 7.0 42

Saran 22.91 80 9.49 75 9.7 29

Siwan 17.95 750 16.96 51 6.2 14
Gopalganj 16.47 500 8.50 0 9.3 19

W. Champaran 17.09 396 22.17 82 23.1 390

E. Champaran 23.00 579 36.88 25 50.4 48
Muzaffarpur 19.98 95 20.15 530 21.8 220
Sitamarhi 16.80 175 11.15 56 12.2 596
Sheohar 2.68 3 1.85 6 2.1 6
Vaishali 6.28 40 13.40 30 15.1 64
Darbhanga 26.35 650 38.67 6543 44.0 499
Madhubani 23.60 27 42.30 118 51.5 120
Samastipur 11.40 119 12.02 110 13.1 158
Begusarai 7.22 0 23.24 0 21.8 1
Munger 4.83 0 6.20 7 9.4 10
Sheikhpura 0.05 6 3.01 0 2.9 10
Lakhisarai 4.43 0 7.31 0 7.9 13
Jamui 6.34 5 2.10 0 2.4 8
Khagaria 18.38 0 18.75 0 18.9 110

Bhagalpur 10.90 70 13.58 208 13.6 182

Banka 8.04 0 8.26 43 9.9 17

Saharsa 17.16 47 8.18 12 6.7 39

Supaul 6.85 157 8.78 78 10.5 100
Madhepura 12.75 0 2.90 0 3.7 49
Purnea 15.00 36 13.65 36 12.1 154
Kishanganj 7.10 190 6.03 0 6.2 98
Araria 6.86 158 9.99 201 10.9 86
Katihar 14.80 325 36.96 0 23.5 72
Bihar 432.30 4813 479.80 8832 507.4 3893
Source : Department of Animal Husbandry, GOB
_______________

125
 CHAPTER IV
ENTERPRISES SECTOR

The growth of an economy is largely dependent on the growth of its enterprises sector which
includes both secondary (industrial) and tertiary (services) activities. This is because, with
increase in income, the demand for non-agricultural goods and services keeps on growing,
resulting in higher growth of the enterprises sector. This expected pattern is also visible in Bihar.
As was discussed in Chapter I, during the last 5 years, while the overall Bihar economy has
grown at 7.6 percent, the secondary sector has grown at 8.4 percent and the tertiary sector has
recorded an even higher growth rate of 10.4 percent. Although the pace is rather slow, this
implies a structural change of the Bihars economy. From Table 4.1, presenting the yearly
growth rate of the secondary sector in the recent years, one observes that it has varied
considerably from (-) 13.1 percent in 2012-13 to 30.6 percent in 2013-14. This variation is
also observed for all the four sub-sectors mining/quarrying, manufacturing, construction, and
electricity/water supply/gas.

Table 4.1 : Annual Growth Rate of Secondary Sector in Bihar at 2011-12 prices

Annual Growth Rate

Sector
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
1. Mining & Quarrying 8.94 540.62 -54.64 9.38
2. Manufacturing -33.76 94.49 0.62 24.41
3. Construction -5.22 6.46 0.82 5.49
4. Electricity/Water Supply / Gas 9.80 2.76 33.42 15.13
Total Secondary Sector -13.14 30.62 1.86 13.38
Total GSDP 3.93 4.98 13.02 7.14
Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GOB

The level of industrialisation in Bihar is still very low and the contribution of this sector to the
states GSDP stands at below 20 percent, compared to the national average of above 30 percent
(Table 4.2). Indeed, this ratio is the lowest in Bihar; for Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand and
Odisha, the ratios are all above 40 percent. Since the contribution of the industrial sector to
GSDP in Bihar stands nearly unaltered at 19 percent, it is obvious that whatever modest
structural change that Bihars economy has shown in recent years is due to the higher growth rate
of its tertiary sector.

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 Table 4.2 : Contribution of Industrial Sector in GSDP at 2011-12 prices

States 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 States 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Andhra Pradesh 26.3 26.5 26.6 Maharashtra 34.2 34. 6 -
Bihar 19.8 17.9 19.0 Odisha 41.7 39.6 41.4
Chhattisgarh 49.2 49.1 - Punjab 24.5 24.4 -
Gujarat 45.0 45.0 - Rajasthan 30.5 30.5 -
Haryana 30.8 30.5 - Tamil Nadu 36.3 34. 9 34.7
Jharkhand 45.2 44.6 43.7 Uttar Pradesh 28.0 28.1 27. 7
Karnataka 28.3 28.1 28.0 West Bengal 19.1 18.7 -
Kerala 27.2 27.0 -
Madhya Pradesh 27.7 27.0 26.9 India 31.6 31.2 31.3
Source : Central Statistical Organisation (CSO)

4.1 Annual Survey of Industries

The Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) is one of the principal sources of industrial statistics in
India, although it covers only the large industrial units. This survey relates to manufacturing
units employing at least 10 workers (with power) or 20 workers (without power).

Table 4.3 : Number of Factories and Factories in Operation

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Categories
India Bihar India Bihar India Bihar
No. of Factories
Agro-based 93251 (42.9) 1126 (34.8) 87803 (39.5) 1141 (34.1) 87775 (39.1) 1148 (33.6)
Non-Agro Based 124303 (57.1) 2106 (65.2) 134317 (60.5) 2206 (65.9) 136803 (60.9) 2272 (66.4)
All 217554 (100.0) 3232 (100.0) 222120 (100.0) 3347 (100.0) 224578 (100.0) 3420 (100.0)
No. of Factories in Operation
Agro-based 72769 (41.4) 1014 (35.3) 68698 (38.4) 1005 (34.1) 70993 (38.2) 1036 (33.1)
Non-Agro Based 102939 (58.6) 1858 (64.7) 110403 (61.6) 1941 (65.9) 114697 (61.8) 2096 (66.9)
All 175708 (100.0) 2872 (100.0) 179101 (100.0) 2946 (100.0) 185690 (100.0) 3132 (100.0)
Source: Annual Survey of Industries

The ASI data is available roughly with a two-year delay and the latest data relates to 2013-14. In
that year, there were 3420 units in Bihar, compared to 3347 units a year before, implying a
growth of 2.2 percent (Table 4.3). For India as whole, there were 2.24 lakh units in 2013-14,
compared to 2.22 lakh a year before, implying a growth of 0.9 percent. Not all these factories,
however, were in operation. In Bihar, out of 3420 factories in 2013-14, 3132 were operational
(91.6 percent); in India, out of 2.25 lakh factories, 1.86 lakh were operational (83.0 percent).
Since the mineral resources in Bihar are extremely limited, one would have expected that the
127
presence of agro-based industries will be relatively more in Bihar, but this is not the case as is
apparent from Table 4.3. The share of agro-based industries in Bihar is 33.1 percent, the
corresponding figure being a little higher at 38.2 percent for the entire country. This actually
underlines that the substantial potential that Bihar has for agro-based industries, thanks to its
wide bio-diversity, is yet to be realised fully. The number of different types of factories and their
basic characteristics, within the broad categories of agro-based and non-agro-based, in Bihar are
presented in Appendix (Tables A 4.1 and A 4.2).

The industrial sector in Bihar is small, both in terms of number of industries operating here as
well as size of the individual industrial units (Table 4.4). The share of Bihar in the total number
of industries in India is only 1.52 percent, while its share in national population is more than 8
percent. As regards the size of operational industries, it is again smaller than the national
average, as indicated by their capital base, employment base and value of output. The size of
fixed capital of all the industries in Bihar (Rs. 8.04 thousand crore) is only 0.34 percent of the
all-India figure (Rs. 2373.72 thousand crore). Such share of Bihar for other indicators are
working capital (0.58 percent), persons engaged (0.84 percent), value of output (0.84 percent)
and net value added (0.58 percent). The preponderance of smaller industrial units is, however, an
expected phenomenon, since the process of industrialisation is still at a nascent stage in Bihar.
The only ray of hope in this otherwise disadvantaged scenario is a small increase in the share of
Bihar in the number of industrial units (from 1.49 to 1.52 percent) in last three years. If this trend
is continued and further strengthened, Bihars industrial economy will be able to contribute more
to its growth process.

Table 4.4 : Industries in Bihar

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Characteristics
India Bihar India Bihar India Bihar
Number of Factories ( in 000) 217.55 3.23 (1.49) 222.12 3.35 (1.51) 224.58 3.42 (1.52)
Fixed capital (Rs. 000 crore) 1949.55 7.55 (0.39) 2180.26 6.47 (0.30) 2373.72 8.04 (0.34)
Working Capital (Rs. 000 crore) 588.79 -0.24 (-0.04) 603.41 2.48 (0.41) 1010.84 5.88 (0.58)
Persons Engaged (in 000) 13430 127 (-0.94) 12950 116 (0.90) 13538 113.59 (0.84)
Value of Output (Rs. 000 crore) 5776.02 60.17 (1.04) 6025.95 51.68 (0.86) 6555.25 55.30 (0.84)
Net Value Added (Rs. 000 crore) 836.7 5.64 (0.67) 851.95 1.30 (0.15) 895.34 5.15 (0.58)
Note : Figures in the parenthesis denote percent share to All India
Source : Annual Survey of Industries

The comparatively lower operational level of the industrial units in Bihar is also apparent from
Table 4.5 which presents some structural ratios for industries in India and Bihar. The average
size of fixed capital per factory in Bihar is only Rs. 2.57 crore (2013-14), barely one-fifth of the
corresponding figure for all-India (Rs. 12.78 crore). This pattern is observed for two earlier years
128
also. The lower operational levels of the factories in Bihar is also indicated by the ratios between
the figures for Bihar and India for other structural characteristics fixed capital per worker
(40.4 percent), workers per factory (54.6 percent), net value added per factory (34.1 percent) and
net value added per person (68.6 percent).

Table 4.5 : Structural Ratios of Industries in India and Bihar

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Characteristics
India Bihar India Bihar India Bihar
Fixed capital / Factory in
1110 263 (23.7) 1217 220 (18.1) 1278 257 (20.1)
Operation (Rs. lakh)
Fixed capital/ Persons
14.5 6.0 (41.1) 16.9 5.6 (33.1) 17.5 7.1 (40.4)
Engaged (Rs. lakh)
Workers / Factory in
59 38 (63.9) 56 34 (60.7) 56 31 (54.6)
Operation (Number)
Persons Engaged /Factory
76 44 (57.7) 72 40 (55.6) 73 36 (49.7)
in operation (Number)
Net Value Added / Factory
476 197 (41.3) 476 44 (9.2) 482 165 (34.1)
in operation (Rs. lakh)
Net Value Added / Persons
6.2 4.5 (71.6) 6.6 1.1 (17) 6.6 4.5 (68.6)
Engaged (Rs. lakh)
Note : The figures in bracket indicate Bihars figure as percentage of Indias figure.
Source : Annual Survey of Industries

Table 4.6 : Share of Gross Value Added in Gross Value of Output

(Rs. crore)
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
State Gross Value of Gross Value Gross Value of Gross Value Gross Value of Gross Value
Output Added Output Added Output Added
Andhra Pradesh 390934 79371 (20.3) 207128 31320 (15.1) 262684 27096 (10.3)
Bihar 60167 6203 (10.3) 51680 2957 (5.7) 55296 5840 (10.6)
Chhattisgarh 93014 15519 (16.7) 103528 18380 (17.8) 105991 24460 (23.1)
Gujarat 998413 110487 (11.1) 1116395 146852 (13.2) 1230642 155540 (12.6)
Haryana 243956 35700 (14.6) 278077 45252 (16.3) 296403 44612 (15.1)
Jharkhand 103053 20197 (19.6) 108512 24926 (23.0) 107794 24441 (22.7)
Karnataka 394840 112507 (28.5) 399509 63912 (16.0) 444700 67673 (15.2)
Kerala 111587 10797 (9.7) 121791 13360 (11.0) 131054 15263 (11.6)
Madhya Pradesh 156584 22719 (14.5) 163930 25468 (15.5) 172086 25604 (14.9)
Maharashtra 1005378 179222 (17.8) 1022032 202578 (19.8) 1065971 228575 (21.4)
Odisha 115419 24207 (21.0) 113696 24722 (21.7) 122379 29343 (24)
Punjab 178119 36283 (20.4) 171034 23324 (13.6) 182107 23849 (13.1)
Rajasthan 190455 43977 (23.1) 199381 35169 (17.6) 214692 32750 (15.3)
Tamil Nadu 609635 92079 (15.1) 619525 108816 (17.6) 676957 106764 (15.8)
Uttar Pradesh 332655 44595 (13.4) 361329 49206 (13.6) 411268 60825 (14.8)
West Bengal 233201 26044 (11.2) 247187 27094 (11.0) 276379 27830 (10.1)
India 5776024 977358 (16.9) 6025945 1007280 (16.7) 6555251 1065112 (16.2)
Note : Figures in parentheses are percentages to gross value of output
Source : Annual Survey of Industries
129
Another important limitation of the industries in Bihar is the comparatively lower value addition
for their products, which is largely because of their lower capital base and lower employment
(Table 4.6). For India as a whole, gross value added account for 16.2 percent of the gross value
of output (2013-14); for Bihar, this ratio stands at only 10.6 percent. A few other states where the
ratio is much lower than the national average (less than 12 percent) are Andhra Pradesh (10.3
percent), Kerala (11.6 percent) and West Bengal (10.1 percent). Recently, the state government
has adopted a policy to promote those industries which have higher value added ratios.

Table 4.7 : Estimate of Employment and Emoluments Paid in the Factory Sector (2013-14)

Wages,
No. of Wages, salaries &
No. of No. of
unpaid No. of paid salaries & bonus per
States factories in persons
family workers bonus person
operation engaged
workers (Rs. lakh) annually
(Rs.)
Andhra Pradesh 12941 522057 10766 511291 911322 178239
Bihar 3132 113594 2291 111303 110631 99396
Chhattisgarh 2271 166236 1093 165143 483647 292866
Gujarat 18069 1372669 5987 1366682 2773399 202929
Haryana 5293 612419 2198 610221 1460800 239389
Jharkhand 2347 187877 1356 186521 609658 326858
Karnataka 10062 927392 2744 924648 2069905 223859
Kerala 6143 351662 2552 349110 541317 155056
Madhya Pradesh 3437 322833 888 321945 662013 205629
Maharashtra 23369 1886025 6658 1879367 5339045 284087
Odisha 2399 260771 750 260021 589567 226738
Punjab 10394 602818 6277 596541 824034 138135
Rajasthan 7874 470078 3232 466846 878277 188130
Tamil Nadu 28597 2046553 13568 2032985 3752027 184558
Uttar Pradesh 12382 912206 5153 907053 1737049 191505
West Bengal 7895 645738 2198 643540 1072868 166713
India 185690 13538114 76053 13462061 27241503 202358
Source : Annual Survey of Industries

From Table 4.7, one can notice that the total employment in the large industries (covered by
ASI) in Bihar in 2013-14 was 1.14 lakh, which accounts for less than 1 percent of the total
employment across all states at 135.38 lakh. The industrial employment not only implies higher
productivity of workers, it also means larger employment opportunities for workers who were
earlier employed in low-productivity agriculture. Unfortunately, Bihar is yet to reach that stage
of industrial development where substantial transfer of agricultural workers in possible, freeing
its rural economy of large under-employed workers. The annual wages for workers in Bihar is
only Rs. 99.40 thousand, less than half of the national average of Rs. 202.36 thousand. This wage
level is indeed the lowest among all the states in India. There could be two reasons for such low
level of wages industrial workers in Bihar first, the technological base of the industries in
Bihar is comparatively lower and hence the skill level of its workers is also lower and, secondly,
the high rate of unemployment in Bihar which exerts obvious downward pressure on wage rates.
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4.2 Sixth Economic Census, 2013
The industrial sector in Bihar, as elsewhere in India, is very heterogeneous with industrials units
ranging from tiny/small to large. Since a large number of these industrial units are not registered,
it is nearly impossible to know the number of industrial units operating in a state and any of their
characteristics. In this background, the state government conducts an Economic Census from
time to time. The latest Economic Census relates to the year 2013, the results of which have been
released in 2016. Table 4.8 presents some selected data from the Economic Census 2013, along
with the data from Economic Census 2005, which allows one to know the pace of growth of the
industrial activities in the state.

Table 4.8 : Census of Economic Enterprises in Bihar (2005 and 2013)

(Number in '000')
Percentage
Variable 2005 2013
Increase

Rural 835 1200 43.7

Number of Enterprises Urban 389 507 30.3
Total 1225 1707 39.4

Rural 751 850 13.2

Own Account Enterprises Urban 280 309 10.3
Total 1031 1159 12.4
Rural 240 350 46.1
Enterprises with Hired Workers Urban 164 198 20.9
Total 404 549 35.9

Rural 30 77 159.2
Agriculture Enterprises Urban 5 8 57.0
Total 35 85 144.0
Rural 806 1123 39.4
Non-Agriculture Enterprises Urban 384 499 29.9
Total 1190 1622 36.3

Rural 1405 2171 54.6

No. of Persons Employed Urban 865 1073 24.0
Total 2270 3244 42.9
Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GOB

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From the table, one may first note that there were 17.07 lakh economic enterprises in the state in
2013, after recording an increase of 39.4 percent over the number in 2005 (12.25 lakh). This
increase of about 40 percent over a period of 8 years implies an annual growth of 4-5 percent,
which may be considered as at least a modest growth rate. It is heartening to note that this
growth in the number of economic enterprises is higher in the rural areas (43.7 percent) than in
the urban areas (30.3 percent). When one compares the growth rates of own account enterprises
(OAE) and enterprises with hired workers (EHW), it is again seen that EHW has grown at a
higher rate (35.9 percent), compared to OAE (12.4 percent). This is again a positive trend, since
EHWs are generally of large size, demanding more entrepreneurial activity and possibly higher
capital base. Here again, one observes that the growth rate of EHWs in rural areas (46.1 percent)
is higher than in the urban area (20.9 percent). This actually indicates a strong trend towards
diversification of the rural economy, without which the rural income level cannot be improved.
Quite expectedly, the share of the non-agricultural enterprises in the total number of enterprises
is higher in 2013, there were 16.22 lakh non-agricultural enterprises, compared to only 0.85
lakh agricultural enterprises. But, during the last 8 years, the growth of agricultural enterprises
has been much faster (144.0 percent) than of the non-agricultural enterprises (36.3 percent). This
higher growth of agricultural enterprises is observed both in rural and urban areas. It appears that
the entrepreneurs in Bihar are now more inclined to utilise the natural advantage of Bihar for
agro-based products. Finally, the census figures show that the existing economic enterprises had
provided employment to 32.44 lakh persons and the growth of employment during the 8 years
have been rural (54.6 percent), urban (24.0 percent) and overall (42.9 percent). It, thus,
emerges that although the expansion of economic enterprises has not impacted much the urban
employment scenario, the rural areas have been much benefitted, not just in terms of
employment opportunities, but possibly in terms of wage rates as well.

As regards the location of the economic enterprises, the relevant data is presented in Table 4.9.
The last two columns of the table presents the percentage share of each district in the total
number of enterprises and in the total population of the state. A higher share of total number of
enterprises vis--vis the number of enterprises would indicate the relative concentration of
economic enterprises in the district. By this criterion, there were 8 districts where the economic
enterprises are concentrated Patna, Nalanda, Nawada, Darbhanga, Samastipur, Begusarai,
Khagaria and Bhagalpur.

132
 Table 4.9 : District-wise Total Number of Establishments in Bihar

No. of Establishments Percentage Percentage

Share Share
District
Rural Urban Total (Establish- (Population)
ments)
Patna 54678 93294 147972 8.7 5.6
Nalanda 35508 24972 60480 3.5 2.8
Bhojpur 25118 15690 40808 2.4 2.6
Buxar 23026 7953 30979 1.8 1.6
Rohtas 35299 17520 52819 3.1 2.9
Kaimur 18656 3893 22549 1.3 1.6

Gaya 41582 18413 59995 3.5 4.2

Jehanabad 9766 5455 15221 0.9 1.1
Arwal 8743 1676 10419 0.6 0.7
Nawada 36643 11557 48200 2.8 2.1
Aurangabad 27383 7891 35274 2.1 2.4

Saran 38613 13785 52398 3.1 3.8

Siwan 36443 8280 44723 2.6 3.2
Gopalganj 26548 8184 34732 2.0 2.5

W. Champaran 42325 20451 62776 3.7 3.8

E. Champaran 43569 20008 63577 3.7 4.9
Muzaffarpur 49340 19823 69163 4.1 4.6
Sitamarhi 32829 7806 40635 2.4 3.3
Sheohar 7899 1841 9740 0.6 0.6
Vaishali 47796 8298 56094 3.3 3.4

Darbhanga 49274 24154 73428 4.3 3.8

Madhubani 50781 7922 58703 3.4 4.3
Samastipur 76246 11020 87266 5.1 4.1

Begusarai 40111 16218 56329 3.3 2.8

Munger 12888 13399 26287 1.5 1.3
Sheikhpura 5704 5832 11536 0.7 0.6
Lakhisarai 13300 7790 21090 1.2 1.0
Jamui 22286 6175 28461 1.7 1.7
Khagaria 28597 5765 34362 2.0 1.6

Bhagalpur 26396 28876 55272 3.2 2.9

Banka 29153 4340 33493 2.0 2.0
Saharsa 18023 6347 24370 1.4 1.8
Supaul 26263 5209 31472 1.8 2.1
Madhepura 29164 5483 34647 2.0 1.9
Purnea 38651 14253 52904 3.1 3.2
Kishanganj 19908 6719 26627 1.6 1.6
Araria 34910 8281 43191 2.5 2.7
Katihar 37090 12316 49406 2.9 3.0

Bihar 1200509 506889 1707398 100.0 100.0

Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, GOB

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4.3 Agro-based Industries
The cultivators in Bihar produce a variety crops, besides foodgrains, thanks to the wide bio-
diversity of the state. These crops include oilseeds, fibres, fruits, vegetables, sugarcane and tea.
In addition, Bihar also produces a substantial amount of milk. Thus Bihar offers enormous
opportunities for agro-based industries.

Food Processing Industry

Table 4.10 presents the current status of food processing industries in Bihar. The number of food
processing industries in Bihar in 2015-16 was 399, of which 266 (66.7 percent) were operational.
By August, 2016, there were a few additions, resulting in 407 units, of which 278 (68.3 percent)
were operational. Although the range of products of the agro-based industries in Bihar is quite
wide, it is the cereal-based industries (rice, wheat and maize) which dominate the sector. No less
than two-thirds of the agro-based industries in Bihar are engaged in processing of cereals. The
total employment under the Food Processing Industry is 48.4 thousand.

Table 4.10 : Details of Food Processing Industry in Bihar

2015-16 As on August, 2016

Financial Progress
No. of Units No. of Units
( Rs. crore)
Types of Industries Employment
Approved (Nos.)
Grant
Total Operational Total Operational Project
Released
Cost
Rice Mills 174 115 174 120 1607.45 184.10 6438
Wheat Milling 44 33 44 33 355.17 57.89 1806
Maize Processing 41 29 43 32 504.72 52.71 2120
Rural Agri Business
Centres 52 37 53 37 466.23 74.32 1807
Cold Storage 3 0 3 0 15.10 1.35 122
F & V Processing 16 7 16 8 108.32 13.46 580
Milk Processing 9 6 9 6 242.42 16.44 586
Makhana Processing 4 2 4 2 5.55 0.67 70
Honey Processing 3 3 3 3 2.60 0.53 41
Biscuits Manufacturing 10 8 12 8 213.13 26.10 1946
Edible Oil Manufacturing 10 8 10 9 507.50 33.35 2001
Ice Cream 6 4 7 4 34.73 3.53 203
Other Projects 25 14 27 16 316.39 29.40 2087
Food Park 2 0 2 0 309.80 3.00 28597
Total 399 266 407 278 4689.10 496.86 48404
Source : Department of Industry, Directorate of Food Processing, GOB

134
The Directorate of Food Processing was providing special assistance to the sector under the
following schemes which were operational up to June, 2016:

(i) Integrated Development Project : Under this project, the ongoing subsidy for cluster
scheme is payable at 40 percent and, for individual units, it is 35 percent. The project
provides the following facilities:

(a) For the capacity expansion under the cluster scheme, the maximum subsidy amount
payable is Rs. 10.00 crore and, for individual unit, it is Rs. 5.00 crore. For the
scheduled castes / scheduled tribes / women / handicapped entrepreneurs, an
additional 5 percent subsidy is payable.

(b) For the projects costing of Rs. 50-100 crore, an interest subsidy of 3 percent and on
the projects costing above Rs. 100 crore an interest subsidy of 6 percent is also
payable.

(ii) Food Park Scheme : Under this scheme, the rate of payable subsidy has been raised to 30
percent with a maximum of Rs. 50 crore. The establishment of a Food Park at Buxar has
been approved. In 2013-14, a sum of Rs. 30 crore was approved for subsidy payment.

(iii) Modernisation Scheme for Established Rice Mills : Under National Food Processing
Mission of the central government, the traditional rice milling units are paid 25 percent
subsidy for modernization. Under this scheme, an additional state subsidy of 15 percent is
payable in accordance with the guidelines of the central government.

(iv) Cold Storage Scheme : The cold storage with a capacity of 5-10 thousand tonnes is paid a
subsidy of 30 percent on the capital expenditure. For a capacity of more than 10 thousand
tonnes, 35 percent subsidy will be payable. The maximum amount of subsidy will be Rs. 5
crore.

(v) Scheme for Silo for Maize Storage : Under this scheme, the benefit of subsidy will be
given for establishment of silos for the storage of maize. The construction of silo with a
storage target of 5 thousand tonnes of maize will be considered as one unit and a subsidy of
35 percent will be payable on this.

Sugar Industries
The sugarcane is grown in about 3 lakh hectares in Bihar, approximately 6 percent of the total
area under cultivation. The state government, therefore, promotes sugar industry in the state to
strengthen rural economy. This industry not only creates direct employment, but substantial
indirect employment as well through a number of related activities.

135
At present, 9 sugar mills are operating in the state in the private sector. There are also 2 new
sugar mills under the Bihar State Sugar Corporation which were handed over to HPCL in 2011
on long term lease. During 2015-16, 515 lakh quintals of sugarcane was crushed in Bihar,
producing 50 lakh quintals of sugar (Table 4.11). This production level was about 10 percent
lower than in 2014-15 when 574 lakh quintals of sugarcane was crushed. However, the recovery
rate (9.8 percent) was higher in 2015-16 than a year ago (9.2 percent).

Table 4.11 : Performance of Sugar Mills

Sugar- Sugar- Sugar-

Sugar Sugar Sugar
cane Recovery cane Recovery cane Recovery
Produced Produced Produced
Name of Crushed (Percent- Crushed (Percent- Crushed (Percent-
(lakh (lakh (lakh
Sugar Mill (lakh age) (lakh age) (lakh age)
qntl.) qntl.) qntl.)
qntl.) qntl.) qntl.)
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Bagha 82.49 7.89 9.6 79.86 7.55 9.4 74.91 7.44 9.9
Harinagar 139.00 12.94 9.3 125.67 11.52 9.2 115.08 11.51 10.0
Narkatiagunj 95.44 9.11 9.6 82.08 7.65 9.3 75.84 7.58 10.0
Majhaulia 60.75 5.33 8.8 48.47 4.77 9.8 42.20 4.03 9.5
Sasamusa 28.75 2.56 8.9 18.44 1.55 8.4 12.80 1.16 9.1
Gopalganj 50.25 4.53 9.0 38.81 3.69 9.5 33.03 3.30 10.0
Sidhwalia 62.62 5.66 9.9 51.56 4.78 9.3 45.84 4.30 9.4
Riga 52.84 4.70 8.9 47.95 4.20 8.8 36.45 3.40 9.3
Hasanpur 35.27 2.94 8.3 34.55 3.11 9.0 31.13 3.19 10.2
Sub Total 607.41 55.66 9.2 527.39 48.82 9.23 467.28 45.91 9.8
New Sugar Mills
Lauriya 26.17 1.80 6.9 25.10 2.00 8.0 27.22 2.58 9.5
Sugauli 30.42 2.04 6.7 21.96 1.85 8.4 20.73 1.84 8.9
Sub Total 56.59 3.84 6.8 47.06 3.85 8.2 47.95 4.42 9.2
Total 664.00 59.50 9.0 574.45 52.67 9.2 515.23 50.33 9.8
Source : Department of sugarcane, GOB

At present, the following schemes are in operation for supporting sugar mills and sugarcane
growers :

(a) The concession to sugar mills include reduction in VAT on ethanol and denatured spirit
(from 12.5 to 4.0 percent) and abolition of literage fee on ethanol.

(b) The farmers are given a subsidy of Rs. 135 per quintal on purchase of certified sugarcane
seed of improved variety, declared by sugar mills. This benefit is available for a
maximum of 2.5 acres and, once a farmer has availed the subsidy, he will not be entitled
for the subsidy on that variety for next three years.
136
(c) There is also a subsidy to the sugar mills for growing foundation seed at the rate of
Rs. 25,000 per hectare. Further, there is also a provision of subsidy for growing breeder
seed through research stations Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research (Lucknow) and
Sugarcane Research Institute (Pusa).

(d) There is training facility for farmers for use of improved variety of sugarcane, selected
from outside the state, and sowing the seeds by trench and rig-pit method.

(e) There is an incentive amount for inter-cropping with sugarcane under National Food
Security Mission (NFSM) programme.

(f) There is an arrangement for technical publicity and extension scheme, both of which are
closely supervised and monitored.

Despite good soil favourable to the sugarcane cultivation, productivity level is low in Bihar for
several reasons. Presently, only 25-30 percent of the area under sugarcane is having irrigation
facility and even this irrigated area gets only 1-2 waterings on an average because, during April-
June, water is not available in the canal. Due to poor drainage system, there is also a problem of
water logging in cane fields during the rainy season. The state is facing shortage of high-yielding
varieties of sugarcane. The state government, in coordination with Sugarcane Research Institute
(SRI) and sugar mills, is making an attempt to solve this problem.

Dairy Industry
Because of its close linkage with farming operations, animal husbandry is a traditional
occupation for rural households in Bihar. The dairy industry in the state is, therefore, very large;
but it is the state-run Bihar State Milk Cooperative Federation (COMFED) which plays a pivotal
role in dairy industry. Established in 1983, COMFED is the implementing agency for Operation
Flood Programme, working towards White Revolution. For the establishment of the milk
cooperatives, COMFED has adopted a three-tier pattern, under which there is milk producers
cooperative society at the village level, milk union at the district level and, finally, milk
federation at the state level.

There were 19.5 thousand milk cooperative societies in 2015-16, compared to 18.4 thousand
societies a year ago (Table 4.12). It implies an annual growth of 6.0 percent. However, of the
total number of societies, 14.0 thousand were operative (71.8 percent) and 6.0 thousand were
registered (30.8 percent). From Table 4.13, one can observe that the total milk procurement per
day in 2015-16 was 1740 thousand kgs. and this amount has recorded a steady growth rate of
13.5 percent in the last five years. This annual growth rate varies widely among the 9 projects,
the highest growth rate being recorded by Magadh Project (55.8 percent) and the lowest by

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Mithila Project (9.5 percent). As regards milk procurement per functional dairy, it was 124.5 kilo
litres in 2015-16 (Table 4.14). This amount has increased from 122 kilo litres (2010-11) to 125
kilo litres (2015-16).

Table 4.12 : Number of Dairy Cooperative Societies under Different Milk Union/Project

2015-16 2014-15
Location of Union/Project Organised Working Registered Organised Working Registered
Societies Societies Societies Societies Societies Societies
VaishalPatliputra Milk Union,
3973 2490 1228 3840 2929 1218
Patna
DeshratnaDr.Rajendra Prasad
2162 1970 1094 2124 1987 1079
Milk Union, Barauni
Mithila Milk Union, Samastipur 2305 1841 1036 2186 2001 879
Tirhut Milk Union,
3181 1904 947 3027 1964 887
Muzaffarpur
Shahbad Milk Union, Ara 3206 2432 1205 3007 2375 1205
Vikramshila Milk Union,
1616 1027 250 1404 813 234
Bhagalpur
Magadh Dairy Project, Gaya 1656 1319 183 1461 1124 160

Kosi Dairy Project, Purnea 1384 987 87 1276 950 80

Ranchi Dairy Project , Ranchi 60 46 12 60 46 12

Total 19543 14016 6042 18385 14189 5754

Source : COMFED, GOB

Table 4.13 : Progress of Unions and Projects in Daily Milk Collection

(in 000 kgs)
Union/Project 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 CAGR
Vaishal Patliputra Milk Union, Patna 210.15 224.85 282.09 318.91 307.73 11.8
Deshratna Dr. Rajendra Prasad Milk
314.12 343.80 375.20 409.72 457.52 9.7
Union, Barauni
Mithila Milk Union, Samastipur 250.98 282.99 340.57 354.51 353.67 9.5

Tirhut Milk Union, Muzaffarpur 115.12 133.53 181.87 196.87 191.55 15.1

Shahbad Milk Union, Ara 129.44 176.17 206.24 257.57 258.29 19.4

Vikramshila Milk Union, Bhagalpur 35.73 48.34 54.88 70.13 72.94 19.7

Magadh Dairy Project, Gaya 7.50 13.19 22.55 39.53 39.82 55.8

Kosi Dairy Project, Purnea 7.13 15.55 20.98 29.24 41.48 51.5

Ranchi/ Bokaro /Jamshedpur Dairy 4.74 6.48 10.50 13.84 17.43 40.4

Total 1074.93 1244.75 1495.02 1690.24 1740.43 13.5

Source : COMFED, GOB

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 Table 4.14 : Milk Procurement per Functional Dairy Cooperative Society

(Kl. per day)

Location of
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Union/Project
Patna 101.5 97.37 122.17 108.88 123.58
Barauni 213.1 210.4 229.62 206.2 232.24
Samastipur 216.5 202.28 243.44 177.17 192.10
Muzaffarpur 87.6 87.91 119.73 100.24 100.60
Ara 78.8 90.02 105.39 108.49 106.20
Bhagalpur 84.3 74.83 84.95 86.26 71.02
Gaya 18.8 23.64 40.41 35.08 30.19
Purnea 23.5 34.02 45.90 30.78 42.03
Ranchi Dairy 121.5 140.89 213.55 277.64 347.17
Total 121.80 118.29 141.96 120.59 124.18
Source : COMFED, GOB

Table 4.15 : Activities by COMFED

Indicators 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Cooperative Societies
Organised 11638 13691 16675 18385 19543
Operational 8823 10524 12654 14189 14016
Registered 3917 4943 5420 5754 6042
No. of Members (lakh) 6.29 7.59 8.73 9.42 10.04
Collection of Milk
Collection of Milk (lakh kg/day) 10.75 12.45 14.95 16.90 17.40
Marketing of Products
No. of Retail Outlets 8388 9558 10944 12299 13099
Milk (lakh litres/day) 8.17 9.20 10.76 11.52 12.18
Ghee (tonnes) 1323 1717 2043 1669 1643
Lassi (tonnes) 3242 6426 6747 4385 4103
Peda (tonnes) 745 1242 1638 1173 1190
Paneer (tonnes) 2090 3022 3542 3385 3946
Dahi (tonnes) 4469 3132 8595 7498 8088
GulabJamun (tonnes) 566 1105 1331 1152 1220
Ice-Cream (tonnes) 663 1083 1248 1702 1743
Services
No. of Artificial Insemination 2021 2329 2897 3117 3275
Centres
Artificial Insemination (lakh) 11.85 15.66 18.44 20.30 21.37
Vaccination (lakh) 16.25 17.73 22.81 15.53 18.05
De-worming (lakh) 8.75 12.92 11.67 12.92 16.46
Seed Distribution (tonnes) 485.43 757.14 885.61 930.93 1016.79
Cattle Feed Distribution (tonnes) 61097 61273 54707 56143 62130
Source: COMFED, GOB

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The activities of the COMFED include procurement of milk, processing milk to produce a
number of milk products, marketing of the products and, finally, providing a number of services
for the animal husbandry sector. Table 4.15 presents the details of all these activities by
COMFED during the last five years.

Tea
In the last two decades, Bihar has gradually appeared as an important tea producing state. Tea is
presently cultivated in about 50 thousand acres in Kishanganj district Pothia block (50
percent), Thakurganj (40 percent) and Kishanganj (10 percent). The annual production of tea in
Bihar is about 4000 tonnes. There are 7 tea processing plants in Kishanganj, with an annual
output exceeding 2300 tonnes. Since there is a scope of additional tea processing units in
Kishanganj, the state government has already announced subsidies and incentive packages for
new tea processing plants.

4.4 Non-Agro-Based Industry

Handloom

At present, there are more than 32 thousand weavers in Bihar who are completely dependent on
this sector for their livelihood. There are 1089 primary handloom weaver cooperative societies,
with nearly 15 thousand handloom operating under them. The majority of the weavers operate
outside the cooperative fold. There are 2 apex level marketing organisations Bihar State
Handloom Cooperative Union and Bihar State Wool and Sheep Union. In addition, there are 6
Regional Handloom Unions, located in Nalanda, Sitamarhi, Siwan, Madhubani, Purnea and
Bhagalpur. Table 4.16 presents specific handoom products of different districts in Bihar.

Table 4.16 : Handloom Concentrated Districts in Bihar

District Products
Bhagalpur Silk, Cotton, Furnishing cloth, Staple chadar,
Exportable Silk and cotton cloth.
Banka Tasar Silk, Exportable Silk Cloth
Gaya Cotton and Silk Cloth
Nalanda Ornamental Curtain, Bed Cover, Interior
decoration material and ornamented cloth
Nawada Tasar Silk and ladies dress material
Darbhanga, Madhubani, Fine Cotton long cloth, dhoti, shirting
Sitamarhi
Aurangabad, Rohtas Woolen Blanket, Woolen Carpet and Sari
Kaimur Woolen Carpet, Banarasi Sari
Patna, Siwan Cotton cloth and Furnishing Cloth
Purnea, Katihar Jute bags, Jute-blended material, Interior
decorative material
Source: Department of Industries, Handloom, GOB

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The state government has launched the ambitious Mukhyamantri Integrated Handloom
Development Scheme (2012-16) to help the weavers. The scheme provides the following
facilities (a) Rs. 15,000 for each weaver to purchase new loom, (b) corpus money of Rs. 5000
per weaver for purchasing raw materials, (c) Rs. 40,000 per weaver for construction of
workshed, (d) establishment of 40 Common Facility Centres, (e) establishment of Bunkar Hut at
Bhagalpur (100 stalls), Gaya, Aurangabad, Madhubani, Patna and Siwan (50 stalls each), (f)
corpus fund for Yarn Depot at Bhagalpur and Banka, and (g) provision of Bunkar stipend.

There are also 8 state government institutions for imparting training to weavers. These
institutions are located at Chakand (Gaya), Amarpur (Banka), Obra (Aurangabad), Patna town
(Patna), Baran (Bhagalpur), Kako (Jehanabad), Jhinganagar (Nalanda) and Purnea town
(Purnea). A sum of Rs. 800 per month is paid to the trainees during the training period. The
target and achievement of this training programme during last 5 years is presented in Table 4.17.
The achievement rates, as is apparent from the table, has been around 80 percent in all the years.

Table 4.17 : Targets and Achievements of Training Programmes

No. of Trainees 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Target 204 204 204 204 204

Achievement 164 180 163 160 167
Achievement Percentage 80.4 88.2 79.9 78.4 81.9
Source : Department of Industries, Handloom, GOB

The state government has decided to collect the data on working handloom in the following
districts Bhagalpur, Aurangabad, Banka, Gaya, Kaimur, Nalanda, Nawada, Rohtas,
Madhubani, Siwan, Patna, Muzaffarpur, Katihar, Khagaria, Jehanabad, West Champaran and
Samastipur. During the survey, a UID (Unique Identification Number) will be engraved on each
handloom so that all support schemes in future can be implemented smoothly. This survey is
presently going on.

Powerloom
The powerlooms in Bihar are mainly concentrated in Bhagalpur, Banka and Gaya. There are
about 14,000 powerlooms which produce staple chadar, furnishing clothes, etc. The training
centre at Nathnagar (Bhagalpur), run by the Ministry of Textiles of the central government,
provides training to 120 powerloom weavers each year. For powerloom workers, the state
government provides a subsidy of Rs. 3.00 per unit for the consumption of electricity.

The state government has recently taken up a scheme for in-situ upgradation of plain
powerlooms in the state. The prime objective of this scheme is to provide financial assistance to
economically weaker low-end powerloom units for upgradation of ordinary looms into automatic
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looms, with additional features like weft stop motion, warp stop motion, semi-positive let off
motion, dobby, jacquard, etc. In 2016-17, 320 powerlooms have been targeted for upgradation in
Bhagalpur and 100 powerlooms in Gaya. For this, the share of central government is 50 percent
and state government is 40 percent; the rest 10 percent is contributed by the beneficiary. The
state government has already allotted Rs. 38.00 lakh for this schemes and another Rs. 10.00 lakh
is expected soon.

Sericulture
The potential for sericulture in Bihar is substantial. To promote this sector, the Chief Minister
Tasar Development Scheme was started in 2012-13. Under this, a sum of Rs. 170.90 crore has
been approved under state plan for Tasar Area Development in six districts of south Bihar
(Banka, Munger, Nawada, Kaimur, Jamui and Rohtas) and some water-logged areas in north
Bihar where plantation of Arjun and Asan trees is feasible. The main activities under this scheme
include (a) plantation of Tasar Food plant in 10,200 hectares, (b) seed production and rearing
through 408 Self-Help Groups under the leadership of Resham Mitra, (c) formation of 155 Self-
Help Groups for the production of yearn through Common Facility Centres (CFC), (d)
strengthening of Pilot Project Centre, and (e) establishment of Cocoon Bank.

Table 4.18 presents the achievements in the sericulture sector during the last three years. As
regards plantation, the area under castor has been showing a downward trend, but the areas under
Mulberry and Tassar have shown an upward trend. For Tassar, the increase has been substantial,
from 575 hectares in 2013-14 to 2325 hectares in 2015-16. The production levels of DFL
(Disease Free Layings), cocoon and raw silk have also generally increased.

Table 4.18 : Achievements in Sericulture

DFLs
Type of Plantation Total Cocoon Raw Silk
Year Rearing
Silk ( hectare) Production (tonnes)
( lakh)
Mulberry 117 5.07 122.73 (tonne) 15.08
2013-14 Tassar 608 7.10 386.94 (lakh) 37.89
Castor 575 0.81 6.50 (tonne) 5.20
Mulberry 184 5.04 162.16 (tonne) 19.50
2014-15 Tassar 5198 7.48 293.88 (lakh 32.95
Castor 232 1.19 10.20 (tonne) 8.16
Mulberry 136 5.78 202.56 (tonne) 22.55
2015-16 Tassar 2325 9.21 466.00 (lakh) 42.00
Castor 161 1.19 9.50 (tonne) 7.60
Note : DFLs Disease Free Layings
Source : Department of Industries, Sericulture, GOB

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Under the Mukhyamantri Kosi Mulberry Scheme, production of mulberry is being promoted in
the districts of Saharsa, Supaul, Madhepura, Araria, Kishanganj, Katihar and Purnea. This
scheme will be operational till 2016-17, at a total cost of Rs. 118.04 crore. The facilities under
this scheme includes training, study tour, and economic assistance for silk worm rearing and
production of yarn and clothings.

Two year vocational training course in Silk Technology is being conducted in Bihar Institute of
Silk & Textiles, Nath Nagar, Bhagalpur. Construction of building for Textile Testing Lab &
CAD Unit in this institute is in process. There are two Mulberry Reeling Training Centre,
Bhagalpur/Kishanganj, which impart training of mulberry reeling/spinning for 40 persons every
year.

Bhagalpur Mega Handloom Cluster

For Bhagalpur and Banka districts, the state government has established Bhagalpur Mega
Handloom Cluster where weavers receive benefits under many components. Under this scheme
of the central Ministry of Textiles, 10 block level clusters, each with a Common Facility Centre
(CFC), two dye houses, one design studio, and a product development centre have been
sanctioned. In each CFC, facilities are available for pre-loom activities, post-loom activities,
dyeing and designing. The National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT), Patna is providing
Cluster Monitoring and Technical Assistant (CMTA) for this scheme. The state government
contributes 10-25 percent share in different components in the scheme.

Jute Park

A Jute Park has been established in Maranga (Purnea) with an investment of Rs. 42.36 crore,
under the Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) mode. The state government has provided 44.30
acres of land as equity and Rs. 2.00 crore as a grant. In this park, two private units are already
functional. They are producing jute yarn, jute twin, jute cloths and other products. It has created
direct employment for about 500 people and indirect employment for about 800 people.

Leather Industries

Bihar has substantial potential for leather industries, as its share in countrys total animal
population is sizeable cow (8.0 percent), goat (12.1 percent), buffalo (4.2 percent) and sheep
(1.9 percent). According a survey, conducted by the Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI),
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Chennai, Bihar annually produces 2.64 million bovine hides and 5.09 million bovine skins. The
state is known for best quality goat skins, cow hides, buffalo skins and calf skins. The goat skins
are generally smaller in size, but it is the best material for glazed leather products which are
mostly exported.

There are seven markets in the state for hides and skins Patna, Ara, Aurangabad, Munger,
Muzaffarpur, Katihar and Purnea. The major markets are Ara for buffalo hides, Muzaffapur
for buffalo calf skin and Patna for goat skin. According to an estimate, 7-8 thousand pieces of
goat skins and 2-3 thousand pieces of cow hides are transported daily from Muzaffarpur to
destinations outside the state. Some of the important producers of leather products in Tamil Nadu
collect hides and skins from Bihar through their own agents. The local tanning industries are
confined to a few tanneries in Muzaffarpur and Bata Tannery at Mokama Ghat. As a result, most
raw materials for leather products found in Bihar find their way to Chennai, Kanpur and Kolkata.

Khadi and Village Industries

Functioning under the central Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME), the
Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) promotes rural industries in the country,
including Khadi producing units. The KVIC functions through KVIC Directorate and KVI Board
at the state level. Its promotional activities include skill development, transfer of technology,
research and development, marketing, etc. KVIC is also responsible for Prime Ministers
Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) and Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of
Traditional Industries (SFRTI). The second programme involves cluster development activities
for traditional products of khadi and village industries.

The Centrally Sponsored Scheme of PMEGP was started in 2008, by merging erstwhile Rural
Employment Guarantee Programme (REGP) and Prime Minister Rojgar Yojana (PMRY). This
scheme aims at generating employment opportunities by providing bank credit, specially to the
traditional artisans. The scheme is implemented by Khadi and Village Industries Commission
(KVIC), Khadi and Village Industries (KVI) Board at the state level, and the District Industries
Centre (DIC).

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 Table 4.19 : Performance of PMEGP

Agencies KVIC KVI Board DIC Total

2013-14

Target/Margin Physical (Nos.) 559 (10.0) 559 (10.0) 4473 (80.0) 5591 (100.0)
Money Financial (Rs. lakh) 1285.81 (10.0) 1285.81 (10.0) 10288.76 (80.0) 12860.38 (100.0)
Margin Money Physical (Nos.) 341 (11.0) 176 (5.7) 2576 (83.3) 3093 (100.0)
disbursed by
Nodal banks Financial (Rs. lakh) 900.89 (11.7) 467.93 (6.1) 6306.64 (82.2) 7675.46 (100.0)
2014-15

Target/Margin Physical (Nos.) 2294 (30.0) 2294 (30.0) 3060 (40.0) 7648 (100.0)
Money Financial (Rs. lakh) 3321.96 (30.0) 3321.96 (30.0) 4429.27 (40.0) 11073.19 (100.0)
Margin Money Physical (Nos.) 280 (16.1) 130 (7.5) 1324 (76.4) 1734 (100.0)
disbursed by
Nodal banks Financial (Rs. lakh) 629.73 (14.4) 389.54 (8.9) 3338.79 (76.6) 4358.06 (100.0)
2015-16

Target/Margin Physical (Nos.) 909 (30.0) 909 (30.0) 1211 (40.0) 3029 (100.0)
Money Financial (Rs. lakh) 1817.16 (30.0) 1817.16 (30.0) 2422.88 (40.0) 6057.20 (100.0)
Margin Money Physical (Nos.) 189 (7.8) 195 (8.0) 2046 (84.2) 2430 (100.0)
disbursed by
Nodal banks Financial (Rs. lakh) 544.60 (8.3) 543.00 (8.2) 5500.95 (83.49) 6588.55 (100.0)
Note : The Figures in the parenthesis denote percent share to total
Source : Department of Industry, GOB

The implementation on the performance of this programme for the last 3 years is presented in
Table 4.19. In 2015-16, although the achievements of both KVIC and KVI Board were very
poor, the performance of the DIC was very good; against a target of margin money of Rs. 2423
lakh for 1211 persons, DIC was able to disburse Rs. 5501 lakh to 2046 persons. In the earlier
years (2013-14 and 2014-15), all the three implementing agencies had failed to achieve their
respective targets and, thus, the overall achievement was also very low. From the data in Table
4.19, it is quite apparent that DICs play a major role in the implementation of PMEGP, the role
of other two agencies (KVIC and KVI Board) being very limited.

4.5 Support Institutions

Within the Department of Industries, there are important institutions which are meant for
promoting Industrialisation in Bihar Udyog Mitra, District Industries Centre (DIC) and Bihar
Industrial Area Development Authority (BIADA). As regards overall level of expenditure of the
Department of Industries, it was Rs. 1230 crore in 2015-16 and it had shown a steady increase in
since 2011-12 (Table 4.20). The eagerness of the state government promote industrialisation is
also reflected when one notices that the share of expenditure on industries in the total
expenditure on economic services has also increased over the years. Compared to a share of 2.5
percent in 2011-12, this share was 3.3 percent in 2015-16.

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 Table 4.20 : Expenditure on Industries by State Government

(Rs. crore)
Expenditure 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 CAGR

Expenditure on Industries

(a) Revenue 363 534 580 561 1201 27.7

(b) Capital 66 49 535 3 29 -35.7

(c) Total 429 583 1115 564 1230 23.0

Expenditure on Economic Services 17475 20246 24871 29173 37305 20.7

Expenditure on Industries as a
percentage of Expenditure on 2.5 2.9 4.5 1.9 3.3 -
Economic Services
Source : Bihar Budget

Udyog Mitra
The institution of Udyog Mitra was established under the Department of Industries to help
prospective entrepreneurs. Udyog Mitra also prepares monitoring reports of the schemes
implemented by the District Industries Centres (DIC). Table 4.21 presents the financial and
physical achievement of Udyog Mitra during the last five years. In 2015-16, Udyog Mitra was
able to spend Rs. 92.37 core, out of the allotted amount of Rs. 110.29 crore, implying an
utilisation of ratio of 83.8 percent. This utilisation ratio was lower than the ratio in 2014-15, but
the number of benefitted entrepreneurs was 906, much larger than 664 a year before.

Table 4.21 : Physical and Financial Achievements of Udyog Mitra

Amount Amount No. of Amount

Year Allotted spent Entrepreneurs Spent
(Rs. lakh) (Rs. lakh) benefited (Percentage)
2011-12 100.00 67.48 753 67.5
2012-13 104.00 78.73 596 75.7
2013-14 120.00 101.13 583 84.3
2014-15 98.60 88.94 664 90.2
2015-16 110.29 92.37 906 83.8
Source : Udyog Mitra, GOB

The Udyog Mitra has prepared the district profile of all the districts in the state and completed
the land-mapping work. It has also been nominated as the implementing agency for National
Mission for Food Processing, a scheme launched by the central government. Under the Cluster
Development scheme of the central government, Udyog Mitra is working for the development of
13 clusters across the state. This work includes training, establishment of Suvidha Kendras,
marketing assistance, and redressal of specific problems faced by entrepreneurs. A private firm
has been appointed by Udyog Mitra for this task of cluster development.

146
District Industries Centre
To help the entrepreneurs for setting up industries, District Industries Centres (DIC) were
established. The DICs place special emphasis on micro, small and medium enterprises. As
mentioned before, DICs are also the principal implementation agency for Prime Ministers
Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP). The details of the extent of the involvement of
DIC in PMEGP has already been presented in Table 4.19.

Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority (BIADA)

Under the statutory provisions of the Bihar Industrial Area Development Act, 1974, BIADA was
established to promote industrialisation in the state. It acquires land for being allotted to the
investors for establishment of industrial units, after developing necessary infrastructure like
roads, power, water, etc. Presently, BIADA has four regional offices and industrial areas in
Patna, Bhagalpur, Darbhanga and Muzaffarpur. Till September, 2016, BIADA has acquired
5910.41 acres of land, out of which 599.16 acres are reserved for infrastructure, administrative
blocks, etc., and 454.96 acres are still vacant. The remaining land has been allotted in which
1559 units are functioning (Table 4.22).

Table 4.22 : Details of BIADA Land and Activities (September, 2016)

Land Reserved No. of Running Units

for Land
Land
Regional Infrastructure, remaining
Acquired September,
Office Administrative vacant 2015-16
(acres) 2016
Blocks, Roads (acres)
etc. (acres)
Patna 3124.42 259.36 32.5 631 645

Bhagalpur 1347.29 101.42 30.38 259 278

Dharbhanga 411.96 55.16 27.97 295 283

Muzaffarpur 1026.74 183.22 364.11 354 353

Total 5910.41 599.16 454.96 1539 1559

Source : BIADA, GOB

4.6 Industrial Policy of Bihar, 2016

The state government had earlier formulated an Industrial Policy in 2011. Based on the working
experience, it had prepared a new policy document Industrial Investment Promotion Policy in
2016. This policy aims to achieve an annual growth rate of 15 percent for the industrial sector, so
that its contribution to the GSDP can gradually reach to about 25 percent. To achieve this goal,
the main strategy of this policy is to focus on (a) development of support infrastructure, (b)
prioritising core sectors with emphasis on advanced technology, (c) skill development, (d)
modified structured package of assistance, and (e) balanced regional development.

147
Towards strengthening the support infrastructure, the policy includes allotment of vacant
industrial land for priority sector projects, establishment of new industrial area and expansion of
existing ones, recovery of land from sick/closed units, promotion of private participation for
increased availability of industrial land, establishment of air cargo complex, upgradation of
facilities at container freight terminal, increasing the supply of quality/reliable power,
establishment of gas pipeline framework, promotion of MSME clusters, and promotion of private
industrial parks.

After careful considerations, the policy has identified the following 10 sectors as the priority
sectors for industrial development of Bihar (i) Food Processing, (ii) Tourism, (iii) Small
Machine Manufacturing, (iv) IT, ITeS, Electrical and Electronic Hardware Manufacturing, (v)
Textile, (vi) Plastic and Rubber, (vii) Renewable Energy, (viii) Healthcare, (ix) Leather, and (x)
Technical Education. The above list of sectors, however, is only indicative and the state
government may suitably revise the list from time to time.

The state government recognises the need for fiscal incentives to improve the competitiveness of
the industrial units operating in the state. Accordingly, it has formulated a customised package of
fiscal incentives which will trigger the next round of industrial growth in Bihar. Among others,
these incentives will include reimbursement of stamp duty/ registration fee, reimbursement of
land conversion fees, interest subvention and a number of tax related incentives, the last one
being 70 percent of the approved project cost for the non-priority sector and 100 percent for the
priority sector. All these fiscal incentives will be dovetailed to the policies of the central
government towards promoting industrial growth. There will also be special incentives for
disadvantaged entrepreneurs scheduled caste/ tribe, women, differently abled persons, war
widows, acid attack victims or third gender. This new Industrial Policy of the state government is
aimed at creating an industry-friendly environment for maximising investment in Bihar, specially
in the priority sectors. The overall objective is to maximise the value addition to the states
natural resources by setting up industries across the state, generating revenue and creating
employment.

The efforts to promote industrialisation involves helping the existing units at one hand and
promoting new industrial units on the other. For the second activity, the state government has
also prepared a Start-Up Policy which tries to address the specific needs of a new industrial
units. This policy has defined Start-Up as an entity, registered in Bihar not prior to five years,
with an annual turnover not exceeding Rs. 2.5 crore in any preceding financial year. It should be
working towards innovation, development, deployment or commercialisation of new products,
processes or service, driven by technology or intellectual property. The Bihar Start-Up Policy
has been designed to rest on four pillars, YUVA Y standing for yes to start-ups through
awareness, networking and mentoring campaign, U standing for unleashing regulatory enablers
148
for supporting start-ups, V standing for vibrancy in education system to encourage and
facilitate start-ups and, finally, a standing for access to financing and incubation support. Under
this Start-Up Policy, the state government will establish a Trust with an initial corpus fund of Rs.
500 crore which shall act as the nodal agency for the implementation of the policy.

Besides framing the Industrial Policy and a Start-Up Policy, the state government has also
enacted a comprehensive Act to support the above policies. Among others, the Bihar Industrial
Promotion Act, 2016 has clear provisions for State Investment Provision Board, Integrated
Clearance System, Financial Incentives, Self-certification and mechanism for redressal of
grievances. The state government has also finalised the rules for the above Act.

4.7 Mining and Quarrying

Geologically, Bihar is located in the Gangetic plains and, as such, the mining and quarrying
sector in the state is very small. As mentioned in Chapter I, the Gross State Domestic Product
(GSDP) of this sector was only Rs. 685 crore in 2015-16 at current prices, just 1.7 percent of
total GSDP of the state. However, thanks to the presence of some minor minerals, the state
government receives modest amount of revenues from the sector, as indicated in Table 4.23.
During 2015-16, the revenues was Rs. 971.00 crore, an increase of 13.0 percent over previous
years revenue of Rs. 859.35 crore.

Table 4.23 : Revenues from Minerals in Bihar

(Rs. lakh)

Sources 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

1. Major Minerals 128.17 107.31 99.06

2. Minor Minerals

(i) bricks 3299.47 2659.09 4295.60

(ii) sand 22666.27 50542.07 42806.32

(iii) stone + crusher 1881.27 7516.90 11097.89

(iv) morum 21.41 0.45 56.38

(v) soil 736.46 270.28 271.37

(vi) Works Deptt. 26709.12 24074.52 36413.51

(vii) Transit Pass 41.10 42.35 40.74

(viii) Others 207.76 278.68 626.23

3. Arrears 1222.85 443.32 1392.90

Total 56913.88 85934.97 97100.00

Source : Department of Mines and Geology, GOB

149
4.8 Tourism
The potential for tourism in Bihar is very substantial because of its rich historical heritage. A
number of historical, archeological and religious sites in Bihar attract equally both domestic and
foreign tourists. The Department of Tourism of the state government has identified the following
8 tourism circuits in Bihar Buddhist Circuit, Jain Circuit, Ramayana Circuit, Shiv Shakti
Circuit, Sufi Circuit, Sikh Circuit, Gandhi Circuit and Nature/ Wildlife Circuit. Under the new
Industrial Investment Promotion Policy, 2016 of the state, tourism has been identified as one of
the 10 priority sectors. The expenditure level of the Department of Tourism during the last five
years is presented in Table 4.24.

Table 4.24 : Expenditure of Department of Tourism

Expenditure as
Budget Estimate Expenditure
Year percentage of
(Rs. crore) (Rs. crore)
Budget

2011-12 34.45 34.85 101.2

2012-13 41.81 103.69 248.0

2013-14 105.85 67.37 63.6

2014-15 152.41 84.00 55.1

2015-16 57.01 61.57 108.0
Source : Budget Documents, GOB

The state government is making all endeavours to provide necessary information, basic facilities
and security to all tourists. Table 4.25 presents the data on number of tourists in Bihar during the
last five years, both domestic and foreign. In 2015, there were 28.95 lakh tourists in Bihar, of
which 923 thousand were foreign tourists. Although the number of foreign tourists visiting Bihar
has remained nearly same over the years, the trend for domestic tourists is very positive.
Between 2011 and 2015, the number of domestic tourists has increased by more than 50 percent.

Table 4.25 : Tourist Arrivals in Bihar

Number of tourists (000)

Year
Domestic Foreign Total
2011 18396 972 19368
2012 21446 1097 22543
2013 21588 765 22353
2014 22544 829 23373
2015 28029 923 28952
Source : Department of Tourism, GOB

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 APPENDIX
Table A 4.1 : Value of output and Net value added of selected agro and non-agro based industries
(2013-14) (Bihar and India)

(Rs. crore)
Value of Output Net Value Added

NIC 2008 Industrial Group Bihar's Bihar's

India Bihar Percentage India Bihar Percentage
Share Share
Agro-Based
Food Products/Beverages/
10+11+12 Tobacco Products 869448 10072 1.16 83848 2061 2.46
13+14 Textiles/Wearing Apparel 497552 173 0.03 68423 33 0.05
15 Leather & Leather Products 47640 71 0.15 7637 11 0.15
Wood & Wood Products /
36524 135 0.37 4818 22 0.46
16+31 Furniture
Paper & Paper Products/ printing
and Reproduction of Recorded 121707 789 0.65 19375 160 0.83
17+18+58 Media/Publishing Activities
Sub Total 1572871 11240 0.71 184102 2287 1.24
Non- Agro Based
Coke and Refined Petroleum
19 Products 1114471 37146 3.33 102171 2165 2.12
20 Chemicals and Chemical products 513903 386 0.08 79315 22 0.03
21 Basic Pharmaceutical Products 214564 125 0.06 65192 21 0.03
22 Rubber and Plastic Products 215512 247 0.11 36769 26 0.07
23 Non-Metallic Mineral Products 193028 1259 0.65 39377 411 1.04
Metals/ Fabricated Metal Products
1030382 2578 0.25 146064 44 0.03
24+25 Except Machinery and Equipment
Electrical Equipment/ Machinery
and Equipment NEC/Repair and
470645 341 0.07 86432 42 0.05
Installation of machinery
27+28+33 equipment
Motor vehicle, Trailer, Semi-
Trailer/ Other Transport 532807 55 0.01 67746 18 0.03
29+30 Equipment
Others ( including 32 other
301517 1921 0.64 56938 120 0.21
manufacturing)
Sub-Total 4586830 44056 0.96 680006 2868 0.42
Grand Total 6159700 55296 0.90 864108 5155 0.60
Source : Annual Survey of Industries, 2013-14

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 Table A 4.2 : Structure of Industries in Bihar (2013-14)

Factories in operation
Fixed Capital Persons Engaged
No. of factories
(Rs.Crore) (No.)
NIC 2008 Industrial Group (No.)

India Bihar India Bihar India Bihar India Bihar

Agro based

Food Products/ Beverages/

10+11+12 Tobacco Products 40743 862 (2.1) 34518 760 (2.2) 173951 3211 (1.8) 2185976 24203 (1.1)

13+14 Textiles/Wearing Apparel 28170 25 (0.1) 20426 24 (0.1) 218802 31 (0.0) 2474903 3604 (0.1)

15 Leather & Leather Products 4225 8 (0.2) 3330 8 (0.2) 8631 11 (0.1) 311594 681 (0.2)

Wood & Wood Products /

5725 214 (3.7) 4926 210 (4.3) 7790 36 (0.5) 139349 2207 (1.6)
16+31 Furniture

Paper & Paper Products/

printing and Reproduction of
11614 80 (0.7) 9569 74 (0.8) 63540 224 (0.4) 429760 3479 (0.8)
Recorded Media/Publishing
17+18+58 Activities

Sub Total 90477 1189 (1.3) 72769 1076 (1.5) 472715 3514 (0.7) 5541582 34174 (0.6)

Non-agro based

Coke and Refined Petroleum

19 Products 1578 70 (4.4) 1327 70 (5.3) 193132 2781 (1.4) 109964 2335 (2.1)

Chemicals and Chemical

20 products 11465 45 (0.4) 9710 43 (0.4) 159425 55 (0.0) 708401 1423 (0.2)

21 Basic Pharmaceutical Products 4961 29 (0.6) 4315 28 (0.6) 83160 58 (0.1) 618493 898 (0.1)

22 Rubber and Plastic Products 13147 60 (0.5) 10447 60 (0.6) 71658 68 (0.1) 591001 702 (0.1)

23 Non-Metallic Mineral Products 25597 1552 (6.1) 22089 1404 (6.4) 146660 444 (0.3) 970367 63309 (6.5)

Metals/ Fabricated Metal

Products Except Machinery 28431 156 (0.5) 23417 153 (0.7) 593334 222 (0.0) 1655102 3183 (0.2)
24+25 and Equipment

Electrical Equipment/
Machinery and Equipment
19836 63 (0.3) 16922 61 (0.4) 114471 427 (0.4) 1196048 1794 (0.1)
NEC/Repair and Installation
27+28+33 of machinery equipment

Motor vehicle, Trailer, Semi-

Trailer/ Other Transport 7895 9 (0.1) 6833 8 (0.1) 181457 7 (0.0) 1076383 737 (0.1)
29+30 Equipment

Others (including 32 other

14906 247 (1.7) 12080 229 (1.9) 312451 460 (0.1) 726945 5042 (0.7)
manufacturing)

Sub-Total 127816 2231 (1.7) 107140 2056 (1.9) 1855747 4523 (0.2) 7652704 79423 (1.0)

Grand Total 218293 3420 (1.6) 179909 3132 (1.7) 2328461 8037 (0.3) 13194286 113597 (0.9)

Note : In Table A 4.1 & A 4.2 (Appendix) the total may not match All India total as the total here relates to those
NIC codes which are present in Bihar.
Figures in parenthesis represent Bihars share to India.
Source : Annual Survey of Industries

_____________

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 CHAPTER V
INFRASTRUCTURE

The infrastructure is the lifeline of any economy. A developed economy is developed because it
has adequate infrastructure, so that all the economic activities are executed efficiently, smoothly
and in time. On the other hand, all disadvantaged economies suffer from poor infrastructure and
they constantly plan to expand their infrastructure to put the economies on a high growth path. In
the recent years, the physical infrastructure in Bihar has been strengthened considerably. Apart
from stepping up public investment in infrastructure, the state government has been actively
engaged in involving private sector to meet the growing demand for physical infrastructure. The
all pervading importance of infrastructure would be clear from the fact that it encompasses the
whole spectrum of vital services such as roads and bridges, railways, airways,
telecommunications, postal facilities and efficient irrigation facilities. Two other very important
sectors under infrastructure, Energy Sector and Urban Development, have been discussed in
separate chapters.

5.1 Roads
The road transport plays a decisive role in the economic development. Because of its flexibility
of operations, it is the only means of transport available to a majority of the rural people in Bihar.
Through road transport, one can also hope to render any service at the doorstep of the
households. Further, millions of people move out of their houses daily to reach their places of
work, trade or business through the road network. Road construction and its maintenance also
generate sizeable employment. Therefore, state government has decided to expand the road
network in the state so expansively, that the capital city of Patna can be reached in less than five
hours from any place in the state. To achieve this goal, the network of roads and bridges has been
expanded considerably in recent years. Indeed, development of the infrastructure sector has been
a priority area for the state government and it has enhanced public investment in roads and
bridges. Many reforms have been initiated in the infrastructure sector, resulting in robust growth
in most sectors through the linkage effect.

Table 5.1 shows the trend of public investment on road and bridges in Bihar during the last
decade. The state government had spent more than 5 percent of its total budget on road and
bridges in the last three years. Investment in the road sector has increased three fold from Rs
2696 in 2007-08 to Rs 7696 in 2016-17, indicating an annual growth rate of more than 10
percent. In 2015-16, the expenditure on roads constituted 16.4 percent of the expenditure of the
153
state government on economic sectors, 7.7 percent of development expenditure, and 1.5 percent
of the GSDP of the state. The public investment in the road network is seen to decrease as
percentage to total public expenditure over the years. This is because the road network had
expanded so widely across the state in the initial years that, it spent rather limited amount in later
years.

Table 5.1 : Public Investment in Road and Bridges in Bihar

(in Rs. crore)
2016-17
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 CAGR
BE
Total Expenditure on Road and Bridges
2696 2950 3740 4691 4842 4114 5458 5167 6112 7696 10.5
Revenue Expenditure on Road and Bridges
404 491 689 632 786 823 1375 991 1709 2045 18.1
Capital Expenditure on Road and Bridges
2292 2459 3051 4058 4056 3291 4083 4177 4403 5651 8.6
Expenditure on Economic Services
9520 11316 13023 15564 17475 20246 24871 29173 37305 49828 19.1
Development Expenditure
20410 24414 27606 32122 37619 45402 54456 64308 79605 103858 19.2
Total Budget
31571 37181 42795 50705 60182 69207 80405 94698 112328 144696 17.7
GSDP
113680 142279 162923 203555 247144 282368 317101 373920 413503 471391 17.0
Public Investment in Road and Bridges as percentage of:
Economic Services
28.3 26.1 28.7 30.1 27.7 20.3 21.9 17.7 16.4 15.4 -
Development Expenditure
13.2 12.1 13.5 14.6 12.9 9.1 10.0 8.0 7.7 7.4 -
Total Budget
8.5 7.9 8.7 9.3 8.0 5.9 6.8 5.5 5.4 5.3 -
GSDP
2.4 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.6 -
Source : State Budget Documents, Government of Bihar

The public investment in road and bridges has increased substantially in the last decade, but the
state still continues to remain far behind other states in terms of road length per lakh of
population. As on end March 2014, Bihar reported only 201.5 kms of road length per lakh of
population, as against 371.9 kms for all-India (Table 5.2). All major states are much ahead of
Bihar in terms of total road length per lakh of population, except Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and
154
Haryana. In terms of National Highways (NH), its density in Bihar is the third lowest (after Uttar
Pradesh and West Bengal) with only 4.3 kms road length per lakh of population. The national
average is as high as 7.5 kms per lakh of population. With a length of 4.2 kms of State Highway
(SH) per lakh of population, Bihar is ahead of only Uttar Pradesh (3.8 kms per lakh of
population). The national average is 14.1 kms per lakh of population, with Maharashtra reporting
the highest figures of 35.2 kms per lakh of population. One can also observe from Table 5.2 that
the endowment of other types of roads is also limited in Bihar, compared to most other states.

Table 5.2 : Road Network and Road Density in Major States of India (As on March, 2014)

Road Network (km) Road Density (km per lakh of population)

State
NH SH Other Total NH SH Other Total
Andhra Pradesh 6590 6480 165026 178096 7.8 7.7 195.1 210.6
Bihar 4467 4389 200902 209758 4.3 4.2 193.0 201.5
Chhattisgarh 3031 5080 86469 94580 11.9 19.9 338.5 370.2
Gujarat 4694 18017 156352 179063 7.8 29.8 258.7 296.3
Haryana 2050 2098 38537 42685 8.1 8.3 152.0 168.4
Jharkhand 2968 1596 36694 41258 9.0 4.8 111.2 125.1
Karnataka 6177 20774 286233 313184 10.1 34.0 468.5 512.6
Kerala 1700 4341 187419 193460 5.1 13.0 561.0 579.1
Madhya Pradesh 5116 10934 263946 279996 7.0 15.1 363.4 385.5
Maharashtra 6249 39588 562853 608690 5.6 35.2 500.9 541.7
Odisha 4550 5125 273490 283165 10.8 12.2 651.6 674.6
Punjab 1699 1315 101146 104160 6.1 4.7 364.6 375.4
Rajasthan 7646 11292 222305 241243 11.2 16.5 324.3 351.9
Tamil Nadu 4975 11594 237636 254205 6.9 16.1 329.4 352.3
Uttar Pradesh 7986 7544 381694 397224 4.0 3.8 191.0 198.8
West Bengal 2908 3893 306949 313750 3.2 4.3 336.3 343.7
All-India 91287 170818 4240381 4502486 7.5 14.1 350.3 371.9
Source: Basic Road Statistics of India, 2013-14 and 2014-15, GoI

Table 5.3 shows the progress of National Highways (NH), State Highways (SH) and Major
District Roads (MDR) during 2001-2016 in Bihar. The total length of NH has increased
substantially from 3410 kms (2001) to 4621 kms (2016). As may be observed, the highest
increase in the length of NH by 887 kms has happened between 2010 and 2016. The length of
SH has also increased from 2383 kms (2001) to 4253 kms (2016), with the highest increase of
1610 kms between 2005 and 2010. During 2001 to 2016, MDR has also increased significantly
from 7739 kms to 11,054 kms, with the highest increase between 2010 and 2016. Out of total
road length, MDR (55.5 percent) constitutes more than half of the road length in Bihar, followed
by NH (23.2 percent) and SH (21.3 percent).
155
 Table 5.3 : Length of Roads in Bihar (kms)

2016 (up to Share in

Type of Road 2001 2005 2010
September) total road

National Highway (NH) 3410 3629 3734 4621 23.2

State Highway (SH) 2383 2177 3787 4253 21.3

Major District Road (MDR) 7739 8891 8965 11054 55.5

Source: Departments of Road Construction, GOB

The district-wise status of road network in Bihar for the year of 2001, 2005, 2010 and 2016 is
given in Table A 5.1 (Appendix), which highlights the inter-district variation in three types of
roads NH, SH and MDR. In terms of total road length (NH, SH and MDR), Patna accounted
for 5.8 percent of the total road network, followed by Gaya (4.9 percent), Supaul (4.3 percent),
Nalanda (4.1 percent) and Muzaffarpur (4.0 percent). The districts of Sheohar (0.7 percent),
Munger (0.8 percent) and Lakhisarai (0.9 percent) were the poorer regions of the state in terms of
road network. During 2001 to 2016, NH has increased by 1211 kms, with the highest increase in
Jamui (197 kms); SH increased by 1871 kms, with the highest increase in Saran (198 kms); and
MDR increased by 3315 kms, with the highest increase in Gaya (317 kms).

As per Ministry of Road Transport and Highways of the central government, there are four
categories of roads according to width single lane (3.75 m.), intermediate lane (5.50 m.),
double lane (7.00 m.) and multiple lanes (more than 7.00 m.). Though the highest proportion of
National Highways (71.7 percent) and State Highways (68.4 percent) belong to the category of
double or multiple lanes, more than half (53.7 percent) of Major District Roads were single lane
(Table 5.4). It is heartening to note that the shares of double and multiple lane roads in Bihar are
increasing over the years.

Table 5.4 : Status of Road Network in Bihar (as on September, 2016)

National Highways State Highways Major District Roads

Category of Road Length Percentage Length Percentage Length Percentage
(kms) share (kms) share (kms) share
Single Lane
618 13.4 772 18.2 5933 53.7
(3.75m width)
Intermediate Lane
656 14.2 575 13.5 3372 30.5
(5.50m width)
Double Lane
1899 41.1 2882 67.8 1562 14.1
(7.0m width)
Multiple Lane
1414 30.6 24 0.6 187 1.7
(More than 7.00m width)
Missing Link 34 0.7 - - - -
Total 4621 100.0 4253 100.0 11054 100.0
Source : Department of Road Construction, GOB
156
National Highways (NH)

For inter-state road transportation, the National Highways is an extremely important mode of
transportation for goods and passengers, promoting the growth of the economy. A total of 40
NHs, measuring 4621 kms were there in Bihar till September, 2016, as compared to 35 NHs
(4321 kms) in 2014. With the addition of 5 more NHs during these two years, the total length of
NH has become 4621 kms. A major share (72.4 percent) of the NHs is of double and multiple
lane roads and the rest (27.6 percent) is single or intermediate lane roads.

The central government takes care of building, maintenance and financing of NH in the country.
Table 5.5 shows the expenditure for NH (development and maintenance) in Bihar and all-India
during 2010-11 and 2014-15. The share of NH is not only less in Bihar, it has also decreased
from 5.13 percent (2010-11) to 4.78 percent (2014-15). In the same direction, expenditure on
development of roads has also been reduced in Bihar. However, expenditure on maintenance of
the NH increased substantially from 2.50 percent in 2010-11 to 8.08 percent in 2014-15. For total
expenditure (development and maintenance), Bihar is only getting 1.63 percent, although Bihar
accounts for 8.6 percent of country's population. This shows the comparatively low investment
of the central government for NH in Bihar.

Table 5.5 : Road Length and Expenditure on Development and Maintenance of National Highways

Expenditure on Expenditure on Total Expenditure

NH (in kms) NH Development NH Maintenance on NH
(Rs. crore) (Rs. crore) (Rs. crore)

2010-11 2014-15 2010-11 2014-15 2010-11 2014-15 2010-11 2014-15

Bihar 3642 4679 199 277 37 201 236 478

India 70934 97958 16869 26838 1488 2490 18357 29328

Bihar share in India 5.13 4.78 1.18 1.03 2.50 8.08 1.29 1.63
Source : Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, GoI

In 2015, the concerned ministry of the central government, has notified the conversion of 2 roads
into NH : NH 333B (Munger on NH 33 to Khagaria on NH 31) and NH 133B (Sahebganj on NH
33 to Manihar on NH 131A) into double or multiple lanes. During the last year, these planned
upgradations have been done. Table 5.6 shows the status of different NH upgradation in to
multiple lanes and their length.

157
 Table 5.6 : Status of Upgradation of NH into Four / Six-Lanning in Bihar

Length
Phase Project Remarks
(kms)

I Golden Quadrilateral 206 206 km Completed

II East-West Corridor 487 473 km Completed

III NHD Project 1015 452 km Completed

IV NHD Project 527 116 km Completed

V NHD Project Bordering
206 51 km Completed
UP/ Jharkhand
VI NHD Project 65

Total 2506
NHD = National Highway Development
Source : National Highways Authority of India, Regional Office, Patna

State Highways (SH)

The State Highways (SH) connect the different districts in the state through roads. They traverse
the length and breadth of the state, connecting the state capital, district headquarters and
important towns and cities and link up with the NH and adjacent SH. As shown in Table 5.4, the
total length of the SH in Bihar till September 2016 was 4253 kms. Around 67.8 percent of SH
was double-lane roads, 13.5 percent intermediate lane roads, and 18.2 percent single lane roads.
The multiple-lane roads constituted only 0.6 percent of the SH.

Table 5.7 : Progress of Work under Conversion of State Highways

Total Revised
Released
No. of Approved No. of Approved Physical
Agencies Fund
districts Length Packages Fund Progress
(Rs. crore)
(kms.) (Rs. crore)
CPWD 33 1760 35 2727.80 2716.95 Completed

IRCON 5 354 17 888.79 880.03 Completed

Total 38 2114 52 3616.59 3596.98

Note : CPWD = Central Public Works Department
IRCON = Indian Railway Construction Company Ltd.
Source : Department of Road Construction, GOB

A total of 4253 kms of SH has been developed as double lane standard, under the ambitious
programme of State Highways Development Programme (SHDP) of the state government. Under
an agreement between the state and central government, this programme is being implemented
by two agencies Central Public Works Department (CPWD) and M/s IRCON International.
The CPWD has completed 1760 kms of roads at a cost of Rs. 2717 crore for 35 projects in 33
158
districts. In the remaining 5 districts, IRCON has completed 354 kms of roads at a cost of Rs.
880 crore for 17 projects (Table 5.7).

The railway has completed construction of rail-cum-road over bridge on the Ganga river between
Digha and Sonepur, near Patna costing Rs. 2921 crore. For this construction, the state share of
Rs. 1240 crore was paid under Backward Region Grant Fund (BRGF). An elevated/semi-
elevated road corridor project is being constructed from AIIMS in Patna (NH-98) to Dighaghat
(11.90 kms) at a total cost of Rs. 1289.25 crore. This project is scheduled to be completed by
August 2017.

Under the ambitious Bihar State Highways Project (BSHP), sponsored by the Asian
Development Bank (ADB), the state government had decided to upgrade 1880 kms of existing
roads as the SH. The ADB has granted its approval to upgrade these roads into two-lane
standard. Under BSHP-I, the work for upgradation of 9 roads, measuring 825 kms, had started in
2008-09 at a total cost of Rs. 2629.85 crore and has been completed in March 2016. Under
BSHP-II, upgradation work of 5 SHs, having a total length of 374 kms, is being carried out at a
cost of Rs. 2547.01 crore, by making them two-lane roads. The loan component of ADB is fixed
at 70.75 percent and the state share is 29.25 percent. Under additional financing for BSHP-II,
ADB has granted a loan for upgradation of 4 more SHs by upgrading them to two-lane standard,
as shown in Table 5.8.

Table 5.8 : Status of Work under Additional Financing (As on 30.09.2016)

Approved Administrative
SH Financial
Name of SH Length Approval
No. Progress
(kms.) (Rs. crore)
83 Bagi- Barbigha 37.6 170.32 100.0
86 Saraiya- Motipur 28.2 210.88 64.09
87 Runnisaidpur-Nanpur-Pupri Sursand-Bhiswa 67.8 443.02 36.65
88 NH-103 Baruna Pul- Rasiyari 120.9 834.47 33.45
Total 254.5 1658.69 -
Source : Bihar State Road Development Corporation Limited, GOB

Under Public Private Partnership (PPP), the construction of a Greenfield Bridge across the river
Ganges, connecting Bakhtiyarpur Bypass of NH-31 and Tajpur on NH-28 was planned at a total
cost of Rs 1602.74 crore. This construction involves the bridge (5.5 kms.) and approach roads
(45.75 kms.). Till date, 35.6 percent of the work has been completed.

The Ganga Pathway of 21.5 kms (Digha to Didarganj at Patna), including 7.6 kms of elevated
corridor having four lanes with divided carriageway, is being constructed and it is expected to be
completed by September 2017. The total cost of this project is Rs. 3160 crore, for which the
159
Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCo) has paid Rs. 2000 crore. For four
laning of 92.93 kms. of NH-82 (Gaya-Hisua-Nalanda-Biharsarif), the decision has already been
taken by the concerned ministry of the central government and the estimated project cost is Rs.
1409 crore.

Major District Roads (MDR)

Major District Roads (MDR) navigate the length and breadth of a district, mainly to connect the
villages to the urban centres. There was 11,054 kms of MDR in the state as on September, 2016,
with a major portion (54 percent) of it being single-lane roads. This width is, however, quite
inadequate for the present transport density in the state. Out of the total length of MDR, 5121
kms have been converted into intermediate or double lane roads (Table 5.4). Those roads which
are yet to be converted into wider roads, have undergone surface renewal or repair work. In
future, they will be converted into intermediate or double lane roads.

The various works on MDR are being financed through State-Plan, RIDF (Rural Infrastructure
Development Fund) of NABARD, Central Road Fund, Left Wing Extremism-Affected Area
Fund, Indo-Nepal Border Road Development Programme, Roads of Economic Importance
Programme, and Roads of International Importance Programme. In addition to the running
schemes, an amount of Rs. 1751.73 crore has been approved for upgradation of 832.30 kms for
MDR and SH during 2016-17 under State Plan.

Development of Roads in Left Wing Extremism-affected Area Scheme

A total of 41 projects in 5 extremism affected districts (Arwal, Aurangabad, Gaya, Jamui and
Jehanabad) has been approved for building or upgradation of 647.3 kms. of roads 71.8 kms of
NH, 68.1 kms of SH and 534.4 kms of MDR. Till September 2016, a total 39 projects have been
completed which include 659.1 kms. of roads (65.8 kms of NH, 62.7 kms of SH and 530.7 kms
of MDR) at a cost of Rs. 533.50 crore. In addition to this, 60 more projects under Road
Requirement Plan-II (RRP-II) in 5 districts (Aurangabad, Gaya, Jamui, Banka and Muzaffarpur)
have been submitted to the Home Ministry of the central government in June, 2016, for which
approval is awaited. The coverage of these proposed projects is 1052.3 kms. for SH and MDR.
The estimated cost is Rs. 2869 crore.

Indo Nepal Border Road Project

Since Bihar shares the international boarder with Nepal, SHs with two lanes are being
constructed in the border areas to enable proper communication for local people and patrolling of
the porous border by Border Security Force (BSF). As the proposed roads pass through a vast
area of agricultural zone, these roads will also benefit the rural economy, improving its
connectivity to nearest urban centres.

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State Plan Schemes
The SH and MDR are developed and maintained under State Plan scheme. The state government
has adopted a comprehensive policy of Road Assets Maintenance Contract System, which will
be performance-based and for a longer period of five years. A total of 1021 kms of MDR and
470 kms of SH have been upgraded and strengthened in 2015-16. In 2016-17, an amount of Rs
1000 crore was allotted for major road sector and Rs 565 crore was allotted under Schedule
Caste component under the State Plan.

Rural Roads
The majority of the people of Bihar reside in the rural areas and are highly dependent on the rural
roads for day-to-day activities. The rural roads connect villages to one-another and to the nearest
road of higher category (MDR, SH and NH). The network of rural roads facilitates the rural
economic activities like local trade and business, and enables farmers to take their agricultural
produce to more profitable markets nearby. It also helps the surplus agricultural labourers in the
farm sector to move to the nearest work station for gainful employment. Rural roads also
facilitate easy access to the better education and health destinations. The state government has
progressed very fast in this direction for connecting each and every unconnected village and
tolas. Ghar tak Pakki Gali-Naliyaan has been included under seven commitments (Saat
Nischaya) of the state government. Till September 2016, rural road network of 60,503 kms have
been constructed with an expenditure of Rs 31,589 crore in Bihar. The four earlier schemes
(Mukhya Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna, Apki Sarkar Apke Dwar Yojna, Special Component
Programme for Schedule Caste Mahadalit Yojana and Border Area Development Programme)
have all now been discontinued as the objectives of these schemes have already been achieved.
These four schemes together covered 17.7 percent of the total expenditure and 21.2 percent of
road construction till September 2016. The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) alone
had provided 63.8 percent finances for the rural roads.
Table 5.9 : Programme-wise Length of Rural Roads Constructed (As on September, 2016)

Road Bridge
Expenditure
Name of the Scheme Constructed Constructed
(Rs. crore)
(km) (No)

R.I.D.F Scheme (NABARD) 2680 119 2258

World Bank (Kosi) 197 - 175

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana 39939 118 20166

Mukhya Mantri Gram Sampark Yojana 4873 - 3407

Other State Plan Schemes (Discontinued) 12815 39 5583

Total 60503 276 31589

Source : Department of Rural Works, GOB

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Under RIDF (XIV to XXI), a total of 253 projects were taken up for road construction, out of
which 102 have already been completed. The total cost of these projects is Rs. 7653 crore. The
details of these projects are presented in Table 5.10.

Table 5.10 : Status of Road Projects under RIDF in Bihar

Approved Financial No. of

No. of No. of
RIDF Amount Progress projects
Districts projects
(Rs. crore) (in percent) completed
XIV 3 3 1219 66.7 2

XV 8 24 470 100.0 24
XVI 15 24 742 70.8 17

XVII 12 19 431 73.7 14

XVIII 16 86 1130 33.7 29

XIX 21 93 771 16.1 15

XX 5 3 1180 33.3 1

XXI 2 1 1711 - -

Total - 253 7653 - 102

Source : Bihar Rajya Pul Nirman Nigam Ltd. GOB

The state government is committed to the spread of rural roads upto all habitats having
population between 100 to 249. In this direction, as mentioned before, Ghar Tak Pakki Gali-
Naliyan (each house will be connected by paves and drains) has been taken under seven
commitments of the state government. A total of 11 districts were identified for providing
connectivity to all habitations having a population of 250 and above under an Integrated Action
Plan (IAP) scheme in PMGSY. Other districts have provision for connectivity for habitations
having a population of 500 and more. Later, Mukhya Mantri Gram Sampark Yojana was started
in 2013-14 for covering 27 districts which were not covered under IAP. Under this scheme, 4873
kms of rural roads have been constructed at an expenditure of Rs. 3407 crore.

There are even now eligible habitations and tolas that have been left uncovered in both the
programmes mentioned above. Most of these tolas/ habitats belong to the economically and
socially deprived section of the society. Under a new initiative, based on the satellite map, the
state government has decided to provide all weather road connectivity to all identified satellite
tolas having population between 100 to 249. On the basis of this, Gramin Tola Sampark Nischay
Yojana has been launched in October, 2016. A total of 4643 habitations with population between
100 to 249 will be provided all weather connectivity within five years (2016-21). This covers
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around 3977 kms road with a cost of Rs. 2741 crore. A total of 1153 habitats will provided
connectivity by constructing 1000 kms road during 2016-17.

The state government has also developed an arrangement of Audio Recording and WhatsApp
Messaging under Road Maintenance Public Grievance Redressal System, through which
common people can register their complains and suggestions regarding roads.

5.2 Bridge Sector

During the recent years, a number of bridges has been constructed all over the state for
smoothing of road traffic. A total of 1068 bridges have been constructed during the last decade
under Mukhyamantri Setu Nirman Yojna (MMSNY). In addition, 583 mega, major and minor
bridges have been completed under other schemes. Under Rural Infrastructure Development
Fund (RIDF) of NABARD, construction of mega bridges on Gandak river (Chakia-Kesaria-
Sattar Ghat road in East Champaran) and again on Gandak river (Bangra Ghat between
Muzaffarpur and Saran) are under construction. Other bridges under construction include (i) a
bridge between Gandaul in Saharsa to Hathi Kothi near Biraul in Darbhanga, (ii) a four-lane
bridge over Sone river between Daudnagar (Aurangabad) and Nasriganj (Rohtas), (iii) a bridge
over the river Ganges between Ara and Chhapra, and (iv) a high level bridge over the river
Ganges between Aguani Ghat (Khagaria) and Sultanganj (Bhagalpur).

The mega bridges over river Sone (Arwal-Sahar), Gandak (Gopalganj-Bettia), Gandak (Dhanha-
Ratwal in West Champaran) Kosi (Vijay Ghat of Nawgachia in Bhagalpur), 6 lane bridge over
Falgu river (Gaya), flyover (Sheikhpura more to Jagdeopath in Patna), and extension work of
Chiraiyatand overbridge to Gandhi Maidan in Patna have been completed. Under State Plan, a
number of flyover bridges have been taken up in Patna, which include (i) Mithapur
overbridge to Chiriyantand flyover via Karbigahiya, (ii) Mithapur overbridge to Bhikhari Thakur
(Yarpur) flyover, and (ii) Lohia Path Chakra between Lalit Bhawan and Vidyut Bhawan at
Bailey Road. Under Additional Assistance from the central government, work for a flyover from
Mithapur Road overbridge to Chiraiyatand overbridge in Patna is also in progress.

The Mukhyamantri Setu Nirman Yojana (MMSNY) of the state government envisages providing
all weather connectivity to remote rural areas. Under this, the District Administration has been
given autonomy for construction of bridges costing upto Rs 25 lakh, those costing more than Rs.
25 lakh being undertaken by Bihar Rajya Pul Nirman Nigam Ltd. A total of 95 bridges (at a cost
of Rs 300 crore) have been completed during 2015-16 and another 30 bridges (at a cost of Rs 90

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crore) have been completed during the first six months of 2016-17. The division-wise figures are
given in Table 5.11.

Table 5.11 : Bridge Constructed under Mukhyamantri Setu Nirman Yojana (2015-16)

No. of Cost No. of Cost

Division Division
Projects (Rs. crore) Projects (Rs. crore)

Patna 17 44.92 Munger 08 29.36

Bhagalpur 06 28.91 Purnea 14 45.11

Darbhanga 07 19.43 Saran 12 28.07

Kosi 08 28.22 Tirhut 18 57.67

Magadh 05 17.77 Total 95 299.46

Source : Bihar Rajya Pul Nirman Nigam Limited, GOB

For construction of Rail Over Bridge (ROB) on cost-sharing basis in the state, out of 33 railways
crossing bridge, 25 have been completed and the works for the rest of 8 bridges are in progress.
The ROB on SH-4 near Manpur station under State Plan is near completion. The Railway Board
has also agreed for construction of rail overbridges on 43 railway crossings in the state on cost
sharing basis. A total of 68 projects have been completed under Central Road Fund (CRF) out of
85 projects, 13 projects are in various stages of completion and the work for rest 4 is yet to start
after their sanctions.

A six lane Mega Bridge (9.76 kms with approach road of 13.0 kms) on river Ganga has been
sanctioned for construction, which will connect Dargah in Patna on NH-30 to Vidupur in
Vaishali on NH-103. The estimated cost of the bridge is Rs. 4988 crore and it will be shared by a
loan from ADB (Rs. 3000 crore) and the State Plan (Rs. 1988 crore). For this project, the process
of land acquisition is in progress.

Bihar Rajya Pul Nirman Nigam Limited (BRPNNL)

The BRPNNL has the responsibility of building bridges in the state. The Corporation is
displaying an efficient financial management and has shown steady increase in its gross and net
profit over the years (Table 5.12). BRPNNL has been generating more than Rs 100 crore of gross
profit every year. The total cost of projects undertaken by the corporation has increased from Rs 883 crore
in 2011-12 to Rs 2839 crore in 2015-16.

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 Table 5.12 : Overview of Bihar Rajya Pul Nirman Nigam Limited

Expenditure Total Administrative

No. of Expenditure Gross Profit Net Profit
Year on Projects Revenue Expenditure
Bridges (Rs. crore) (Rs. crore) (Rs. crore)
(Rs. crore) (Rs. crore) (Rs. crore)
2011-12 261 883 1294 176 50 (+) 126.0 (+) 84.2
2012-13 136 788 1273 142 35 (+) 107.0 (+) 63.8
2013-14 119 1152 1481 159 39 (+) 120.1 (+) 72.5
2014-15 179 730 1739 183 44 (+) 139.1 (+) 80.9
2015-16 176 2839 1699 151 43 (+) 107.7 (+) 70.3
Source : Bihar Rajya Pul Nirman Nigam Limited, GoB

5.3 Road Transport

Road transportation is often the most preferred mode of transportation, compared to rail, air and
water transport for both freight and passengers. The number of motor vehicles in a state indicates
the extent of road transport, which promotes the states economic growth. The number of
registered motor vehicles in Bihar has been increasing rapidly, at an annual rate of 15.4 percent
during the last five years (2010-15) (Table 5.13). In this regard, Bihar was the second fastest
growing state in India after West Bengal (24.2 percent). However, the state still continues to
remain at the bottom among all the major states in terms of number of vehicles per thousand of
population. Till 2015, Bihar reported only 45.9 vehicles per thousand of population, compared to
173.5 for all-India. With 312.7 vehicles per thousand of population, Haryana stays at the top.

Table 5.13 : Total Registered Motor Vehicles in Major States of India

No. of vehicles (000) No. of

Vehicles /
States CAGR
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 1000
(2010-15) person
Andhra Pradesh 8923 4461.5 5094.5 6212 7002 7882 11.5 93.2
Bihar 2287 2673 3113 3610 4163 4778 15.4 45.9
Chhattisgarh 2436 2766 3104 3437 3871 4314 12.0 168.9
Gujarat 11873 12993 14414 15772 17092 18721 9.5 309.7
Haryana 4792 5377 5978 6600 7239 7928 10.5 312.7
Jharkhand 2767 3113 3158 3417 1719 2066 -8.6 62.6
Karnataka 9044 9930 10910 12064 13335 14785 10.3 242.0
Kerala 5398 6072 6893 7858 8775 9648 12.6 288.8
Madhya Pradesh 6591 7356 8144 8760 9722 11141 10.6 153.4
Maharashtra 15768 17434 19432 21488 23394 25562 10.2 227.5
Odisha 2932 3338 3759 4216 4702 5219 12.2 124.3
Punjab 5274 5274 6263 6263 6263 6263 4.0 225.7
Rajasthan 7166 7986 8985 10072 11133 12379 11.6 180.6
Tamil Nadu 14062 15638 17412 19232 20864 22519 9.9 312.1
Uttar Pradesh 11988 13287 15445 17048 19115 21636 12.6 108.3
West Bengal 2747 3261 3861 6111 6745 7403 24.2 81.1
All-India 127746 141866 159491 176044 190704 210023 10.4 173.5
Source : Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, GoI.

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The number of registered motor vehicles in the state has increased rapidly in recent years (Table
5.14). The total number of vehicle registered is more than 7.04 lakh in 2015-16, compared to 3.9
lakh in 2010-11, implying an annual growth of 12.6 percent. During the same period, the growth
rate for number of vehicles was in double digit for Bus (17.2 percent), Auto Rickshaw (16.1),
Two Wheeler (13.3 percent), Truck (13.2 percent) and Tractor (11.3 percent). The district-wise
information on registration of vehicles is presented in Table A 5.2 (Appendix). In 2015-16,
nearly one third of new vehicles were registered in only three districts Patna (16.1 percent),
Muzaffarpur (9.7 percent) and Gaya (5.1 percent). This information on registration of new
vehicles can also be used as an indicator of relative economic prosperity of the different districts.

Table 5.14 : Yearly Growth in Number of Registered Vehicles and Revenue Collection

(No. in 000 and amount in Rs crore)

Number of Vehicles (000) CAGR
Vehicle Type
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 (2010-16)
Truck 7 10 10 11 13 14 13.2
Bus 1 1 2 2 2 2 17.2
Car 19 23 24 23 28 31 8.9
Taxi 5 9 14 12 7 6 0.0
Jeep 10 9 10 9 9 12 2.3
Auto 17 21 30 35 31 37 16.1
Two-Wheeler 293 331 362 420 477 549 13.3
Tractor 21 23 30 31 34 35 11.3
Trailer 11 11 11 8 12 18 7.1
Others 2 1 2 2 2 2 6.1
Total 386 439 496 553 615 704 12.6

Revenue Collection
444 558 669 835 967 1071 19.6
(Rs. crore)
Source : Department of Transport, GOB

Table 5.14 also depicts the revenue collection of the Department of Transport, which has steadily
increased over the years from Rs 444 crore (2010-11) to Rs 1071 crore (2015-16). It is
heartening to note that government has fully exempted tax for differently able people and women
holding commercial licenses (three wheelers, motor cab and maxi cab). The revenue collected
through tax on vehicle accounts for around 5 percent to the states own revenue.

The Department of Transport has adopted a number of measures to strengthen road transport in
the state. Some of these measures are :

Road Safety : A Road Safety Policy has been adopted by the state government for minimizing
road accidents and making road transport more safe. Subsequently, the Bihar Road Safety Action

166
Plan and Road Safety Fund have been notified. The State Road Safety Council and District Road
Safety Committee have been made more active through strict monitoring.

System of e-payment of Vehicles Taxes : The state government has successfully introduced
online e-payment system, using Multi Optional Payment System (MOPS). The payment of tax
for any commercial vehicle can be deposited from anywhere anytime using this portal.

Upgradation of Vahan and Sarathi Softwar : The upgradation of Vahan and Sarathi software in
Vahan Web 4.0 in 12 districts is under process. This will bring more transparency in the
working of the department and it will also ensure that registration of all vehicles in Bihar is also
recorded in national e-register. In addition, the facility of registration of vehicle at the dealer
point or showrooms has been provided to get rid of inconvenience caused to the buyers of
vehicles.

Implementation of Right to Public Service Act : At present, 18 services of the Department of

Transport have been included under RTS Act. A total 14.83 lakh applications were disposed out
of 14.89 lakh applications received during 2015-16.

Driver Training cum Research Institute : A modern driving training-cum-research institute is in

the final stage of completion in Aurangabad at a cost of Rs 23.25 crore. Through training and
skilling, the Institute will enhance the employability for drivers and safety of road transportation.
The state government is also planning to establish such Institutes in some more districts.

Bihar State Road Transport Corporation (BSRTC)

To strengthen the public transportation system in the state, Bihar State Road Transport
Corporation was established. It is a statutory commercial body for providing safe, adequate and
comfortable bus services to the people. In order to achieve its objectives and strengthen its
financial status, currently 350 private buses are plying under PPP mode and 141 city buses are
running in Patna, Gaya, Darbhanga and Chhapra under JnNURM scheme, in collaboration with
Bihar State Urban Development Corporation (BUDCO). The number of passengers carried by its
buses has increased substantially from 89.53 lakh in 2010-11 to 126.63 lakh in 2015-16,
implying an annual growth rate of 3.24 percent (Table 5.15). The revenue collection has also
been increasing over the years, growing annually at 13.35 percent. In 2015-16, the total revenue
was Rs. 135 crore, compared to Rs. 64 crore in 2010-11.

Table 5.15 : Revenue Collection and Number of Passengers Carried by BSRTC

CAGR
Particular 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
(2010-16)
Revenue Collection
64.06 94.17 114.97 125.69 114.11 134.80 13.35
(Rs. crore)
No. of Passengers
89.53 137.67 146.61 152.26 110.64 126.63 3.24
Carried (lakh)
Source : Bihar State Road Transport Corporation, GOB

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The BSRTC has initiated work to provide modern facilities in the 39 major bus stands in the
state. Bihar Urban Development Corporation (BUDCO) has prepared a major plan at a cost of Rs
160 crore for this purpose. In addition to this, 14 bus stands have been planned for renovation
and beautification in those places which have substantial tourism potential.

5.4 Railways
Indian Railways is one of the worlds largest rail network, with 65,808 kms of route length. As a
national common carrier for transporting passenger and freight over a vast network, Indian
Railways has always played a key role in Indias economic development. The spread of rail
network in major states of India is shown in Table 5.16. The share of rail route in Bihar is 5.5
percent of all-India. The density of rail route in Bihar is 38.6 kms per 1000 sq. km of area,
compared to the national average of 20.0 kms. However, in terms of rail route per lakh
population, Bihar is the second lowest (3.5 kms.), after Kerala (3.1 kms.). A similar trend is also
found for total rail track as shown in Table 5.16.

Table 5.16 : Spread of Rail Route Network in Indian Major States (March, 2014)

Total Rail Total Rail Total Rail Route Total Rail Track
States Route Track Per 1000 Per lakh Per 1000 Per lakh
(kms) (kms) sq. km Population sq. km Population
Andhra Pradesh 3593 7040 13.1 4.2 25.6 8.3

Bihar 3639 6762 38.6 3.5 71.8 6.5

Chhattisgarh 1197 2625 8.9 4.7 19.4 10.3

Gujarat 5259 7458 26.8 8.7 38.0 12.3

Haryana 1630 2996 36.9 6.4 67.8 11.8

Jharkhand 2182 5660 27.4 6.6 71.0 17.2

Karnataka 3281 4970 17.1 5.4 25.9 8.1

Kerala 1050 2013 27.0 3.1 51.8 6.0

Madhya Pradesh 4976 9190 16.1 6.9 29.8 12.7

Maharashtra 5725 10924 18.6 5.1 35.5 9.7

Odisha 2516 4886 16.2 6.0 31.4 11.6

Punjab 2269 3443 45.1 8.2 68.4 12.4

Rajasthan 5870 8392 17.2 8.6 24.5 12.2

Tamil Nadu 4027 6258 31.0 5.6 48.1 8.7

Uttar Pradesh 8920 15048 37.0 4.5 62.5 7.5

West Bengal 4070 10192 45.9 4.5 114.8 11.2

India 65808 116765 20.0 5.4 35.5 9.6

Source: Indian Railway Statistical Publication - 2013-2014, Government of India

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5.5 Airways
Airways play a vital role in facilitating the growth of business and economy. A robust civil
aviation set-up is a key for seamless flow of investment, trade and tourism, with significant
multiplier effects on the growth of the overall economy. In Bihar, the number of aircraft
movements has almost doubled from 9547 in 2010-11 to 18,744 in 2015-16 (Table 5.17).
Similarly, the number of passengers has also nearly doubled from 8.39 lakh in 2010-11 to 15.99
lakh during 2015-16. The freight also increased from 3.28 thousand tonnes (2004-05) to 4.41
thousand tonnes (2015-16).

Table 5.17 : Domestic Aircraft Movements, Number of Passengers and Freights at Patna Airport

No. of
Passengers Freight
Year Aircraft
(in lakh) (in '000 tonnes)
Movements
2010-11 9547 8.39 3.28

2011-12 10369 10.22 3.43

2012-13 9972 10.03 2.25

2013-14 9900 10.45 4.85

2014-15 11054 11.97 5.20

2015-16 18744 15.99 4.41

CAGR (2010-16) 10.70 11.29 10.52

Source: Airport Authority of India, Patna

5.6 Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Technological progress is a driving force behind economic growth, citizen engagement, and job
creation. In particular, the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is now a
powerful means for providing efficient services, catalyze economic growth, and strengthen social
networks.

Information Technology (IT)

This sector is one of the leading contributors to the growth the state economy. The state
government is committed to the computerization and online facilities for various services
including tax payments, right to information, online registration for new industries, etc. Bihar
State Wide Area Network (BSWAN) covers all districts of the state, upto the block headquarters.
In addition to that, a Secretariat Local Area Networks (Sec. LAN) is working for departmental
and secretarial work of the state which enables timeliness, transparency and accountability of the
departments. Under this, a total of 3300 data nodes were established in important government
offices in and around the secretariat complex in Patna and all of them are functional. The
Common Service Centre (CSC) facility has been established in all the 9 divisions of the state
(Table 5.18). This is a core infrastructure for the national e-governance.

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 Table 5.18 : Status of Common Service Centre Project

Total CSC Total CSC

Division Division
Established Established
Patna 1347 Munger 774

Bhagalpur 427 Magadh 883

Darbhanga 1110 Tirhut 1728

Kosi 504 Purnea 833

Saran 857 Total 8463

Source : Department of IT, GOB

The state government is working towards making Bihar a Information Technology (IT) Hub.
Towards that objective, a decision has been taken to build an IT city at Rajgir (Nalanda) on 200
acres of land. An IT tower is being established in the state capital of Patna. The state government
is enthusiastic in establishing the National Institute of Electronic and Information Technology
(NIELIT) in the state and 15 acres of land have been provided in Bihta for this institution.
Further, the opening of additional centres of NIELIT at Buxar and Muzaffarpur is also
envisaged. For training of students belonging to the deprived sections of the society, efforts are
being made by Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), in collaboration with
Bihar Knowledge Society. A scheme to provide free wi-fi facilities to the universities and
colleges of Bihar has been sanctioned which would cost Rs 220 crore, under Saat Nischay of the
state government. This scheme will be implemented by Bihar State Electronic Development
Corporation (BELTRON).

Telecommunication
Telecommunication services are recognized as one of the driving forces for economic
development. The central government has taken several initiatives to provide a business friendly
environment for companies in this sector. However, all the states have not been benefitted
equally, Bihar being one of the neglected states. However, Bihar has registered a tremendous
growth in the telecom sector during the last decade. The number of telephone connections
increased phenomenally from 9.7 lakh (2001) to 448 lakh (2010). Later, the number of telephone
connection increased further from 448 lakh (2010) to 748 lakh (2016). Consequently, Bihar
witnessed a substantial increase in its tele-density in the recent years, from 1.15 in 2001 to 54.3 in
2016. However, the rural tele-density of Bihar is still the lowest among all the major states of
India. In case of urban areas, the situation is much better, only three states (Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka and Kerala) have a higher urban tele-density than that of Bihar. As regards overall
tele-density, taking into account both rural and urban areas, Bihar is again at the lowest point
with a figure of 54 telephones for each 100 persons. The national average is 83 connections, the
highest being in Tamil Nadu (118 connections). One may also note here that, both in Bihar and
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India, the increase in tele-density has been mainly because of increase in mobile phones.
Secondly, majority of the investment in telecommunications has come from the private sector.

Table 5.19 : Tele-density of Major Indian States

2001 2005 2010 2015 2016

State
All All All Rural Urban All Rural Urban All

Andhra Pradesh 4.1 9.5 57.2 49.0 174.9 84.2 51.4 176.8 86.4

Bihar 1.2 2.4 38.0 33.1 164.1 51.2 36.4 166.2 54.3
Gujarat 5.4 12.7 58.5 61.9 143.0 95.6 67.4 145.4 100.1

Haryana 4.3 10.8 59.7 59.6 124.2 82.7 64.9 122.9 85.9

Karnataka 4.7 12.2 67.8 49.0 174.9 97.5 53.0 178.8 101.9

Kerala 7.5 18.8 80.4 67.2 179.1 95.6 62.2 220.3 102.3

Madhya Pradesh 1.8 5.2 45.2 36.9 123.2 60.4 41.5 124.3 64.2

Maharashtra 6.6 10.0 50.3 61.1 128.4 93.4 65.4 134.7 99.0
Odisha 1.5 4.0 39.3 44.5 172.1 66.9 49.6 159.8 69.1

Punjab 7.0 21.9 75.4 72.0 145.4 103.8 72.0 149.8 106.1

Rajasthan 2.6 6.1 52.8 53.6 153.9 77.8 58.2 162.0 83.3
Tamil Nadu 5.9 11.4 74.3 82.8 141.8 117.5 85.0 140.4 118.1

Uttar Pradesh 1.7 4.1 38.5 40.7 127.7 60.5 42.2 145.4 65.8

West Bengal 2.7 3.0 34.8 50.2 140.4 76.1 53.4 145.3 79.8

All-India 3.5 9.0 52.7 48.4 149.7 79.4 51.4 154.0 83.4
Source : Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)

Postal Communication
The postal communication system has been the main method of communication in India for more
than a century. Indian Postal Services has the largest postal network in the world, with 1.55 lakh
post offices, out of which 90 percent are located in rural and remote areas. The rural India has a
total of 1.39 lakh post offices, as against only 0.16 lakh in urban areas.

As on March 2015, a total of 9067 post offices were in existence in Bihar, out of which 8594 (95
percent) were in rural areas and 473 (5 percent) in the urban areas. In terms of share in the all-
India postal network, the share of Bihar at 6.2 percent of rural post offices is rather less, since
Bihar accounts for 11.1 percent of countrys rural population. There were five states (Uttar
Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Rajasthan) which together accounted
for 45 percent of the post offices. In terms of letter boxes, the top five states are Maharashtra,
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal; they account for 47 percent of the
letter boxes (Table 5.20).
171
 Table 5.20 : Spread of Postal Network in Major States of India (As on March 31, 2015)

(In number)
Post Offices Letter Box
States
Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
Andhra Pradesh 14800 (91.6) 1355 (8.4) 16155 (10.4) 7854 (16.4) 39977 (83.6) 47831 (9.2)

Bihar 8594 (94.8) 473 (5.2) 9067 (5.9) 3234 (12.3) 23112 (87.7) 26346 (5.1)
Chhattisgarh 2879 (91.5) 268 (8.5) 3147 (2.0) 2715 (18.1) 12273 (81.9) 14988 (2.9)

Gujarat 8194 (91.2) 789 (8.8) 8983 (5.8) 4459 (18.0) 20382 (82.0) 24841 (4.8)

Haryana 2332 (87.1) 345 (12.9) 2677 (1.7) 1827 (21.6) 6613 (78.4) 8440 (1.6)
Jharkhand 2835 (91.5) 264 (8.5) 3099 (2.0) 1274 (9.7) 11901 (90.3) 13175 (2.5)

Karnataka 8613 (89.1) 1054 (10.9) 9667 (6.2) 12713 (42.9) 16935 (57.1) 29648 (5.7)

Kerala 4206 (83.0) 862 (17.0) 5068 (3.3) 3395 (21.8) 12204 (78.2) 15599 (3.0)
Madhya Pradesh 7488 (90.0) 835 (10.0) 8323 (5.4) 4196 (10.8) 34724 (89.2) 38920 (7.5)

Maharashtra 11564 (89.9) 1295 (10.1) 12859 (8.3) 8341 (18.7) 36195 (81.3) 44536 (8.6)

Odisha 7576 (92.7) 593 (7.3) 8169 (5.3) 2564 (12.6) 17736 (87.4) 20300 (3.9)
Punjab 3411 (88.5) 445 (11.5) 3856 (2.5) 2735 (18.4) 12153 (81.6) 14888 (2.9)

Rajasthan 9670 (93.6) 659 (6.4) 10329 (6.7) 4062 (14.4) 24102 (85.6) 28164 (5.4)

Tamil Nadu 10269 (84.7) 1861 (15.3) 12130 (7.8) 10983 (26.4) 30596 (73.6) 41579 (8.0)
Uttar Pradesh 15730 (89.1) 1925 (10.9) 17655 (11.4) 7957 (11.8) 59570 (88.2) 67527 (13.0)

West Bengal 7957 (87.7) 1111 (12.3) 9068 (5.9) 5920 (14.6) 34760 (85.4) 40680 (7.9)

All States 139222 (89.9) 15717 (10.1) 154939 (100) 90732 (17.5) 427158 (82.5) 517890 (100)
Note : Figure in parenthesis for rural and urban, represents share from total and state-wise from all-India
Source : Annual Report 2015-16, Department of Posts, India

Competing with the mobile and internet in the modern era, the communication through postal
network is now facing a massive challenge. However, Postal Department has taken several
measures to compete with.

IT modernization Project : The central government has taken up IT modernization project on a

mission mode. The e-governance project aims to make the department totally technology driven.
The specific components include modernization and computerization of all Post Offices,
deployment of Rural Information & Communication Technology (Rural ICT) solution in all the
1.29 lakh rural post offices by supplying computer hardware, solar charging devices and
providing network connectivity to them. The IT infrastructure of the project will include Data
Centre, Disaster Recovery Centre, and Wide Area Network (WAN) based networking of all post
offices, mail offices, accounts offices and administrative offices. The project also envisages
development of software applications, covering all operations of the Department counter
operations, mail processing, online tracking and tracing of the mail article, banking, insurance,

172
finance & accounts and human resources management functions. There will also be provision of
multiple channels of user interaction, apart from the conventional post office counters. These
include web portal, ATMs, call center, employee help desks, SMS gateway etc.

International Money Transfer Service : This service enables instant international money
remittance to customers in India sent from around 195 countries on a real time basis in
association with Western Union.

Instant Money Order (iMO) : iMO is an online domestic money transmission service which is
instant, convenient, reliable and affordable. This service enables the customer to quickly transmit
money from any of the post offices providing iMO service. Under this service, a person can send
an amount from Rs 1000 upto Rs 50,000 in one transaction. Money will be disbursed to the
payee at any of the designated iMO post office in India on presentation of a 16 digit iMO number
and a photo identity proof.

E-Payment : It is a many-to-one solution which allows electronic collection of money (telephone

bills, electricity bills, examination fee, taxes, university fee, school fee, etc.) on behalf of any
organization and the payment is made centrally through a cheque from a specified post office of
the billers choice.

Mobile Money Transfer Service : This service is extremely useful for those persons who
regularly remit money to their homes at faraway places and who have no access to bank
accounts. The service enables instant money transfer from one place to another, using mobile
through post offices. The consumer needs to have a mobile while the actual transmission of the
money is initiated in to post office, using a special handset. This transfer process is very simple.

Electronic Indian Postal Order (e-IPO) : It enables to enable Indian citizens living abroad to pay
the Right to Information (RTI) fee online through the e-Post Office portal. This facility has now
been extended to citizens living in India.

Worldnet Express : It is an international express service, jointly offered by India Post and
Deutsche Post DHL, connecting major cities of India to more than 220 countries and territories
globally. It offers door to door International Air Express service for both documents and
merchandises. This is a premium offering of India Post having a transit time of 2-4 days from
major cities in India.

Rural Business : The Department of Posts has been entrusted with implementation of various
government sponsored social security schemes, like Mahatama Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
and Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY). The central government also plans to
leverage rural postal network for revenue generation by providing suitable services to third

173
parties which collect data for Rural Consumer Price Index (CPI) on behalf of Ministry of
Statistics and Programme Implementation.

Post Office Saving Bank : The Post Office Savings Bank operates Savings Accounts, Recurring
Deposit (RD), Time Deposit (TD), Monthly Income Scheme (MIS), Public Provident Fund
(PPF), National Savings Certificate (NSC), Kisan Vikas Patras (KVP), Senior Citizens Savings
Scheme (SCSS) and Sukanya Samridhi Accounts (SSA).

Table 5.21 shows the details of different types of accounts and their outstanding balance for
major states of India. A total of 273 lakh accounts were in Bihar, which constituted 7 percent of
all-India postal accounts. The savings accounts had an outstanding balances of Rs. 11,496 crore
in Bihar, with a total outstanding balances of Rs 20,858 crore. The share of Bihar in all-India was
Deposits (6.0 percent), Investment (3.4 percent), Monthly Income Scheme (MIS) (3.7
percent) and Total (4.7 percent).

Table 5.21 : Number of Accounts and Outstanding Balances in Post Offices

(As on March 2015)

No. of Accounts (lakh) Outstanding Balance (Rs. in crore)
Sukanya/
State Invest- Mahila MG- Invest-
Deposits MIS Total Deposits MIS Total
ment Samridhi NREGA ment
Account
Andhra Pradesh 343 1 11 2 246 603 9125 1726 11084 21935
Bihar 193 1 12 0 67 273 11496 1928 7434 20858
Chhattisgarh 38 0 1 0 54 94 3275 668 1885 5829
Gujarat 140 3 21 1 23 186 11510 6437 17810 35757
Haryana 64 1 5 2 1 72 6605 2154 3627 12385
Jharkhand 77 0 4 1 39 122 2342 98 5305 7745
Karnataka 210 1 6 5 7 229 8932 2666 6705 18303
Kerala 115 0 5 1 3 124 8053 539 2626 11218
Madhya Pradesh 222 1 6 12 21 262 8365 1116 4314 13796
Maharashtra 313 5 22 0 35 375 12907 8177 29159 50243
Orissa 125 0 5 1 16 147 5152 363 3408 8923
Punjab 62 2 8 1 2 75 11195 5135 6721 23050
Rajasthan 152 2 8 1 37 201 9127 3731 6085 18943
Tamil Nadu 263 2 8 6 0 279 10961 3391 10743 25095
Uttar Pradesh 312 2 18 5 4 341 24659 4158 17371 46188
West Bengal 195 2 55 2 70 324 21811 3102 48235 73148
Total 3063 27 211 43 649 3993 191124 56672 200555 448351
Note : Deposits includes saving accounts, recurring deposits, term deposits and Senior citizens deposits and
Investment includes Public Provident Fund and National Saving Schemes
Source : Annual Report 2015-16, Department of Posts, India
174
5.7 Irrigation
Irrigation is a basic infrastructure for the agricultural economy, as it helps raising agricultural
productivity. Bihars agricultural economy depends mostly on monsoon rain which is quite
uncertain. The state is endowed with abundant water resources and receives a high rainfall of
about 1000 mms per annum. However, neither the rainfall nor the distribution of the water
resources is uniform across the state, causing uneven exploitation of irrigation potential in the
state. Therefore, Bihar needs artificial watering in the fields. The expansion of both the
groundwater and surface water resources has helped to increase the irrigated area in the state.
However, the proportion of irrigated area and the cropping intensity are much higher in several
states of the country, compared to Bihar. The inadequate availability and inefficient utilization of
water resources in Bihar can be ascribed mainly to the continued neglect of the operation and
maintenance (O&M) of canals and water bodies in the past. The other important reason is the
lack of participation of the beneficiary farmers in the management of irrigation resources. In
recent years, Bihar has witnessed some noteworthy examples of participatory management of
irrigation; however, their replication throughout the state has been rather slow, mainly because
the water users associations have not been transferred the responsibility of managing the water
resources.

Irrigation Potential
The ultimate irrigation potential in the state is estimated to be 117.54 lakh hectares, including
major, medium and minor irrigation schemes (Table 5.22). Till date, the created potential of
68.90 lakh hectares is 58.6 percent of the ultimate potential. The utilised potential of 56.66 lakh
hectares, which is 82.2 percent of created potential and 48.2 percent of ultimate potential (Table
5.22). If ultimate potential is exploited fully, it will be far more than the total demand for
irrigation in the state.

Table 5.22 : Ultimate, Created and Utilised Irrigation Potential in Bihar

(area in lakh ha.)

Ultimate Created Utilised
Type of Irrigation Potential
Potential Potential Potential

(a) Major and Medium Irrigation 53.53 29.46 21.3

(b) Minor Irrigation 64.01 39.44 35.4

(i) Surface Irrigation 15.44 7.45 7.1

(ii) Ground Water 48.57 31.99 28.3

Total 117.54 68.90 56.7

Note : The created and utilised potential is upto March, 2016
Source : Department of Minor Water Resources and Department of Water
Resources, GOB

175
To expand the irrigation facilities, three new schemes have been started by the Department of
Minor Water Resources during 2015-16 and 2016-17. These schemes are Bihar Shatabdi Niji
Nalkub Yojana, Installment of Automatic Water Level Recorder, and Surface Irrigation Schemes
under Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP). The first one (Bihar Shatabdi Niji
Nalkup Yojana) is a subsidy-based scheme and, till date, 4091 tubewells have been installed and
11.46 thousand hectares of irrigation potential has been created. Under Major and Medium
irrigation, a total of 21.32 thousand hectares of irrigation potential has been created in 2015-16,
as against the total ultimate potential of 53.53 lakh hectares (Table 5.23). This shows an
achievement of 39.8 percent.

Table 5.23 : Creation of Irrigation Potential under Major and Medium Irrigation (2015-16)

Created Irrigation
Name of Scheme Potential
(in ha.)
Western Kosi Canal System 12000
Durgawati Reservoir Scheme 3000

Construction of Barrage on Dardha river

450
near village Lavaich Rampur

Uderasthan Barrage Scheme 450

Jagannath Weir Scheme 2140

Vishnu Weir Scheme 2420

Solhanda Weir Scheme 200

Construction of Causeway on Nonai River 600

Jamania Pump Canal Scheme 64

Total 21324
Source : Department of Water Resources, GOB

Along with the creation of new irrigation potential, it is necessary to ensure that the already
created irrigation potential is fully utilised. Due to heavy sedimentation and breach in the
irrigation canal system, the created irrigation potential is sometimes not utilised fully. The state
government is now making efforts to rehabilitate the irrigation potential that was already created
but lost.

Major and Medium Irrigation

During 2015-16, the gross irrigated area in the state has increased to 29.46 lakh hectares from
29.25 lakh hectares in 2014-15, showing a modest increase of 0.71 percent. The net area irrigated
in the state has also increased to 21.25 lakh hectares in 2015-16, compared to 19.42 lakh hectares
in 2014-15, showing an increase of 9.42 percent.

176
The utilisation efficiency of major and medium irrigation schemes is indicated by the ratio of
actual irrigation and the created irrigation potential. During the recent years, this utilisation
efficiency has varied between 52.1 percent in 2011-12 to 72.6 percent in 2013-14 (Table 5.24).
During 2015-16, it was at the level of 72.1 percent. On an average, the utilisation efficiency has
been 64.7 percent during the last five years.

Table 5.24 : Water Utilisation Efficiency of Major and Medium Irrigation Schemes

(Figures in '000 ha)

Kharif Rabi Hot Weather Total
Created Utilisation
Year Irrigation Utilised Efficiency
Potential Target Irrigation Target Irrigation Target Irrigation Irrigation (%)
Potential

2011-12 2893 1305 1171 395 337 0 0 1508 52.1

2012-13 2913 1491 1394 439 366 0 0 1760 60.4

2013-14 2921 1865 1614 567 491 15 15 2120 72.6

2014-15 2925 1865 1628 373 314 0 0 1942 66.4

2015-16 2946 1918 1718 485 382 28 26 2125 72.1

Source : Department of Water Resources, GOB

Chart 5.1 : Pattern of Water Utilisation Efficiency of Major and Medium Irrigation

Created Irrigation Potential Utilised Irrigation Potential Utilisation Efficiency (%)

35.0 80
28.9 29.1 29.2 72.6 29.3 29.5 72.1
30.0 70
66.4
60.4 60
25.0
52.1 21.2 21.3
19.4 50
20.0 17.6
15.1 40
15.0
30
10.0
20
5.0 10
0.0 0
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

For better water management, Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) was initiated in Bihar
in 1997, as per the guidelines of the central government. The objective of the programme was to
create a sense of ownership of water resources and the irrigation system among the users, and
thereby promote economy in water use and preservation of the system. Out of 79 registered
societies in the state which have already given their consent, the management of irrigation

177
system has been transferred to 53 societies and the process of transfer is on-going for 26
remaining societies. The status of other farmers societies is presented in Table 5.25.

Table 5.25 : Status of Farmers Societies

Registered
Management Societies
Societies in Under the
of irrigation ready for Applied for
Status the process process of Total
System transfer of Registration
of giving motivation
Transferred system
consent
Number 53 26 26 7 510 622
Source : Department of Water Resources, GOB

Minor Irrigation
The ultimate potential of minor irrigation is around 64.01 lakh hectares, of which 15.44 lakh
hectares are through surface irrigation and 48.57 lakh hectares through ground water. Out of this
total potential, 34.80 lakh hectares (54.4 percent) has already been created, of which 7.09 lakh
hectares is under surface irrigation and 27.71 lakh hectares under ground water irrigation (Table
5.26). It may also noted that, of the total ground water irrigation, a substantial proportion (75
percent) comes from the private tubewells. According to the Fourth Minor Irrigation Census
(2006-07), there were 56112 dug wells, 5,71,871 shallow tubewells, 23,259 deep tubewells, 7396
surface flow schemes and 4731 surface lift schemes in Bihar. The number of such irrigation
facilities has obviously increased much since the last census.

Table 5.26 : Status of Minor Water Resources in Bihar

(Potential in lakh ha.)

Ultimate Created Utilized

Irrigation Sources
Potential Potential Potential

1. Surface Irrigation 15.44 7.44 7.09

(i) Ahar / Pynes/ Irrigation Tanks 2.85 2.85

(ii) Lift Irrigation 2.44 2.09

(iii) Surface minor Irrigation Bear/

2.16 2.16
Slice Gates

2. Ground Water Irrigation 48.57 31.39 27.71

(i) State Tubewells 7.78 4.10

(ii) Private Tubewells 23.61 23.61

Total 64.01 38.83 34.80

Note : The created and utilised potential is upto March, 2016
Source : Department of Minor Water Resources, GOB

178
The area that was brought under minor irrigation was 2.82 lakh hectares (2012-13), 1.42 lakh
hectares (2013-14), 0.38 lakh hectares (2014-15) and 0.72 lakh hectares (2015-16), as mentioned
in Table 5.27. Due to heavy sedimentation and breach in the irrigation canal system, the created
irrigation potential is sometimes not exploited fully.

Table 5.27 : Area Brought under Irrigation through Minor Irrigation Sources

(area in ha.)

Source 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Surface Canal 36315 26086 9310 0

Tanks (including Ahars and Pynes) 59407 41591 10934 28631

Tubewells (Private and State) 161962 64251 15610 38440

Other Sources (Lift Irrigation) and
24220 9627 2564 5055
Barge Lift Irrigation
Total 281904 141555 38418 72126
Source : Department of Minor Water Resources, GOB

Two other important schemes for irrigation are :

(i) Bihar Shatabdi Niji Nalkup Yojana : The scheme is operational in every block of all 38
districts of the state. Under this scheme, a maximum amount of Rs. 15,000 is provided for
shallow tubewell, Rs. 35,000 is provided for medium depth tubewell and Rs. 10,000 is
provided for motor pump.

(ii) Telemetry Scheme (Automatic Digital Water Level Recorder) : In this scheme, telemetry
instrument is to be installed in all block and district headquarters of the state. Till date, 83
telemetry instruments have already been installed.

The state government plans to create an additional irrigation potential of 59.50 lakh hectares
through surface and ground water by 2022. It is proposed to create 15.14 lakh hectares (25.4
percent) of additional potential through surface irrigation and 44.36 lakh hectares (74.6 percent)
through ground water.

Ahars and Pynes

Ahars and Pynes system is an indigenous irrigation technology. Ahar-Pyne system of indigenous
irrigation is historically the most important source of irrigation in south Bihar and even today
179
they provide a good example of participatory irrigation management. There are three factors
which are responsible for the wide prevalence of this mode of irrigation in this region (i)
scanty rainfall, (ii) a sharp slope which allows water to quickly run away, and (iii) the nature of
soil, which is either stiff clay or loose sand, both equally unreceptive of moisture. Most of the
places in the south Bihar region receive an average annual rainfall of about 1000 mm, which may
be just sufficient for other crops, but not adequate for cultivating paddy. The Ahar and Pyne
system has been made functional under several schemes, as detailed below:

(a) State Plan : A total of 275 schemes were taken under State Plan, out of which 113 schemes
have been completed in the year 2016-17. This has created an irrigation capacity of 15,826
hectares and at a cost of Rs. 126.15 crore.

(b) Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) : Presently, there are 150 schemes under
RIDF, out of which 29 schemes has been completed in 2016-17. This has resulted in the
creation of 10,913 hectares of irrigation capacity and the cost is Rs. 34.29 crore.

(c) Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Plan (AIBP) : Under this Plan, work on 54 schemes has been
completed in the year 2015-16. Further, permission for 47 schemes has been approved by
the central government and a sum of Rs. 141.29 crore has been earmarked for them.
Implementation of these schemes is underway and will create an irrigation capacity of
21,069 hectares. These schemes are being implemented in Nawada, Rohtas, Kaimur and
Sitamarhi districts.

(d) Repair, Renovation and Restoration (RRR) of Water Body : Under this component, a
proposal for 34 schemes and at an estimated cost of Rs. 73.73 crore for the renovation of
Ahar-Pynes and weirs has been sent to the central government for clearance. After
implementation, these schemes will result in the resurrection of an irrigation capacity of
21,075 hectares.

(e) Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) : Under this Plan, schemes for 83 Ahar-
Pynes and weirs are under process and the estimated cost for these schemes is Rs. 135.87
crore. Execution of these schemes will result in the creation of 28,430 hectares of irrigation
capacity.

180
 Table 5.28 : District-wise Number of Ahars, Pynes and Ponds made
functional under Different Programmes

Number of System Made Functional

District RRR of Total
State
RIDF AIBP Water
Plan
Bodies
Patna 9 21 0 12 42
Nalanda 50 26 0 0 76
Bhojpur 11 7 0 0 18
Buxar 4 6 0 0 10
Rohtas 3 0 0 1 4
Kaimur 5 4 0 0 9
Gaya 29 38 0 1 68
Jehanabad 10 20 0 1 31
Arwal 1 5 0 0 6
Nawada 20 0 14 0 34
Aurangabad 9 3 0 0 12
Siwan 4 0 0 0 4
West Champaran 0 3 0 0 3
East Champaran 1 4 0 0 5
Sitamarhi 3 0 0 0 3
Madhubani 3 4 0 0 7
Munger 5 5 0 0 10
Sheikpura 7 14 0 0 21
Lakhisarai 9 8 0 0 17
Jamui 0 10 147 0 157
Bhagalpur 10 3 0 0 13
Banka 0 5 0 0 5
Total 193 186 161 15 555
Source : Department of Minor Water Resources, GOB

Interlinking of Rivers
The state of Bihar is plagued by a paradoxical problem regarding water. While north Bihar faces
the problem of floods, south Bihar is drought prone. To find a solution of drought in South Bihar,
and simultaneously to minimize the threat of flood in North Bihar, there is a plan for linking the
rivers of the state. This will first require identifying the rivers to be interlinked and then
preparing Detailed Project Reports (DPR) for execution. These schemes will be formulated in
such a way that they do not cross state or international boundaries. In future, however, these
could be extended to or be coordinated with the inter-state or international schemes as per the
requirements of the state.

181
 APPENDIX

Table A 5.1 : District-wise Road Network in Bihar

(Length in km)
Districts 2001 2010 2016 (upto September) Growth (2001 to 2016)
Categories NH SH MDR NH SH MDR NH SH MDR NH SH MDR
Patna 393 80 447 395 151 422 395 208 562 2 128 115
Nalanda 142 78 197 177 157 179 177 192 448 35 114 251
Bhojpur 85 47 291 85 94 290 85 167 282 0 120 -9
Buxar 55 53 125 55 79 108 55 78 127 0 25 2
Rohtas 40 302 222 145 235 408 145 231 383 105 -72 161
Kaimur 52 46 184 52 99 211 99 85 269 47 39 85

Gaya 120 72 307 120 227 255 120 240 624 -1 168 317
Arwal / Jehanabad 81 54 147 134 46 185 134 72 354 53 18 207
Nawada 84 45 130 84 141 102 84 212 172 0 167 42
Aurangabad 137 37 204 137 89 222 137 158 256 0 121 52

Saran 181 4 222 181 117 185 181 202 360 -1 198 138
Siwan 54 54 255 54 125 231 54 156 306 0 102 51
Gopalganj 96 29 303 96 50 311 96 53 353 0 24 50

W. Champaran 0 154 289 112 47 317 112 115 293 112 -39 4
E. Champaran 90 98 256 94 100 285 94 131 474 4 33 218
Muzaffarpur 229 12 375 229 70 359 259 76 467 30 64 92
Sitamarhi 102 26 188 102 53 200 168 94 214 66 68 26
Sheohar 22 14 33 22 14 33 22 12 101 0 -2 68
Vaishali 128 46 194 128 81 188 128 113 343 0 67 149

Darbhanga 49 89 282 49 106 262 50 224 472 1 135 190

Madhubani 208 104 333 208 213 312 236 98 380 28 -6 47
Samastipur 66 87 391 66 137 393 66 194 429 0 107 38

Begusarai 96 41 203 96 42 199 102 43 209 6 2 6

Munger 39 34 82 39 35 45 85 34 46 46 0 -36
Shekhpura 12 39 92 12 52 92 46 22 137 34 -17 45
Lakhisarai 45 59 14 45 59 33 51 49 93 6 -10 79
Jamui 0 130 199 - 220 184 197 63 208 197 -67 9
Khagaria 92 4 148 92 0 130 92 16 243 0 12 95

Bhagalpur 146 48 136 146 81 213 146 72 264 0 24 128

Banka 0 173 146 - 175 254 86 169 200 86 -4 54

Saharsa 60 43 64 60 58 311 93 81 279 33 38 215

Supaul 133 29 211 133 165 480 216 134 505 83 105 294
Madhepura 109 19 105 109 97 100 109 99 103 0 80 -2

Purnea 103 92 238 103 129 290 116 141 227 13 49 -11
Kishanganj 0 78 111 0 79 425 68 49 221 68 -29 110
Araria 72 39 205 85 112 266 154 69 376 82 30 171
Katihar 90 22 408 90 52 487 165 103 275 75 81 -133

Total 3410 2382 7739 3734 3787 8965 4621 4253 11054 1211 1871 3315
Source: Department of Road Construction, GOB

182
 Table A 5.2 : District-wise Registered Vehicles in Bihar During 2015-16

(in No.)
Three Two
District Truck Bus Car Taxi Jeep Tractor Trailor Other Total
Wheeler Wheeler
Patna 3843 454 14440 1064 1948 5177 82771 2267 1283 - 113247
Nalanda 446 39 302 149 253 650 13858 1184 472 23 17376
Bhojpur 386 55 297 142 577 999 19697 947 956 - 24056
Buxar 132 26 161 42 138 401 6865 1027 1029 6 9827
Rohtas 149 36 490 25 159 927 10958 1329 1343 - 15416
Kaimur 29 30 98 18 110 201 6186 840 557 57 8126

Gaya 629 116 1332 385 931 3203 27466 1256 811 3 36132
Jehanabad 286 22 36 19 52 445 3901 458 456 54 5729
Arwal 2 4 1 15 14 95 857 321 285 13 1607
Nawada 48 18 106 38 124 225 7988 1016 955 99 10617
Aurangabad 166 21 125 113 576 1331 8775 846 753 242 12948

Saran 156 18 392 253 383 835 13249 804 111 92 16293
Siwan 397 42 484 188 753 571 27852 1073 71 - 31431
Gopalganj 257 35 265 63 568 254 16666 1036 11 - 19155

W. Champaran 311 8 258 88 288 562 8523 767 344 1 11150

E. Champaran 436 31 298 189 517 922 6049 1889 227 - 10558
Muzaffarpur 2295 339 4213 1297 1646 2645 53218 2301 272 - 68226
Sitamarhi 87 2 26 35 112 907 18405 834 222 - 20630
Sheohar 3 4 9 15 36 102 2151 133 22 7 2482
Vaishali 244 59 1317 91 161 1103 24064 883 315 447 28684

Darbhanga 506 25 880 428 451 2538 19883 991 427 105 26234
Madhubani 148 3 112 158 249 633 17506 1420 965 - 21194
Samastipur 138 48 240 101 151 905 22687 1118 709 - 26097

Begusarai 637 31 1231 348 183 1166 18406 610 561 - 23173
Munger 69 - 55 42 46 405 5871 139 151 27 6805
Shekhpura 39 2 10 41 23 85 1785 250 244 8 2487
Lakhisarai 85 3 15 26 23 6 458 118 89 - 823
Jamui 74 7 9 58 114 511 5930 346 344 - 7393
Khagaria 61 2 71 41 - 331 7266 500 444 190 8906

Bhagalpur 230 24 1004 135 801 1608 9338 732 825 34 14731
Banka 82 18 28 11 52 64 3211 426 428 - 4320

Saharsa 130 33 383 53 118 550 6744 671 314 - 8996

Supaul 76 10 53 20 105 178 11783 852 154 11 13242
Madhepura 31 8 132 80 - 882 8145 932 363 7 10580

Purnea 1693 94 1077 347 - 4321 6432 2171 272 - 16407

Kishanganj 6 6 254 26 - 203 16723 318 114 30 17680
Araria 15 14 236 30 78 532 7405 987 668 18 9983
Katihar 101 4 310 18 22 150 19971 978 438 - 21992

Total 14423 1691 30750 6192 11762 36623 549043 34770 18005 1474 704733
Source: Department of Transport, GOB
____________

183
 CHAPTER - VI
ENERGY SECTOR

Energy is the oxygen of any economy and adequate, reliable and quality power at a reasonable
price is essential for economic growth. Without power, it is neither possible to run the production
process in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors, nor provide for the amenities that make life
more comfortable and enjoyable. Bihars economy is now growing at a fast rate and the state
government has accorded the highest priority to the power sector. Indeed, under the Saat
Nischay of the state government, indicating its seven basic development commitments, Har
Ghar Bijli Lagaatar (Regular supply of power to all households) is the third component, which
will ensure metered electric connection to all rural and urban households in Bihar by 2018.

6.1 Availability of Power

There has been significant improvement in power availability in Bihar from 1712 MW in 2011-
12 to 3769 MW in 2016-17 (up to October, 2016) i.e, a growth about 120 percent in six years
(Table 6.1). As is apparent from the table, the peak deficit in power has been around 30 percent
for several years till 2012-13; by 2015-16, this deficit was reduced to around 16 percent. Due to
increased availability of power from an average of 6-8 hours to 14-16 hours in rural areas and
from 10-12 hours to 20-22 hours in urban areas, the per capita consumption in the state has risen
from 145 kwh in 2012-13 to 258 kwh in 2015-16, implying a growth of about 78 percent in three
years.

Table 6.1 : Power Scenario (2011-12 to 2015-16)

Characteristic 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Peak Demand (MW) 2500 2650 3150 3500 4112

Peak Met (MW) 1712 1802 2335 2831 3459

Peak Deficit/ Surplus (MW) (-/+) -788 -848 -815 -669 -653

Peak Deficit/ Surplus (%) (-/+) -31.5 -32.0 -25.9 -19.1 -15.6

Energy Requirement (MU) 14454 15321 18212 22226 25550

Energy Availability (MU) 12145 13267 15045 18731 21679

Energy Deficit/ Surplus (MU) (-/+) -2309 -2054 -3464 -3495 -3871

Energy Deficit/ Surplus (%) (-/+) -16.0 -13.4 -19.0 -15.7 -15.2

Per Capita Consumption (kwh) 134 145 160 203 258

Source : Department of Energy
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There is considerable variation across the districts in terms of per capita power consumption
(Table 6.2). In 2015-16, the top 3 districts in power consumption were Patna (4197 kwh),
Gaya (1214 kwh) and Muzaffarpur (916 kwh). At the other end, 3 most disadvantaged districts
were Sheohar (50 kwh), Arwal (95 kwh) and Sheikhpura (136 kwh).

Table 6.2 : District-wise Per Capita Consumption

Per Capita Per Capita

District Consumption (kwh) District Consumption (kwh)
2014-15 2015-16 2014-15 2015-16
Patna 3959 4197 Darbhanga 381 482
Nalanda 672 813 Madhubani 325 407
Bhojpur 380 494 Samastipur 343 453
Buxar 276 351 Begusarai 370 452
Rohtas 625 785 Munger 255 310
Kaimur 358 432 Sheikhpura 114 136
Gaya 1003 1214 Lakhisarai 171 213
Jehanabad 216 273 Jamui 167 191
Arwal 69 95 Khagaria 134 180
Nawada 161 286 Bhagalpur 628 714
Aurangabad 321 497 Banka 161 215
Saran 459 605 Saharsa 185 282
Siwan 233 291 Supaul 185 264
Gopalganj 195 294 Madhepura 165 235
W. Champaran 260 402 Purnea 358 382
E. Champaran 341 428 Kishanganj 143 188
Muzaffarpur 735 916 Araria 161 207
Sitamarhi 201 270 Katihar 188 255
Sheohar 33 50
Vaishali 444 586 Bihar 203 258
Source : Department of Energy, GOB

6.2 Projection of Power Requirement

Access to electricity on 247 basis to all its citizens is indeed synonymous with social equality.
Thus, as mentioned before, the state government has made Har Ghar Bijli Lagaatar resolve.
Through this resolve, together with ongoing Rural Electrification Scheme, the state government
will provide electricity to all households in Bihar.

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There will be a quantum jump in power demand in the state in the coming years, mainly due to
large scale release of service connection in rural areas towards full electrification, substantial
increase in agriculture consumers, rise in demand of existing consumers (because of widespread
use of electrical gazettes), and industrialization of the state. Table 6.3 presents the estimated
annual energy requirement for all consumers for the period 2016-17 to 2018-19.

Table 6.3 : Annual Energy Requirement for Rural and Urban Households

(Figures in MU)

Category of Households 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19

Existing Electrified Households 5739 9715 14612

Unelectrified/ New Households when Electrified 3976 4896 5331

Total Domestic Requirement 9716 14612 19943

Consumers other than Domestic 8472 9688 11922

New Agricultural Connections 620 819 2240

Total 18808 25119 34105

Source : Department of Energy, GOB

Table 6.4 shows the projected energy requirement at the state periphery, considering distribution
losses and intra-state transmission loss trajectory. The expected power demand of Bihar by
2018-19 shall be of the order of 5594 MW, with a n annual energy requirement of
44,371 MU.

Table 6.4 : Annual Energy and Peak Demand Requirement at State Periphery

Indicators 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19

Energy requirement as per demand projections (MU) 18808 25119 34105

Distribution losses (Percentage) 32 28 20

Intra-state transmission losses (Percentage) 3.92 3.92 3.92

Energy requirement at state periphery (MU) 28788 36312 44371

Peak demand at 0.734 Load Factor (MU) 4431 5594 6838

Peak demand at 0.734 Load Factor (MW)
4108 4776 5594
(Including Agricultural load upto 50% only) (MW)
Source : Department of Energy, GOB

The power capacity availability in the state was 3336 MW in March, 2016. In order to meet the
increased demand, the state government has already planned for additional capacity of 5589 MW
from different sources in a phased manner by 2018-19. These sources are own generating

186
stations, renewable energy sources, central generating stations, and long/ medium term Power
Purchase Agreements (PPA) through competitive bidding. The source-wise details of this
additional capacity is presented in Table 6.5. As per the present generation plan, the additional
capacity of 5589 MW is expected to be added by 2018-19 (either from new projects, or from
those which are under construction, or from those old projects which are being renovated or
modernised). Out of this addition, about 171 MW shall be from non-conventional energy sources
and 5418 MW from conventional sources. As such, the total available capacity for Bihar by
201819 is expected to be 8925 MW, of which 8220 MW will be conventional and the
remaining 705 MW non-conventional.

Table 6.5 : Year-wise and Source-wise Details of Capacity Expansion

(Figures in MW)
March Cumulative Proposed Capacity
Sources
2016 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19
State Sector
State Thermal 0 110 470 720
State Small Hydro 55 88 88 88
Central Generating Stations Share
CGS Thermal 2322 2322 3712 4727
CGS Hydro 469 469 469 469

IPPs Projects (Case1) 260 260 260 560

JV / Partnership (Thermal) 220 270 1368 1933
NCE / RNES 10 148 148 705
Note : IPP = Independent Power Producer; JV = Joint Venture;
NCE = Non-Conventional Energy; RNES = Renewable Energy Source
Source : Department of Energy, GOB

Table 6.6 : Estimated Availability of Power and Energy (2016-17 to 2019-20)

Estimated
Estimated Peak
Energy
Total Capacity Availability at
Year Availability at
(MW) State Periphery
State Periphery
(MW)
(MU)
2016-17 3667 3012 23746.60

2017-18 6515 4904 38663.13

2018-19 8925 6519 51395.79

2019-20 9877 7817 6129.22

Source : Department of Energy, GOB

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However, even with the availability of additional generation capacity, the state would still be
facing a shortfall in terms of peak demand during 2016-17 (32.0 percent) to 2018-19 (4.7
percent), but it will be surplus during 2019-20 (9.05 percent). There will be a shortfall in energy
availability during 2016-17 (17.5 percent), but a surplus in 2019-20 (32.3 percent) (Table 6.7).

Table 6.7 : Projected Surplus/ Deficit in Power and Energy (2016-17 to 2019-20)

Power Supply Position 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20

Estimated Peak Requirement with 50% agriculture

4431 5594 6838 7168
load (**) only (MW)
Estimated Peak Availability as per State Generation
3012 4904 6519 7817
Plan (MW)
Peak demand Surplus(+) / Deficit(-) (MW) (-) 1419 (-) 690 (-) 319 649

Peak demand Surplus/Deficit (Percentage) (-) 32.0 (-) 12.3 (-) 4.7 9.05

Estimated Energy Requirement at State Periphery (MU) 28788 36312 44371 46590
Estimated Energy Availability at State Periphery as per
23746 38663 51396 61629
State generation Plan (MU)
Energy Surplus(+) / Deficit(-) (MU) (-) 5042 2351 7025 15039

Energy Surplus (+)/ Deficit (-) (Percentage) (-) 17.5 6.5 15.8 32.3
Note : (**) 50% agriculture load will be supplied in rotation
Source : Department of Energy, GOB

6.3 Institutional Structure of Power Sector

In April, 1958, the Bihar State Electricity Board (BSEB) was originally constituted under
Section 5 of the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 and was mandated for the management of
generation, transmission, distribution and other electricity-related activities in Bihar. Under the
new Bihar State Electricity Reforms Transfer Scheme 2012, the BSEB has been unbundled into
five companies in November, 2012 (i) Bihar State Power (Holding) Company Limited
(BSPHCL), (ii) Bihar State Power Generation Company Limited (BSPGCL), (iii) Bihar State
Power Transmission Company Limited (BSPTCL), (iv) North Bihar Power Distribution
Company Limited (SBPDCL) and (v) South Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited
(NBPDCL). The responsibilities of the newly-formed companies are briefly described below.
Bihar State Power (Holding) Company Limited (BSPHCL) : This Company owns shares of the
newly-incorporated, reorganized four companies Bihar State Power Generation Company
Limited, Bihar State Power Transmission Company Limited, South Bihar Power Distribution
Company Limited, and North Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited. It is vested with the
assets, interest in property, rights and liabilities of the erstwhile Bihar State Electricity Board
(BSEB). The Company will primarily be an investment company. It will co-ordinate the
activities of other companies, handle disputes and provide all necessary support to them.

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Bihar State Power Generation Company Limited (BSPGCL) : This company is responsible for
coordinating and advising other companies and concerns, including subsidiaries, engaged in the
generation of electricity. The coordination and advisory roles include all matters concerning the
construction, operation and maintenance of generating stations and associated facilities. It is also
responsible for procuring fuel and its transportation to various sites and settling pending disputes.

Bihar State Power Transmission Company Limited (BSPTCL) : This company is responsible for
the transmission of electricity and is vested with the transmission assets, interest in property, and
rights and liabilities of the erstwhile BSEB. Besides planning and coordination activities, this
company is expected to develop an efficient system of intra-state transmission lines for
electricity, connecting load centres to the generating stations.

North and South Bihar Power Distribution Companies Limited (NBPDCL and SBPDCL): These
two companies undertake the activities of distribution to all consumers, trading of electricity, and
implementation of rural electrification schemes under Deen Dayal Upadhayay Gram Jyoti
Yojana (erstwhile Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana), special Backward Region Grant
Fund (BRGF), Integrated Power Devolvement System, State Plan, and schemes funded by Asian
Development Bank (ADB), the last one being an Externally Aided Project (EAP). The
introduction of open access in distribution as per the Electricity Act, 2003 and the directions of
the regulator is also the responsibility of these two companies. They also tender, finalise and
execute Power Purchase Agreements (PPA) and other agreements for sale or purchase of
electricity.

The allocation of fund for BSPHCL and its subsidiary companies, Bihar Renewable Energy
Development Agency (BREDA) and Bihar State Hydroelectric Power Corporation (BSHPC) was
Rs. 3110.92 crore in 2013-14, which increased to Rs. 4189.92 crore in 2014-15. The outlay for
2016-17 is Rs. 8591.60 crore. The breakup of this amount under various heads is given in
Table 6.9.

Table 6.8 : Allocation of Funds under BSPHCL

(Rs. crore)
State Plan
BSHPC
Years BRGF Genera- Transmi- Distribu- EAP Total
BSPHCL BREDA BSHPC (RIDF)
tion ssion tion

2013-14 2125.00 367.346 25.00 25.00 215.00 50.00 15.00 63.57 225.00 3110.92

2014-15 1650.00 369.214 61.68 661.00 1099.18 20.00 38.93 69.92 220.00 4189.92

2015-16 2274.00 64.430 181.01 448.99 486.00 60.00 15.00 67.80 66.26 3663.49

2016-17 4533.00 714.89 915.00 700.00 1240.00 150.00 10.00 67.80 260.91 8591.60
Source : Department of Energy, GOB
189
6.4 Distribution Companies
The distribution is an extremely important component of the whole electricity supply chain, as
this is the only arm that generates revenue. This revenue enables the state government to improve
the entire supply chain, by purchasing more electricity from the central sector. Thus, a major
challenge of the power sector reforms lies in the efficient management of the distribution sector.
The distribution system in Bihar is being served by two distribution companies North Bihar
Power Distribution Company Limited (NBPDCL) and South Bihar Power Distribution Company
Limited (SBPDCL). These companies are serving more than 80 lakhs of electricity consumers.

Table 6.9 : Category-wise Number of Effective Consumers (As per billing data)

Number of Effective Consumers

Year Public
Industrial Industrial Public
Domestic Commercial Traction Agriculture Water Total
( LT) ( HT) Lighting
Works
3773077 279879 18816 1317 399 17 57838 1098 4132441
2012-13
(91.3) (6.8) (0.5) (0.03) (0.01) (neg.) (1.4) (0.03) (100.0)

3900733 273466 15851 1422 389 19 51989 1192 4245061

2013-14
(91.9) (6.4) (0.4) (0.03) (0.01) (neg.) (1.2) (0.03) (100.0)

5174585 346375 19599 1582 511 19 52980 1302 5596953

2014-15
(92.5) (6.2) (0.4) (0.03) (0.01) (neg.) (0.9) (0.02) (100.0)

7407609 488690 31405 1922 1237 19 75087 1760 8007729

2015-16
(92.5) (6.1) (0.4) (0.03) (0.02) (neg.) (0.9) (0.02) (100.0)
Note : Figures in bracket indicate percentage shares.
Source : Department of Energy, GOB

The two distribution companies are already implementing several schemes for expanding and
strengthening their distribution networks. These ongoing schemes include transformer
replacement, procurement of new transformers, replacement of old conductors of existing high
tension (HT) and low tension (LT) lines, and construction of new HT and LT lines, Power
System Stabilisers (PSS) and bays.

6.5 Operational and Financial Status

The generation and purchase of power (net of central transmission loss) in Bihar increased from
11,966 MU in 2011-12 to 21,677 MU in 2015-16. With increase in sales, the revenue collection
has increased. The cost coverage has also risen from about 70 percent in 2011-12 to about 91
percent in 2015-16, thus bringing down financial loss from 31 percent to 9 percent. The financial
status of the two distribution companies is described in Table 6.10.

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 Table 6.10 : Financial Status of Power Sector

2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Item 2011-12 2012-13
NBPDCL SBPDCL NBPDCL SBPDCL NBPDCL SBPDCL
Generation and Purchase
11966 12614 5381 8621 7029 10388 8929 12748
(MU)
Sales (MU) 6695 7213 3605 4637 5004 5814 6505 7199

Losses (Percentage) 44.0 42.8 33.0 46.2 28.8 44.0 27.4 43.5
Average Revenue
4.64 4.58 4.17 4.86 4.19 4.37 4.14 4.45
(Rs./Unit)
Sale of Power (Rs. crore) 3109.00 3307.00 1503.66 2254.77 2095.00 2540.28 2696.24 3202.37
Total Income (including
5421.00 6480.56 2723.69 4190.81 3559.74 4610.37 4475.11 6309.15
subsidies) (Rs. crore)
Total Cost (Rs. crore) 7798.78 7707.55 2797.95 4459.50 3856.53 5357.92 4814.55 7043.32
Cost Coverage (Total
Income/Total cost) 69.5 84.1 97.4 94.0 92.3 86.0 92.9 89.6
(Percentage)
Financial Loss
30.5 15.9 2.6 6.0 7.7 14.0 7.1 10.4
(Percentage)
Source : Department of Energy, GOB

During the recent years, the demand for electricity has been increasing continuously in the state,
because of fast economic growth at one hand and the growth of population on the other. This has
resulted in high AT&C (Aggregate Technical and Commercial) loss, specially due to large scale
rural electrification. In 2015-16, it was as high as 43.5 percent. Earlier in 2013-14, it was even
higher 46.33 percent. The distribution companies have been trying to address this issue by
improving the billing and collection system, along with the metering of all consumer
connections. Energy accounting and auditing at feeders and distribution transformers (DT) are
essential for reducing these losses and the distribution companies have already started this
exercise.

6.6 Programmes for Electrification and Distribution Schemes

Three important programmes of the central government for expanding the coverage of electricity
supply are Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS) (Erstwhile Restructured
Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Programme R-APDRP), Din Dayal Upadhyay
Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) (Erstwhile Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana -
RGGVY), and Special Plan (Backward Region Grant Fund). The progress of these programmes
is presented below:

Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS)

The scheme of R-APDRP, as approved by the central government for continuation in Twelfth
and Thirteenth Plans, has been subsumed in the newly launched Integrated Power Development

191
Scheme (IPDS). It has several components IT enablement of distribution sector, strengthening
of distribution network for completion of targets, strengthening of sub-transmission network in
urban areas, and metering of distribution transformer/feeders/ consumers in the urban areas.

Under Part-A of the erstwhile R-APDRP scheme, the work in 67 towns (excluding 4 franchise
towns) is under progress. The distribution system is being strengthened under Part-B of the
scheme in 60 towns and under the ADB-funded scheme in 7 towns. The work in 7 towns under
the ADB-funded scheme is on the verge of completion. The aim is to provide real-time
monitoring and control, minimizing loss, balancing load, and improving voltage profiles. The
details of capital expenditure under R-APDRP are presented in Table 6.11.

Table 6.11 : Capital Expenditure of R-APDRP

Expenditure
Project Component Outlay
incurred
under R-APDRP (Rs. crore)
(Rs. crore)
R-APDRP Part A 253.68 103.11

R-APDRP Part B 1155.21 995.94

R-APDRP SCADA 38.00 9.59

Total 1446.89 1108.64

Source : Department of Energy, GOB

Village Electrification

The scheme of RGGVY, as approved by the central government for continuation in Twelfth
and Thirteenth Plans, has now been subsumed in the new scheme of the central government,
called Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gramin Vidyut Yojana (DDUGVY). This scheme has the
following objectives :
(i) Separation of agriculture and non-agriculture feeders, facilitating judicious restoring of
supply to agricultural and non-agriculture consumers in the rural areas.

(ii) Strengthening and augmentation of sub-transmission and distribution infrastructure in

rural areas, including metering of distribution transformers/feeders/consumers.

(iii) Rural electrification for completion of the targets laid down under RGGVY by carrying
forward the approved outlay of RGGVY to DDUGJY.

Bihar, with 88.7 percent of its population living in rural areas (2011 census), remains the most
ruralised state in India, the national average being around 68.9 percent. Thus, improving
connectivity of rural areas to the power grid is of great importance. In view of this, the rural
electrification work is being carried out in all the 38 districts of the state under DDUGJY. The
progress of rural electrification under DDUGJY is presented in Table 6.12.
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 Table 6.12 : Progress of Work under DDUGJY (Erstwhile RGGVY)

(Figures for no. of villages)

Agencies / Eleventh Plan Under DDG
Tenth Twelfth
Targets / DDG converted Total
Plan Phase I Phase II Plan
Achievements into UEV
Electrification of Unelectrified Villages (UEV)
Target
NBPDCL 5954 4108 384 1414 60 133 12053
SBPDCL 10627 697 757 427 152 58 12718
Total 16581 4805 1141 1841 212 191 24771
Achievements
NBPDCL 5954 4108 384 903 0 0 11349
SBPDCL 10627 697 757 327 0 0 12408
Total 16581 4805 1141 1230 0 0 23757
Intensive Electrification of Partially Electrified Villages (PEV)
Target
NBPDCL - 5969 3510 13186 0 0 22665
SBPDCL - 106 9433 7563 0 0 17102
Total - 6075 12943 20749 0 0 39767
Achievements
NBPDCL - 5969 2955 6159 0 0 15083
SBPDCL - 106 5939 2287 0 0 8332
Total - 6075 8894 8446 0 0 23415
Note : DDG = Decentralised Distributed Generation
Source : Department of Energy, GOB

Special Plan (BRGF)

The Backward Regions Grant Fund (BRGF) of the central government is designed to redress
regional imbalances in development. This is a fully funded scheme of the central government.
The fund provides financial resources for supplementing and converging existing developmental
inflows into identified backward districts. It aims to bridge critical gaps in local infrastructure
and other development requirements that are not being adequately met through existing inflows.
The fund will facilitate participatory planning, decision making, implementation and monitoring,
reflecting the locally felt needs. It also helps to improve the performance of critical functions by
the state government. The scheme is divided into four parts Phase-I, Phase-II, Phase-II (Part-
C) and Rural Electrification (RE). The estimated cost of the above schemes is Rs. 5818.19 crore.
Till November 2016, the expenditure incurred is around Rs. 3073.99 crore.

6.7 Transmission
Power is supplied to various categories of consumers through a transmission network, which also
involves the transformation of high voltage power to lower voltage. The transmission network
193
serves as an important link between the generation and distribution of electricity. The challenges
pertaining to the transmission process are, thus, mostly related to the growing needs of the other
two segments generation and distribution. To meet the growing demand of power, a robust
and reliable transmission network is required, for both inter-state and intra-state transmission.
The existing transmission system is, therefore, being strengthened with proper planning to
cater to the demand for 24 hour availability of power by all types of consumers.

Presently, about 9307 circuit km EHV (Extra High Voltage) transmission line, 104 grid sub-
stations with total transformation capacity of 5590 MVA at 220/132 KV level and 8720
MVA at 132/33 KV level comprise the transmission system in Bihar. The projection for
2017-18 is 9907 circuit km transmission line, 148 grid sub-stations with 14570 MVA at 220/132
KV level and 15210 MVA at 132/33 KV transmission capacity. The required capacity for 24 hour
power supply for the period 2016-17 to 2019-20 has been projected, as presented in Table 6.13.
The plan of action to meet the projected demand in 2017-18 to 2019-20 has been shown in
following Table 6.14. The power availability during the peak period was 2831 MW in 2014-15,
which increased to 3769 MW in October 2016, implying an increase of 33 percent in two years.

Table 6.13 : Projected Required Capacity for Power (2016-17 to 2019-20)

Demand / Capacity 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20

Peak Demand (MW) 4108 4776 5594 6497

Transformation Capacity needed to

7703 8955 10489 12182
meet Peak Demand (MW)
Available Capacity MVA at
220/132 KV level 13030 14470 16500 18000
132//33 KV level 14570 15210 16500 18210
Source : Department of Energy, GOB

Table 6.14 : Plan of Action for Strengthening Transmission

Nos. of New Grid New Transmission Lines

Year
Sub-Stations (Circuit km)

2017-18 400/220 kv-0 No. 400 kv-0

220/132/33kv-05 Nos. 220 kv-240
132/33 kv 07 Nos. 132 kv-330
2018-19 400/220/132/33 kv-02 Nos. 400 kv-18
400/220/132 kv-1 No. 220 kv-132
220/132/33 kv-3 Nos. 132 kv-105
132/33 kv - 5 Nos.
2019-20 400/220/132kv-03 Nos. 400 kv-372
220/132/33 kv-3 Nos. 220 kv-500
132/33 kv - 7 Nos. 132 kv-231
Source : Department of Energy, GOB

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6.8 Generation
The state government has several plans for improving the power scenario of the state. To achieve
the objectives envisaged in the document 247 Power to All and National Power Policy, the
state government has initiated actions for extensive expansion of generation capacity through
coal based power plants, hydro power generation and renewable energy generation. The
BSPGCL has embarked on an ambitious plan to add substantial generating capacity in the next
few years. It is targeting to achieve a total generating capacity of 830 MW by 2016-17, 2650
MW by 2017-18 and 4630 MW by 2021-22. In order to turn its vision into reality, BSPGCL has
entered into Joint Ventures with reputed companies in the power sector, like National Thermal
Power Corporation (NTPC) and National Hydro Power Corporation (NHPC).

The total generation capacity of power as on March 2016 for the state was 3825 MW. Out of
this, 86.4 percent is from coal based thermal power, 9.7 percent from hydro power and the
balance 3.9 percent from renewable energy sources. In terms of ownership, central sector has the
largest share of 77.2 percent, followed by the private sector/IPPs 15.6 percent and state sector
7.2 percent. The details of existing generating capacity in Bihar are shown at in Table 6.15.

Table 6.15 : Existing Generation Capacity (March 2016)

(Figures in MW)
Ownership / Thermal Hydro RES Grand
Nuclear
Sector Coal Gas Diesel Total (Renewable) (MNRE) Total

State 220 0 0 220 0 55 0 275

Private/ IPPs 460 0 0 460 0 0 138 598

Central 2627 0 0 2627 0 315 10 2952

Total 3307 0 0 3307 0 370 148 3825

Note : RES = Renewal Energy Sources; MNRE = Ministry of New and Renewable Energy;
IPP = Independent Power Producers
Source : Department of Energy, GOB

The present status of the three generating units that remained in Bihar after the bifurcation of the
state in 2000 is as below :

(1) Barauni Thermal Power Station (BTPS)

Although BTPS has 7 different units, 5 of them have already run through their working life
and are not in service anymore. After completion of R&M of Unit 7, generation has started.
Further R&M work of Unit 6 is in progress. The construction works of two new units of
250 MW each is also going on under the extension programme. With consistent efforts of
the state government, the coal linkage and environmental clearance have been obtained for
these two new units.
195
(2) Kanti Bijlee Utpadan Nigam Limited (KBUNL)
The KBUNL is a joint venture of NTPC and BSPGCL, having equity partnership ratio of
65:35. It has two units of 110 MW each. The power production has started in both the units
after renovation and modernization last year. The construction work of two new units of
195 MW each is also going on under the extension programme.

(3) Kosi Hydel Power Station (KHPS)

The Kosi Hydro Power Station (Kataiya), Birpur, consisting of 4 units of 4.8 MW each was
commissioned during 1970-78. This project was handed over to Bihar State Hydroelctric
Power Corporation (BSHPC) in November, 2003. The renovation work of 3 out of 4 units
has been completed and power generation has started.

At present, the work is in progress for some more generating units in Bihar. On completion of all
these projects, the dependence of Bihar on the central sector for power will be lessened. The
details of these new projects are presented below:

(1) Nabinagar Stage-1 Plant : This project is located in Aurangabad district. For this power
project, the construction works of 3 units of 660 MW each in progress. Due to sustained
efforts of the state government, coal linkage has been allotted by the Ministry of Coal of
the central government for starting own production in the state.

(2) Power Projects in Buxar, Bhagalpur and Lakhisarai : The agreement has been signed with
Satluj Hydro Electric Corporation for the construction of greenfield power projects at
Chausa (Buxar), having 2 units of 660 MW each. In addition, agreement has also been
signed with NHPC and NTPC for the construction of 2 greenfield thermal power plants of
660 MW each the plant in Pirpainti (Bhagalpur) will be constructed by NHPC and that
in Kajara (Lakhisarai) by NTPC.

(3) Ultra Mega Power Project (Banka) : A proposal has been sent for the establishment of a
power project in Banka (approximately 4000 MW), for which 2500 acres of land has been
identified. The Central Water Commission has given consent for 120 cusecs of water from
the Ganga river. The Power Finance Corporation (PFC) has incorporated two Special
Purpose Vehicles (SPV) for carrying out the pre-award project activities. The Ministry of
Power of the central government has allotted Barhat and Dhulia Nala Coal Block having a
reserve of 731 MT. Bihar has been allotted 2000 MW of power from this project.

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 Table 6.16 : Details of Existing and Planned Generation Units

2016-17 2017-18 By 2022

Beyond
Thermal Plan 2015-16 (Under (Under 2018-19 (Upcoming
2022
Progress) Progress) Projects)
KANTI TPP 390 MW
(2x110 MW) Unit 3 & 4
(2x195 MW) Feb. 2017
(195 MW each)
BARAUNI TPP 220 MW 500 MW
(2x110 MW) Unit 7, Nov. 16 Unit 8, July 17

(2x250 MW) Unit 6, June 17 Unit 9, Nov. 17
(110 MW each) (250 MW each)
NABINAGAR TPP 1320 MW 660 MW
(3x660 MW) Unit 1, June 2017 Unit 3,
1980 MW Unit 2, Dec. - 2017 June 18
BUXAR TPP MoU signed
(2x660 MW) on 20.11.15
SJVNL 1320 MW
BANKA UMPP 4000

(4000 MW) MW
Total Installed 220 830 2,650 3,310 4630 8,630
Capacity MW MW MW MW MW MW
Note : Renewal of MOU with NTPC and NHPC for Kajra and Pirpainti Project is under process
Source : Department of Energy, GOB

6.9 New Schemes / Projects

Integrated Power Development Scheme

The project covers works relating to strengthening of sub-transmission and distribution network,
provisioning of solar panels on government buildings, including Net-metering, metering of
feeders /distribution transformers /consumers in 133 towns (excluding 6 distribution franchisee
area) of Bihar to ensure 24X7 power supply and reduction in AT&C losses. The total approved
cost of the scheme is Rs. 2100.50 crore. The ongoing scheme of R-APDRP has been subsumed
in it.

The central government will provide 60 percent of the project cost as grant and the remaining 40
percent is to be arranged by the state government/distribution companies (DISCOM).

The scheme has been sanctioned in 2015-16 and the tendering process is in final stage.

Deendayal Upadhayay Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY)

The central government has launched Deendayal Upadhayay Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY),
whose objectives have already been mentioned before. The scheme has to be completed in 24
197
months after award of the works. Under the scheme tendering is under process and it will be
finalized soon. The total sanction cost of the project is Rs. 5827.23 crore. The central
government will provide 60 percent of the project cost as grant and the remaining 40 percent is
to be arranged by the state government.

Mukhyamantri Vidyut Sambandh Nishchay Yojana

To achieve Har Ghar Bijli Lagatar Nishchay, one of the seven resolves of Viksit Bihar, all BPL
households are being provided with electric connection under Rural Electrification and all rural
APL households will be provided connection in next two years under Mukhyamantri Vidyut
Sambandh Nishchay Yojana. Estimated cost of this project is Rs. 1897.50 crore.

Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojna (UDAY)

For operational and financial turnaround of power distribution companies (DISCOM), the central
Ministry of Power brought UDAY Scheme. The scheme includes various activities for
improvement in operational and financial efficiencies which ultimately aims at (a) Reduction in
AT&C Loss to 15 percent, and (b) Reduction in gap between Average Cost of Supply (ACS) and
Average Revenue Realized (ARR) to zero, both by 2018-19. A tripartite agreement among
Government of Bihar, central Ministry of Power, and DISCOMs (NBPDCL and SBPDCL) was
signed on February 22, 2016.

The scheme also provides for taking over 75 percent of DISCOMs debt by the state government
over 2 years (50 percent in 2015-16 and 25 percent in 2016-17). Out of the total debt of Rs.
3109.05 crore on both the DISCOMs of Bihar, Rs. 2332.01 crore has been taken over by the state
government under UDAY Scheme.

Presently, all the parameters aiming to reduce AT&C Loss and ACS-ARR gap have been made
online through UDAY website portal (www.uday.gov.in), where every participating DISCOM
has to upload the progress on monthly/quarterly basis. The marks are assigned to each activity
and marks obtained on the basis of achievement (quarterly/monthly) decide the ranking of
DISCOMs among the participating states.

6.10 Recent Developments in Power Sector

Training : Officers of Distribution and Transmission companies are being sent to different
training institutes / power companies of the country for their capacity building and study of
techniques and practices adopted in other states. Officers were also sent abroad (USA and UK) in

198
2016 for special training, where they studied the prevailing distribution and transmission system
of developed countries.

Project Monitoring App : For intensive and real time monitoring of different projects going on
in the power distribution companies in the state, a Mobile App DC-Nine has been developed.
Through this app, the latest status of the project and information regarding its inspection can be
loaded on the mobile from the spot itself by the field project officers. Officers at headquarters get
this information through MIS, resulting in continuous monitoring of project.

Spot Billing : Spot Billing has been ensured in all towns of the state through android mobile. It
has been started in a few rural areas as well. Its implementation in all rural areas of the state will
be completed by the end of March 2017.

Electric Bill Dispute Redressal Camp : Redressal of electric bill dispute is going on by
organizing Electric Bill Dispute Redressal Camp on 15th of each month (next working day in
case of holiday) at Electric Supply Sub-division level.

Toll Free Number 1912 : To resolve the complaints of consumers, one Toll Free number 1912
has been started in the state on 247 basis. On lodging complaint on this number, the consumers
will get a call and SMS regarding their complaint. Arrangement has been made for time to time
interaction of top management with consumers.

Training Centre : A training Centre (Bihar Power Training Institute) at Gaurichak, Patna has
been established by BSPHCL for technical capacity building and skill development of its officers
and staff and its subsidiary companies.

Pension Adalat : Every three months BSPHCL organizes Pension Adalat at Vidyut Bhawan
premises, in which pending pension and other terminal benefit matters of retired employees are
resolved.

Disposal of Departmental Proceedings : The BSPHCL organizes camps from time to time for
quick disposal of pending departmental proceeding at Vidyut Bhawan premises in which field
officers are also called and matters are disposed off in the camp itself.

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Revenue Monitoring Cell : For effective supervision of revenue collection, a Revenue
Monitoring Cell, headed by a Chief Engineer, has been formed at the headquarters.

New Documents : For better, effective and rapid implementation of projects by companies, new
Standard Bidding Documents, Technical Specification and Payment Procedure have been
prepared. For transparency in purchase of materials and better management, new Procurement
Manual has also been prepared. For better operation and maintenance in transmission area, a new
Maintenance Manual has been prepared.

Remote Meter Reading : Remote meter reading of High Tension (HT) and Low Tension (LT)
industrial consumers is being done from the headquarters.

Prepaid Metering : For better metering in Patna, prepaid metering has been started in the Vidyut
Board Colony which will be extended to other consumers in phase-wise manner.

Power Atlas : The first power transmission atlas Power Atlas of Bihar has been prepared in
which district-wise transmission lines and grid sub-stations have been shown.

New Techniques in Transmission System : In the new projects of transmission system, most
advanced techniques in electricity like Sub-station Automation System (SAS), Optical Ground
Wire (OPGW), High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) conductor and Gas Insulated System (GIS)
have been introduced.

GIS Mapping : GIS mapping of Power Lines, Power Sub-stations and Grid Sub-stations at 33
KV, 132 KV, 220 KV and 400 KV level has been completed.

6.11 Bihar Renewable Energy Development Agency (BREDA)

Most of Bihars installed generation capacity is concentrated in thermal power plants. This not
only leads to a concern about the clean generation of electricity, it also puts a fiscal burden on
the state, given that the prices of coal may be very volatile. Thus, aside from promoting hydel
power projects, the state government has also created an agency called Bihar Renewable Energy
Development Agency (BREDA), which is responsible for the development of projects that
would use non-conventional energy sources for production of electricity. The state government
provides funds to BREDA for expenditure on subsidies for the schemes and also for the
expenditure on establishments.
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 Table 6.17 : Achievements of BREDA

Financial
Physical
Schemes Outlay
Achievement
(Rs. crore)
2012-13
A. Solar Photovoltaic Scheme
Distribution of Solar Lanterns (across all districts) 2000 nos. 0.30
Distribution of Solar Lanterns (across all districts amongst SC/ST) 4000 nos. 0.60
B. BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) Schemes
LED street light installation in various places in Patna by Patna Nagar Nigam 240 0.72
LED bulbs and street lights in Nepura, Pilkhi, Sarilchak and Jahanabad 1152 nos. 0.13
(Nahub) villages
2013-14
A. Solar Photovoltaic Scheme
Solar Water Pumping Systems installation under Bihar Saur Krantis irrigation 493 nos. 16.30
scheme
Solar electrification of Honorable Chief Ministers House, Janata Durbar, and 100 Kwp 4.50
residential office
Distribution of Solar Lanterns (across all districts) 5000 nos. 0.99
Distribution of Solar Homelights 4900 nos. 2.94
B. BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) Schemes
LED street light installation in various places in Patna by Patna Nagar Nigam 366 nos. 0.31
LED street light installation in various places at Bodh Gaya by Bodh Gaya 200 nos. 16.68
Nagar Panchayat
2014-15
A. Solar Photovoltaic Scheme
Solar Water Pumping Systems under Mukhyamantri Naveen & Naveekarniya
989 nos. 29.39
irrigation scheme
Solar electrification at Buxar Open Jail 100 kW 1.55
Solar electrification at Abhilekh Bhavan 50 kW 0.78
Solar electrification at Vidyut Bhavan 50 kW 0.67
Solar Electrification at Chief Justice House 40 kW 0.62
Solar electrification at District Collectorate, Hospital, Guest House of 25 kWp 34 nos. 15.02
(850kW)
Solar electrification at District Collectorate, Hospital, Guest House of 8-25 02 nos. 0.84
kWp (50kW)
Solar Electrification at BBRA university, Muzaffarpur 100 kW 1.55
B. BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) Schemes
LED street light installation in various places in Patna by Patna Nagar Nigam 400 nos. 0.32
LED street light installation in various places in Patna, Biharsarif, Darbanga,
1023 nos. 1.36
and Gaya
2015-16 & 2016-17 (upto October 2016)
A. Solar Photovoltaic Scheme
Solar Water Pumping Systems installation under Mukhyamantri Naveen &
995 nos. 29.39
Naveekarniya irrigation scheme
Solar Water Pumping Systems installation under Bihar Saur Krantis irrigation 521 nos. 16.30
scheme
Solar Electrification at Chief Justice House 40 kW 0.62
Solar electrification at District Collectorate, Hospital, Guest House of 25 kWp 44 nos.
19.43
(1100 kW)
Solar electrification at District Collectorate, Hospital, Guest House of 8-25 22 nos. (434 kW) 10.56
kWp
Solar Electrification at JP University, Chapra 100 kW 1.55
Solar Electrification at Apna Ghar, Patna 50 kW 0.59
Solar Electrification at Governor House, Patna 60 kW 1.10
Distribution of Solar Lantern in Katihar 5280 nos. 0.90

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6.12 Bihar State Hydroelectric Power Corporation Limited
Aside from thermal power, Bihar also has potential for generating power from water resources
and, presently, this is being exploited to some extent. The Bihar State Hydroelectric Power
Corporation Limited (BSHPC) was established to oversee expansion of hydroelectric power
projects in the state. During the Tenth Plan, BSHPC started exploring possibilities for major
hydel projects, besides its earlier mandate for minor hydel projects. There are 13 minor hydel
projects that are currently operational in the state, with a total installed capacity of 54.3 MW.
Presently, BSHPC is also engaged in exploring the possibilities of more minor hydel power
projects in the state. There are 17 such schemes where the exploration work is in progress.

____________

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 CHAPTER VII
RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Rural development connotes overall development of rural areas to improve the quality of life of
the rural people. It is a multidimensional concept and encompasses, among others, the issues of
poverty and human development in rural areas. Rural development is the end result of
interactions among various physical, economic, social, cultural and institutional factors and it
continues to remain a challenge for the state. In the recent years, the state government has made
remarkable strides in rural development through programmes like extending irrigation network,
improving road connectivity of the rural areas, increasing the availability of power, and a number
of schemes to help the farmers to improve the technological base of agriculture. Some of these
programmes to fortify the rural economy have also been supported by the central government.
This chapter, however, is focused on those rural development programmes that directly help the
rural population. These programmes include Bihar State Rural Livelihood Mission
(JEEVIKA), Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS),
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) and Public Distribution System (PDS). Later, the chapter
also presents the functioning of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI) and relevant information on
Homestead Land Distribution, Disaster Management System, and Environment.

7.1 Poverty
Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon. The strategies to eradicate poverty include not only
economic growth, but direct interventions as well in many areas such as employment, education,
health and a few others. For measuring poverty, the Planning Commission has adopted the
Lakdawala Committee estimates for 1993-94 and 1999-2000 and used Tendulkar Committee
estimates for 2004-05 and 2011-12.

Table 7.1 presents the poverty ratios in Bihar and India, for two pre-bifurcation and two post-
bifurcation years. The poverty ratio for Bihar was 34.1 percent for rural and 31.2 percent for
urban areas in 2011-12, implying an overall poverty ratio of 33.7 percent. These poverty ratios
are much higher in India. Between 2004-05 and 2011-12, the poverty ratio in Bihar was reduced
by 20.7 percentage points, from 54.4 percent in 2004-05 to 33.7 in 2011-12. It is heartening to
note that this reduction in poverty level in Bihar was more than the reduction at all-India level
(15.3 percentage points). Further, one may also note that the reduction in the poverty ratio in
rural areas of Bihar (21.6 percentage point) was higher than in the urban areas (12.5 percentage
points). If one compares the poverty ratios in Table 7.1, it emerges that, for urban areas, the
difference between Bihar and India is very high (17.5 percentage points), whereas for rural areas
203
this difference is much lower (8.4 percentage point). Table A 7.1 (Appendix) presents the levels
of rural, urban and overall poverty ratios in different states of country.

Table 7.1 : Poverty Ratio of Bihar and India

Reduction in
Poverty
Area 1993-94 1999-00 2004-05 2011-12 between
2004-05 and
2011-12
Rural 58.2 44.3 55.7 34.1 21.6

Bihar Urban 34.5 32.9 43.7 31.2 12.5

Combined 55.0 42.6 54.4 33.7 20.7

Rural 37.3 27.1 41.8 25.7 16.1

India Urban 32.1 23.6 25.7 13.7 12.0

Combined 36.0 26.1 37.2 21.9 15.3

Source : Planning Commission, Government of India

The poverty lines vary from state to state, because of inter-state price differentials. Table 7.2
presents poverty line of Bihar and All India in 2004-05 and 2011 -12. For 2011-12, the national
poverty line using the Tendulkar methodology is estimated at consumption expenditure of Rs.
816 per capita per month for rural areas and Rs. 1000 per capita per month for urban areas. Thus,
for a family of five, the all India poverty line implies consumption expenditure of about Rs. 4080
per month in rural areas and Rs. 5000 per month in urban areas. Similarly, the poverty lines for
Bihar in 2011-12 are monthly per capita consumption expenditure of Rs. 778 for rural areas
and Rs. 923 for urban areas. This implies that, for a family of five, the consumption expenditure
in a month will be Rs. 3890 and Rs. 4615 respectively for rural and urban areas. This has to be
seen in the context of public expenditure that is being incurred in areas like education, health and
food security. Thus, the actual well-being of the household will be higher than what is indicated
by the poverty line.

Table 7.2 : Poverty Lines for Bihar and All India

Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (Rs.)

Year Rural Urban Rural Urban

Bihar All India

2004-05 433 526 447 579

2011-12 778 923 816 1000

Source : Planning Commission, Government of India

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7.2 Rural Development Programmes
In order to eradicate poverty in the rural areas, the state government is implementing a number of
rural development programmes. This section provides the relevant data on four of the most
important programmes.

Bihar State Rural Livelihoods Mission (JEEVIKA)

JEEVIKA is an initiative of the state government to reduce rural poverty by providing support
for livelihood activities. Another important objective of the project is to empower rural women,
both socially and economically. It aims at increasing income of the rural poor by developing
institutional capacity through Self Help Groups (SHGs) which can access better services from
banks and other public agencies. The central Ministry of Rural Development has restructured the
Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) into National Rural Livelihoods Mission
(NRLM) in April, 2013. The Bihar Rural Livelihoods Promotion Society (BRLPS) functions
under the overall framework of NRLM. The JEEVIKA programme of BRLPS had started
initially in a limited number of districts, but it now plans to cover all 534 blocks of 38 district of
Bihar in a phased manner. Over a period of 10 years, the mandate of JEEVIKA is to mobilize 1.5
crore rural households into 10 lakh SHGs, 65000 Village Organisations and 1600 Cluster Level
Federations.

JEEVIKA has organised 70.98 lakh households into 5.57 lakh Self-Help Groups (SHGs) till
October, 2016. It has also formed 32,431 Village Organisations (VO) and 365 Cluster Level
Federations. The project emphasises on providing financial support to the SHGs by opening of
saving bank account in different banks and ensuring their credit linkage. From 2015-16,
JEEVIKA has started preparations for Bihar Transformative Development Project which it calls
JEEVIKA II. This project aims at scaling up the JEEVIKA model across the state by further
improving value chain and human development interventions. The new projects design reflects
the ongoing pursuit of the state government for achieving a transformed rural Bihar through the
agency of empowered women collectives. Till October 2016, 3.03 lakh SHGs have been linked
with banks, and they were able to obtain a total loan of Rs. 2113 crore (Table 7.3).

Table 7.3 : Progress of JEEVIKA

2016-17
Items 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 upto
Oct.16
No. of SHGs formed 55704 91785 157157 365150 470220 557337

No. of VOs formed 3476 5069 7452 14363 31229 32431

No. of SHGs credit linked with banks 25621 55624 64812 121181 221261 303078

Bank credit (Rs. crore) 123 278 379 659 1300 2113
Source : Jeevika, Government of Bihar

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Over the period, JEEVIKA has strengthened its core livelihood interventions through a number
of activities. These SHGs have undertaken initiatives to promote self-employment on farms or
off-farms or non-farm (Table 7.4). In addition, they have also arranged for a wide range of job
creation. Till date, 1.28 lakh rural youth have been trained, either by Project Implementation
Agencies (PIA) or Rural Self-Employment Training Institute (RSETI) to acquire various skills.
Out of them, 93.2 thousand have also been able to find either self-employment or wage
employment. Apart from these, another activity of these SHGs is reducing vulnerability of rural
population by participation in Food Security Interventions or Health Risk Interventions. In 2015-
16, 12.2 thousand VOs have received food security funds and 13.2 thousand VOs have received
health risk funds.

Table 7.4 : Extent of Livelihood Related Activities by SHGs

Activities Number

Farms
Number of farmers who undertook paddy cultivation 250214

Number of farmers who undertook SWI

272327
( System of Wheat Intensification)

Number of farmers engaged in vegetable cultivation 198888

Number of farmers engaged in kitchen gardening 59772

Number of farmers producing Mentha oil

Number of farm-based Producer Groups (PG) 1497

Off- Farms
Number of Mother Units opened (Poultry) 352
Number of households linked with poultry
104437
intervention
Number of Producer Groups (PG) formed ( Dairy) 448

Number of households linked with dairy 42900

Non-Farm
Number of Producer Groups (PG) formed for non-
323
farm products (sujani, sikki, madhubani, agarbatti etc.)
Number of households linked with non-farm PGs 15002

Creating Jobs
Number of rural youths trained (PIA/RSETI) 127521
Number of Rural Youths placed/self employed in
93164
different organisations
Reducing Vulnerability
Number of VOs receiving Food Security Fund 12190
Number of VOs receiving Health Risk Fund 3196
Source : Jeevika, Government of Bihar

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Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS)
Notified in September 2005, MGNREGS aims at enhancing livelihood security of rural workers
by providing at least one hundred days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to
every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The scheme
covered 200 districts in India in its first phase, but now covers all the districts. The MGNREGS
has become a powerful flagship scheme for inclusive growth in rural areas through its impact on
livelihood security and social protection. This is expected to decrease distress migration and
have multiplier effect on the rural economy.

The performance of MGNREGS between 2011-12 and 2015-16 is presented in Table 7.5. The
number of job cards issued has been very high, more than 130 lakhs throughout the period.
However, the number of households provided with employment has been decreasing over the
years, except in 2015-16 when it increased to 15.1 lakhs. To the advantage of the women
workers, their share in total employment has been above 28 percent in all the years; in 2015-16,
this share was as high as 40.8 percent. In 2015-16, 99.9 percent of the fund was utilised, which is
25.5 percentage points higher than the utilization figure of the previous year. The total
employment generated was 683.7 lakh persondays in 2015-16, compared to 352.7 lakh
persondays in 2014-15. In 2015-16, only 34.2 lakh bank and post-office accounts were opened
for payment of wages under this programme. Overall, the performance of MGNREGS was much
better in 2015-16, compared to the year before.

Table 7.5 : Performance of MGNREGS

Year 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

No. of Job Cards Issued (lakh) 133.8 133.5 131.9 131.2 131.6
No. of households provided with 26.8 24.7 20.6 10.4 15.1
employment (lakh) (20.1) (18.5) (15.6) (7.9) (11.5)
No. of households obtaining 100 1.4 1.6 1.2 0.3 0.6
days of employment (lakh) (5.1) (6.3) (6.0) (3.0) (4.0)
Employment generated
866.4 965.4 862.2 352.7 683.7
(lakh persondays)
Percentage share of women in
28.2 29.9 35.0 37.3 40.8
total employment generated
Average employment per
32.3 39.2 41.9 34.1 45.2
household (persondays)
Number of completed works 54589 64846 104832 114425 196647
Fund utilized (percentage) 65.0 82.9 81.8 74.4 99.9

No. of accounts opened (in lakh) 107.6 110.7 111.0 49.3 34.2
Note : Figures in parentheses denote percentages with respect to the previous row
Source : Department of Rural Development, GOB

The district-wise detail about the implementation of MGNREGS is presented in Table A 7.2
(Appendix). In that table, one can observe a wide variation across the districts in the performance
207
of MGNREGS. In 2015-16, the maximum number of job cards were issued in East Champaran
(6.12 lakhs), followed by Muzaffarpur (5.94 lakhs) and Vaishali (5.36 lakh) and Gaya (5.36)
lakh. Less than one lakh job cards were issued in small districts of Sheohar (0.84 lakhs), Arwal
(0.97 lakhs) and Sheikhpura (0.98 lakhs). Out of total households, about 12 percent of SC
households were having job cards. The percentage of households demanding employment was
the highest in Sheohar (36.9 percent), followed by Jamui (26.7 percent); whereas the figure was
the lowest in Muzaffarpur (6.6) percent. Jehanadbad ranked first (12.0 percent) in providing 100
days of employment to those who had demanded it, followed by Buxar (8.7 percent), and
Munger (5.8 percent). The districts recording more than 50 percent participation of women in
2015-16 were Begusarai (53.8 percent), Gaya (53.6 percent) and Khagaria (53.5 percent).
Less than 30 percent participation of women has been registered in Saran (21.2 percent), Rohtas
(25.2 percent) and Siwan (26.4 percent). The district-wise financial progress under MGNREGS
is shown in Table A 7.3 (Appendix). Jamui with 98.13 percent utilisation of fund is the best
district in 2015-16. Other districts which had utilized more than 95 percent of the MGNREGS
fund are Nawada (98.1 percent), Sheikhpura (98.0 percent) and Madhepura (96.0 percent).

Table 7.6 : Completed Works under MGNREGS

Categories 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

6059 7009 6879 1937 3307
Water conservation
(11.1) (10.8) (6.6) (1.7) (4.5)
5360 16246 29121 17963 39046
Drought proofing
(9.8) (25.1) (27.8) (15.7) (53.4)
4605 4335 5618 1429 3428
Micro-irrigation works
(8.4) (6.7) (5.4) (1.2) (4.7)
1902 1813 3210 4029 0
Provision of irrigation facility
(3.5) (2.8) (3.1) (3.5) (0.0)
Renovation of traditional 5065 6828 2428 592 924
water bodies (9.3) (10.5) (2.3) (0.5) (1.3)
3229 4090 7654 2761 6456
Land development
(5.9) (6.3) (7.3) (2.4) (8.8)
2554 2265 1318 273 575
Flood control and protection
(4.7) (3.5) (1.3) (0.2) (0.8)
25521 22056 28631 9410 17861
Rural connectivity
(46.8) (34.0) (27.3) (8.2) (24.4)
294 204 19973 76031 1586
Any other activity
(0.5) (0.3) (19.1) (66.4) (2.2)
54589 64846 104832 114425 73183
Total Works Completed
(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)
Note : Figures in the parentheses denote percent share to total works completed
Source : Department of Rural Development, GOB

The distribution of completed works under MGNREGS by different categories is presented in

Table 7.6 for the last five years. The projects for Drought Proofing and Rural Connectivity have
dominated the scheme during 2015-16, accounting for 53.4 and 24.4 percent of the total projects
208
respectively. The share of different categories of work, however, has varied much in different
years. But ultimately, all these projects help in growth of rural infrastructure and expansion of
livelihood options for the rural people.

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)

Since November, 2016, Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana (PMAY) is the new name of erstwhile
Indira Awas Yojana (IAY). It is a flagship programme of the Ministry of Rural Development and
it has been in operation since 1985-86. This scheme is designed to provide shelter to houseless
people living in rural areas by 2022, with special thrust on scheduled castes, scheduled tribes,
freed bonded labourers and other disadvantaged households living below poverty line. Under this
scheme, 3 percent of the total funds is earmarked for physically challenged persons. The amount
of assistance under this scheme has been enhanced from Rs. 70,000 to Rs. 1,20,000 in plain areas
and from Rs. 75,000 to Rs. 1,30,000 in hilly states/ difficult areas/ IAP districts. Presently, the
funding pattern of the scheme between centre and state is 60:40.

Construction of a PMAY house is the sole responsibility of the beneficiary. The engagement of
contractors is prohibited and no specific type, design has been stipulated for a PMAY house.
However, sanitary latrine and smokless chullah are required to be constructed along with each
PMAY house. For construction of a sanitary latrine, the beneficiary can avail of financial
assistance as admissible under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. The details about the performance of
PMAY in Bihar over the last five years is presented in Table 7.7. From the table, it is noted that
the physical achievement under PMAY has been more than hundred percent in previous three
years (2012-13 to 2014-15), but it has dropped to only 21.0 percent in 2015-16. The inclusion of
SC/ST households is also low in that year (5.2 percent), compared to previous years. Further, the
extent of fund utilisation has also decreased in 2015-16 (54.6 percent).

Table 7.7 : Performance of the PMAY Scheme

Annual Houses Completed (lakh) Percentage

Year Physical of Fund
Target (lakh) Total SC & ST Utilisation
2011-12 7.37 4.50 (61.1) 2.00 (44.5) 68.0

2012-13 8.36 8.40 (100.4) 3.72 (44.3) 75.9

2013-14 6.06 6.95 (114.8) 3.12 (51.6) 66.4

2014-15 2.75 4.99 (181.5) 2.48 (90.2) 66.2

2015-16 2.33 0.49 (21.0) 0.12 (5.2) 54.6

Note : Figures in parentheses denote percentages with respect to the previous column
Source : Department of Rural Development, GOB,

209
 Chart 7.1 : Performance of the PMAY Scheme

900 80
800 70
700 60
600
50
In Thousand

500
40
400
30
300
200 20
100 10
0 0

Annual Physical Target Total Houses Completed Percentage of Fund Utilisation

Public Distribution System (PDS)

The capacity of the poor to purchase food can be ensured in two ways either by raising their
incomes or through supplying foodgrains at subsidised prices. While the employment generation
programmes attempt the first solution, the Public Distribution System (PDS) is the mechanism
for the second option. The PDS for foodgrains is one of the main vehicles which ensure 'food
security' to people of this country, especially the economically vulnerable ones. The PDS not
only aims to make sure that foodgrains are available in sufficient quantities at all times even in
the remotest regions, it also ensures that these are delivered to poor households at highly
subsidized prices. This involves procurement of foodgrains at Minimum Support Price (MSP) by
the government, its storage, and finally its distribution to the population through the PDS outlets.
Four essential commodities distributed through PDS outlets are wheat, rice, sugar and
kerosene oil.

The social background of PDS dealers in Bihar is presented in Table 7.8. The total number of
PDS dealers is 42,059 in 2016. The social groups accounting for major shares in PDS outlets are
backward castes (29.3 percent), general castes (19.4 percent), scheduled castes (16.4 percent)
and Ex-Army Personnel (10.6 percent). These four categories together account for three-fourths
of the PDS outlets. The distribution of PDS dealers by their social background in different
districts is presented in Table A 7.4 (Appendix). It is also observed that the share of backward
castes, extremely backward castes and scheduled castes among the PDS dealers is substantial in
all the districts.

210
 Table 7.8 : Social Background of PDS Dealers

Social Background of PDS No of PDS Outlets Percentage Share

Dealers 2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016
Scheduled Caste 6857 6891 6905 16.2 16.4 16.4
Scheduled tribes 323 327 331 0.8 0.8 0.8
Backward Caste 12445 12463 12337 29.3 29.6 29.3
Extremely Backward Caste 3068 3109 3203 7.2 7.4 7.6
Minority 3036 2812 2806 7.2 6.7 6.7
Women 3387 3361 3344 8.0 8.0 8.0
Women Self Help Groups 202 209 204 0.5 0.5 0.5
Other Self Help Groups 118 105 102 0.3 0.2 0.2
Co-operative Society
4579 4494 4469 10.8 10.7 10.6
(Ex-Army Personnel)
Handicapped 177 180 178 0.4 0.4 0.4
General Castes 8259 8190 8180 19.5 19.4 19.4
Total 42451 42141 42059 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source : Department of Food and Consumer Protection, GOB

Although sugar and kerosene are also included, wheat and rice are relatively more important
items under PDS. After the enactment of National Food Security Act, 2013, PDS is implemented
under two schemes in Bihar (1) Antyodaya providing 35 kgs of foodgrains per month to
Antyodaya households (21 kgs of rice and 14 kgs of wheat) and (2) Priority Household (PHH)
Scheme providing 5 kgs of foodgrains per month to each eligible beneficiary of a household
(3 kgs of rice and 2 kgs of wheat). The operational details of the PDS in Bihar in last three years
is presented in Table 7.9. As regards quantum of allotment, it was 10.6 lakh tonnes for wheat in
2013-14, which was nearly doubled (21.0 lakh tonnes) in 2015-16. For rice, the increase was
even higher, from 12.9 tonnes in 2013-14 to 29.7 lakh tonnes in 2015-16, implying an increase of
about 130 percent. Because of the immense demand for benefits under PDS, the lifting
percentage was close to 100 percent for both wheat and rice, in all the three years.

Table 7.9 : Allotment and Lifting of Rice and Wheat under PDS in Bihar

(tonnes)
Wheat Rice
Year Lifting Lifting
Allotment Lifting Allotment Lifting
Percentage Percentage
2013-14 10566 10021 94.8 13407 12919 96.4

2014-15 19660 18637 94.8 29489 27919 94.7

2015-16 20965 20536 98.0 31446 29704 94.5

Source : Department of Food and Consumer Protection, GOB

211
The district-wise information on allotment and lifting of wheat and rice is presented in Table A
7.5 (Appendix). The lifting percentages are uniformly high in nearly all the districts. The lifting
percentage is below 90 percent only in Patna, Bhojpur and Bhagalpur for both wheat and rice.

7.3 Panchayati Raj Institutions

The Panchayat system has been the backbone of rural economy in India for ages. Gandhiji had,
thus, aptly remarked that the development process in India must begin at the bottom and every
village ought to be a republic with a Panchayat having its own powers. The basic philosophy of
Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) is that the villagers themselves should think, decide and act for
their own collective well-being.

As per the 73rd constitutional amendment, Bihar Panchayati Raj Act, 2006 was passed to
strengthen the three-tier panchayat system in the state. The three-tier PRIs in Bihar consist of
Gram Panchayat (GP) at the lowest level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad
at the district level. The chairperson of the Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad
are called Mukhiya, Pramukh and Adhyaksha respectively. Presently, there are 38 Zila Parishads,
534 Panchayat Samities, and 8391 Gram Panchayats in Bihar (Table 7.10). For election of
members in each of the three-tiers, there is reservation for scheduled castes (16 percent) and
extremely backward castes (20 percent). Secondly, within each caste category (general,
extremely backward castes, and scheduled castes), there is reservation for women members (50
percent). The most recent election for the PRIs was held during April-May, 2016 when 2.16 lakh
members were elected under the supervision of Bihar State Election Commission. An extensive
training programme is being organised for the newly elected members of the PRIs and Gram
Katchharies. For this, 248 state-level and 2123 district-level trainers have already been trained
who imparted training in the months of July-September, 2016.

Table 7.10 : Overview of Panchayati Raj Institutions in Bihar

Item No. Item No.

Zila Parishad 38 Gram Panchayat Secretary 3701

Panchayat Samiti 534 Nyaya Mitra 6947

Gram Panchayat 8391 Gram Kachahari Secretary 7474

Gram Panchayat Members 114733 Zila Panchayati Raj Officers 38

Panchayat Samiti Members 11497 Block Panchayti Raj Officers 528

Zila Parishad Members 1161

Gram Kachahari Members 114733

Source : Department of Panchayati Raj, GOB

212
To strengthen the PRIs, the state government has decided to construct Panchayat Sarkar
Bhawans in all Gram Panchayats. At present, sanction for construction of 1435 Panchayat Sarkar
Bhawans has been made, with an estimated cost of Rs. 1213.37 crore. Out of this, 637 Panchayat
Sarkar Bhawans have already been constructed and 184 are on the verge of completion. Further,
with the help of a loan amounting to US$ 120 million (Rs. 817.59 crore), the state government
has initiated Bihar Panchayat Strengthening Programme in selected number of districts, which
aims to make the PRIs more inclusive and efficient. This programme is planned to be completed
by June, 2019.

Table 7.11 : Expenditure Level of PRIs

(Rs. lakh)
2015-16
2013-14 2014-15
Heads ( Revised
(Actual) ( Actual)
Estimate)
Gram Panchayat
1. BRGF 38860 27821 0
2. RGPSA 0 0 5308
3. MMGY 15533 1084 100
4. Union Finance Commission Grants 73193 107105 229445
5. State Finance Commission Grants 61324 0 75307
6. Construction of Panchayat Sarkar
0 36863 12400
Bhawan
7. Contingency Grant 0 0 1072
8. Payment and Allowance to GP
163010 15383 28495
members/ functionaries
Total 351920 1188256 352127
Panchayat Samiti
1. BRGF 11103 7949 0
2. RGPSA 0 0 502
3. Union Finance Commission Grants 20907 30662 3355
4. State Finance Commission Grants 13249 0 17306
5. Allowance to PS members 1614 1946 2286
Total 46873 40557 23449
Zila Parishad
1. BRGF 5551 3975 0
2. RGPSA 0 0 400
4. Union Finance Commission Grants 10450 15287 1658
5. State Finance Commission Grants 6940 5026 8910
3. Allowance to ZP members 207 431 468
Total 23148 24719 11436
Note : BRGF = Backward Region Grant Fund, RGPSA = Rajiv Gandhi Panchayat
Sashaktikaran Abhiyan, MMGY = Mukhya Mantri Gramoday Yojana
Source : Panchayati Raj Department, GOB

213
As regards financial base of the PRIs, the Fifth State Finance Commission (2015-16 to 2019-20)
has made its recommendations. Under this recommendations, 2.75 percent of the actual total
expenditure of the state and 8.50 percent of the States Own Tax Revenue during the preceding
financial year will be transferred each year to the PRIs. The distribution of the total transferred
amount among the three tiers will be Gram Panchayats (70 percent), Panchayat Samities (10
percent) and Zila Parishad (20 percent). Under this devolution scheme, a sum of Rs. 1081.16
crore has been sanctioned in 2016-17 as the first instalment.

The expenditure levels of the PRIs have been presented in Table 7.11. The source of funds for
PRIs are many and the transfer from different source also varies greatly from year to year. As
such, there in no definite trend on the level of expenditures of the PRIs. For example, the
expenditure by the Gram Panchayats was Rs. 3519 crore in 2013-14, but it dropped to a low
level of Rs. 1188 core in 2014-15, and then substantially increased to Rs. 3521 crore in 2015-16.
Such fluctuations in expenditure level is also observed for Panchayat Samities and Zila
Parishads.

7.4 Distribution of Homestead Land

Rural housing is a serious problem in Bihar, as in most other parts of India. The PMAY (Prime
Minister Awas Yojana) of the central government takes care of the construction cost of the house
for the rural poor, but many of those poor households do not have homestead land of their own to
build a house. To address this challenge, the state government has been distributing 5 decimals
of residential land to landless households, belonging to Mahadalits, other scheduled castes,
scheduled tribes, extremely backward castes and backward castes. There were three schemes for
this purpose Mahadalit Vikas Yojana, Grihsthal Yojana and Tribal Sub-Plan. The details of
these three programmes relating to the year 2015-16 are presented in Table 7.12. From the table,
it is observed that 47.4 thousand landless households have been benefitted by the scheme for
homestead land. The financial achievement has been the highest for Grihsthal Yojana (85.7
percent), followed by Mahadalit Vikas Yojana (52.7 percent). From 2015-16, these three
schemes for providing homestead land have been merged into a single scheme of Abhiyan
Basera. A related scheme, called Sampark Path Yojana, is meant for improving the connectivity
of villages. Under this scheme, 98 villages were provided with link roads in 2015-16.

Table 7.12 : Budget Allocation, Expenditure and Physical Achievement for

Distribution of Homestead Land (2015-16)

Budget Financial Physical

Expenditure
Name of Scheme Allocation Achievement Achievement
(Rs. lakh)
(Rs. lakh) (Percentage) (No. of hhs.)
Mahadalit Vikas Yojana 2287.19 1240.64 52.7 40982
Grihsthal Yojana 672.18 576.29 85.7 4735
Tribal Sub-Plan 146.15 8.00 5.5 1637
Total 3015.52 1788.93 59.3 47354
Source : Department of Revenue and Land Reforms, GOB

214
The distribution of homestead land to Mahadalit families is one of the priorities of the state
government. For this, the state government either acquires Gair Mazarua Khas land, or
Gairmazrua Aam land, or under Bihar Priviledged Person Homestead Tenancy Act. In some
cases, it also purchases Raiyati land, or acquire land through other means. The details of this
scheme for 2014-15 and 2015-16 are presented in Table 7.13. It is observed from the table that
this scheme of providing homestead land to landless Mahadalit families has been implemented in
Bihar very satisfactorily and, during the two years (2014-15 and 2015-16), no less than 4.75 lakh
Mahadalit households have been benefitted through the scheme.

Table 7.13 : Details of the Scheme for Provision of Homestead Land to Mahadalit Households

No. of Mahadalit Household

Area of land
Achievement
Target Achievement distributed
Percentage
(acres)
Gair Mazarua Khas Land

2014-15 86224 87167 101.1 2938

2015-16 86158 88429 102.1 4533

Gair Mazarua Aam Land

2014-15 47963 44347 92.5 1103

2015-16 47055 47454 100.8 1131

Bihar Priviledged Person Homestead Tenancy Act

2014-15 56804 60207 106.0 1760

2015-16 58295 62108 106.5 1792

Purchase of Raiyati Land

2014-15 52622 42324 80.4 1255

2015-16 48839 42619 87.3 1258

Other Sources

2014-15 0 140 5

2015-16 0 140 5

Total

2014-15 243613 234185 96.1 7061

2015-16 240705 240750 100.0 8718

Source : Department of Revenue and Land Reforms, GOB

The above welfare schemes are implemented by the Department of Revenue and Land Reforms.
To improve land administration, this Department has also undertaken the following important
steps :

215
(a) Under the provision of Bihar Special Surveys and Settlement Act, 2011, the Department
has already done aerial photography of all the 38 districts. The work is under progress for
the spot verification of the records. The cadastral maps of all the 38 districts and revisional
maps of 28 districts have been digitised.

(b) The Circle office is the main source of land records. It is, therefore, necessary to maintain
connectivity among Circle offices and Sub-divisional offices. To ensure such connectivity,
the state government has employed Data Entry Operators in 457 out of 534 Circle offices.
Further, networking facilities have been provided to 531 Circle offices.

7.5 Disaster Management

Bihar is vulnerable to a number of natural as well as man-made disasters in varying degrees.
These include flood, drought, earthquake, cyclones, heat waves, cold waves, fire and attack
by extremists. Out of 38 districts in Bihar, 28 are flood prone. As regards earthquake, 8 districts
fall in Seismic Zone V, 24 in Zone IV and 6 in Zone III. In recent years, there has been an
increase in the frequency of disasters and also in their intensity. Thus, efficient management of
disasters is one of the priority areas of the state government.

Table 7.14 : Funds Allotted for Floods and Cyclones

(Rs. lakh)

Programmes 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Relief & Rescue instruments 761.0 1397.8 0.0

Supply of Dry Food 10279.2 1475.0 29357.0 12200.3 6115.3
Cash Dole Assistance 2976.7 1053.0 18792.9 9945.3 5266.8
Clothes & Utensils Distribution 39.0 171.7 109.1 334.0 7615.5
Supply of Drinking Water 35.5 59.7 41.8 24.1
Repair of Road & Bridges 260.2 280.2 14.5
Evacuation Operation 1774.4 2061.4 3712.8 1830.3 1660.6
Repair of Public Buildings 197.9 103.1 471.3 4441.7
Agricultural Inputs 1021.2 46.7 12116.2 3981.6 100670.8
Repair of Boats 684.3 584.7 713.5 633.0 541.4
Repair of Embankments and
500.0 1416.2
Irrigation system
Human Medicines 21.9 0.0 0.0
Assistance for Flood Accidents 275.0 107.1 349.6 363.4 287.4
Assistance for Natural Calamity
831.1
Accidents (except flood)
Total 17107.2 6017.5 66337.1 31657.0 128885.5
Source: Department of Disaster Management, GoB

216
The financial burden on the state government for disaster management was extremely high in
2015-16 when it had to spend Rs. 1289 crore for various programmes (Table 7.14). A major part
of this expenditure was for agricultural inputs (Rs. 1007 crore). During the last five years, the
second highest expenditure was in 2013-14 (Rs. 663 crore) and the lowest in 2012-13 (Rs. 60
crore). For efficient disaster management, the state government has prepared a 15 year Disaster
Risk Reduction (DRR) road map, following the Sendai Framework agreement, and Bihar is the
first among all the Indian states to complete the exercise. The state government has also signed a
MOU with the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (ADPC) at Bangkok for efficient disaster
management.

7.6 Environment
The protection of environment is a crucial requirement of any sustainable growth strategy. The
growth of population, urbanisation and anthropogenic development employing energy-intensive
technologies have resulted in huge pollutants into the environment. More recently, the
environmental protection has assumed special importance because of the accumulation of
evidence on global warming and the associated climate change.

Bihar has 9360 thousand hectares of geographical area, out of which forests cover only 622
thousand hectares (6.6 percent). Among the districts, Kaimur, Jamui, Munger and West
Champaran have substantial forest area. Valmiki Nagar National Park in West Champaran
district is well known as a Tiger Reserve. The forests provide a number of economic and
environmental services, including timber and non-timber forest products, protection of other
natural resources, and contribution to local climate control. The Department of Forest has taken
the following steps to protect the environment in the state :
(a) The state government has set a target to bring 15 percent of its geographical area under
green cover by 2017. For this extensive plantations are going on the sides of roads, canals
and rivers. By December, 2016, 387.44 lakh plants including agro-forestry have been
planted.
(b) The state government has established a State Forestry Training Institute at Gaya on 6.5
acres of land. This was done with the assistance from Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA).
(c) At Piparghatti near Bodh Gaya, a bio-diversity park is being developed, called Buddha
Vatika. On 23 hectares of land, this park will have all the indigenous tree species of Bihar.
A second bio-diversity park is also being developed on 163 acres of land in Kusiargaon in
Araria district.
(d) For the prevention and control of water pollution, the Pollution Control Board is
monitoring the water quality in 21 locations in the river Ganga and at 45 locations in its
tributaries and ponds. The state government is also ensuring Effluent Treatment Plants in
all industrial units.
217
 APPENDIX
Table A 7.1 : State-wise Poverty Ratios in 2011-12

Population below
poverty line Rural poverty
(Percentages)
Goa, Punjab, Himachal
Less than 10
Pradesh, Kerala, Sikkim
Andhra Pradesh, Haryana,
Meghalaya, Rajasthan, J&K,
10 to 20
Nagaland, Tripura, Tamil
Nadu, Uttarakhand
Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Gujarat, West Bengal,
20 to 30
Maharashtra, Karnataka
Arunachal Pradesh,
Manipur, Madhya Pradesh,
30 to 40
Assam, Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, Odisha, Mizoram
Above 40 Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh
Source : Planning Commission, GoI
Urban poverty Total poverty
Goa, Sikkim, Himachal
Pradesh, J&K, Mizoram,
Goa, Kerala, Himachal
Kerala, Andhra Pradesh,
Pradesh, Sikkim, Punjab,
Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya,
Andhra Pradesh
Maharashtra, Punjab,
Tripura
J&K, Haryana, Uttarakhand,
Gujarat, Haryana,
Tamil Nadu, Meghalaya,
Uttarakhand, Rajasthan,
Tripura, Rajasthan, Gujarat,
West Bengal, Karnataka,
Maharashtra, Nagaland,
Nagaland, Odisha
West Bengal
Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Karnataka, Uttar
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh, Assam,
Odisha, Bihar, Arunachal
Bihar, Manipur
Pradesh, Manipur,
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh

218
 Table A 7.2 : District-wise Progress under MGNREGS

Percentage share of SC Percentage of households

No. of households issued
households among with jobcards demanding
Districts jobcards (lakh)
households with jobcards employment
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Patna 5.40 4.94 4.99 42.6 25.54 0.00 14.43 0.00 0.00
Nalanda 4.08 3.82 4.01 46.00 37.84 10.50 13.00 10.50 12.24
Bhojpur 3.43 3.19 3.26 44.94 35.10 9.84 19.96 9.84 9.60
Buxar 2.36 2.35 2.63 28.54 32.17 15.27 19.61 15.27 26.37
Rohtas 3.78 3.42 3.51 48.95 32.79 15.87 19.94 5.87 13.05
Kaimur 2.10 1.99 2.06 43.97 39.58 15.82 18.52 15.82 17.88

Gaya 5.98 5.17 5.36 66.00 57.07 15.84 21.07 15.84 8.61
Jehanabad 1.22 1.32 1.38 43.80 32.18 13.45 18.84 13.45 23.56
Arwal 0.96 0.92 0.97 41.55 33.24 13.99 15.06 13.99 22.47
Nawada 3.36 3.59 3.83 29.60 30.86 12.77 23.76 2.77 18.66
Aurangabad 3.15 3.22 3.36 42.24 42.77 13.93 22.28 13.93 15.82

Saran 4.76 4.55 4.68 48.61 24.08 10.59 17.01 10.59 12.87
Siwan 4.10 2.88 2.94 25.95 19.04 9.64 9.65 9.64 12.26
Gopalganj 3.40 3.36 3.44 20.56 20.23 10.76 19.37 10.76 11.70

W. Champaran 4.38 4.37 4.46 35.01 19.04 7.56 34.57 7.56 11.70
E. Champaran 6.23 5.97 6.12 19.50 19.68 7.85 14.83 7.85 14.14
Muzaffarpur 6.50 5.86 5.94 24.11 23.98 7.82 12.82 7.82 6.65
Sitamarhi 4.30 4.22 4.33 35.95 18.23 18.72 22.48 18.72 17.53
Sheohar 0.87 0.77 0.84 22.31 22.46 16.05 25.10 16.05 36.93
Vaishali 5.24 5.09 5.36 46.63 33.73 5.24 8.58 5.24 9.19

Darbhanga 4.67 4.73 4.8 30.42 27.42 9.79 9.91 9.79 11.58
Madhubani 5.39 4.87 5.03 23.88 22.91 14.39 14.67 14.39 12.59
Samastipur 5.33 4.43 4.65 49.46 30.95 11.06 9.79 11.06 15.52

Begusarai 3.11 3.00 3.13 23.92 23.48 12.52 19.40 23.09 11.05
Munger 1.81 1.76 1.83 19.26 17.02 7.36 8.27 16.64 13.11
Sheikhpura 0.96 0.9 0.98 47.28 38.70 12.92 23.49 37.3 18.45
Lakhisarai 1.45 1.46 1.55 24.25 23.86 11.42 16.21 23.56 18.03
Jamui 2.44 2.37 2.55 31.54 26.78 17.21 26.3 25.57 26.71
Khagaria 2.02 1.64 1.77 33.07 26.09 15.86 15.28 25.28 11.56

Bhagalpur 3.62 3.71 3.85 23.31 13.70 9.53 12.75 9.53 13.19
Banka 3.01 2.61 2.81 26.27 16.90 13.66 20.90 13.66 21.30

Saharsa 3.09 3.2 3.38 23.58 23.30 13.47 22.59 13.47 26.58
Supaul 2.90 2.93 3.04 25.16 23.32 11.59 17.50 11.59 17.33
Madhepura 3.02 2.93 3.23 27.44 26.79 14.11 20.39 14.11 25.67

Purnea 4.49 4.18 4.41 23.65 17.89 11.54 20.81 11.54 16.75
Kishanganj 2.52 2.35 2.45 12.52 10.63 13.11 15.62 13.11 13.73
Araria 4.41 4.02 4.18 29.68 18.04 11.94 12.43 11.94 19.92
Katihar 2.98 4.38 4.58 15.96 16.18 21.49 35.73 21.49 18.66

Bihar 132.82 126.45 131.69 33.53 26.25 11.65 17.67 11.65 14.61
Source : Department of Rural Development, GOB
(Contd...)

219
 Table A 7.2 : District-wise Progress under MGNREGS (Contd.)

Household getting 100 days Percentage share of women

Person days of employment
of employment as in total employment
Districts generated (lakh)
percentage those obtaining generated
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Patna 3.21 0.00 0.00 28.24 0.00 0.00 35.08 0.00 0.00
Nalanda 9.45 9.28 5.17 25.19 17.93 18.44 39.18 43.69 45.81
Bhojpur 2.19 4.97 3.64 13.77 8.66 8.19 25.75 26.34 30.63
Buxar 6.63 4.46 8.71 19.83 10.08 29.68 18.45 29.38 29.7
Rohtas 1.78 1.76 2.19 23.86 13.41 11.63 19.03 21.02 25.19
Kaimur 7.7 7.31 2.66 18.25 10.61 11.92 19.54 23.76 29.4

Gaya 7.54 3.59 0.31 73.75 24.47 10.16 39.46 46.22 53.6
Jehanabad 5.5 5.68 12.01 8.03 5.22 15.35 37.98 41.91 43.4
Arwal 4.79 1.19 2.43 4.95 2.33 6.45 33.94 33.79 40.5
Nawada 1.94 1.28 3.47 22.43 10.68 26.67 41.94 46.62 50.4
Aurangabad 9.47 4.76 4.54 28.23 14.14 21.01 25.61 29.38 32.32

Saran 7.87 1.96 5.64 31.82 9.49 25.11 22.17 26.9 21.21
Siwan 5.07 0.91 5.76 15.95 5.25 11.71 21.87 24.51 26.44
Gopalganj 8.54 2.14 2.2 26.77 8.92 12.31 31.41 33.87 27.76

W. Champaran 4.17 6.18 2.15 39.34 11.94 18.09 30.96 30.23 32.19
E. Champaran 6.16 5.25 3.81 40.99 16.69 34.3 32.35 30.75 32.79
Muzaffarpur 4.67 1.98 2.25 32.44 11.22 12.3 33.69 34.05 36.64
Sitamarhi 4.91 0.62 2.16 26.54 12.64 20.53 34.09 38.59 41.76
Sheohar 3.84 1.28 5.52 8.66 3.32 15.32 63.34 46.36 46.13
Vaishali 6.75 2.11 2.98 17.05 6.21 16.09 32.32 35.18 43.85

Darbhanga 0.84 2.29 3.81 14.69 12.55 18.84 41.29 47.35 47.58
Madhubani 2.54 2.01 2.21 18.82 14.11 21.47 40.63 42.55 48.48
Samastipur 3.82 4.51 4.77 25.36 13.27 26.9 37.83 42.43 45.76

Begusarai 4.3 3.95 2.62 21.88 10.45 9.36 56.9 57.92 53.78
Munger 1.26 0.99 5.79 3.74 2.23 8.19 27.31 32.17 39.27
Sheikhpura 4.31 1.55 4.29 9.48 2.79 7.01 40.98 41.91 45.23
Lakhisarai 5.12 6.17 5.19 9.04 5.17 11.92 38.2 42.13 43.9
Jamui 9.19 3.24 5.1 31.77 13.69 26.05 39.28 40.54 43.75
Khagaria 2.16 0.59 0.31 10.22 3.21 4.16 41.85 44.59 53.49

Bhagalpur 7.27 6.3 4.85 18.78 9.59 17.44 28.23 32.66 39.25
Banka 5.53 2.53 4.02 21.74 6.39 19.26 35.3 33.07 42.25

Saharsa 1.52 0.72 3.7 22.04 10.98 39.04 47.18 46.66 48.05
Supaul 4.03 1.87 3.46 17.81 6.81 18.98 36.26 36.31 42.85
Madhepura 9.38 1.62 5.24 24.13 9.34 34.79 32.99 41.33 48.57

Purnea 1.85 0.57 1.95 27.11 6.56 24.49 35.89 37.23 46.69
Kishanganj 3.22 0.94 2.98 14.81 4.03 11.5 37.85 29.05 39.06
Araria 2.83 0.78 3.3 16.99 5.9 21.62 27.46 32.1 41.08
Katihar 2.28 1.53 2.36 31.15 12.32 25.51 39.74 39.47 45.73

Bihar 4.82 2.98 3.9 845.65 352.6 671.78 34.35 37.32 40.84
Source: Department of Rural Development, GOB
(Concluded)

220
 Table A 7.3 : District-wise Financial Progress under MGNREGS

Fund Fund Percentage Fund Fund Percentage Fund Fund Percentage

available utilised of available utilised of available utilised of
Districts (Rs. lakh) (Rs. lakh) utilisation (Rs. lakh) (Rs. lakh) utilisation (Rs. lakh) (Rs. lakh) utilisation
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Patna 11853.06 8862.71 74.8 9202.19 4749.13 51.61 4457.27 2009.1 45.07
Nalanda 6566.57 5450.92 83 4179.27 3697.54 88.47 4961.62 4481.63 90.33
Bhojpur 4967.73 4015.12 80.8 3314.39 2669.81 80.55 3122 2717.44 87.04
Buxar 6637.79 6044.22 91.1 3579.49 3037.28 84.85 8217.59 7703.5 93.74
Rohtas 6960.18 5850.29 84.1 3827.8 2961.3 77.36 3475.44 2807.62 80.78
Kaimur 4835.37 4140.54 85.6 2485.55 2049.17 82.44 3306.56 2882.12 87.16

Gaya 12581.51 10565.25 84 8826.93 6733.37 76.28 3991.61 1988.99 49.83

Jehanabad 2433.85 2043.24 84 2014.53 1751.1 86.92 4027.96 3759.45 93.33
Arwal 1218.62 869.81 71.4 755.25 613.47 81.23 1237.38 988.65 79.9
Nawada 6126.21 5763.42 94.1 3553.89 3407 95.87 7403.77 7260.47 98.06
Aurangabad 7963.25 6964.95 87.5 4737.02 3879.2 81.89 5602.5 5207.79 92.95

Saran 8208.64 7565.55 92.2 3732.36 2776.46 74.39 7484.76 6819.38 91.11
Siwan 6138.8 4198.52 68.4 3367.79 2308.76 68.55 3580.19 2517.24 70.31
Gopalganj 6080.87 5099.57 83.9 3487.48 2443.22 70.06 3350.8 2309.34 68.92

W. Champaran 10310.79 9102.82 88.3 4264.73 3274.29 76.78 4771.12 4078.71 85.49
E. Champaran 13863.29 12395.14 89.4 7282.04 6155.51 84.53 9562.33 8500.29 88.89
Muzaffarpur 10209.51 7853.13 76.9 6028.22 3504.54 58.14 5042.78 2518.3 49.94
Sitamarhi 7097.75 5331.33 75.1 5569.45 4384.22 78.72 5816.75 4622.41 79.47
Sheohar 3011.25 2400.19 79.7 1774.1 1289.89 72.71 9745.48 3107.54 31.89
Vaishali 5744.74 4265.81 74.3 3179.57 2324.94 73.12 3955.96 3295.94 83.32

Darbhanga 5609.34 4165.53 74.3 5090.59 3793.71 74.52 5089.24 3792.42 74.52
Madhubani 6828 5144.51 75.3 3604.73 2824.22 78.35 5203.86 4730.53 90.9
Samastipur 9194.47 6881.9 74.8 4913.36 3675.71 74.81 8306.25 7159.95 86.2

Begusarai 7047.15 5772.54 81.9 5540.03 4638.19 83.72 6557.46 6003.66 91.55
Munger 1554.41 1179.81 75.9 1295.68 945.36 72.96 2619.51 2469.06 94.26
Sheikhpura 2356.33 2153.83 91.4 887.17 808.08 91.09 1683.04 1649.57 98.01
Lakhisarai 3355.21 2910.39 86.7 1970.27 1784.81 90.59 3436.04 3274.4 95.3
Jamui 7789.22 6120.78 78.6 3162.38 3029.62 95.8 6803.48 6676.5 98.13
Khagaria 3020.05 2643.87 87.5 1653.59 1394.54 84.33 1019.56 811.82 79.62

Bhagalpur 7594.9 5678.26 74.8 4075.77 3446.07 84.55 4892.61 4535.23 92.7
Banka 6508.8 5968.6 91.7 2735.15 2216.97 81.05 4375.11 3903.19 89.21

Saharsa 4284.76 3652.68 85.2 4660.39 4347.44 93.28 6654.82 6377 95.83
Supaul 6134.89 3387.29 55.2 4666.8 2497.91 53.53 5805.13 3750.25 64.6
Madhepura 5857.97 5170.86 88.3 2701.95 2396.64 88.7 8226.88 7894.32 95.96

Purnea 8651.97 6931.62 80.1 4411.22 3377.9 76.58 6131.96 5116.32 83.44
Kishanganj 4659.4 4152.36 89.1 2213.29 1683.09 76.04 2380.07 1896.88 79.7
Araria 5605.59 3973.78 70.9 4100.05 2773.44 67.64 6280.66 5023.71 79.99
Katihar 9315.09 8452.63 90.7 4797.88 4452.59 92.8 7483.49 6762.6 90.37

Bihar 248177.33 203123.77 81.8 189194.09 115091.53 60.83 198010.61 162439.11 82.04
Source : Department of Rural Development, GOB

221
 Table A 7.4 : District-wise Distribution of PDS Dealers by Their Social Background in Bihar

Percentage of Dealers belonging to

Helper
Number Samiti/
District of Women / PACS/
Dealers SC/ ST BC/ EBC Minority Women Other Samiti General Total
SHG of Ex-
Army
Personnel
Patna 2554 17.4 46.6 2.7 10.0 1.3 6.8 15.2 100.0
Nalanda 1196 14.7 41.7 4.0 9.7 2.7 15.2 12.0 100.0
Bhojpur 1280 13.4 40.5 3.5 5.9 0.9 9.8 25.9 100.0
Buxar 741 20.8 33.9 3.0 5.8 2.0 14.7 19.8 100.0
Rohtas 991 22.1 36.7 5.9 5.9 1.6 11.4 16.4 100.0
Kaimur 615 24.1 39.7 6.8 8.6 0.0 4.4 16.4 100.0

Gaya 1869 30.7 32.4 5.0 5.7 2.0 10.2 14.0 100.0
Jehanabad 483 17.6 29.8 4.3 8.7 0.8 14.7 24.0 100.0
Arwal 327 27.5 29.1 4.3 5.2 0.3 19.9 13.8 100.0
Nawada 900 15.3 34.2 4.6 10.8 1.0 13.2 20.9 100.0
Aurangabad 1163 18.1 34.6 5.3 4.3 0.3 10.7 26.8 100.0

Saran 2415 11.8 31.5 2.4 15.9 0.5 10.6 27.4 100.0
Siwan 1557 13.2 36.5 8.2 5.8 0.6 6.6 29.1 100.0
Gopalganj 1190 13.9 28.7 2.8 6.9 0.3 16.1 31.4 100.0

W. Champaran 1945 20.4 31.3 12.0 6.3 0.7 12.4 16.9 100.0
E. Champaran 2169 13.2 38.1 9.0 5.1 0.9 9.6 24.0 100.0
Muzaffarpur 1976 18.2 30.9 4.0 9.1 1.6 11.3 24.9 100.0
Sitamarhi 954 17.3 42.3 6.8 6.7 2.3 11.3 13.2 100.0
Sheohar 276 13.4 30.4 4.7 6.5 1.1 15.6 28.3 100.0
Vaishali 1451 15.5 38.7 1.7 6.9 1.4 14.4 21.4 100.0

Darbhanga 1241 11.5 31.8 11.1 9.6 1.0 8.1 26.9 100.0
Madhubani 1539 19.8 36.6 7.3 5.3 1.2 11.8 17.9 100.0
Samastipur 1524 19.8 35.9 2.4 5.1 0.4 11.9 24.7 100.0

Begusarai 1021 27.3 27.3 4.3 11.9 0.3 4.3 24.5 100.0
Munger 584 8.4 48.1 5.7 9.8 0.5 12.0 15.6 100.0
Sheikhpura 289 16.6 36.3 2.4 6.6 0.0 12.5 25.6 100.0
Lakhisarai 388 11.3 33.8 2.6 10.3 2.6 10.6 28.9 100.0
Jamui 759 19.8 34.3 3.4 4.3 0.3 13.0 24.9 100.0
Khagaria 591 16.8 52.1 3.4 9.6 4.1 5.6 8.5 100.0

Bhagalpur 1320 15.0 46.1 10.4 7.3 1.1 9.2 10.8 100.0
Banka 792 15.3 46.2 7.8 8.7 3.9 4.7 13.4 100.0

Saharsa 711 17.0 40.4 8.9 4.6 1.5 15.6 12.0 100.0
Supaul 714 11.8 46.8 8.8 4.2 0.0 15.1 13.3 100.0
Madhepura 586 14.0 48.0 4.9 7.2 0.2 16.9 8.9 100.0

Purnea 1154 18.6 36.1 16.2 9.7 3.5 5.5 10.3 100.0
Kishanganj 590 15.1 38.5 16.1 13.4 0.7 8.1 8.1 100.0
Araria 1182 15.7 31.5 24.5 14.7 0.1 6.9 6.7 100.0
Katihar 1022 18.5 38.3 10.7 3.6 0.1 13.0 15.9 100.0

Bihar 42059 17.2 36.9 6.7 8.0 1.2 10.6 19.4 100.0
Source : Department of Food and Consumer Protection, GOB

222
Table A 7.5 : District-wise Allotment and Lifting of Wheat and Rice under NFSA during (2015-16)

('000 qntls)
Wheat Rice
Districts Lifting Lifting
Allotment Lifting Allotment Lifting
Percentage Percentage
Patna 1094 863 78.9 1641 1150 70.1
Nalanda 533 533 100.0 800 786 98.2
Bhojpur 464 412 88.7 697 568 81.5
Buxar 230 223 96.9 345 342 99.2
Rohtas 448 448 100.0 672 672 100.0
Kaimur 246 246 100.0 369 366 99.2

Gaya 788 788 100.0 1181 1181 100.0

Jehanabad 175 175 100.0 263 262 99.5
Arwal 132 132 100.0 198 198 100.0
Nawada 419 419 100.0 629 629 100.0
Aurangabad 436 436 100.0 654 654 100.0

Saran 679 679 99.9 1017 1006 99.0

Siwan 580 580 100.0 870 847 97.4
Gopalganj 430 430 100.0 644 644 100.0

W. Champaran 808 808 100.0 1212 1206 99.5

E. Champaran 1061 1061 100.0 1591 1568 98.5
Muzaffarpur 977 975 99.8 1465 1373 93.7
Sitamarhi 748 748 100.0 1122 1060 94.5
Sheohar 140 139 99.1 210 210 99.7
Vaishali 755 755 100.0 1132 972 85.8

Darbhanga 918 918 100.0 1378 1303 94.6

Madhubani 1025 1024 99.9 1537 1492 97.1
Samastipur 983 983 100.0 1475 1361 92.2

Begusarai 669 669 100.0 1004 959 95.6

Munger 272 272 100.0 409 396 96.8
Sheikhpura 114 114 100.0 171 160 93.2
Lakhisarai 183 181 99.0 275 259 94.2
Jamui 354 343 97.1 530 514 97.0
Khagaria 392 389 99.3 588 528 89.9

Bhagalpur 592 529 89.4 888 785 88.4

Banka 441 441 100.0 662 621 93.7

Saharsa 444 415 93.5 665 619 93.0

Supaul 492 491 99.9 738 737 99.9
Madhepura 453 452 99.7 680 678 99.7

Purnea 730 730 100.0 1096 1082 98.7

Kishanganj 396 394 99.4 594 557 93.8
Araria 689 665 96.6 1034 975 94.3
Katihar 676 676 100.0 1013 988 97.5

Bihar 20965 20536 98.0 31446 29704 94.5

Source : Department of Food and Consumer Protection, GOB
_____________

223
 CHAPTER - IX
BANKING AND ALLIED SECTORS

Falling fiscal and current account deficits, reduced inflationary pressure and depressed
international petroleum prices together helped boost the growth of Indian economy during 2015-
16, despite somewhat depressing performance of the global economy. Foreign direct investment
(FDI) recorded its highest annual net inflow in 2015-16. Reduced inflation and macroeconomic
performance led to moderate easing of the interest rates. After two successive droughts,
agriculture sector posted modest growth. On the downside, growth of industrial output slowed
down compared to the previous year, and Non-Performing Assets (NPA) of commercial banks
continued to remain high. To correct the deterioration in banks balance sheets, the Reserve Bank
of India (RBI) had undertaken the asset quality review last year. It led to some marginal
improvement in the overall stressed assets ratio by the fiscal end, compared to its level a year
ago; however, the profitability of banks was affected by provisioning requirements. Continuing
efforts are needed to cleanse the banking system and enable credit to flow to productive sectors.
The recapitalisation of stressed banks still remain a very serious issue.

The financial sector has seen two major reforms during the year. A new monetary policy
framework to be operated by RBI was agreed between the RBI and the Government of India to
meet the challenges of an increasingly complex economy, and to maintain price stability and
growth. Under this new policy framework, inflation targeting became one of the objectives of
RBI. It was given the target of 6 percent CPI inflation for 2016-17 and 4 percent thereafter with a
leeway of 2 percent in either side. The second was the demonetisation launched with the express
objective of controlling black money, and curbing terrorist funding and counterfeit notes. It may
pull down the growth in the short term, but is likely to create conditions for long term growth
and stability, including correction in prices of cash dependent sectors like real estates and fall in
interest rates. It is also likely to nudge the country towards a cashless future.

The Public Sector Banks play a major role in financial inclusion, particularly in the rural sector.
In the near absence of a capital market, the financial sector in a state like Bihar is almost entirely
driven by the Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCB). Any adverse development in the
international and national banking scenario affecting the SCBs is, therefore, bound to impact the
financial sector in Bihar as well. The financial system is driven by the flow of finances through
intermediaries like banks, insurance companies, securities firms, mutual funds, finance
companies and pension funds, all the institutions that channel resources from those who save to

237
those who invest. However, the analysis of the financial sector in Bihar here will take into
account only banking institutions in the state which include (i) Banks that include
Commercial Banks, Regional Rural Banks, Cooperative Banks as well as other Cooperative
institutions, (ii) State financial institutions, and (iii) National financial institutions.

9.1 Banking Infrastructure

Commercial Banks

Table 9.1 shows the number of commercial bank branches in Bihar from 2011 to 2016 and their
location pattern. In March 2016, of the total of 6661 branches of commercial banks in Bihar, 55
percent were located in rural areas, compared to 60 percent in 2011. In comparison with a record
638 branches opened during 2013-14, the year 2015-16 saw only 364 new branches, with only
44 branches (12 percent) opened in rural areas, 224 branches (62 percent) in semi-urban areas,
and 96 branches (26 percent) in urban areas. The growth in number of banks in 2015-16 had
fallen to 5.8 percent, compared to 6.6 percent in 2014-15 and way below 12.1 percent recorded
during 2013-14, which was the highest during the last six years.

Table 9.1 : Distribution of Commercial Bank Branch Offices (2011-2016)

Percentage distribution of branches by location

Years Growth
Total Semi-
(End March) Rate Rural Urban All
urban

2011 4549 9.0 60.4 21.5 18.1 100.0

2012 4860 6.8 59.6 22.0 18.4 100.0

2013 5270 8.4 59.6 21.8 18.6 100.0

2014 5908 12.1 58.7 23.0 18.3 100.0

2015 6297 6.6 57.9 23.1 19.0 100.0

2016 6661 5.8 55.4 25.2 19.4 100.0

Source : State Level Bankers' Committee

As of March 2016, the private non-nationalised banks have 281 urban and semi-urban branches
and only 20 rural branches. These banks obviously take advantage of the relatively higher
purchasing power in the urban and semi-urban areas. Their location pattern does not serve the
objective of financial inclusion.

238
From Table 9.2, it can be noted that Bihar accounted for only 4.8 percent of all the bank
branches in the country in June 2016, though its share in country's population was about 8.6
percent. This share has nearly been the same over the past few years.

Table 9.2 : Distribution of Branches of Commercial Banks among States (as on June, 2016)

Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage

No. of share in all- share in No. of share in share in
States States
Branches India all-India Branches all-India all-India
branches population branches population

Andhra Pradesh 6084 4.8 7.0 Maharashtra 11284 9.0 9.3

Bihar 6015 4.8 8.6 Odisha 4280 3.4 6.0

Chhattisgarh 2179 1.7 2.1 Punjab 5791 4.6 2.3

Gujarat 6965 5.5 5.0 Rajasthan 6252 5.0 4.4

Haryana 4288 3.4 2.1 Tamil Nadu 9441 7.5 6.0

Himachal Pradesh 1439 1.1 0.5 Uttar Pradesh 15275 12.1 16.5

Jharkhand 2698 2.1 2.7 Uttarakhand 1852 1.5 0.8

Karnataka 9002 7.2 5.0 West Bengal 7073 5.6 3.5

Kerala 5981 4.8 2.8

Madhya Pradesh 5815 4.6 6.0 India 125863 100.0 100.0

Source : Reserve Bank of India

Cooperative Banks

The data for the State and District Central Cooperative Banks are shown in Table 9.3. It emerges
from the table that the number of State Cooperative Banks in the country as a whole increased by
72 in 2015, after a contraction by 22 in 2014. Similarly, in Bihar, both the State Cooperative
Banks as well as the District Central Cooperative Banks had experienced contraction in 2014,
but expanded in 2015, with the number of State Cooperative Banks increasing from 11 to 12 and
District Central Cooperative Banks from 277 to 312. The total number of Cooperative Bank
branches in Bihar was 324 in 2015, compared to 288 in 2014.

239
 Table 9.3 : Number of Branches of State and District Central Cooperative Banks (As on March 31)

District Central
State Cooperative Banks Total
State Cooperative Banks
2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015

Andhra Pradesh 37 36 37 577 334 611 614 370 648

Bihar 12 11 12 311 277 312 323 288 324

Gujarat 3 7 10 1247 1234 1313 1250 1241 1323

Haryana 14 13 14 621 604 621 635 617 635

Himachal Pradesh 197 190 214 205 219 255 402 409 469
Jharkhand - 5 - 122 95 122 122 100 122

Karnataka 40 42 42 604 652 701 644 694 743

Kerala 24 20 21 703 701 751 727 721 772

Madhya Pradesh 25 25 25 856 838 856 881 863 881

Maharashtra 53 53 48 3710 3721 3750 3763 3774 3798

Odisha 15 14 15 339 315 338 354 329 353

Punjab 21 19 20 812 800 816 833 819 836

Rajasthan 17 16 17 444 425 453 461 441 470

Tamil Nadu 47 47 47 784 782 782 831 829 829

Uttar Pradesh 29 29 29 1385 1336 1394 1414 1365 1423

Uttarakhand 16 15 16 243 235 250 259 250 266

West Bengal 48 43 48 285 287 304 333 330 352

India 1081 1059 1131 13655 13246 14060 14711 14305 15191
Source : National Federation of State Cooperative Banks Ltd. (NAFSCOB)

Regional Rural Banks (RRB)

With the promulgation of Regional Rural Banks (RRB) Act of 1976, the regional rural banks
came into existence. With equity holdings by the central government, the concerned state
governments and the sponsoring banks in the proportion of 50:15:35 respectively, the RRBs
provide a multi-agency approach for agricultural and rural credit in India.

The data for RRBs in Bihar are shown in Table 9.4. At the end of September, 2016, Bihar had
2092 RRB branches; in September, 2015, the number was 2058. Of the three RRBs in Bihar,
Uttar Bihar Kshetriya Gramin Bank alone accounted for almost half the total RRB branches in
the state.

240
 Table 9.4 : Number of RRB Branches in Bihar (as on September, 2016)

Semi-
Rural Urban Total
Urban
Madhya Bihar Gramin Bank 579 78 33 690

Bihar Kshetriya Gramin Bank 258 97 15 370

Uttar Bihar Kshetriya Gramin Bank 759 236 37 1032

Total 1596 411 85 2092

Source : State Level Bankers Committee

The total rural deposits of all Scheduled Commercial Banks in Bihar stood at Rs 54,834 crore as
of March 2015 (Table 9.5). Bihar accounted for about 6 percent of all rural deposits of the
Scheduled Commercial Banks in the country; this ratio has remained unchanged during the
recent years. Deposits in the savings bank constituted the bulk (64 percent) of the total rural
deposits of Scheduled Commercial Banks in Bihar.

Table 9.5 : Rural Deposits of Scheduled Commercial Banks by Type of Deposit (as on March, 2015)

Current Savings Term Total

No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Amount
State
Branches Accounts Amount Accounts Amount Accounts Amount Accounts (Rs
(Rs crore) (Rs crore) (Rs crore)
(lakh) (lakh) (lakh) (lakh) crore)
Andhra Pradesh 2,236 4.0 2,214 228.3 11,409 18.6 14,569 250.9 28,192
Bihar 3,297 13.4 2,789 300.2 35,034 26.8 17,015 340.4 54,838
Chhattisgarh 1,028 2.1 1,152 109.7 10,718 6.8 5,692 118.5 17,561
Gujarat 2,501 2.9 2,153 163.8 18,633 28.9 34,075 195.6 54,861
Haryana 1,610 6.4 1,444 81.9 13,392 7.4 12,499 95.8 27,335
Himachal Pradesh 1,091 6.0 1,609 53.9 11,942 19.2 21,875 79.0 35,426
Jharkhand 1,312 1.9 1,423 126.4 13,498 13.7 11,834 142.1 26,755
Karnataka 3,347 5.0 2,483 244.7 17,815 31.2 28,043 280.9 48,341
Kerala 453 0.7 362 32.3 4,231 5.2 7,699 38.2 12,292
Madhya Pradesh 2,283 4.0 2,253 220.8 15,257 17.3 13,245 242.2 30,755
Maharashtra 3,121 4.5 3,809 252.5 24,108 22.1 28,325 279.1 56,241
Odisha 2,348 2.9 2,105 217.5 23,350 25.1 18,000 245.5 43,455
Punjab 2,415 13.7 2,030 112.2 22,699 18.4 31,504 144.3 56,233
Rajasthan 2,624 6.3 1,393 185.2 18,085 16.9 15,184 208.4 34,662
Tamil Nadu 2,843 4.4 2,311 269.7 19,883 24.7 26,305 298.8 48,498
Uttar Pradesh 7,511 22.8 4,975 878.9 86,567 55.4 42,517 957.1 134,059
Uttarakhand 907 2.6 1,401 53.0 10,054 9.9 8,436 65.5 19,891
West Bengal 3,028 7.9 3,378 401.3 38,277 56.3 44,306 465.5 85,962
All-India 48536 121.4 47,848 4,370.8 440,380 447.5 427,448 4,939.7 915,676
Source : Basic Statistical Returns of Scheduled Commercial Banks in India, RBI
241
Employees of Scheduled Commercial Banks
From Table 9.6, it can be seen that there were 44,643 bank employees in Bihar in March 2015,
compared to 42,201 in March 2014. Out of them, 46.2 percent belonged to the category of
officers, down from 46.7 percent in the previous year. Bihar accounted for only 3.5 percent of all
the employees of Scheduled Commercial Banks in India in March, 2015. It is also seen from the
table that females constitute 11.7 percent of the total bank employees in Bihar, much lower than
21.7 percent, as found in the all-India level.

Table 9.6 : Distribution of Employees of SCBs (March, 2015)

(Nos. `000)
Number and
percentage
State Officers Clerks Sub-ordinates Total
of Female
Employees

Andhra Pradesh 26.1 (51.9) 16.2 (32.2) 8.0 (16) 50.3 (100.0) 10.5 (20.8)

Bihar 20.6 (46.2) 15.7 (35.1) 8.4 (18.7) 44.6 (100.0) 5.2 (11.7)

Chhattisgarh 9.0 (56.5) 4.8 (30.5) 2.1 (13) 15.8 (100.0) 2.7 (17.1)

Gujarat 41.0 (57.7) 20.1 (28.2) 10.0 (14.1) 71.1 (100.0) 11.5 (16.2)

Haryana 25.1 (60.5) 11.0 (26.5) 5.4 (13) 41.4 (100.0) 8.6 (20.8)

Himachal Pradesh 4.7 (45.8) 3.5 (33.8) 2.1 (20.4) 10.2 (100.0) 1.6 (15.5)

Jharkhand 11.0 (49.2) 7.3 (32.7) 4.0 (18.1) 22.3 (100.0) 3.9 (17.5)

Karnataka 49.0 (53.4) 29.7 (32.4) 13.1 (14.2) 91.9 (100.0) 25.4 (27.7)

Kerala 30.4 (52) 20.5 (35) 7.6 (12.9) 58.5 (100.0) 23.3 (39.8)

Madhya Pradesh 26.3 (53.3) 15.1 (30.5) 8.0 (16.2) 49.4 (100.0) 8.5 (17.1)

Maharashtra 138.2 (68.4) 42.7 (21.2) 21.0 (10.4) 202.0 (100.0) 55.2 (27.3)

Odisha 17.4 (51.5) 11.1 (32.7) 5.3 (15.8) 33.9 (100.0) 5.1 (15.2)

Punjab 29.9 (55.7) 15.4 (28.7) 8.3 (15.5) 53.7 (100.0) 10.6 (19.7)

Rajasthan 29.8 (55.5) 15.4 (28.7) 8.5 (15.8) 53.6 (1000) 6.9 (12.8)

Tamil Nadu 56.2 (55.7) 33.0 (32.7) 11.7 (11.6) 100.8 (100.0) 29.7 (29.4)

Uttar Pradesh 64.4 (52) 38.8 (31.3) 20.7 (16.7) 123.8 (100.0) 16.6 (13.4)

Uttarakhand 7.1 (47.5) 5.1 (34.3) 2.7 (18.2) 14.9 (100.0) 2.6 (17.3)

West Bengal 42.5 (52) 24.3 (29.7) 15.0 (18.4) 81.8 (100.0) 11.9 (14.5)

All India 730.0 (56.5) 376.6 (29.2) 185.0 (14.3) 1291.5 (100.0) 279.9 (21.7)
Note : Figures in Parenthesis indicate row-wise percentage share.
Source : Basic Statistical Returns of Scheduled Commercial Banks in India

242
9.2 Deposits and Credits
Per Capita Deposits and Credits of Scheduled Commercial Banks
Table 9.7 shows the deposits and credits of Scheduled Commercial Banks in major states of
India in 2013-14 and 2014-15. From this table, it is seen that there has been a significant growth
(13.9 percent) in the total deposits in Bihar in 2014-15 (increase of Rs 26,376 crore) over the
previous year. Simultaneously, the credit in 2014-15 has also expanded by Rs 10,400 crore,
implying a high growth of 16.7 percent, but much less than 25.6 percent growth witnessed in the
previous year. Bihars share in the total deposits of Scheduled Commercial Banks remained the
same (2.4 percent) in 2013-14 and 2014-15, and its share of credit improved marginally from 1.0
percent to 1.1 percent in this period. But, it is to be noted that the total bank credit in Bihar
accounts for just about 1 percent of the total bank credit in the country, while Bihar accounts for
nearly 8 percent of Indias population.

Table 9.7 : State-wise Deposits and Credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks in India (March 31)

Deposits (Rs. crore) Credits (Rs. crore) CD-Ratio

States
2013-14 2014-15 2013-14 2014-15 (2014-15)

Andhra Pradesh 440999 (5.5) 188628 (2.1) 490843 (7.8) 198614 (2.9) 105.3
Bihar 190434 (2.4) 216810 (2.4) 62462 (1.0) 72862 (1.1) 32.8
Gujarat 414792 (5.2) 477758 (5.4) 309819 (4.9) 347117 (5.0) 74.7
Haryana 193315 (2.4) 222685 (2.5) 150886 (2.4) 168893 (2.5) 78.0
Himachal Pradesh 51993 (0.6) 59876 (0.7) 18598 (0.3) 21115 (0.3) 35.8
Jharkhand 120341 (1.5) 142111 (1.6) 38248 (0.6) 42029 (0.6) 31.8
Karnataka 536909 (6.8) 634292 (7.1) 381438 (6.1) 429225 (6.2) 71.0
Kerala 281593 (3.5) 328399 (3.7) 190557 (3.0) 212161 (3.1) 67.7
Madhya Pradesh 224910 (2.8) 279342 (3.1) 135788 (2.2) 153034 (2.2) 60.4
Maharashtra 2028845 (25.5) 2150010 (24.1) 1821186 (29.0) 1977298 (28.8) 89.8
Odisha 164629 (2.1) 190074 (2.1) 73343 (1.2) 79696 (1.2) 44.6
Punjab 230021 (2.9) 261972 (2.9) 182003 (2.9) 196644 (2.89) 79.1
Rajasthan 201257 (2.5) 235479 (2.6) 175331 (2.8) 202956 (3.0) 87.1
Tamil Nadu 499974 (6.3) 545317 (6.1) 608742 (9.7) 649164 (9.4) 121.8
Uttar Pradesh 597679 (7.5) 672530 (7.5) 266630 (4.2) 305463 (4.4) 44.6
West Bengal 480108 (6.0) 553692 (6.2) 295914 (4.7) 320091 (4.6) 61.6
India 7955721 (100.0) 8922111 (100.0) 6282082 (100.0) 6878473 (100.0) 79.0
Note : Figures in Parenthesis indicate share of the states
Source : Statistical Tables Relating to Banks in India, 2015-16, RBI

From Table 9.7, one can also note that, as in the previous years, the Credit-Deposit (CD) ratio of
Scheduled Commerical Banks in Bihar in 2014-15 was the lowest (32.8 percent) among all the
major states, except Jahrkhand (31.8 percent). It was nowhere near the national average of 79.0
243
percent, not to mention the high CD ratios of Tamil Nadu (121.8 percent), Andhra Pradesh
(105.3 percent), Rajasthan (87.1 percent) or Maharashtra (89.8 percent).

The CD ratios in Bihar since 2011-12, according to data released by the State Level Bankers
Committee (SLBC), are presented in Table 9.8. As on September 2016, the aggregate deposits of
all banks in Bihar were Rs 2,38,384 crore, against a credit of Rs 99,454 crore, resulting in a CD
ratio of 41.7 percent, higher than the 36.7 percent in 2011-12, but lower than 47.4 percent in
2014-15. Even though there has been some improvement in the CD ratio in recent years, its low
level continues to plague the banking scenario in Bihar.

Table 9.8 : Credit-Deposit (CD) Ratio of All Banks in Bihar

Deposit Credit
Year CD Ratio
(Rs. crore) (Rs. crore)

2011-12 138163 50704 36.7

2012-13 161036 65364 40.6

2013-14 183458 85334 46.5

2014-15 211302 100261 47.4

2015-16 240288 103238 43.0

2016-17 (upto Sep 2016) 238384 99454 41.7

Note : As per the RBI data given in Table 9.7, CD Ratio of Bihar is
32.8 percent as of March, 2015, whereas the SLBC data
presented in this table depicts the same as 41.7 percent. The
difference is mainly due to the inclusion of funds loaned by
banks under the RIDF Scheme (discussed in Section 9.5).
Also Table 9.7 contains data only for the commercial banks
in Bihar, while Table 9.8 contains data for all banks in Bihar
including RRBs and Cooperative Banks.
Source : State Level Bankers' Committee

In absolute terms, the low CD ratio means that if the current CD ratio of about 42 percent in the
state were to increase to match the national level of around 79 percent, investments in the state
would have gone up by nearly Rs. 98,400 crore which could provide the much-needed impetus to
economic activities. The low disbursement of credit also indicates that either the industrial
activities are stagnating or the credit requirements of the enterprises are being met at higher rates
of interest from private lending agencies, eating into their profitability. This, naturally, is a
serious hindrance to industrial growth in the state. Further, this also indicates the flight of capital
away from an already disadvantaged state. However, it is to be mentioned that improvement in
the CD ratio will depend on the credit demand which is dependent on a number of other factors,
like availability of infrastructure (especially uninterrupted supply of power), market,
entrepreneurial skill and business atmosphere, for many of which Bihar is seriously
disadvantaged.

244
 Chart 9.1 : CD Ratio of Major Indian States as on March 31, 2015

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

Chart 9.2 : CD Ratio of Bihar

Deposit (Rs. crore) Credit (Rs. crore) CD Ratio

300000 50.0
46.5 47.5
45.0
250000 43.0
40.6 40.0
36.7
35.0
200000
30.0
150000 25.0
20.0
100000
15.0
10.0
50000
5.0
0 0.0
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

The CD ratios in Bihar in 2015-16 by the bank groups and their locations are shown in Table 9.9.
The CD ratios of Scheduled Commercial Banks in 2014-15 in different states as per sanction and
utilization are shown in Table 9.10. Both these tables are based on the RBI data which do not
take into account the credit available from NABARD under RIDF. In 2015-16, the CD ratio was
the highest for Cooperative Banks (58.9 percent), followed by the Regional Rural Banks (53.9
percent); for Scheduled Commercial Banks, the ratio (36.8 percent) was much lower. The shares
245
of these banks in the total deposits were: Regional Rural Banks (10.3 percent), Cooperative
Banks (1.1 percent), and Scheduled Commercial Banks (88.6 percent); for credit, the respective
shares were 14.2 percent, 1.6 percent and 84.2 percent. The combined credits or deposits of the
Regional Rural Banks and Cooperative Banks were a fraction of the total credits and deposits of
the Scheduled Commercial Banks; consequently, unless the CD ratio of the latter improves
significantly, the overall CD ratio in the state is unlikely to improve.

Table 9.9 : Bank Group-wise and Area-wise Credit-Deposit Ratio (2015-16)

Deposits Credits Investment

Bank Groups Area CD Ratio ICD Ratio
(Rs. lakh) (Rs. lakh) (Rs. crore)
Rural 4977678 1658668 33.3 -- --
Semi-Urban 5589069 1952522 34.9 -- --
Commercial Bank
Urban 10738175 4238576 39.5 -- --
Total 21304922 7849766 36.8 651661 44.6
Rural 1603087 966906 60.3 -- --
Semi -Urban 517340 237101 45.8 -- --
RRB
Urban 342545 123445 36.0 -- --
Total 2462972 1327452 53.9 31114 55.2
Rural 94000 69100 73.5 -- --
Semi-Urban 90300 53700 59.5 -- --
Cooperative Bank
Urban 76569 30768 40.2 -- --
Total 260869 153568 58.9 4373 60.5
Rural 6674765 2694674 40.4 -- --
Semi-Urban 6196709 2243323 36.2 -- --
All Banks
Urban 11157289 4392789 39.4 -- --
Total 24028763 9330786 38.8 687148 45.8
Source : State Level Bankers' Committee

Investment Plus Credit to Deposit (ICD) Ratio

The banks assist the economy not simply by giving credit, but also by investing in state
government securities and in shares and bonds of state undertakings, quasi-government bodies
and joint stock companies. Therefore, the total involvement of the banks in the economic
activities of a state is truly reflected not by CD ratios alone, but by the Investment plus Credit to
Deposit (ICD) ratios. From Table 9.9, it is seen that if the ICD ratio is taken into account, the
performance of Scheduled Commercial Banks improves significantly, compared to their CD
ratios.

CD Ratio as per Sanction and Utilisation

The CD ratio is conventionally calculated on the basis of credit sanctions in a state. A low CD
ratio, based on credit sanctions, would indicate the migration of deposits from one state to
246
another. On the other hand, a CD ratio based on credit utilization takes into account the actual
location where the credit is utilised. A comparison between these two types of ratios, therefore,
assumes importance. For the country as a whole, these two ratios would evidently be identical,
but the utilization ratio may be larger in respect of less developed states. This was indeed the
case in Bihar, as the CD ratio based on utilisation was a little higher than the same based on
sanction in both 2014 and 2015. (Table 9.10).

Table 9.10 : Credit-Deposit (CD) Ratio of the Scheduled Commercial Banks as on March 31

2013 2014 2015

As per As per As per As per As per As per
Sanction Utilization Utilization Sanction Utilization Sanction
Andhra Pradesh 112.0 116.0 111.3 115.9 105.3 108.3
Bihar 30.5 35.0 32.8 34.8 33.6 34.3
Gujarat 72.8 81.5 74.7 81.0 72.7 79.0
Haryana 76.5 86.0 78.1 88.5 75.8 85.2
Himachal Pradesh 35.1 41.6 35.8 37.8 35.3 36.6
Jharkhand 32.1 35.8 31.8 33.0 29.6 30.6
Karnataka 71.9 76.5 71.0 76.5 67.7 72.6
Kerala 73.1 74.0 67.7 67.8 64.6 65.4
Madhya Pradesh 58.2 57.4 60.4 63.3 54.8 57.6
Maharashtra 89.4 80.8 89.8 81.3 92.0 82.7
Odisha 46.3 50.9 44.6 46.2 41.9 43.9
Punjab 81.6 78.9 79.1 81.3 75.1 76.8
Rajasthan 92.6 102.9 87.1 91.4 86.2 90.1
Tamil Nadu 123.3 122.2 121.8 120.6 119.0 117.5
Uttar Pradesh 44.1 53.0 44.6 48.0 45.4 48.9
Uttarakhand 34.8 37.3 35.6 36.7 34.5 35.2
West Bengal 62.0 63.3 61.6 63.9 57.8 60.3
India 78.8 78.8 79.0 79.0 77.1 77.1
Source : Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India 2015-16, RBI

CD Ratio of Districts
Table 9.11 depicts the CD ratios of all Scheduled Commercial Banks as well as Regional Rural
Banks in all 38 districts of Bihar during 2015-16 and 2016-17 (upto September). From the table,
it can be seen that the CD ratios showed a wide variation across the districts as of September
2016, from a low 26.6 percent in Siwan to a high of 68.7 percent for Kaimur. The CD ratio was
less than 30 percent in only 3 of the 38 districts (Bhojpur, Saran and Siwan); these three districts
along with Munger showed consistently low CD ratios over the last five years. The better
performers (with CD ratios more than 50 percent) were Rohtas, Kaimur, West Champaran,
Sheohar, Begusarai, Khagaria, Purnea, Kishanganj and Araria.

247
 Table 9.11 : District-wise Credit-Deposit (CD) Ratio

2016-17 2016-17
District 2015-16 District 2015-16
(Sep 16) (Sep 16)
Patna 37.0 38.1 Darbhanga 38.2 35.4
Nalanda 33.9 33.5 Madhubani 32.9 33.9
Bhojpur 28.8 28.9 Samastipur 45.9 45.2
Buxar 34.2 37.1
Rohtas 45.2 52.9 Begusarai 49.8 53.4
Kaimur 46.3 68.7 Munger 27.5 32.1
Sheikhpura 35.5 40.6
Gaya 36.3 33.3 Lakhisarai 37.7 37.2
Jehanabad 34.1 34.4 Jamui 33.1 43.1
Arawal 39.2 38.7 Khagaria 60.5 63.6
Nawada 39.0 39.0
Aurangabad 39.4 40.6 Bhagalpur 44.7 33.3
Banka 43.8 46.8
Saran 30.5 27.4
Siwan 26.6 26.6 Saharsa 44.8 39.2
Gopalganj 31.9 30.1 Supaul 38.6 47.9
Madhepura 40.3 42.0
West Champaran 51.9 55.1
East Champaran 43.5 47.4 Purnea 62.1 65.6
Muzaffarpur 41.4 43.3 Kishanganj 69.5 60.7
Sitamarhi 39.4 40.8 Araria 57.8 58.3
Sheohar 50.2 52.6 Katihar 48.7 48.0
Vaishali 35.4 36.0
Source : State Level Bankers' Committee

However, the high CD ratios in some districts are sometimes related to high Non-Performing
Assets (NPA) of many banks, including cooperative banks; they do not necessarily reflect the
banks increased credit flow in the districts.

CD Ratio of Commercial Banks in Bihar

Tables 9.12 shows the CD ratios of nationalized commercial banks in Bihar. Among the Lead
Banks, UCO Bank had the highest CD ratio of 46.0 percent as on September 2016, followed
closely by Canara Bank (44.7 percent) and Union Bank of India (43.1 percent).

248
 Table 9.12 : Credit-Deposit (CD) Ratio of Nationalised Commercial Banks

No. of
2015-16
Banks Branches 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
(Sep 15)
in 2016
Lead Banks
State Bank of India 930 31.2 26.5 35.7 37.5 40.0 30.8
Central Bank of India 440 33.9 37.3 41.1 37.2 33.0 34.5
Punjab National Bank 559 33.1 30.5 37.1 40.6 41.9 40.8
Canara bank 227 39.4 39.1 42.8 40.2 43.7 44.7
UCO Bank 230 28.9 36.3 36.6 39.3 40.7 46.0
Bank of Baroda 236 33.6 35.1 35.8 34.8 41.6 41.2
Union Bank of India 153 36.8 22.3 36.0 41.1 42.1 43.1
Other Banks
Bank of India 335 35.0 37.5 38.5 38.5 40.3 40.7
Allahabad Bank 237 30.5 34.2 41.4 41.8 42.8 40.9
Andhra Bank 43 21.4 23.3 14.5 16.8 20.7 49.1
Bank of Maharashtra 13 17.2 7.9 8.0 32.5 67.4 69.0
Corporation Bank 41 75.0 20.4 57.4 89.2 72.0 89.3
Dena Bank 44 9.5 41.9 31.1 30.3 33.1 41.1
Indian Bank 59 32.3 21.6 60.6 68.8 79.4 79.2
Indian Overseas bank 61 17.8 36.8 50.2 60..00 73.0 73.3
Oriental Bank of Commerce 49 30.4 42.7 45.1 39.9 47.3 50.5
Punjab and Sind Bank 12 11.1 10.8 112.0 108.7 21.8 24.7
Syndicate Bank 57 39.9 41.4 40.1 40.9 41.0 27.3
United Bank of India 92 34.5 46.9 51.6 53.9 52.1 50.4
Vijaya Bank 34 21.9 22.8 25.7 29.2 41.4 44.6
State Bank of B&J 18 41.3 43.2 81.2 92.1 92.3 79.7
State Bank of Patiala 3 63.3 55.3 58.7 46.3 49.7 46.6
State 3873 34.9 40.6 40.7 41.9 43.0 41.7
Source : State Level Bankers' Committee

Among other nationalized banks, Corporation Bank had the highest CD Ratio of 89.3 percent,
followed by State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur (79.7 percent), Indian Bank (79.7 percent) and
Indian Overseas bank (73.3 percent). Out of 22 banks, 13 had registered improvement in the CD
ratios over the last year, others recording a deterioration.

The CD ratios of private commercial banks in Bihar need a separate mention (Table 9.13). As of
2015-16, there were 281 branches of 10 private banks in Bihar, compared to 239 branches in
2014-15. Their CD ratios varied from nil to 59.4 percent. The combined CD ratio for these banks
was 49.0 percent in March 2016. Except for the 20 rural branches of only four banks (Axis Bank,
HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank and IndusInd Bank), all other branches of private commercial banks
were either in the semi-urban or urban areas.
249
 Table 9.13 : Credit-Deposit (CD) Ratio of Private Commercial Banks (2015-16)

Rural Urban and Semi-urban Total

Banks No. of Deposit Advance No. of Deposit Advance No. of Deposit Advance CD
branches (Rs. lakh) (Rs. lakh) branches (Rs.lakh) (Rs. lakh) branches (Rs. lakh) (Rs. lakh) Ratio

ICICI Bank 3 168417 8437 76 167133 157870 79 335550 166307 49.6

Federal Bank 0 0 0 8 24207 4270 8 24207 4270 17.6

Jammu Kashmir
0 0 0 1 6779 1739 1 6779 1739 25.7
Bank
South Indian Bank 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

ING Vysya Bank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

AXIS Bank 9 7100 990 64 390808 160516 73 397908 161506 40.6

HDFC Bank 3 2445 1096 87 395851 231311 90 398296 232407 58.4

IndusInd Bank 5 0 0 11 0 0 16 0 0

Karnataka Bank 0 0 0 1 2397 597 1 2397 597 24.9

Kotak Mahindra
0 0 0 12 36184 21492 12 36184 21492 59.4
Bank
All Private Bank 20 177962 10523 261 1023359 577795 281 1201321 588318 49.0

Source : State Level Bankers' Committee

CD Ratios of Regional Rural Banks (RRB)

There are three Regional Rural Banks in Bihar, each serving a particular zone: Madhya Bihar
Kshetriya Gramin Bank (sponsored by Punjab National Bank), Uttar Bihar Kshetriya Gramin
Bank (sponsored by Central Bank of India) and Bihar Kshetriya Gramin Bank (sponsored by
UCO Bank). Table 9.14 shows the CD and ICD ratios of these 3 Regional Rural Banks. Bihar
Keshtriya Gramin Bank has the highest ICD ratio of 80.8 percent in September 2016, while
Madhya Bihar Keshtriya Gramin Bank has the lowest ICD ratio of 41.0 percent. The overall ICD
ratio of RRBs in the state in September 2016 was 54.5 percent, nearly the same as in the last year
(55.2 percent). There was not much difference between their CD and ICD ratios.

Table 9.14 : Credit-Deposit (CD) and Investment Plus Credit-Deposit (ICD) Ratios of RRBs

CD Ratio ICD Ratio

RRBs 2016-17 2016-17
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
(Sep 16) (Sep 16)
Madhya Bihar KGB 42.5 43.4 41.0 41.0 42.5 43.4 41.0 41.0

Bihar KGB 72.1 75.4 71.6 73.2 79.3 83.5 79.6 80.8

Uttar Bihar KGB 55.3 56.8 57.8 55.7 55.3 56.8 57.8 55.7

Total of R.R.Bs 53.6 54.9 53.9 53.3 54.7 56.2 55.2 54.5

Source : State Level Bankers' Committee

250
9.3 Sectoral Share in Priority Sector Advances

Achievement under Annual Credit Plan (ACP)

Table 9.15 presents the sectoral profile of credit deployment in 2015-16. The priority sector
advances constituted 76 percent of the total bank advances in the state. The share of agriculture
in the total advances was 52 percent, about the same as in the previous year. It can be seen that
while advances to agriculture dominated the credit in the state, the advances made to the small
and medium scale industries were only 16 percent of the total loans disbursed in 2015-16, which
was a little higher than 13 percent registered in 2014-15. This lower volume of credit to industry
in Bihar is certainly a cause for concern. For augmenting the credit flow to this sector,
development of infrastructure in power, market and roadways would be necessary, along with
the revival of Industrial Estates. The overall achievement under the Annual Credit Plan was 95
percent in 2015-16, which was higher than that achieved in 2014-15 (93 percent). There was also
an overachievement in respect of credit to small and medium enterprises. This obviously
indicates a growing demand for credit for small and medium enterprises and the need to enhance
the allocation for this sector. The district-wise figures of achievements of Annual Credit Plan are
shown in Table A 9.1 (Appendix).

Table 9.15 : Sectoral Share of Advances under Annual Credit Plans (2015-16)

Share in
ACP Target Achievement Achievement
Sector Advances
(Rs. crore) (Rs. crore) (percentage)
(percentage)
Agriculture 42500 41350 97.3 51.6

Small & Medium Enterprises 12000 13097 109.1 16.4

Other Priority Sector Advances 7500 6399 85.3 8.0

Total Priority Sector Advances 62000 60846 98.1 76.0

Non Priority Sector Advances 21999 19238 87.5 24.0

Total 83999 80084 95.3 100.0

Source : State Level Bankers' Committee

The total credit flow in Bihar during the past six years is shown in Table 9.16. Under the Annual
Credit Plan of banks in Bihar, the total credit flow in the state has increased from Rs 68,797
crore in 2014-15 to Rs 80,084 crore in 2015-16, registering a 16 percent growth compared to the
21 percent growth registered a year before. The achievement percentages have been rising
steadily from 69 percent in 2010-11 to 95 percent in 2015-16. It is also seen that while there
were some variations in achievement rates among various bank groups, all of them performed
well (Table 9.17). While both Cooperative Banks (126 percent) and the Regional Rural Banks
(101 percent) registered over-achievement, the performance of Scheduled Commercial Banks
was 93 percent.

251
 Table 9.16 : ACP Achievement - All Banks

Target Achievement Achievement

Year
(Rs. crore) (Rs. crore) (percentage)
2010-11 37000 25552 69.1
2011-12 43200 32416 75.0
2012-13 51400 44521 86.6
2013-14 62000 57007 92.0
2014-15 74000 68797 93.0
2015-16 83999 80084 95.3
Source: State Level Bankers' Committee

Table 9.17 : Agency-wise Analysis of ACP Achievement (2015-16)

Target Achievement Achievement

Agencies
(Rs. crore) (Rs. crore) (percentage)
Commercial Banks 65032 60610 93.2
Regional Rural Bank 17968 18217 101.4
Cooperative Banks 1000 1258 125.8
Total 83999 80084 95.3
Source : State Level Bankers' Committee

Outstanding Agricultural Advances

The data on credit flow to agriculture in Bihar during the six year period 2010-11 to 2015-16 is
presented in Table 9.18. The agricultural credit flow expanded continuously since 2010-11. In
2015-16, the overall achievement rate had been more than 97 percent in respect of all banks and
more than 100 percent in respect of Cooperative Banks and RRBs. It was, of course, the
Commercial Banks that accounted for the major share in the total credit, which was more than 60
percent in 2015-16. The outstanding agricultural advances stood at Rs 35,673 crore at the end of
2015-16 (Table 9.19). This implied an average compound annual growth rate of 20.6 percent in
the total outstanding credit to agriculture during the six-year period.

Table 9.18 : Agriculture Credit Flow

(Rs. crore)
Commercial Bank RRBs CCBs Total
Year
Target Achievement Target Achievement Target Achievement Target Achievement
2010-11 9111 7058 (77.5) 5228 3188 (61.0) 1529 422 (27.6) 15868 10667 (67.2)
2011-12 12241 9689 (79.2) 7013 4882 (69.6) 1848 387 (20.9) 21102 14958 (70.9)
2012-13 14674 13203 (90.0) 8407 8035 (95.6) 2319 328 (14.2) 25401 21566 (84.9)
2013-14 18709 17786 (95.1) 10777 10676 (99.1) 800 307 (38.4) 30286 28770 (95.0)
2014-15 22191 21260 (95.8) 12809 13058 (101.9) 1000 362 (36.2) 36000 34680 (96.3)
2015-16 26554 24957 (94.0) 14946 15135 (101.3) 1000 1258 (125.8) 42500 41350 (97.3)
Note : Figures in bracket indicate percentage of achievement
Source: State Level Bankers Committee
252
 Table 9.19 : Outstanding Agricultural Advances

Outstanding Agricultural Advances (Rs. crore) Annual

Year Commercial Cooperative Growth
RRBs Total Rate
Banks & LDBs
2010-11 10664 3270 48 13982 17.3
2011-12 12426 3445 2418 18290 30.8
2012-13 15422 4219 2824 22538 23.2
2013-14 19231 5101 1047 25380 12.6
2014-15 23130 6311 1212 30652 20.8
2015-16 25281 8856 1536 35673 16.4
Source: State Level Bankers' Committee

Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)

Table 9.20 shows some selected indicators of functioning of Primary Agricultural Credit
Societies (PACS) in different states, as on March 2015. Though with 8463 PACS, Bihar
accounts for 9.1 percent of all PACS in India, it is much behind the other states in terms of both
deposits and borrowings. Also, out of the total 8463 PACS in Bihar, as many as 3962 societies
are making losses, their total loss amounting to Rs 1 crore, while 1180 societies have earned a
total profit of Rs 6 crore. The total deposits of all PACS were only Rs 175 crore, and their total
borrowings amounted to Rs 501 crore.

Table 9.20 : Selected Indicators of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (March 31, 2015)

Loans and Advances

Outstanding Societies in Profit Societies in Loss
No. of Deposits Borrowings (Rs crore)
State
PACS (Rs crore) (Rs crore) Non-
Agricul- Amount Amount
Agricul- No. No.
ture (Rs crore) (Rs crore)
ture
Andhra Pradesh 2807 1260 5491 4237 184 1222 50 1585 440
Bihar 8463 175 501 NA NA 1180 6 3962 1
Gujarat 8605 765 8886 9160 206 6038 92 1818 45
Haryana 663 497 7494 9113 385 46 29 617 413
Himachal Pradesh 2135 2283 100 586 11 1718 0 343 0
Karnataka 5625 6024 8521 10195 3056 3711 64 1191 46
Kerala 1642 58908 6593 9866 36282 1019 1608 545 1342
Madhya Pradesh 4457 817 10524 3400 119 2153 131 2129 178
Maharashtra 21199 188 12192 9972 1673 8977 5 12004 6
Odisha 2701 1182 14657 2739 80 645 26 2028 350
Punjab 1609 434 1555 1183 36 925 199 472 829
Rajasthan 5671 1395 5377 3012 187 4049 83 1113 34
Tamil Nadu 4490 7134 12319 6111 10744 2758 385 1732 512
Uttar Pradesh 8929 68 971 800 0 4536 18 1968 2
Uttarakhand 759 849 828 611 123 604 12 146 4
West Bengal 7402 1891 1799 1387 241 2344 20 4036 14
India 92789 84616 99980 73860 53471 43653 2829 37440 4378
Source : National Federation of State Cooperative Banks Ltd. (NAFSCOB)
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The poor resource base of PACS, their inefficient management and low level of participation of
their members are major bottlenecks for increasing the credit flow through PACS. As indicated
by NABARD, the limited capacity of PACS allows them to meet only partially the credit
requirements of their members. In order to improve their functioning and financial status, it is
necessary to develop them as Multi-Service Centres to provide ancillary services to their
members and help them to diversify their activities.

State Cooperative Banks

Table 9.21 shows the working results of State Cooperative Banks in major states during the three
years 2013-15. The recovery percentage for these banks in Bihar actually declined significantly
from 55 percent in June 2013 to only 22 percent in June 2015. The share of Non-Performing
Assets (NPA) in the total outstanding loans in Bihar was 12.2 percent in 2015, compared to 12.4
percent in 2014 and 13.0 percent in 2013.
Table 9.21 : Working Results of State Cooperative Banks

NPAs as percentage to Collection (percentage) as

Profit/Loss (Rs. crore)
State Loans Outstanding at end-June

2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015

Andhra Pradesh 73.89 1365.10 125.18 1.9 2.3 NA 97.3 97.3 87.0

Bihar 59.50 241.20 63.52 13.0 12.4 12.2 54.8 25.1 22.5
Gujarat 66.36 139.30 NA 1.6 2.3 2.2 98.5 98.5 56.5

Haryana 30.21 219.80 16.23 0.1 0.1 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.6

Himachal Pradesh 50.46 406.80 59.85 9.8 10.4 8.6 69.7 86.0 12.3

Jharkhand -0.52 -23.30 NA 37.5 55.5 NA NA 69.1 NA

Karnataka 31.00 345.00 30.30 3.3 4.2 3.8 97.6 98.0 51.9

Kerala 53.16 -635.90 -354.17 8.4 24.7 28.1 84.4 86.2 98.1
Madhya Pradesh 39.04 655.90 76.37 1.7 0.8 1.4 97.7 97.7 0.0

Maharashtra 391.17 4005.10 410.60 18.9 14.7 11.7 89.1 83.8 61.1

Odisha 12.64 140.50 15.61 4.6 3.8 2.9 97.1 97.3 65.8
Punjab 18.91 172.90 21.28 0.8 0.8 0.8 98.7 97.3 73.9

Rajasthan 23.53 151.30 56.93 0.9 0.3 0.3 97.0 98.5 86.8

Tamil Nadu 43.24 322.20 41.38 4.6 4.3 4.7 99.8 99.5 127.9
Uttar Pradesh 32.36 402.40 80.59 5.1 5.1 4.8 96.0 95.5 62.1

Uttarakhand 4.44 71.40 NA 10.2 3.1 3.1 97.2 94.8 0.5

West Bengal 10.04 -106.30 10.03 9.6 7.6 3.1 93.1 53.3 0.8
Source : National Federation of State Cooperative Banks Ltd.(NAFSCOB)

254
State Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks
Table 9.22 shows the working results of State Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development
Banks (SCARDB) in major states. Here also, the recovery rate in Bihar was very poor at only 6.4
percent in 2013, compared to the national average of 49.0 percent. In Bihar, the Non-Performing
Assets (NPA) constituted as much as 98.1 percent of their total outstanding loans in 2014 as well
as 2015. These ratios were much higher than the national averages of only 35.6 and 22.4 percent
in these two years respectively. The total losses of these banks in Bihar was Rs. 22.1 crore in
both 2014 and 2015.

Table 9.22 : Working Results of SCARDBs

NPAs as percentage As on June 30,

Profit/Loss
Branches of Loans 2013 Recovery
State (Rs. crore)
outstanding (Percentage)
2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2013

Bihar 131 -22.08 -22.08 98.1 98.1 6.4

Chhattisgarh 0 -9.56 NA 70.7 NA NA

Gujarat 181 23.50 23.50 43.7 43.5 45.2

Haryana 0 -36.13 -59.05 46.6 46.7 26.6

Himachal Pradesh 49 2.41 1.20 37.8 29.8 39.8

Karnataka 25 0.06 0.13 26.6 23.4 51.3

Kerala 14 21.11 23.41 3.2 1.1 72.6

Madhya Pradesh 7 -197.64 NA 86.3 NA 9.8

Maharashtra 0 -204.76 NA 99.9 NA NA

Odisha 5 -0.97 NA 100.0 NA NA

Punjab 0 25.67 26.10 2.0 1.4 63.6

Rajasthan 7 2.15 4.25 26.7 39.8 37.9

Tamil Nadu 0 2.67 2.90 19.2 19.1 79.5

Uttar Pradesh 323 81.79 20.00 46.3 43.4 42.5

West Bengal 2 -24.21 0.42 26.9 26.1 44.5

All India 824 -346.33 NA 35.6 22.4 49.0

Source : National Federation of State Cooperative Banks Ltd.(NAFSCOB)

Kisan Credit Cards

The Kisan Credit Cards (KCC) scheme, introduced in 1998-99, aims at providing crop loans to
farmers in a flexible and cost-effective manner. The scheme is implemented by all Scheduled
Commercial Banks, Regional Rural Banks, State Cooperative Banks, Central Cooperative Banks,
and Primary Agricultural Cooperative Societies. Beneficiaries under the KCC are issued with a
255
credit card-cum-passbook, incorporating the borrowing limit and validity period. The credit
limits are fixed, taking into account the production credit needs for a full year, plus ancillary
activities relating to crop production. At the discretion of lending banks, sub-limits for credits are
also fixed. The crop loan is provided in the form of a revolving cash credit facility, involving any
number of drawals and repayments within the fixed limit.

The number of KCCs issued by banks in Bihar during the period 2011-12 to 2015-16 is shown in
Table 9.23. For the Scheduled Commercial Banks, the achievement rates were high, it being 52.7
percent in 2015-16, while RRBs registered an achievement rate of 51.0 percent in 2015-16. The
Central Cooperative Banks lagged way behind their targets, their achievement in 2015-16 being
only 18.7 percent. The overall achievement for all banks in 2015-16 was 50.9 percent. The
district-wise figures of achievements of KCC scheme are shown in Table A 9.2 (Appendix).

Table 9.23 : Number of Kisan Credit Cards (NEW) issued by Banks

Target Achievement Percentage Target Achievement Percentage

Commercial Banks RRBs

2011-12 811209 579456 71.4 467080 204488 43.8

2012-13 811207 600343 74.0 467081 246987 52.9

2013-14 909186 675107 74.3 535348 387658 72.4

2014-15 903944 628370 69.5 537590 353841 65.8

2015-16 918912 484543 52.7 527226 269047 51.0

CCB Total

2011-12 221711 34946 15.8 1500000 818890 54.6

2012-13 221712 16492 7.4 1500000 863822 57.6

2013-14 55466 11325 20.4 1500000 1074090 71.6

2014-15 58466 13057 22.3 1500000 995268 66.4

2015-16 53860 10093 18.7 1500000 763683 50.9

Source: State Level Bankers' Committee

9.4 Financial Institutions

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)

The NABARD has a mandate for facilitating credit flow for development of agriculture, agro-
industries, village and cottage industries, handicrafts and other rural crafts by providing refinance
to lending institutions in rural areas. It also coordinates the operation of rural credit institutions
and offers training and research facilities. In addition, it manages the Rural Infrastructure
Development Fund (RIDF), created to compensate for the shortfall in lending by commercial
banks to agriculture. NABARD also provides loans to state governments for projects relating to
256
irrigation, soil conservation, watershed management, drinking water supply, cold storage chains,
and other rural infrastructure projects.

The details of sector-wise refinancing by NABARD till March, 2016 are shown in Table 9.24.
Total financial support provided during 2015-16 was Rs 6778 crore, less than the amount of Rs
7655 crore in 2014-15. There was substantial decrease in crop loan refinance, which was partly
compensated by increase in investment credit refinancing. During the year, the shares of
different components were crop loan refinancing (35 percent), investment credit refinancing
(47 percent) and RIDF loans (17 percent).

Table 9.24 : Sector-wise Refinancing by NABARD

(Rs crore)
Investment Total
Crop Loan RIDF Loan
Year Credit Financial
Refinance (sanctioned)
Refinancing Support

2010-11 409.7 285.9 640.0 1335.6

2011-12 700.0 376.5 638.0 1714.5

2012-13 1077.0 521.4 903.0 2501.4

2013-14 2338.0 370.6 1325.0 4033.6

2014-15 4370.0 2157.4 1128.0 7655.4

2015-16 2377.6 3219.7 1181.0 6778.3

Source : NABARD

Chart 9.3 : Refinancing by NABARD (Rs crore)

9000
Crop Loan Refinance
8000
Investment Credit Refinancing
7000
RIDF Loan (Disbursed)
6000
Total Financial Support
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

257
Under the Investment Credit Refinancing, NABARD covers a number of activities and Table
9.25 presents the extent of refinancing for each of these activities during the last five years. It
emerges from the table that the shares of five listed activities in total refinancing of Rs. 3219.7
crore were minor irrigation (1.3 percent), farm mechanisation (5.1 percent), Self-Help Groups
(2.9 percent), dairy (10.4 percent) and non-farm sector (2.1 percent). The level of refinancing in
2015-16 was increased by nearly 1.5 times compared to the previous year.

Table 9.25 : Details of Sector-wise Investment Credit Refinance in Bihar by NABARD

(Rs. crore)

Sectors 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Minor Irrigation 39.38 32.72 46.57 17.89 25.25 43.44

Farm Mechanization 81.92 97.76 250.84 67.27 295.60 164.77
Dairy 92.56 70.62 - 31.11 104.59 333.68
Self Help Groups 40.57 43.66 - 63.38 114.24 92.15
Non-Farm Sector 22.84 97.80 53.56 21.26 298.06 67.88
Others 8.72 33.98 170.46 169.73 1319.30 2517.75
Total 285.99 376.54 521.43 370.64 2157.36 3219.66
Source : NABARD, Bihar

9.5 Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF)

The RIDF was set up by the central government in 1995-96 for financing ongoing rural
infrastructure projects by providing low cost fund support to the state governments and state-
owned corporations. The fund is managed by NABARD. The scheduled commercial banks
contribute to the fund to the extent of their shortfall in stipulated priority sector lending to
agriculture. The RIDF was created to provide the following benefits: (i) unlocking of sunk
investment already made by the state governments, (ii) creation of additional irrigation potential,
(iii) generation of additional employment for the rural people, (iv) contribution to the economic
wealth of the state, (v) improved connectivity between villages and marketing centres, and (vi)
improvements in quality of life through facilities in education, health and drinking water supply.
At present, RIDF covers a wide range of 36 activities classified broadly under three categories
(i) Agriculture and Related sectors, (ii) Social Sectors and (iii) Rural Connectivity. For
Agriculture and Related Sectors, the loans are provided for 95 percent of the project cost; for
Social Sectors, the limit is 90 percent for north-eastern region and 85 percent for other states;
finally, for Rural Connectivity, the limits are 90 percent for north-eastern region and 80 percent
for other states.

Till the end of March, 2016, 21 tranches of RIDF have been sanctioned. From the initial corpus
of Rs 2000 crore under Tranche I, the cumulative resources allocated from RIDF-I to XXI were

258
Rs 2,42,500 crore, against which sanctions and disbursements were Rs 2,60,159 crore and Rs
90,023 crore respectively. Of these, tranches up to RIDF-XIV have been closed with a funding of
Rs 86,000 crore and an overall utilisation of 90 percent.

Table 9.26 : Sanctions and Disbursements in Bihar under RIDF till March, 2016

(Rs. crore)
Disbursement
RIDF Tranche Sanction Disbursement
Percentage
RIDF I - X 508 351 69.1
RIDF XI 459 418 91.1
RIDF XII 305 231 75.7
RIDF XIII 578 512 88.6
RIDF XIV 752 733 97.5
RIDF XV 674 637 94.5
RIDF XVI 1089 801 73.6
RIDF XVII 1048 721 68.8
RIDF XVIII 1490 1124 75.4
RIDF XIX 1764 1251 70.9
RIDF XX 1085 511 47.1
RIDF XXI 2025 308 15.2
Total till March 2014 8671 5290 61.0
Total till March 2015 9756 6418 65.8
Total till March 2016 11781 7599 64.5
Source : NABARD Bihar

The total disbursements made by NABARD to Bihar under 21 tranches of the RIDF loan are
shown in Table 9.26. For many tranches, there is a huge gap between sanction and disbursement.
Till March 2014, the total disbursements stood 61.0 percent which rose to 64.5 percent by March
2016. Such shortfall in disbursements of RIDF funds is a matter of concern for Bihar.

9.6 Micro-Finance in Bihar

The conventional anti-poverty programmes suffer from problems of delivery and are often
unsuccessful in making a serious dent on poverty, especially the kind of poverty caused by the
absence of a credit support for the poor households. This is particularly true in Bihar. In this
scenario, microfinance is a potent alternative for poverty alleviation, through affordable, timely
and adequate credit and other financial services for the poor people. In this background, the Self
Help Groups (SHGs) and the SHG-Bank Linkage Programme (SHG-BLP), implemented by
Scheduled Commercial Banks, Regional Rural Banks and Cooperative Banks, have emerged as
the major microfinance programme in the country.

259
Table 9.27 shows the status of SHG-Bank Linkage in major Indian states in terms of the number
of credit-linked SHGs till 2015-16. As of March 2016, there were 79 lakh SHGs in India linked
to the formal banking system with their savings balance of nearly Rs. 13,691 crore, compared to
Rs. 11,060 crore in the previous year. The total bank loan disbursed to these SHGs during 2015-
16 amounted to Rs 37287 crore. In other words, the SHG-BLP has so far been one of the most
preferred and viable models for financial inclusion of the hitherto unreached rural poor. Bihar
had 2.79 lakh SHGs at the end of 2015-16, about 3.5 percent of the countrys total; its share in
2014-15 was lower at 2.9 percent. The total savings of these SHGs were Rs 360 crore and a total
bank credit of Rs 611 crore was made available to these SHGs during 2015-16.

Table 9.27 : SHG-Bank Linkage in Selected States of India (March 2016)

No. of Bank loans Bank loans

Savings of No. of SHGs Savings of
SHGs disbursed disbursed
SHGs with (000) with SHGs with
State (000) with during the State during the
Banks Bank Banks
Bank year year
(Rs crore) Linkage (Rs crore)
Linkage (Rs crore) (Rs crore)
Andhra Pradesh 902 4146 11505 Maharashtra 789 857 1600

Bihar 279 360 611 Odisha 487 486 860

Chhattisgarh 160 160 96 Punjab 30 40 38

Gujarat 221 184 266 Rajasthan 264 187 322

Haryana 43 159 54 Tamil Nadu 852 920 4826

Jharkhand 99 96 66 Uttar Pradesh 364 382 294

Karnataka 962 1442 6259 West Bengal 831 1535 1954

Kerala 273 629 1407

Madhya Pradesh 249 248 591 Total 7903 13691 37287

Source : Status of Micro Finance in India, 2015-16, NABARD

Bihar, a slow starter, is gradually matching with other states in both formation of SHGs and
ensuring their bank linkages. The performance of SHGs in Bihar till 2015-16 is shown in Table
9.28. As of March, 2016, bank-linked SHG coverage in rural Bihar was 36.21 lakh households,
up from 29.18 lakh a year before. The average savings of Rs 12,924 per SHG in Bihar was still
well below the national average of Rs 17,324, and the gap has considerably widened in 2016.
The average credit of Rs 62 thousand per SHG was again far below the national average of Rs
2.03 lakh. The total loans disbursed during 2015-16 to the SHGs by banks amounted to Rs 610
crore, which was much higher than Rs 471 crore disbursed in the previous year. Their
outstanding loans at the end of 2015-16 stood at Rs 1002.48 crore, little less than the
corresponding figure one year earlier (Rs 1026.76 crore). The non-productive assets of SHGs in
Bihar increased substantially from Rs 71.3 crore in 2014-15 to Rs 132.8 crore in 2015-16. Such

260
non-productive assets in 2015-16 constituted 13.25 percent of total outstanding loans, compared
to a much lower 6.94 percent in the previous year.

Table 9.28 : Performance of SHGs in Bihar

March March March

Indicators
2014 2015 2016
Rural households covered (SHG: savings linked) (in lakh) 32.4 29.18 36.21

No. of SHGs having savings bank account (in lakh) 2.69 2.24 2.78

Average savings / SHG (Bihar) (Rs) 6127.0 13216 12924

Average savings / SHG (India) (Rs.) 13321.0 14368 17324

No. of SHGs provided bank loan 190171 189341 267338

Amount of bank loan outstanding (Rs. lakh) 89814.2 102675.69 100247.52

No. of SHGs provided bank loan during the year 40036 65122 98608

Amount of bank loan (Rs. lakh) 28400.0 47100.54 61056.39

Average bank loan per SHG in Bihar (Rs. lakh) 0.70 0.72 0.62

Average bank loan per SHG in India (Rs. lakh) 1.75 1.69 2.03

Gross NPA (Rs. lakh) 7057.6 7130.35 13280.12

Percentage of gross NPA to total outstanding in Bihar 7.86 6.94 13.25

Source : NABARD Bihar

Some major handicaps that exist in linking the SHGs to banks include the absence of reputed
NGOs and low awareness of the stakeholders about the benefits of SHG lending. As noted by
NABARD, despite the unique characteristics of SHGs and their accomplishments so far, several
issues continue to affect the programme like inadequate outreach in many regions, delays in
opening of SHG accounts, delays in disbursement of loans, impounding of savings by banks as
collateral, non-approval of repeat loans even when the first loans were repaid promptly, multiple
membership, limited interface with bankers, and monitoring. It is expected that initiatives taken
by NABARD and other implementing banks in organising sensitisation programmes shall result
in a more favourable environment towards the SHG movement in the state.

261
 APPENDIX
Table A 9.1 : District-wise Performance Under Annual Credit Plan as on 31.3.2016

A : Priority Sector Advances

(Rs. crore)
Agriculture Small & Medium Enterprise Other Priority Sector Total Priority Sector
Achieve- Achieve- Achieve- Achieve-
District Achieve- ment Achieve- ment Achieve- ment Achieve- ment
Target Target Target Target
ment Percent- ment Percent- ment Percent- ment Percent-
age age age age
Patna 1751 2533 144.61 2165 2957 136.60 2052 1943 94.70 5968 7433 124.54
Nalanda 990 886 89.55 380 419 110.12 105 90 85.62 1475 1395 94.57
Bhojpur 1741 1582 90.87 207 212 102.54 134 109 81.21 2082 1903 91.41
Buxar 1303 1272 97.63 269 233 86.44 134 116 86.33 1706 1621 94.98
Rohtas 1600 1582 98.88 544 534 98.12 142 129 91.07 2286 2246 98.22
Kaimur 1679 1458 86.85 200 174 87.14 71 64 89.55 1950 1696 86.98

Gaya 1510 1486 98.39 646 654 101.15 191 237 124.38 2347 2377 101.26
Jehanabad 523 473 90.37 103 123 118.95 83 67 80.61 710 663 93.40
Arwal 362 319 88.30 45 60 133.01 46 41 89.90 452 420 92.91
Nawada 620 481 77.59 102 182 178.92 97 79 81.35 819 743 90.63
Aurangabad 1320 1213 91.86 204 187 91.63 196 180 91.77 1721 1580 91.82

Saran 1516 1566 103.29 477 451 94.45 234 213 90.77 2228 2229 100.08
Siwan 1222 1223 100.11 260 290 111.60 199 177 89.14 1681 1690 100.59
Gopalganj 1583 1411 89.18 103 119 115.26 158 110 70.08 1844 1641 89.01

W. Champaran 1867 1862 99.77 476 508 106.78 350 339 96.82 2693 2709 100.63
E. Champaran 1884 1909 101.30 421 440 104.51 220 119 53.89 2526 2468 97.70
Muzaffarpur 2293 2222 96.94 634 693 109.26 344 332 96.32 3271 3247 99.26
Sitamarhi 962 827 85.89 217 196 90.00 80 62 77.14 1259 1084 86.05
Sheohar 218 189 86.81 16 20 124.52 10 8 77.77 244 217 88.96
Vaishali 1004 924 92.09 206 285 138.19 201 178 88.52 1411 1387 98.31

Darbhanga 880 814 92.45 313 307 98.26 131 162 123.43 1324 1283 96.89
Madhubani 1329 1140 85.81 293 314 107.07 134 90 67.25 1756 1544 87.94
Samastipur 1889 1828 96.81 539 440 81.58 195 145 74.61 2623 2414 92.03

Begusarai 1508 1543 102.34 718 846 117.86 380 228 60.00 2606 2617 100.44
Munger 461 509 110.48 167 148 88.46 150 104 69.62 778 762 97.88
Sheikhpura 286 278 97.28 47 38 80.98 30 20 67.24 363 336 92.70
Lakhisarai 394 345 87.60 103 80 77.43 69 28 40.60 566 453 80.02
Jamui 509 493 96.73 107 87 80.96 85 45 52.96 701 624 89.02
Khagaria 785 823 104.88 190 185 96.97 87 43 48.67 1063 1051 98.84

Bhagalpur 1017 1039 102.18 638 562 88.20 196 134 68.60 1850 1736 93.81
Banka 659 614 93.07 204 182 89.07 135 96 70.66 999 891 89.22

Saharsa 637 596 93.50 82 136 165.75 125 127 101.93 844 859 101.77
Supaul 701 667 95.15 55 97 174.10 104 69 65.87 860 832 96.70
Madhepura 741 712 96.18 55 70 127.70 76 68 89.25 871 850 97.55

Purnea 1383 1268 91.69 220 258 117.23 200 146 72.99 1804 1673 92.74
Kishanganj 1099 1074 97.76 190 197 103.94 101 86 85.55 1390 1358 97.72
Araria 1171 1136 96.95 215 241 111.74 100 87 87.39 1487 1464 98.45
Katihar 1103 1050 95.23 185 173 93.60 155 128 82.75 1443 1352 93.68
Bihar 42500 41350 97.29 12000 13097 109.14 7500 6399 85.32 62000 60846 98.14
Source: State Level Bankers' Committee

262
 B : Non-Priority Sector Advances as on 31.3.2016

(Rs. crore)
Non-Priority Sector Grand total
District Achieve- Achieve-
Achieve- Achieve-
Target ment Target ment
ment ment
Percentage Percentage
Patna 6513 5406 83.01 12481 12840 102.87
Nalanda 455 411 90.41 1930 1806 93.59
Bhojpur 476 363 76.23 2558 2266 88.58
Buxar 269 247 91.80 1975 1867 94.54
Rohtas 420 394 93.64 2707 2639 97.51
Kaimur 245 192 78.56 2195 1888 86.04

Gaya 788 600 76.12 3136 2977 94.94

Jehanabad 151 148 98.02 861 811 94.21
Arwal 101 88 87.88 553 509 92.00
Nawada 259 252 97.01 1079 994 92.16
Aurangabad 382 318 83.21 2102 1897 90.26

Saran 613 556 90.74 2841 2786 98.06

Siwan 647 505 78.03 2327 2195 94.32
Gopalganj 394 445 112.92 2238 2086 93.22

W. Champaran 584 531 91.04 3276 3241 98.92

E. Champaran 697 728 104.42 3223 3196 99.16
Muzaffarpur 1010 877 86.77 4281 4124 96.32
Sitamarhi 487 457 94.00 1746 1541 88.26
Sheohar 63 61 96.63 307 278 90.54
Vaishali 496 501 101.14 1907 1888 99.04

Darbhanga 716 547 76.44 2040 1830 89.72

Madhubani 617 562 91.06 2373 2106 88.75
Samastipur 669 585 87.47 3292 2999 91.10

Begusarai 519 400 77.20 3124 3018 96.58

Munger 455 398 87.49 1233 1160 94.04
Sheikhpura 74 59 79.80 437 396 90.51
Lakhisarai 146 135 92.55 712 588 82.58
Jamui 215 189 88.23 916 814 88.84
Khagaria 214 169 78.84 1277 1219 95.49

Bhagalpur 571 430 75.35 2421 2166 89.46

Banka 244 185 75.91 1243 1076 86.61

Saharsa 287 283 98.86 1131 1142 101.03

Supaul 329 344 104.78 1189 1176 98.93
Madhepura 306 334 108.86 1178 1183 100.50

Purnea 389 413 106.36 2193 2086 95.15

Kishanganj 193 199 102.85 1583 1557 98.35
Araria 309 301 97.44 1795 1764 98.28
Katihar 698 622 89.10 2141 1974 92.18
Bihar 21999 19238 87.45 83999 80084 95.34
Source : State Level Bankers' Committee

263
 Table A 9.2 : District-wise Achievement Kisan Credit Card (NEW and RENEW) Numbers

District 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Patna 18048 26233 60143 50522 54949 54317 72920 59086 62576
Nalanda 16175 22281 34946 42065 46476 63100 52078 54166 72243
Bhojpur 15918 27575 50759 59020 84537 86527 96033 90502 83704
Buxar 6775 10916 38447 32040 40533 79492 64988 51356 44428
Rohtas 19590 33141 56523 57664 76546 95856 78681 72125 93399
Kaimur 12094 24102 31488 29355 44165 63615 57317 63940 68044

Gaya 16371 52571 40101 41012 60645 85438 95487 86967 104281
Jehenabad 5348 12261 16095 25154 26430 18910 16732 14201 22675
Arwal 2932 4443 6691 8363 12753 13458 11095 13466 18684
Nawada 11217 25992 24837 28980 23731 36426 44285 42456 76641
Aurangabad 8638 28077 42494 42353 54786 67639 31695 54098 73834

Saran 14127 24233 32706 34841 39064 66255 72475 61317 91856
Siwan 14545 27750 38536 34165 36959 72170 55790 71073 97309
Gopalganj 13396 29824 42890 53928 60448 82846 97366 98799 88548

West Champaran 32431 47446 70194 75740 97812 86741 104247 98925 136403
East Champaran 26210 45138 74330 82860 104239 129858 147007 156795 160341
Muzaffarpur 20050 36197 61028 58142 71134 91760 96007 144851 142776
Sitamarhi 24403 19944 34675 30368 43467 62523 66492 47519 55148
Sheohar 2617 6646 6315 12123 7682 11305 27414 9874 49785
Vaishali 17144 30629 38763 45605 66709 82387 88732 80246 85168

Darbhanga 8011 20738 43993 26360 41682 56134 52021 39350 41375
Madhubani 15598 35420 38578 55261 72368 101067 95600 97564 129106
Samastipur 22783 38363 79075 80395 95785 94512 155580 154742 173892

Begusarai 14712 20694 57130 72811 89799 111447 152526 134323 134012
Munger 5608 10756 16559 16701 28053 19329 36372 36215 44197
Shiekhpura 3532 7882 6036 5216 12738 13617 12604 21867 13445
Lakhisarai 4587 10054 11401 15848 18074 16615 35836 39826 37066
Jamui 7382 13458 15779 22590 28020 30842 50855 64318 64644
Khagaria 9296 12375 30313 39919 57270 45848 69174 78560 76257

Bhagalpur 11477 22734 44740 37938 48747 45360 66863 65704 72439
Banka 4282 9463 21232 22829 36202 34782 36685 36018 47770

Saharsa 7250 13835 21763 18904 25224 32859 41012 47163 45351
Supaul 6296 57130 22830 16790 27256 40505 45482 46709 43301
Madhepura 6056 11620 12307 14707 24802 29932 36537 25387 20350

Purnea 13477 27434 51210 30384 55209 64566 64262 61973 68562
Kishanganj 7393 13680 14645 20790 36764 44189 51111 46034 54160
Araria 8558 16384 20225 29469 47758 54054 82371 53922 60216
Katihar 12213 19833 29760 31618 48620 45505 53031 49916 60839
Bihar 466540 897252 1339537 1402830 1847436 2231786 2514763 2471353 2814830
Source : State Level Bankers' Committee
__________________

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 CHAPTER VIII
URBAN DEVELOPMENT

The challenges of rural development receive more attention in India for the understandable
reason that even now the majority of the population live in rural areas. This tendency is present
even more in Bihar where the rural population accounts for nearly 90 percent of the population.
But a balanced approach to development demands that the needs of the urban population should
also be addressed. Further, one may also note that most of the secondary and tertiary sector
activities which generally contribute more to the growth process are all located in the urban
areas. The challenge of urban development in Bihar has two components first, providing
adequate urban services in the existing towns and cities and, second, increasing the pace of
urbanisation which implies either geographical expansion of the existing towns or gradual
transformation of large rural habitations into new towns. Bihar has witnessed a fast growth of its
economy in the recent decade, particularly the growth of many secondary and tertiary sectors.
This would have normally caused higher urbanisation in the state, but the census figures of 2001
and 2011 do not indicate such a trend. The state government is trying to meet this challenge by
implementing a number of programmes, some of them in association with the central
government. The state government has also been allocating more resources for urban
development in the recent years.

8.1 Level of Urbanisation

The level of urbanisation in Bihar, according to 2011 census, is only 11.3 percent, compared to
the national average of 31.2 percent (Table 8.1). Bihar is indeed the least urbanised state in the
country. The state accounts for 8.6 percent of Indias total population, but it has only 3.1 percent
of countrys total urban population. Apart from recording a low level of urbanisation, Bihar has
also recorded a low pace of urbanisation. Between 2001 and 2011, the level of urbanisation in
India has increased by 3.4 percentage points, from 27.8 percent (2001) to 31.2 percent (2011). In
contrast, such increase was only 0.8 percentage point in Bihar, from 10.5 percent (2001) to 11.3
percent (2011). This slow pace of urbanisation in Bihar is indeed a long term phenomenon.
Between 1961 and 2011, a span of half a century, the level of urbanisation in Bihar has increased
by only 3.9 percentage point, from 7.4 percent (1961) to 11.3 percent (2011). For the entire
country, this increase was no less than 13.2 percentage point, from 18.0 percent (1961) to 31.2
percent (2011).

Between 2001 and 2011, the number of towns in Bihar has increased from 130 to 199 (Table
8.2). The emergence of 69 additional towns over a decade is undoubtedly a positive

224
development, but many of these new towns are indeed small, having a population of less than 10
thousands. Out of a total of 199 towns in Bihar, only 26 towns have a population of at least one
lakh where one could expect the growth of secondary and tertiary activities. Patna, as the capital
city, has maintained its primary in the states urban system, as it accounts for 14 percent of
states urban population, followed by Gaya which has a share of 4 percent.

Table 8.1 : Urbanisation Trend in Bihar and India

Urban Population (lakh) Level of Urbanisation

Year
India Bihar India Bihar
1961 789.4 25.8 18.0 7.4

1971 1091.1 32.4 18.2 7.7

1981 1594.6 50.1 23.3 9.6

1991 2171.8 64.9 25.7 10.0

2001 2853.5 86.6 27.8 10.5

2011 3771.1 117.6 31.2 11.3

Source : Census of India, RGI, GOI

Table 8.2 : Distribution of Urban Population by Size Class of Town

Population Growth
Number
Size Class (million) Rate of
2001 2011 2001 2011 Population

>1 million 1 1 1.43 1.68 1.6

100,000 - 1 million 18 25 3.42 5.07 3.9

50,000 - 100,000 19 29 1.37 1.88 3.1

20,000 - 50,000 67 75 2.10 2.49 1.7

10,000 - 20,000 19 22 0.31 0.33 0.8

5,000 - 10,000 6 38 0.04 0.26 18.2

< 5,000 - 9 - 0.03 -

Total 130 199 8.68 11.76 3.06

Source : Census of India, RGI, GOI

The level of urbanisation across the districts of Bihar varies considerably (Table 8.3). The
urbanisation in the district of Patna, which obviously includes the state capital of Patna, is the
highest (43.1 percent). Next, there are only five more districts where the urbanisation is more
than 15 percent Nalanda (15.9 percent), Begusarai (19.2 percent), Munger (27.8 percent),
Sheikhpura (17.1 percent) and Bhagalpur (19.8 percent). There are no less than seven districts
(Kaimur, Sheohar, Madhubani, Samastipur, Banka, Supaul and Madhepura), in each of which the

225
level of urbanisation is less than 5 percent. From the districtwise figures for urbanisation, it is
also quite apparent that the level of urbanisation is much lower in north Bihar, compared to south
Bihar.

Table 8.3 : Districtwise Urbanisation in Bihar (2001 and 2011)

Urbanisation Urbanisation
Districts Districts
2001 2011 2001 2011

Patna 41.6 43.1 Darbhanga 8.1 9.7

Nalanda 14.9 15.9 Madhubani 3.5 3.6

Bhojpur 13.9 14.3 Samastipur 3.7 3.5

Buxar 9.2 9.6 Begusarai 4.6 19.2

Rohtas 13.3 14.5 Munger 27.9 27.8

Kaimur 3.3 4.0 Sheikhpura 15.6 17.1

Gaya 13.7 13.2 Lakhisarai 14.7 14.3

Jehanabad 12.1 12.0 Jamui 7.4 8.3

Arwal 7.4 Khagaria 5.9 5.2

Nawada 7.7 9.7 Bhagalpur 18.7 19.8

Aurangabad 8.4 9.3 Banka 3.5 3.5

Saran 9.2 8.9 Saharsa 8.3 8.2

Siwan 5.5 5.5 Supaul 5.1 4.7

Gopalganj 6.1 6.4 Madhepura 4.5 4.4

W. Champaran 10.2 10.0 Purnea 8.7 10.5

E. Champaran 6.4 7.9 Kishanganj 10.0 9.5

Muzaffarpur 9.3 9.9 Araria 6.2 6.0

Sitamarhi 5.7 5.6 Katihar 9.2 8.9
Sheohar 4.1 4.3
Vaishali 6.8 6.7 Bihar 10.5 11.3
Source : Census of India, RGI, GOI

Besides promoting urbanisation, another agenda of the state government is to improve the basic
services in the urban areas. This is because one of the reasons for low urbanisation in Bihar is the
absence of adequate basic services in the urban areas like water supply and drainage system. This
is revealed through the data from 2011 census (Table 8.4). Out of total urban households, only
16.7 percent had the facility of piped water within their premises. Even in the state capital Patna,
this facility was available for about only half the households. In smaller towns, it was extremely
low. Similarly, percentage of households with their latrines connected to a piped sewer was again
low at 7.2 percent. The availability of the facility of a covered drainage was wider, but not
226
universal. For the entire urban areas in Bihar, the drain coverage was about 30 percent, the
highest being in Patna town where the coverage was 61 percent.

Table 8.4 : Access to Basic Urban Services in Bihar by Size Class of Towns (2011)

Households
Households with access Households
with tap to piped connected to
City Size
water within sewer covered
premises (%) connected to drainage (%)
latrines (%)
>1 million 50.8 19.6 61.3
100,000 1 million 13.1 6.1 29.2
50,000 100,000 8.7 3.3 18.8
20,000 50,000 4.1 3.0 16.3
10,000 20,000 5.1 2.9 13.1
5000 10,000 3.1 3.4 17.3
<5000 5.1 2.1 12.9
Bihar Urban 16.7 7.2 29.9
Source: Census of India 2011

The state government has tried to improve the basic services in the urban areas through a number
of schemes, as is evident from a recent survey, conducted by the Department of Urban
Development and Housing. This survey has covered four components of the basic urban services
piped water supplies, toilets, roads and drainage. This data is now available for three types of
urban centres Municipal Corporations, Municipal Councils and Nagar Panchayats. This
survey had a sample of 19.08 lakh households (Tables 8.5 and 8.6).

As regards piped water, the coverage is rather low at 18 percent, taking into account all three
types of urban habitations. Even for larger towns with Municipal Corporations, the coverage of
piped water is barely one-third of the households (Table 8.5). However, the status of basic
services is much better with regard to toilets, as its coverage is about 58 percent. In larger towns,
this coverage is wider at 77 percent.

Table 8.5 : Availability of Piped Water and Toilet in Urban Areas of Bihar

Type of Towns
Municipal Municipal Nagar
Total
Corporations Councils Panchayats
No. of households surveyed 727.2 652.4 528.6 1908.2
(thousand)
Percentage of households 33.7 10.9 3.8 17.6
with piped water
Percentage of households 76.7 57.8 34.1 58.4
with toilets
Source : Department of Urban Development and Housing, GOB

227
For easy movements within a town, it needs to have adequate roads of good quality. Table 8.6
presents the status of roads in the towns of Bihar. One may consider concrete roads, paved block
roads and Water Bounded Macadam (WBM) roads as quality roads in a town, and such roads
account for 69 percent of the roads in the urban areas. Quite expectedly, the coverage of quality
roads is even higher at large towns (77 percent). However, the spread of quality roads in smaller
towns having a Municipal Council or Nagar Panchayats is rather low at below 60 percent and
this situation needs to be improved. As regards the drainage facility (Table 8.6), one again
notices that its coverage is not universal even in larger towns where roads with no drain or
kutcha drain account for about 30 percent of the roads.

Table 8.6 : Status of Roads and Drains in Urban Areas of Bihar

Type of Towns
Municipal Municipal Nagar
Total
Corporations Councils Panchayats
Percentage Distribution of Roads by Type

Kutcha Roads 11.0 25.0 24.0 16.0

Tar Roads 5.0 11.0 16.0 8.0

Concrete Roads 72.0 58.0 50.0 65.0

Paved Block Roads 4.0 1.0 1.0 3.0

WBM Road 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Brick Road 7.0 4.0 9.0 7.0

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Percentage Distribution of Roads by Existence of Drains

No drain 21.5 49.6 68.4 36.0

Kutcha drain 9.4 8.5 5.5 8.4

Pucca drain 67.4 41.4 25.9 54.4

Hume pipe 1.7 0.5 0.2 1.2

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source : Department of Urban Development and Housing, GOB

8.2 Expenditure on Urban Development

In view of the absence of adequate basic services in the urban areas, the state government is
paying more attention to urban development in the recent years. In 2015-16 the total expenditure
of the state government on urban development and housing was Rs. 3134 crore, compared to
only Rs. 1290 crore in 2010-11. This implies an annual growth rate of 21.9 percent (Table 8.7).
If one segregates the total expenditure between housing and urban development, it is noticed that
the expenditure on urban development has registered an even higher growth rate of 28.9 percent,
228
indicating the state governments deep attention to this sector in recent years. The figures in
Table 8.7 also indicate that the actual expenditure on urban development and housing as a
percentage of budget allocations has been higher in recent years; in 2015-16, it was at a
satisfactory level of 86.2 percent. For urban development, this ratio was even higher at 94.9
percent.

Table 8.7 : Expenditure pattern of Urban Development and Housing in Bihar

(in Rs. crore)

Budget Allocations Actual Expenditures
Urban Urban
Housing Total Housing Total
Development Development
2010-11 796 1744 2541 785 (98.6) 505 (29.0) 1290 (50.8)

2011-12 846 1233 2079 823 (97.3) 572 (46.4) 1395 (67.1)

2012-13 967 1336 2303 827 (85.5) 1139 (85.3) 1966 (85.4)

2013-14 1064 1784 2849 927 (87.1) 1364 (76.4) 2291 (80.4)

2014-15 3826 2108 5934 1598 (41.8) 1455 (69.0) 3053 (51.5)

2015-16 1897 1737 3634 1486 (78.3) 1649 (94.9) 3134 (86.2)

CAGR 29.2 5.5 15.9 16.3 28.9 21.9

Source : Finance Accounts, Auditor General, Bihar

8.3 Municipal Finances

The state government has been collecting data on municipal finances for 28 largest towns in the
state. The relevant data is presented in Table 8.8. The revenue grants comprise a very large part
of total revenue income of the municipal bodies. For example, in 2015-16, out of a total income
of Rs. 683.10 crore, the revenue grants accounted for Rs. 454.90 crore (66.6 percent). Unless the
self-generated income of the municipal bodies grows fast, their heavy dependence on the revenue
grants will continue for many more years. In the recent past, the self-generated income of the
local bodies has grown only at a modest rate of only 11.3 percent. In case of expenditure, the
major component is establishment expenditure. In 2015-16, the expenditure on establishment
(Rs. 294.56 crore) was no less than 62.8 percent of the total expenditure (Rs. 468.79 crore). In
general, the municipal bodies in Bihar, as elsewhere in India, is highly dependent on external
support. This is clearly indicated by some key financial indicators, as presented in the bottom of
Table 8.8. For example, the self-generated income accounts for barely one-fourth of the total
revenue income. Consequently, such self-generated income is able to meet barely half of the
establishment expenditure of the municipal bodies. But, because of external assistance, the per
capita expenditure in municipal bodies has recorded a modest growth rate, for both revenue and
capital components.

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 Table 8.8 : Municipal Finances for 28 Largest Towns in Bihar

(Rs. lakh)

Indicators 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 CAGR

Revenue Income

(a) Self - Generated Income 10325 12389 11500 15144 11.3

(i) Holding Tax 6471 7753 7450 11604 18.7

(ii) Other Taxes 1381 1417 601 - -34.0

(iii) Non- Taxes 2473 3219 3448 3540 12.1

(b) Assigned Income 8774 11628 15185 7496 -2.0

(c ) Revenue Grants 14329 17415 22698 45490 45.2

(d) Other Income/ Receipts 7113 8407 194 180 -77.2

Total 40541 49838 49577 68310 16.9

Revenue Expenditure

(a) Establishment 20334 21384 22767 29456 12.5

(b) Programme 1907 2956 2980 9723 63.1

(c ) Operation/ Maintenance 3768 3199 4855 6411 22.3

(d) Finance / Interest 131 203 237 99 -6.6

(e) Others 524 1716 580 1191 14.8

Total 26665 29457 31419 46879 19.2

Capital Grants 20231 25407 32350 - 26.5

Key Indicators
Self-Generated Income/
25.5 24.9 23.2 23.9 -
Revenue Income (Percentage)
Self-Generated Income/
Establishment Expenditure 50.8 57.9 50.5 56.8 -
(Percentage)
Per Capita Revenue
876 949 1012 1421 16.4
Expenditure (Rs.)
Per Capita Capital
308 591 632 586 22.1
Expenditure (Rs.)
Source : Department of Urban Development and Housing, GOB

8.4 Urban Development Programmes

To improve the living conditions in urban areas, a number of development programmes are now
being implemented by the state government. Most of these programmes are being jointly funded
by the central and the state government. This section presents the details of important urban
development programmes (i) Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG), (ii) Urban
230
Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT), (iii) Namami
Gange Scheme (NSG), (iv) Integrated Housing and Slum Development Plan (IHSDP), (v) Rajiv
Awas Yojana (RAY), (vi) Employment through Skill Training and Placement (EST&P),
(vii) Support to Urban Street Vendors (SUSV), (viii) Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) and
(ix) Smart City Mission.

Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG) : Under this programme, two urban centres of
Bihar are included Patna Urban Agglomeration (Patna, Danapur, Khagaul and Phulwarisharif)
and Bodh Gaya. The objective of the programme is to improve the solid waste management
(SWM), water supply and sewerage pattern in the two towns. Although the programme is
planned to be over by March, 2017, its financial achievement till December, 2016 is rather low at
31 percent (Table 8.9). The financial achievement is high for only three schemes under the
project Khagaul water supply scheme (106 percent), Bodh Gaya water supply scheme
(73 percent) and Bodh Gaya sewerage scheme (82 percent).

Table 8.9 : Programmes under Urban Infrastructure and Governance (Estimated Cost)

Total Project Total Financial

Name of Scheme Cost Expenditure Achievement
(Rs. lakh) (Rs. lakh) (%)
SWM for Danapur, Khagaul, Phulwarisharif 1155.81 345.9 29.9

Khagaul water supply scheme 1315.43 1395.62 106.1

Danapur water supply scheme 6896.45 1723.76 25.0

Phulwarisharif water supply scheme 6896.45 2138.83 31.0

Patna water supply scheme 42698.00 6993.65 16.4

SWM for Patna 3695.40 780.63 21.1

Bodhgaya water supply scheme 3355.72 2433.81 72.5

Bodhgaya sewerage scheme 9594.34 7903 82.4

Total 75607.60 23715.2 31.4

Note : The scheme will end on 31-03-2017
Source : Department of Urban Development and Housing, GOB

Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) : In all,
11 schemes were taken up under this programme in Bihar. The total project cost was Rs. 26, 114
crore, but an amount of only Rs. 13,108 crore was spent till December, 2016, implying a
financial achievement of 50 percent (Table 8.10). The schemes for which the financial
achievement was relatively higher were all for road and drainage in several small and medium
towns in Bihar.
231
 Table 8.10 : Details of Urban Development Schemes under UIDSSMT

Total Financial
Total Project
Name of Scheme Expenditure Achievement
Cost
(Rs. lakh) (%)
(Rs. lakh)
Road and drainage construction in Fatuha 759.00 666.29 87.8
Road and drainage construction in Murliganj 1144.00 768.44 67.2
Road and drainage construction in Narkatiyaganj 4713.00 2445.99 51.9
Road and drainage construction in Rosera 2921.32 2243.62 76.8
Road and drainage construction in Barbigha 1573.00 1470.57 93.5
Road and drainage construction in Bhabua 1088.00 915.77 84.2
Road and drainage construction in Bakhtiyarpur 511.00 315.32 61.7
Road and drainage construction in Lalganj 1263.00 1244.10 98.5
Road and drainage construction in Chakia 1285.00 1285.00 100.0
Water supply scheme in Muzafffarpur 9872.25 1519.23 15.4
SWM in Arrah 983.99 233.36 23.7
Total 26113.56 13107.69 50.2
Note : The scheme will end on 31-03-2017
Source : Department of Urban Development and Housing, GOB

Namani Gange Scheme : This programme of the central government targets town located along
the river Ganga, for cleaning and rejuvenation of the river. There are 32 towns identified in Bihar
for implementation of the scheme. The Detailed Project Reports (DPR) are being prepared in
these towns for Interception and Diversion Sewers, Solid Waste Mangement, River Front
Development, Crematoria, Dhobi Ghats and Community Toilets. A summary of the status of the
scheme is presented in Table 8.11. Between 2014-15 and 2015-16, there has been a small
decrease in project costs by Rs. 51.30 crore.

Table 8.11 : Details of Namami Gange Scheme

2014-15 2015-16
Cost of Cost of
Sectors Number of Number of
Projects Projects
Towns Towns
(Rs. crore) (Rs. crore)
Solid Waste Management 17 538.19 17 617.17
Sewerage network 14 2950.66 17 3416.67
Interception and Diversion of
16 1707.97 15 1097.43
Drainage including STP
River Front Development 8 1250.21 8 1264.28
Crematoria 11 85.58 11 85.58
Dhobi Ghats and Community Toilets 11 88.79 11 88.71
Total 6621.14 6569.84
Source : Department of Urban Development and Housing, GOB

232
Integrated Housing and Slum Development Plan (IHSDP) : The objective of this programme is
to improve the living conditions of the slum dwellers, through construction of new houses as
well as rehabilitation of existing dilapidated houses. The central government has sanctioned 30
schemes in 26 towns of Bihar. The total project cost of the scheme is Rs. 75,789 lakh, of which
the share of the central government is Rs. 38,079 lakh (50 percent) (Table 8.12). The central
government has till now released Rs. 23,351 lakh, about 61 percent of its share. The total
expenditure till December, 2016 has been Rs. 48,533 lakh, which is 64 percent of the total
project cost. This scheme is also planned to end in March, 2017.

Table 8.12 : Progress of Work under IHSDP

Progress Indicators Number / Amount

Total Towns Covered 26

Total Sanctioned Scheme 30

Total Sanctioned Dwelling Units 23,945

Total Project Cost Rs. 75,788.79 lakh

Total Central Share Rs. 38,078.89 lakh

Total State Share Rs. 37,709.41 lakh

Central Share Released Rs. 23,350.66 lakh

State Share Released Rs. 22,416.95 lakh

Total Expenditure till December 2016 Rs. 48532.74 lakh

Note : The scheme will end on 31/03/2017
Source : Department of Urban Development and Housing, GOB

Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) : Launched in 2011, the objective of this programme is to create
towns which are free of slums. All the district headquarters are included under his programme
and the state government has already prepared 29 Detailed Project Reports (DPR) for 27 towns.
However, till date, the Central Sanctioning and Monitoring Committee has approved 7 of these
proposals which are located in Patna, Darbhanga, Katihar and Purnea. Out of a total project cost
of Rs. 45,465 lakh, the state government has spent only Rs. 9937 lakh which indicates a financial
achievement of 21.9 percent (Table 8.13). In 2015, this scheme has been included under the new
programme Housing for All.

233
 Table 8.13 : Progress of Work under Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)

Indicators Number / Amount

Total Towns Covered 5

Total Sanctioned Scheme 7

Total Sanctioned Dwelling Units 11,276

Total Project Cost Rs. 45,465.40 lakh

Total Central Share Rs. 29,771.86 lakh

Total State Share Rs. 15,693.51 lakh

Central Share Released Rs. 11,450.73 lakh

State Share Released Rs. 3,464.60 lakh

Total Expenditure till December 2016 Rs. 9937.34 lakh

Source : Department of Urban Development and Housing, GOB

Employment through Skill Training and Placement (EST & P) : This programme is now being
implemented in 42 towns of Bihar. Its objective is to provide skill training to BPL youth and help
them in placements. It has a provision of tracking the trained youth for one year. The Department
has identified a panel of experts for skill training and contracted 34 agencies for this purpose. It
has also identified 16 trades and 20 training modules for skill training. The list has been shared
with urban local bodies (ULB) who can also directly approach the agencies for skill training. The
ULBs have till date identified 36,062 urban youth for the programme. The Department has also
made arrangement for certification of the training programme, in association with National
Council of Vocational Training (NCVT). The progress under this programme in 2015-16 is
presented in Table 8.14.

Table 8.14 : Progress of Training under EST & P

Number of Persons
Population Annual
Category Target Undergoing Completed
Training Training
SC 15750 1800 2293

ST 2250 492 360

Others 57000 8184 14401

Total 75000 10476 17054

Source : Department of Urban Development and Housing, GOB

Support to Urban Street Vendors (SUSV) : This programme aims at organising street vending
activities in 42 selected towns of Bihar. It first proposes to conduct bio-metric survey of street

234
vendors, issue them I-cards and then facilitate their linkage with different welfare schemes. In
particular, the programme promotes financial inclusion, training and insurance coverage for
identified street vendors across the state. Although issuing of I-cards was not possible, the
programme has promoted considerably opening of bank accounts by the street vendors, as well
as their inclusion under insurance scheme. The details of the progress of the scheme is 2014-15
and 2015-16 are presented in Table 8.15.

Table 8.15 : Progress of Work under SUSV

Annual Annual
Progress Progress
Programme/ Monitoring Parameter Target Target
2014-15 2015-16

No. of cities for Vendor Survey 42 41 42 42

No. of cities which completed Street Vendor Survey 42 41 42 19

No. of street vendors identified in surveyed cities 1,00,000 82,352 1,00,000 55781

No. of street vendors issued ID cards 5000 0 1,00,000 0

No. of basic Saving Accounts opened for street vendors 15000 8917 15,000 14103

No. of financial literacy camps for street vendors 42 0 42 33

No. of training programmes for street vendors 0 0 125 67

No. of street vendors to be trained under Capacity 0 0 10,000 1326

Building

No. of Credit Cards to street vendors 2 0 10,000 0

No of street vendors to be linked to insurance scheme 0 0 5000 19654

Source : Department of Urban Development and Housing, GOB

Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) : This is one of the flagship projects launched by the central
government in 2014 to improve the sanitation standards in the country. With Bihar facing an
acute problem of open defecation, the state government has joined the central government in
eliminating this problem. Bihar has set a target for the construction of 7.5 lakh toilets in the
urban areas. The estimated expenditure is Rs. 602.0 crore, to be spread over four years. Till date,
a sum of Rs. 241.0 crore has already been disbursed to 140 towns in the state. The physical
progress is as follows (a) Individual toilets 31,765 already constructed and 60,743 are
under construction, (b) Community toilets 35 constructed and 70 under construction, and (c)
Public toilets 30 constructed and 18 under construction. For individual toilets, the state
government provides Rs. 4000 to each family, in addition to the central assistance of Rs. 8000.

235
Smart City Mission (SCM) : The Smart City Mission is an urban renewal programme initiated
by the central government in June 2015. The main aim of the program is to improve
infrastructure and to create sustainable and citizen friendly urban cities. A smart city is defined
as a city which is highly developed in terms of infrastructure and communications. At its launch
in 2015, the central goverment had identified 100 towns across India to be under this
programme. Three cities in Bihar were recognized for this initiative Muzaffarpur, Bhagalpur
and Biharsharif. In the first round of selection the central government selected 20 cities, but
none in the state of Bihar.

In the second round, Bagalpur has been selected as one of the cities under this programme. There
are two interventions proposed area based development in a pocket of the city covering 613
acres and a pan city initiative. The area based development includes several pilot interventions
that can then be scaled up later. The pan city intervention proposes an intelligent transport
system and intelligent solid waste management. The smart city proposal is to be implemented at
a cost of Rs. 1309.30 crore, with Rs. 1000 crore shared equally between the state government
and central government, Rs. 214.81 crore through convergence with various schemes, and the
remaining Rs. 94.49 crore through PPP funding.

____________

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 CHAPTER X
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

The pace of economic growth in Bihar, as discussed in Chapter 1, has been quite high. But this
growth story may lose all its significance, unless it is translated into human development. In this
background, one may note with satisfaction that the growth process in Bihar has indeed been
inclusive, not just in terms of reduction of poverty, but in term of human development as well.
Over the recent past, the state has made major strides in human development. Today, people are
living longer in Bihar, more children are going to school and more people have access to clean
water and basic sanitation. All these are important facets of human development. The progress in
human development is evident through many measures of human development those for
health, education, living conditions, or implementation of various welfare programmes for
marginalised sections of the population. Very recently the state government has emphatically
underlined its human development agenda through its seven commitments (Saat Nischay). These
seven commitments are (i) Arthik Hal, Yuvaon Ka Bal (Economic solution is the strength of
the youth), (ii) Aarakshit Rozgar Mahilaon Ka Adhikar (Assured employment is the right of the
women), (iii) Har Ghar Bijli Lagatar (Constant supply of electricity for each household), (iv) Har
Ghar Nal Ka Jal (Running tap water for evey household), (v) Ghar tak Pakki Gali-Naliyan
(Paved road and drains for every house), (vi) Shauchalay Nirman Ghar Ka Samman
(Construction of toilets makes decent houses) and (vii) Awsar Badhe, Aage Padhe (Better
facilities for higher education). The present chapter discusses the status of human development in
Bihar under seven Sections Health, Drinking Water and Sanitation, Education (including Art,
Culture and Youth), Social Welfare, Women Empowerment, Labour Resources and Welfare, and
Social Security for Old and Disabled.

During the last five years, the state government has enhanced its development expenditure and is
utilizing 35 percent of its total expenditure on social services. In consequence, the progress in
human development has been substantial in the state, particularly in the fields of education and
health, the two most important components of human development. Because of limited resources
of the state government, the Per Capita Development Expenditure (PCDE) in Bihar has been low
compared to the national average. However, during the last five years, the PCDE of Bihar has
grown at 16.4 percent, nearly the same rate (17.1 percent) at which it has grown at all-India level
(Table 10.1).

265
 Chart 10.1 : Trend of Per Capita Expenditure on Social Services

Table 10.1 : Trend of Social Services Expenditure

Per Capita
Total Expenditure Percentage share of
Total Expenditure Expenditure on
on Social Services Social Services in
(Rs. crore) Social Services
Year (Rs. crore) Total Expenditure
(Rs.)
All All All All
Bihar Bihar Bihar Bihar
States States States States
2011-12 459980 19536 5194730 60182 8.85 32.46 3733 1860

2012-13 528655 24438 6152788 69207 8.59 35.31 4224 2290

2013-14 600231 28253 6185471 80405 9.70 35.14 4731 2606

2014-15 813116 33386 5655232 94698 14.38 35.26 6332 3032

2015-16 871411 38684 6043691 112328 14.42 34.44 6700 3458

Source : State Finances, A Study of Budgets, RBI & Budget Documents, GoB

10.1 Health
Health is an important component of human development and commands great significance for
the welfare of the population. Thus, health has been given due priority by the state government.
The specific activities undertaken to improve basic health services are decentralisation of
health services, better infrastructure, provision of drugs and equipment, provision of manpower,
improved inter-sectoral coordination, monitoring and evaluation, and other innovative
approaches. Most of the people of Bihar, as elsewhere in India, depend on public health
facilities. In recent years, Bihar has made significant progress in health services and health
status, which may be attributed to increased expenditure on health, expansion of health
infrastructure, as well as constant monitoring of the health services. However, despite substantial

266
improvement, the health sector in Bihar still confronts challenges in terms of wide social and
regional disparities.

The healthcare system has broadly two aspects preventive and curative healthcare. The former
includes diet, hygienic environment, sanitation, access to safe drinking water, etc. On the other
hand, curative healthcare includes availability of health facilities that ensure successful healing.
In this section, both these aspects of healthcare will be discussed.

Selected Health Indicators of Bihar

Bihar has witnessed remarkable improvement in health indicators in recent years. The Life
Expectancy at Birth (LEB) reflects the overall mortality level of a population. The relevant data
on this indicator, both for Bihar and India, has been presented in Table 10.2. It is evident from
the table that the gap between India and Bihar for LEB which was 0.3 years in 2006-10 has
become negative (-0.2 years) in 2010-14, indicating a higher LEB for Bihar. This overall
improvement is basically because of improvement in LEB for females in Bihar. This is really a
major achievement in health sector. When one compares the LEB for male and female, it is
usually found to be higher for females, because of biological reasons. It is heartening to note that
Bihar confirms this pattern, as the LEB for male in Bihar was lower than that of females, both in
2006-10 and 2010-14.

Table 10.2 : Life Expectancy at Birth

2006-10 2010-14
State/India
Male Female Total Male Female Total

Bihar 65.5 66.2 65.8 67.8 68.4 68.1

India 64.6 67.7 66.1 66.4 69.6 67.9

Source : Sample Registration System (SRS), Office of the Registrar General, India

Other selected indicators of health for which there exists comparable data are Crude Birth
Rate (CBR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Child Mortality Rate (CMR) and Total Fertility Rate
(TFR). Table 10.3 presents the relevant data for these indicators for Bihar and India. For Crude
Birth Rate (CBR), the figures are persistently higher for Bihar; in 2014, it was 25.9 for Bihar,
compared to 21.0 for India, registering a difference of 4.9. Thus, demographic transition
experienced by many other states in India is still absent in Bihar. For IMR, the state figures have
declined from 44 in 2011 to 42 in 2014. But the decline in India (44 in 2011 to 39 in 2014) is
higher. In other words, the IMR was equal in 2011 for Bihar and India, but in 2014, the rate in
Bihar is higher. A similar trend is also noticed for CMR in Bihar and India. This is a indeed a
matter of concern. In case of Total Fertility Rate (TFR), there is a rapid decline from 3.6 in 2011
to 3.2 in 2014. For India, the TFR was already low in 2011 (2.4), and it has declined only
267
marginally in 2014 (2.3). If the pace of decline in TFR in Bihar continues in the future years, the
much needed demographic transition will happen in the state in about ten years.

Table 10.3 : Selected Health Indicators for Bihar and India

Under- Total
Infant Child Neo-Natal Total
Crude Five Marital
Indicators Mortality Mortality Mortality Fertility
Birth Rate Mortality Fertility
Rate Rate Rate Rate
Rate Rate

India
Total 21.0 39 11 45 26 2.3 3.9

2014 Rural 22.7 43 12 51 30 2.5 4.0

Urban 17.4 26 6 28 15 1.8 3.5

Total 21.4 40 11 49 28 2.3 4.4

2013 Rural 22.9 44 12 55 31 2.5 4.5

Urban 17.3 27 6 29 15 1.8 4.2

Total 21.6 42 11 52 29 2.4 4.4

2012 Rural 23.1 46 13 58 33 2.6 4.5

Urban 17.4 28 7 32 16 1.8 3.9

Total 21.8 44 12 55 31 2.4 4.3

2011 Rural 23.3 48 14 61 34 2.7 4.4

Urban 17.6 29 7 35 17 1.9 3.8

Bihar
Total 25.9 42 12 53 27 3.2 4.3

2014 Rural 26.9 43 13 54 29 3.3 4.4

Urban 19.9 37 9 43 13 2.4 3.9

Total 27.6 42 11 54 28 3.4 5.7

2013 Rural 28.3 42 12 56 29 3.5 5.7

Urban 21.5 33 8 37 11 2.5 4.9

Total 27.7 43 11 57 28 3.5 5.4

2012 Rural 28.4 44 12 58 29 3.6 5.5

Urban 21.6 34 8 39 12 2.5 4.6

Total 27.7 44 12 59 29 3.6 5.2

2011 Rural 28.4 45 13 61 31 3.7 5.3

Urban 21.7 34 9 41 12 2.6 4.6
Source : Office of the Registrar General, India.

268
Health Infrastructure
The provision of good health care infrastructure is an essential component of the health strategy
for overall human development. Several steps have been taken by the state government in recent
years to improve the health infrastructure and enhance the accessibility and quality of health
services in the state. The primary health care infrastructure provides the first level of contact
between the population and health care providers.The primary health care infrastructure consists
of Primary Health Centres (PHC), Sub-Centres and Additional PHCs (APHC). The secondary
healthcare system consists of hospitals where patients from primary health care are referred to
for treatment by specialists. The centres for secondary health care include district-level hospitals
and Community Health Centres (CHC) at block level. The tertiary healthcare refers to a third
level of health care system, in which specialized care is provided to patients, usually on referral
from primary and secondary healthcare system. The specialised Intensive Care Units, advanced
diagnostic support services and specialized medical personnel are the key features of tertiary
healthcare systems.

Table 10.4 indicates the average number of patients visiting government hospitals in Bihar
during 2011 to 2015. Due to several initiatives taken by the state government, the functioning of
the public health institutions is improving steadily. The average number of patients visiting
government hospitals per month was 9317 in 2011, which has increased to 10,476 in 2013,
implying an increase of 12 percent. This increase is primarily due to better infrastructure
facilities, larger manpower, and proper monitoring of the health institutions. During the next two
years, 2014 and 2015, the number of patients has decreased, but this seems to be temporary
phenomenon. In 2016, the number of patients has again increased to 10,232.

Table 10.4 : Monthly Average Number of Patients Visiting Government Hospitals

2016
Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (Upto
Sept.)
No. of patients visiting government 9863 10476 9871 9778 10232
9317
hospitals per month (5.9) (6.2) (-5.8) (-0.9) (4.6)
Note : Figures in the parenthesis represent annual increase
Source : State Health Society, GOB

Towards strengthening of the health services, the approach of the state government has been a
pragmatic one, with the thrust on improving the functioning of the existing facilities, rather than
extension of the facilities. Currently, there are 36 district hospitals, 55 sub-divisional hospitals,
70 referral hospitals, 533 PHCs, 9729 Sub-centres and 1350 APHCs; the last three types add up

269
to 11,612 health centres. Thus, per lakh of population, there are about 11 health centres in the
state (Table 10.5). In 2015, out of 533 block level PHCs, 130 has been upgraded to 30 bedded
Community Health Centres (CHC) to strengthen healthcare facilities.

Table 10.5 : Overall Status of Health Infrastructure

(Figures in Number)
Health Centres Health
Sub
District Referral centres per
Year Divisional Sub
Hospital Hospital PHC APHC Total ten lakh of
Hospital Centre population

2011 36 70 55 533 9696 1330 11559 11

2012 36 70 55 533 9696 1330 11559 11

2013 36 70 55 533 9696 1330 11559 11

2014 36 70 55 533 9729 1350 11612 11

2015 36 70 55 533 9729 1350 11612 11

2016 36 70 55* 533** 9729 1350 11612 11

Note : * At 9 places, existing hospitals will be upgraded to SDH
** 130 PHC has been upgraded to 30 bedded CHC
Source : State Health Society, GOB

From the data on the number of health institutions in different districts, as presented in Table A
10.1 (Appendix), it is apparent that there is considerable variation across the districts in terms of
the availability of health infrastructure. The average size of population served by a health
institution (either a hospital or a health centre) varies from 5.5 thousand in Jamui to as high as
14.6 thousand in Sheohar. The best three districts in terms of availability of health infrastructure
are Jamui (5501), Sheikhpura (5785) and Nawada (5886). The three most disadvantaged
districts are Sheohar (14,583), Sitamarhi (12,727) and East Champaran (12,347).

The availability of quality health services in Bihar varies across the districts, as indicated by two
indicators average number of outpatients visiting hospitals per day and the in-patient bed
occupancy rate (Table 10.6). According to the data given for last three years, three districts with
the highest number of outpatients visiting hospitals per day in 2015-16 were Purnea (523),
Muzaffarpur (502), and Aurangabad (501). In contrast, three districts with the lowest number of
outpatients visiting hospitals per day were Sheohar (159), Nawada (167), and Jamui (199).

270
 Table 10.6 : Districtwise Average Number of Outpatients Visiting per Day

Average no. of Outpatient

In-patient Bed Occupancy Rate
District visits per day
2014-15 2015-16 2016-17* 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17*
Patna 323 235 269 53 73 74
Nalanda 335 391 448 131 119 121
Bhojpur 299 275 254 32 33 41
Buxar 258 213 219 82 62 50
Rohtas 297 290 259 71 70 66
Kaimur 256 301 297 88 82 54

Gaya 359 348 355 83 87 23

Jehanabad 441 377 354 80 72 44
Arwal 247 321 263 85 76 24
Nawada 188 167 180 72 77 85
Aurangabad 590 501 524 84 74 48

Saran 379 420 462 101 89 88

Siwan 328 292 326 85 99 73
Gopalganj 240 318 382 77 76 67

W.Champaran 457 255 275 59 52 41

E.Champaran 169 357 398 92 84 74
Muzaffarpur 518 502 514 78 60 18
Sitamarhi 294 240 217 104 94 81
Sheohar 220 159 148 78 78 48
Vaishali 323 402 432 101 101 93

Darbhanga 316 355 343 107 89 38

Madhubani 341 301 344 70 58 52
Samastipur 353 420 363 118 124 118

Begusarai 251 250 267 62 62 69

Munger 303 306 340 105 104 81
Sheikhpura 269 200 160 62 60 66
Lakhisarai 249 266 247 68 70 70
Jamui 214 199 217 49 46 36
Khagaria 489 401 555 128 130 108

Bhagalpur 286 310 318 154 130 126

Banka 385 350 440 94 76 65

Saharsa 297 229 207 78 71 87

Supaul 405 379 375 118 106 80
Madhepura 357 328 392 148 143 126

Purnea 549 523 467 125 122 90

Kishanganj 378 290 295 103 94 94
Araria 347 450 480 98 99 147
Katihar 295 306 364 74 78 81
Bihar 329 323 339 88 84 64
Note : *Upto September 2016
Source : State Health Society, GOB
271
The bed occupancy rate indicates the actual utilization of the inpatient health facility for a given
time period. Table 10.6 presents the in-patient bed occupancy rate for the last three years for the
entire state as well as in all 38 districts. In 2015-16, among the districts, the occupancy rate
varied from 33.0 percent (Bhojpur) to 143.0 percent (Madhepura). The demand for health
services is so high that in 9 districts, the bed occupancy rates exceed 100 percent. For Bihar as a
whole, the bed occupancy rate is 84 percent in 2015-16.

Health workers play a central role in ensuring the appropriate management of all aspects of the
health system. The health personnel include doctors, nurses, Auxiliary Nurse-cum-Midwife
(ANM), and Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA). The availability of such personnel for
the entire state is presented in Table 10.7. Four tables in the Appendix present the same data for
different districts Table A 10.2 (Doctors), Table A 10.3 (Nurses), Table A 10.4 (ANM) and
Table A 10.5 (ASHA). In 2016-17, against the sanctioned posts of 6261 doctors, 3154 were
working indicating a vacancy ratio of about 50 percent. Similarly, for the contractual post of
doctors, the vacancy ratio is 63 percent 852 doctors working in place of 2314 sanctioned
posts. There are as many as 8 districts (Bhojpur, Lakhisarai, Patna, Sheohar, Munger, Nalanda,
Jehanabad and Sheikhpura), in each of which a government doctor has to serve more than 5 lakh
people. As regards regular nurses, there were 3612 sanctioned posts, but the number of working
nurses was lower at 1979, indicating a vacancy ratio of 45 percent. Similarly, in case of
contractual nurses, against the sanctioned strength of 1719, only 412 were working, implying a
high vacancy ratio of 76 percent. In contrast to the situation of doctors and nurses, the strength of
health personnel is much higher for ANMs and ASHAs. In 2016-17, the strength of regular
ANM was 12,326, against the sanctioned posts of 20,809, indicating a vacancy ratio of 41
percent. Similarly, the strength of ANMs on contractual posts is 6867, against 12,587 sanctioned
posts, indicating a vacancy ratio of 45 percent. In case of ASHA workers, it is found that there
are in all 86 thousand of them working in the entire state, against a sanctioned strength of 94
thousand, implying a vacancy ratio of only 9 percent. When one compares the districtwise
positions, the variation is found to be moderate for ANM and ASHA workers, but in terms of
doctors and nurses, there is substantial inter-district variation.

Table 10.7 : Number of Health Personnel

Regular Contractual
Name of the
Sanctioned Working Sanctioned Working
Post
Posts 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 Posts 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
Doctors 6261 2255 2052 3154 2314 1580 1488 852

Grade A Nurse 3612 356 1706 1979 1719 1621 412 412
ANM 20809 8999 8895 12326 12587 9933 9670 6867

ASHA 93687 85045 85502 85708

Note : For 2016-17, the figures refer to September, 2016
Source : State Health Society, GOB

272
Institutional Delivery

Institutionalised delivery is an effective way to combat maternal morbidity and mortality. The
institutional deliveries in Bihar have increased rapidly in the recent years (Table 10.8). The
number of institutional deliveries grew at an annual rate of 3.4 percent, even though there was a
moderate drop in the number of institutional deliveries from 16.47 lakh in 2013-14 to 15.34 lakh
in 2015-16. It is obvious that the significant decrease in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Bihar in
recent years is an outcome of the wider practice of institutional delivery.

The Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) was launched in 2005 as a key component of National Rural
Health Mission (NRHM), now known as National Health Mission. It is being implemented in all
states, with special focus on low performing states like Bihar. JSY aims to reduce maternal and
infant mortality by promoting institutional delivery. The scheme focuses on poor pregnant
woman in those states that have low institutional delivery rates Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand,
Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Assam, Rajasthan, Odisha, and Jammu and
Kashmir. The scheme also provides performance based incentives to ASHAs for promoting
institutional delivery among pregnant women. For this scheme, ASHAs are required to identify
pregnant women, facilitate at least four antenatal check-ups for them, and motivate them to opt
for institutional delivery. They are also required to visit the mother and newborn for a postnatal
check-up within seven days of delivery and counsel them on early breastfeeding. In rural areas of
low performing states, an incentive amount of Rs. 1400 to mothers and Rs. 600 to ASHAs are
given under the scheme. Similarly, in urban areas of the low performing states, an amount of Rs.
1000 to mothers and Rs. 400 is given to Anganwadi Workers (AWW). Now, there is also a
facility of Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) under this scheme. Under this initiative, pregnant
women, eligible for JSY, are entitled to get their benefit amount directly into their bank accounts.
In Table A 10.6 (Appendix), the information is presented for the number of institutional
deliveries under JSY in different districts of Bihar for the years 2012-13 to 2016-17 (up to
September 2016). In 2015-16, three best performing districts are Samastipur (88 thousand),
Purnea (71 thousand) and West Champaran (67 thousand). On the contrary, three worst
performing distrits are Arwal (9 thousand), Sheohar (9 thousand) and Sheikhpura (13 thousand).

Table 10.8 : Number of Institutional Delivery under JSY

Institutional 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 CAGR

Delivery (lakh)
12.46 13.85 14.07 14.69 16.47 14.98 15.34 3.4
Source : State Health Society, GOB

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 Chart 10.2 : Number of Institutional Delivery (In lakh)

Immunisation

The immunization programme in India is one of the largest in the world in terms of quantities of
vaccines used, numbers of beneficiaries, number of immunization sessions organized, and the
geographical area covered. The immunization programme aims to reduce mortality and
morbidity due to Vaccine Preventable Diseases (VPDs). Under the immunization programme,
vaccines are used to protect children and pregnant mothers against nine diseases. They are
tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, polio, measles, tetanus, hepatitis, haemophilus influenzae type
B and Japanese Encephatitis.

Bihar has also made significant progress towards universal immunisation in the recent years.
According to Table 10.9, there has been an increase of 29 percentage points in immunisation rate
between NFHS-3 and NFHS-4. It is noteworthy that this increase is the highest in Bihar among
the 12 states included in the table. The table refers to five components of immunisation TT
(Anti-tetanus), BCG, OPV, DPT, PENTA and measles. Looking at the most recent figures
(2016-17), one observes that Bihar has achieved 96 percent immunization for measles. For
pentavalent vaccine which provides protection against five life threatening diseases
(haemophilus influenza type B, whooping cough, tetanus, hepatitis B and diphtheria), the
achievement percentage is more than 80 percent. Hopefully, the state would achieve complete
immunisation for other components in near future. In 2015, Bihar was declared to be Maternal
and Neonatal Tetanus Eliminated State.

274
 Table 10.9 : Percentage of Fully Immunized Children (age 12-23 months)

Percentage children aged

12-23 months fully
immunized (BCG, Percentage Rank by
State Measles and 3 doses each Point percentage
of polio and DPT) Increase increase
NFHS-3 NFHS-4
(2005-06) (2015-16)
Andhra Pradesh 46.0 65.3 19.3 3
Bihar 32.8 61.7 28.9 1
Goa 78.6 88.4 9.8 8
Haryana 65.3 62.2 -3.1 11
Karnataka 55.0 62.6 7.6 7
Madhya Pradesh 40.3 53.8 13.5 4
Meghalaya 32.9 61.5 28.6 2
Sikkim 69.6 83.0 13.4 6
Tamil Nadu 80.9 69.7 -11.2 12
Tripura 49.7 54.5 4.8 9
Uttarakhand 60.0 57.7 -2.3 10
West Bengal 64.3 84.4 20.1 5
Note : Figures for remaining states are yet to be released by NFHS
Source : National Family Health Survey

Table 10.10 : Antigen-wise Immunisation Coverage

2016-17
2014-15 2015-16
(Upto September, 2016)
Antigen name Target
Target Achievement Target Achieve Achievement
(000)
(000) ('000) (000) ment ('000) ('000)
for 6 months
TT 2 + Booster
3106 4306(138.6) 3184 2407 (75.6) 1566 1309 (83.6)
(PW)
BCG 2926 2658 (90.8) 3000 2712 (90.4) 1479 1271 (86.0)
OPV 0 2926 1801 (61.6) 3000 1836 (61.2) 1479 857 (58.0)
OPV 1 2926 2483 (84.9) 3000 2640 (88.0) 1479 1193 (80.7)
OPV 2 2926 2461 (84.1) 3000 2584 (86.2) 1479 1233 (83.4)
OPV 3 2926 2400 (82.0) 3000 2515 (83.9) 1479 1299 (87.9)
DPT 1 2926 2684 (91.7) 3000 14 (0.5) 1479 1 (0.1)
DPT 2 2926 2659 (90.9) 3000 90 (3.0) 1479 1 (0.1)
DPT 3 2926 2580 (88.2) 3000 253 (8.4) 1479 27 (1.9)
PENTA-1 0 0 (0.0) 3000 2637 (87.9) 1479 1204 (81.4)
PENTA-2 0 0 (0.0) 3000 2534 (84.5) 1479 1251 (84.6)
PENTA-3 0 0 (0.0) 3000 2328 (77.6) 1479 1321 (89.3)
Measles 2926 2330 (79.6) 3000 2548 (85.0) 1479 1413 (95.6)
Note : 1. DPT has been replaced by Pentavalent in 2015-16
2. Figures in bracket indicate Achievement in Percentage
Source : State Health Society, GOB

275
Prevalence of Main Diseases

For proper healthcare, it is necessary to identify the main diseases and arrange for their
prevention or cure. In this background, Table 10.11 presents the data on the prevalence of
various diseases in Bihar during the last three years. It is noticed from the table that, in 2015-16,
the number of cases was the highest in respect of Acute Respiratory Illness (13.5 lakh), followed
by Fever of Unknown Origin (10.3 lakh). Other important diseases as per their prevalence in
2015-16 are Acute Diarrhoea (5.1 lakh), Dysentry (2.8 lakh) and Entric Fever (2.6 lakh). The
districtwise details of the prevalence of various diseases in the state in 2016-17 (up to September,
2016) are given in Table A 10.7 (Appendix). To improve the healthcare services in Bihar, the
state government has undertaken the following new initiative :

Under Chief Minister Kala-azar Relief Fund, a financial assistance of Rs. 6600 is given to
each patient for medical treatment. In 2015-16, there is 29 percent reduction in Kala-azar
which is due to introduction of advanced medicine like Ambisome and continuous spray
of Synthetic Pyrethroid.

Under National De-worming Programme, a total of 346 lakh children of age-group

1-19 years were treated with Albendazole tablets.

Under National Urban Health Mission, 73 Urban PHCs were made operational in which
approximately 2 lakh patients have already been treated.

A Memorandum of Cooperation was signed between Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
and the state government to provide support for 5 years (2017-2021) for improvement of
services in sectors of Health, Nutrition, Sanitation, ICDS, Agriculture and Rural
Development.

Taprovardhan Prakritik Chikitsa Kendra, Bhagalpur will be developed as an Advanced

Naturopathy Centre in order to promote naturopathy system of medicine in the state.

Under Awsar Badhe, Aage Padhe, a component of Saat Nischay of the state government,
General Nursing and Midwifery (GNM) institutes will be established in 23 identified
districts of Bihar in the coming five years.

Under Public-Private-Partnership with Global Health Private Limited (Medanta, Gurgaon)

Jayprabha Medanta Super Speciality Hospital is being established in the campus of
Jayprabha Hospital, Patna.

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 Table 10.11 : Prevalence of Main Diseases in Bihar

(No. of patients in lakh)

Diseases 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Acute Diarrhoea 6.87 (11.7) 6.87 (13.1) 5.1 (13.0)

Bacillary Dysentery 4.00 (6.8) 3.64 (6.9) 2.8 (7.2)

Viral Hepatitis 0.14 (0.2) 0.26 (0.5) 0.3 (0.7)

Enteric Fever 3.11 (5.3) 3.07 (5.9) 2.6 (6.7)

Malaria 0.33 (0.6) 0.29 (0.6) 0.3 (0.8)

Fever of Unknown Origin 16.43 (28.0) 13.18 (25.2) 10.3 (26.6)

Acute Respiratory Illnesses 21.52 (36.6) 17.30 (33.0) 13.5 (34.7)

Pneumonia 0.73 (1.2) 0.49 (0.9) 0.4 (1.1)

Dog Bite 4.15 (7.1) 6.27 (12.0) 2.7 (7.0)

Any other State Specific
0.42 (0.7) 0.29 (0.6) 0.3 (0.8)
disease
Unusual Syndromes not
1.03 (1.8) 0.71 (1.4) 0.6 (1.5)
captured above
Total 58.74 (100.0) 52.37 (100.0) 38.8 (100.0)
Source : State Health Society, GOB

Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)

Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) was launched in 3 blocks of Bihar on October 2,
1975, in response to the challenge of meeting the holistic needs of the early child care and
expectant mothers. The children in the age group 0-6 years account for 18.3 percent of states
total population which is around 19.1 million (2011 census). The ICDS is a centrally sponsored
scheme, which provides a package of six services (i) supplementary nutrition (ii)
immunization, (iii) health check-up, (iv) referral services, (v) pre-school non-formal education
for children between the ages of 3-6 years and ( vi) nutrition and health education. The target
group of ICDS, comprising children, expectant mothers and nursing mothers is reached through
Child Development Project Officer (CDPO), Lady Supervisor (LS), Anganwadi Worker (AWW)
and Anganwadi Helper (AWH). The scheme greatly contributes to attain the goal of universal
primary education and targeted nutritional standard for the children.

Presently, 544 ICDS projects are operational in Bihar, covering all development blocks in 38
districts. A total of 91.6 thousand Anganwadi Centres (AWC) are functioning under those 544
projects. Table 10.12 presents the staffing position for ICDS in Bihar. The figures indicate that
the vacancy ratios in 2015-16 are CDPO (15.8 percent), Lady Supervisors (24.0 percent),
Anganwadi Workers (6.3 percent) and Anganwadi Helpers (7.1 percent). If one compares the
vacancy ratios over the years, it is observed that while the staff strength has improved for
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Anganwadi workers and Anganwadi Helpers, the situation has deteriorated for CDPOs and Lady
Supervisors.

Table 10.12 : Staffing Position in ICDS

Lady Anganwadi Anganwadi

Year Posts CDPO
Supervisor Worker Helper
No. of Sanctioned Posts 544 3288 91677 86337

Working 507 2916 75183 67753

2012-13
Percentage of Vacant Post 6.8 11.3 18.0 21.4

Working 504 2859 82177 78076

2013-14
Percentage of Vacant Post 7.4 13.0 10.4 9.5

Working 458 2499 85936 80176

2014-15
Percentage of Vacant Post 15.8 24.0 6.3 7.0

Working 458 2499 85944 80178

2015-16
Percentage of Vacant Post 15.8 24.0 6.3 7.1
Source : Directorate of ICDS, GOB

The budget provisions for ICDS has steadily increased from Rs. 1255.9 crore in 2011-12 to Rs.
1409.7 crore in 2015-16, implying an annual growth rate of 7.3 percent (Table 10.13). As
regards the funds actually released by the central government, it has generally been lower than
the budgeted sum. In 2015-16, the fund released by the central government is 75.3 percent of the
budgetary amount; it was much lower at 51.3 percent a year before. The fund utilisation has been
generally high, in some years exceeding 100 percent.

Table 10.13 : Resource Utilisation in ICDS

Expenditure
Funds Fund
Budget for as
Released by Expenditure Released as
Year ICDS Bihar Percentage
GOI (Rs crore) Percentage
(Rs crore) of Fund
(Rs crore) of Budget
Released
2011-12 1255.9 767.4 945.1 61.1 123.2

2012-13 1393.3 1094.0 1086.1 78.5 99.3

2013-14 1714.3 1147.4 1234.5 66.9 107.6

2014-15 2238.3 1147.4 1234.9 51.3 107.6

2015-16 1409.7 1062.2 983.4 75.3 92.6

CAGR (2011-12
7.3 7.2 2.1
to 2015-16)
Source : Directorate of ICDS, GOB

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Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG) (SABLA)
In Bihar, adolescent girls (11-18 years) constitute nearly 16.7 percent (83.0 lakh) of the total
female population (2011 census). To meet the requirements of the adolescent girls, Rajiv Gandhi
Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG) was launched in November, 2010 as
a comprehensive intervention for them, with a special focus on out-of-school girls. The scheme,
also known as SABLA scheme, aims at empowering adolescent girls by improving their
nutritional and health status, apart from upgradation of home skills, life skills and vocational
skills. The girls are equipped with information on health and family welfare, hygiene and
existing public services. The scheme is being implemented using the platform of ICDS and
AWCs are the agents for the delivery of services. However, wherever the infrastructure and other
facilities under AWCs are inadequate, alternative arrangements are made in schools or panchayat
community buildings. The SABLA scheme is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme and it was launched
initially on International Womens Day in 2011. The coverage of the pilot programme was in
200 districts in the country, of which 12 are in Bihar Patna, Buxar, Gaya, Aurangabad,
Sitamarhi, West Champaran, Vaishali, Saharsa, Kishanganj, Banka, Katihar and Munger.

Under this scheme, supplementary nutrition (600 kcal) and 18-20 gms. of protein and
micronutrients are provided every day, either as hot cooked meal or as take home rations in the
AWCs. The expenditure on the nutritional component of SABLA is shared by the central and
state government in the ratio of 60:40. This service is available to out-of-school adolescent girls
in 11-14 years and all adolescent girls between 14-18 years for 300 days in a year. In
addition, out-of-school adolescent girls are being provided other services, which include life
skills education. The scheme also emphasizes convergence of services under various
programmes for health, education, youth affairs and sports, and Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI)
to achieve the programme objectives.

In 2015-16, target beneficiaries for SABLA Supplementary Nutrition Programme (SNP) were
18.20 lakh adolescent girls and, for skill development, it was 1.43 lakh adolescent girls. The
central government has released Rs. 875.28 lakh for SABLA scheme, whereas the state has
provisioned Rs. 2470.00 lakh in 2015-16 for the same.

Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY)

According to NFHS-4, maternal undernutrition and anaemia are major challenges in Bihar, with
nearly one-third (30.4 percent) of the women having low body mass index (BMI) and more than
half (60.3 percent) are anaemic. In view of this, the Ministry of Women and Child Development
(MWCD) of the central government has formulated a new scheme for pregnant and lactating
mothers, called Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY). IGMSY was launched in
October 2010 on a pilot basis with 100 percent centrally assisted funds. Currently, the scheme is
functional in two districts of Bihar Saharsa and Vaishali. Under this scheme, the beneficiaries
are paid Rs. 6000 in two installments through bank accounts or post office accounts. The first

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installment is given in third trimester, i.e., seven to nine months of pregnancy and the second
installment is given in six months after delivery on fulfilling specific conditions. This cash
incentive is provided directly to the mothers who are 19 years and above for the first two live
births, subject to fulfilling some conditions. In 2015-16, the funding pattern has been revised and
now the sharing pattern between central and state government is in the ratio of 60:40. The central
government has released Rs. 2431.40 lakh in 2015-16, whereas the state has made provision of
Rs. 1893.94 lakh for the scheme.

10.2 Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation

One of the major causes of poor health conditions in Bihar is the absence of basic amenities like
safe drinking water and sanitation. As per census 2011, only 4.4 per cent of households in the
state have access to tap water connection, of which only 3.1 percent households use tap water
from treated sources. As high as 89.6 percent households of the state depend on hand pump/tube
well/bore well for drinking water. Regarding sanitation coverage, 76.9 percent of the states
households do not have a latrine within their own premises, as per 2011 census. In urban areas,
this figure is 31.1 percent, and in rural areas it is 82.4 percent. Consequently, 75.8 percent of the
total households defecate in the open; the proportion are 81.4 percent in rural areas and 28.9
percent in urban areas.

In order to meet universal sanitation coverage, the Prime Minister has launched the Swachh
Bharat Mission on October 2, 2014, with two Sub-Missions Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin)
and the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban). This Mission aims to achieve Swachh Bharat by 2019,
as a fitting tribute to the 150th Birth Anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. In rural areas, it aims to
improve the general quality of life by promoting cleanliness, hygiene and eliminating open
defecation. It also encourages cost effective and appropriate technologies for ecologically safe
and sustainable sanitation. Swachh Bharat Mission (Rural) endeavours to develop community
managed sanitation systems for overall cleanliness in the rural areas. Similarly, Swachh Bharat
Mission (Urban) intends to eliminate open defecation, eradicate manual scavenging and develop
modern and scientific municipal solid waste management system.

In order to provide clean drinking water to every citizen of Bihar, without any discrimination,
Har Ghar Nal Ka Jal (every household should have running tap water) and Sauchalaya Nirman
Ghar Ka Sammaan (construction of toilets makes decent house) are the two vows taken by the
state government, under its Saat Nischay. To fulfill the first aim, the state government has
launched four schemes, of which three are meant for rural areas and the fourth for the urban area.
Similarly, two schemes have been started for sanitation programme Lohia Swachh Bihar
Abhiyan for rural areas and Sauchalaya Nirman (Urban) Yojana for urban areas.

The central government has introduced National Rural Drinking Water Supply Programme
(NRDWP), in order to address water supply and sanitation problems in rural areas.The progress

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of NRDWP is presented in Table 10.14. In 2015-16, as many as 26.7 thousand handpumps have
been installed under this programme. The goal of NRDWP is to ensure that, by 2022, every rural
household in the country has access to at least 70 litres of water per capita per day (lpcd), within
their household premises or at a distance of less than 50 meters. In 2015-16, there were 4.26 lakh
additions in the construction of individual household latrines. The lower figures for construction
of sanitary complexes denote that the target has almost been achieved by the concerned
department. The district-wise coverage of habitations for water supply and sanitation through the
scheme is presented in Table A 10.8 and A 10.9 (Appendix).

Table 10.14 : Achievement under Water Supply and Sanitation

(Figures in Number)
Slipped back Individual Household Latrine (IHHL)
Habitations/ constructed
Construction
Handpumps Water
Year of Sanitary
Installed quality
APL BPL Total Complex
problems
covered

2010-11 58597 13922 173219 557312 730531 66

2011-12 28286 11243 193875 646052 839927 132

2012-13 31926 10960 236021 560678 796699 214

2013-14 34289 12787 63190 98456 161646 36

2014-15 24287 12236 47056 118401 165457 20

2015-16 26691 7189 145766 280365 426131 10

Source : Public Health Engineering Department, GOB

The fund utilisation under NRDWP, during the period 2011-12 to 2015-16, is shown in Table
10.15. The utilisation of fund has increased steadily from 82.6 percent in 2011-12 to 90.9 percent
in 2015-16. This significant increase in fund utilisation has definite impact on physical
achievement. This trend should be sustained in the coming years to ensure the coverage of
hygienic sanitation facility throughout the state.

Table 10.15 : Financial Progress under NRDWP

(Rs. crore)
Year 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Outlay 440.80 351.02 353.80 426.35 296.14

Expenditure 364.22 283.50 299.02 375.38 269.19

Percentage of Utilisation 82.6 80.8 84.5 88.0 90.9

Source : Public Health Engineering Department, GOB

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The details of financial and physical progress for water supply and sanitation schemes under
state plan are presented in Tables 10.16 and 10.17. The annual growth rate in expenditure in the
past five years (29.3 percent) was higher than the rate of growth in outlay (25.7 percent).
Although the financial progress has been satisfactory, unfortunately, the physical progress has
not matched the financial progress in terms of either rural pipe water supply scheme or
establishment of new hand pumps. In 2015-16, the achievement was 21.4 percent for rural piped
water supply scheme, and 38.7 percent for installation of new hand pumps. However, the
achievement rate of covering uncovered habitations is notably higher in 2015-16 (96 percent),
compared to 2011-12 (71 percent).
Table 10.16 : Financial Progress in State Plan Schemes for Water
Supply and Sanitation
(Rs. crore)

Year 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Outlay 259.49 554.1 745.59 793.68 679.75

Expenditure 224.71 302.54 645.94 604.91 574.17

Outlay as Percent
86.6 54.6 86.6 76.2 84.5
of Expenditure
Source : Public Health Engineering Department, GOB

Table 10.17 : Physical Achievements in State Plan Schemes for

Water Supply and Sanitation

Installation of
Rural Piped Uncovered
New instead
Years/Schemes Water Supply Tolas
of Old Hand
Scheme (Habitations)
Pumps
Target 23 6880 15810
2011-12
Achievement 12 (52.2) 3330 (48.4) 11243 (71.1)

Target 22 50492 15015

2012-13
Achievement 8 (36.4) 12114 (24.0) 10960 (73.0)

Target 14 94526 13832

2013-14
Achievement 3 (21.4) 44066 (46.6) 12787 (92.4)

Target 12 105688 13000

2014-15
Achievement 2 (16.7) 43783 (41.4) 12236 (94.1)

Target 14 127449 7493

2015-16
Achievement 3 (21.4) 49331 (38.7) 7189 (95.9)
Note : Numbers in parentheses indicate achievement percentage.
Source : Public Health Engineering Department, GOB

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Some of the important interventions of the state government for providing safe drinking water
and improving sanitation in Bihar are the following:

A scheme called Lohiya Swachchha Bihar Mision was launched in March, 2016

Under Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin), 4.47 lakh toilets were constructed till May,
2016 and 60 Gram Panchayat were declared Open Defecation Free (ODF) .

Under Mukhyamantri Chapakal Yojana, 32.47 thousand new handpumps were installed
between December 2015 to September 2016 on the recommendation of Honourable
MLAs and MLCs.

Bihar Gram Swachha Peyjal Nishchay Abhiyan was implemented to ensure community
participation for providing safe drinking water in areas affected by fluoride, arsenic and
iron.

An amount of Rs. 543.61 crore was sanctioned as state share for full coverage of 15
thousand wards of 845 Gram Panchayats for a tap connection to each house, under
Mukhyamantri Gramin Peyjal Nishchaya Yojana, in the non-quality affected areas.

10.3 Education, Art, Culture and Youth

Development is a comprehensive economic, social, cultural and political process aiming to
improve the well-being of populations. One element that serves as a driver of such development
is education. Indeed, quality education is one of the basic human rights. But unfortunately, Bihar
has been one of the disadvantaged states in education in the post-independence era. In recent
times, however, the state has improved significantly in the education sector. This section presents
the status of education in Bihar, in terms of literacy rate, enrolment ratio, dropout rate, number of
schools and teachers, expenditure on education, Mid-day Meal Scheme, Sarva Siksha Abhiyan
and a few other related activities.

Literacy Rate
The literacy rate in Bihar remains one of the lowest in the country, but the state has made
remarkable progress in this field in the last decade. The literacy rate in Bihar increased from 47.0
percent in 2001 to 61.8 percent in 2011, implying an increase of 14.8 percentage point during the
decade (Table 10.18). This decadal increase is not only the highest among all the decades since
1961, it is also the highest among all the states in India for the decade 2001-2011. It might be
noted here that, for the country as a whole, the literacy rate in 2011 was 72.9 percent, compared
to 64.8 percent in 2001, implying an increase 8.1 percentage point. Apart from recording the
highest increase in literacy rates, Bihar has been able to considerably reduce the gender
difference in its literacy rates. In 2001, the male and female literacy rates in Bihar were 60.3
percent and 33.6 percent respectively, implying a difference of 26.7 percentage point. In 2011,

283
the genderwise literacy rates were 71.2 percent (male) and 51.5 percent (female), implying a
reduced gender difference of 20.1 percentage point. This was possible because the decadal
growth in female literacy rate in Bihar was as high as 17.9 percent, compared to 10.9 percent for
the males. This appreciable performance of Bihar in promoting literacy can be ascribed to two
factors. First, due to awareness of social justice, the demand for education is now very high
among all sections of the society and the second, state government has considerably enhanced its
expenditure on education.

Table 10.18 : Trend of Literacy Rates in India and Bihar

India Bihar Gender Gap

Year
Male Female Total Male Female Total India Bihar

1961 40.4 15.4 28.3 35.2 8.2 22.0 25.1 27.0

1971 46.0 22.0 34.5 35.8 10.2 23.2 24.0 25.5

1981 56.4 29.8 43.6 43.8 15.8 32.3 26.6 28.0

1991 64.1 39.3 52.2 52.5 22.9 37.5 24.8 29.6

2001 75.3 53.7 64.8 60.3 33.6 47.0 21.6 26.7

2011 80.9 64.6 72.9 71.2 51.5 61.8 16.6 20.1

Source : Census of India

Chart 10.3 : Gender Gap of Literacy Rates in India and Bihar

Elementary Education
The educational progress of the state is dependent on parallel developments in its elementary,
secondary and higher education sectors. At the operational level, elementary education is
generally divided into two parts five years of primary education (grades 1-5), followed by

284
three years of upper primary education (grades 6-8). For a socially disadvantaged state like
Bihar, it is the elementary education sector that commands the highest importance, since it is this
sector which feeds students for the secondary sector which, in turn, feeds students for the higher
education sector. The progress in elementary education sector also means that the process is an
inclusive one, since it is more relevant for a large number of students who are first generation
learners coming from deprived sections of the society. The enrolment ratio and dropout rate are
the two vital indices of the status of elementary education. Both these indicators are mostly
influenced by the availability of educational facilities like schools, teachers, etc. This is
particularly true for a state like Bihar where most of the households depend on public schools.

Enrolment Ratio
The total enrolment at elementary level has been steadily increasing over the five years at an
annual rate of 3.9 percent (Table 10.19). The data in the table shows total enrolment at Primary
and Upper Primary Levels in Bihar, during 2010-11 to 2014-15. The annual growth rate in
primary enrolment was 1.9 percent during this period. The total enrolment in primary level was
161.35 lakhs in 2014-15, increasing from 149.34 lakhs in 2010-11. At the upper primary level
also, the enrolment has risen during the last five years. The total enrolment at this level in
2014-15 was 67.91 lakhs, indicating an annual growth rate of 9.6 percent. As a whole, the total
enrolment, taking primary and upper primary together, rose to 229.26 lakhs in 2014-15 from
198.14 lakhs in 2010-11, implying an annual growth rate of 3.9 percent. The enrloment for SC
and ST students during this period has grown at an even higher rate of 5.2 percent and 16.6
percent respectively. Such higher growth rate for enrolment of SC and ST students indicates
reduction in social disparity in education.

The decline in gender gap over this period is another positive indicator of educational
development in the state. The growth rate of enrolment of girls was 5.3 percent during 2010-11
to 2014-15, compared to 2.7 percent for the boys. The total enrolment of boys (118.5 lakhs) at
the elementary level was only slightly higher than that of the girls (110.8 lakhs) in 2014-15. This
pattern of higher growth rate of enrolment for girls, and a marginally lower share of girls in total
number of students, is also observed for both primary and upper primary schools. The same
pattern is observed for SC and ST students. Taking primary and upper primary together, boys
accounted for 54.2 percent of the total enrolment in 2010-11; but this share was 51.7 percent in
2014-15.

The district-wise total enrolment is given in the Appendix Table A 10.10 (All students), A 10.11
(SC) and A 10.12 (ST). There exists wide variation in enrolment among the districts at both
primary and upper primary level in 2014-15. East Champaran (16.28 lakh) has registered the
highest enrolment at both the levels, followed by Muzaffarpur (14.10 lakh) and Patna

285
(10.34 lakh) in 2014-15. On the other hand, Sheohar (1.18 lakh) and Sheikhpura (1.36 lakh) have
registered the lowest enrolment in primary and upper primary in 2014-15. Regarding SC
students, the best performing district at both the levels was Gaya (3.01 lakh) and the worst
performing district was Sheikhpura (0.22 lakh). For ST students, the best performing district in
2014-15 was Katihar (0.68 lakh).

Table 10.19 : Total Enrolment in Primary and Upper Primary Levels

(Nos. in lakh)
Level/Type of
2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 CAGR
Students
Primary
Combined 80.76 82.29 79.74 83.34 83.72 0.9
Boys SC 15.23 16.1 14.5 15.81 15.58 0.3
ST 1.07 1.34 1.59 1.64 1.7 11.9
Combined 68.57 74.21 74.77 77.86 77.63 3.0
Girls SC 12.17 13.29 13.21 14.47 14.39 4.3
ST 0.73 1.14 1.33 1.36 1.4 15.9
Combined 149.34 156.5 154.51 161.2 161.35 1.9
All SC 27.4 29.39 27.71 30.29 29.97 2.1
ST 1.81 2.48 2.92 3.01 3.11 13.6
Upper Primary
Combined 26.65 27.04 31.34 33.66 34.77 7.8
Boys SC 3.82 4.26 4.81 5.59 6.12 12.9
ST 0.25 0.36 0.55 0.58 0.61 25.4
Combined 22.14 23.51 29.02 31.75 33.14 11.7
Girls SC 2.78 3.37 4.23 5.11 5.47 19.4
ST 0.18 0.3 0.46 0.48 0.53 30.1
Combined 48.8 50.55 60.36 65.41 67.91 9.6
All SC 6.61 7.63 9.04 10.71 11.59 15.7
ST 0.44 0.66 1.01 1.07 1.15 27.2
Total
Combined 107.41 109.33 111.08 117 118.49 2.7
Boys SC 19.05 20.36 19.31 21.4 21.7 3.2
ST 1.32 1.7 2.14 2.22 2.31 14.9
Combined 90.71 97.92 103.79 109.61 110.77 5.3
Girls SC 14.95 16.66 17.44 19.58 19.86 7.6
ST 0.91 1.44 1.79 1.84 1.93 19.1
Combined 198.14 207.25 214.87 226.62 229.26 3.9
All SC 34.01 37.02 36.75 41.01 41.56 5.2
ST 2.25 3.14 3.93 4.08 4.26 16.6
Source: Department of Education, GOB

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Dropout Rate
A high enrolment rate for students does not carry much significance, if the dropout rates are also
high. The dropout rate represents the percentage of students who drop out from a given grade in
a given school year. The phenomenon of substantial dropout before completing the desired
education level is a problem in Bihar. All the factors behind such dropout may be broadly
distributed under three categories economic factors, social and cultural factors, and school
environment and infrastructure. In case of Bihar, all these factors are operational in varying
degrees.

Table 10.20 : Dropout Rates at Primary, Upper Primary, Secondary

and Higher Secondary Levels

Year 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Girls 35.3 30.7 26.3 23.6 24.0

Primary Boys 42.1 38.0 36.0 33.6 29.2
Combined 39.3 34.8 31.7 29.1 26.8
Girls 51.3 51.1 38.7 34.7 38.9
Upper
Boys 57.9 58.6 52.4 52.4 49.9
Primary
Combined 55.1 55.5 46.7 46.5 45.1
Girls 58.9 62.7 59.5 57.6 53.9
Secondary Boys 64.4 66.9 65.2 64.7 61.2
Combined 62.2 65.2 62.8 61.8 58.2
Girls 69.4 64.7 NA NA NA
Higher
Boys 72.9 68.4 NA NA NA
Secondary
Combined 71.6 67.0 NA NA NA
Source : Department of Education, GOB

The data on the dropout rates in Bihar from 2010-11 to 2014-15 for primary, upper primary,
secondary and higher secondary stages of education is presented in Table 10.20. For the primary
stage, the dropout rate was as 39.3 percent in 2010-11, but it has reduced to 26.8 percent in 2014-
15, implying a decrease of 12.4 percentage points. Similarly, in Upper Primary, a decrease of
10.1 percentage points, from 2010-11 (55.1 percent) to 2014-15 (45.1 percent), is also observed.
Such rapid decline in the dropout rates indicates the achievement of Sarva Siksha Abhiyan, the
implementation of which has been discussed later in this chapter. The dropout rates at secondary
and higher secondary levels are much higher than that at the elementary level. Such dropout rate
was 58.2 percent in 2014-15 at secondary level, implying a decrease of 4.0 percentage point from
62.2 percent in 2010-11. It is a matter of concern that, after even after 70 years of independence,
only 42 percent of students, who are enrolled in standard I, are able to complete their secondary
education. The proportion of students completing the higher secondary education is even lower.
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As regards gender differences, it is appreciable that, at all the levels of education (elementary,
secondary and higher secondary), the dropout rates of girl students are lower than that for the
boys. The state has progressed much towards the goals of elementary education and should now
try to promote universalisation of secondary education, as this will generate human capital to
accelerate economic growth and social development in the state.

In order to uplift the disadvantaged sections of the society, specially those belonging to the SC
and ST category, constant monitoring is required to enhance enrolment, retention and attendance
of students, belonging to those groups. Table 10.21 presents the dropout rate of SC and ST
students at the primary, upper primary and secondary levels during 2010-11 to 2014-15 in Bihar.
The figures in the table clearly indicates that the SC and ST dropout rates have also decreased
progressively during this period. The dropout rate of SC girls has been lower than that of SC
boys throughout the period, at both primary and upper primary stages. It is noteworthy that the
dropout rate for SC girls in primary level decreased by 10.4 percentage points during the period
2010-11 to 2014-15. Similarly, during the period, in upper primary and secondary levels, the
dropout rate for SC girls has decreased by 24.1 and 15.3 percentage points respectively. For ST
students again, one observes a steady decline in dropout rates during this peiod for both boys and
girls. This trend of steady decline in dropout rates for all students including those belonging to
SC or ST categories is an important achievement of the educational sector in Bihar.

Table 10.21 : Dropout Rates (SC & ST) at Primary, Upper Primary and Secondary Levels

Primary Upper Primary Secondary

Year Girls Boys Combined Girls Boys Combined Girls Boys Combined
Scheduled Caste
2010-11 35.9 40.9 38.8 63.8 68.2 66.5 76.8 78.0 77.6
2011-12 30.6 36.7 34.1 60.5 67.2 64.6 72.7 75.9 74.7
2012-13 24.3 36.3 31.2 49.0 61.4 56.5 65.1 70.6 68.4
2013-14 13.3 30.4 23.2 40.5 54.7 48.9 64.3 69.8 67.7
2014-15 25.5 32.9 29.6 39.7 47.1 44.0 61.5 67.8 65.3
Scheduled Tribe
2010-11 19.8 31.6 27.1 46.1 56.5 52.6 66.8 70.9 69.5
2011-12 NA 14.4 NA 22.7 43.5 35.7 32.6 49.3 43.5
2012-13 NA NA NA NA 23.8 13.1 26.6 38.2 33.9
2013-14 NA 23.8 10.0 NA 21.7 12.7 23.5 37.6 32.3
2013-14 (-)15.1 23.8 10.0 (-)2.0 21.7 12.7 23.5 37.6 32.3
2014-15 (-)21.2 0.9 (-)8.3 3.2 27.8 18.0 31.8 45.7 40.5
Source : Department of Education, GOB

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Number of Schools and Teachers
The total number of primary and upper primary schools in Bihar in 2014-15 was 76,596. Three
best performing districts in terms of number of schools are Patna (3876), Madhubani (3503) and
East Champaran (3336). On the other hand, three districts with the least number of schools are
Sheohar (441), Sheikhpura (532) and Arwal (576). The district-wise number of primary and
upper primary schools is presented in Table A 10.13 (Appendix).

The Pupil-Teacher Ratio (PTR) denotes average number of pupils (students) per teacher in the
school. To ensure quality education, the number of teachers needs to be increased with the
growth in enrolment ratio. According to Manav Vikas Mission, the target for PTR for elementary
education is 40:1 based on enrolment, and 30:1 based on attendance. The total number of
teachers at primary and upper primary schools was 4.2 lakh in 2014-15. East Champaran
(19,578), Patna (18,707) and Muzaffarpur (18,091) had the largest number of teachers in 2014-
15, whereas Sheohar (2404), Sheikhpura (2651) and Arwal (3412) had the lowest number of
teachers. The district-wise number of teachers at primary and upper primary schools is presented
in Table A 10.14 (Appendix).

Expenditure on Education
An adequate expenditure on education is very important for the functioning of the educational
sector. In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in the expenditure in education
sector. Table 10.22 shows the expenditure on education during the last five years. The annual
growth rate of plan expenditure on education was as high as 35.6 percent, and the non-plan
expenditure has also increased steadily at an annual growth rate of 7.2 percent during this period.
As a whole, expenditure on education was more than doubled during this period with an
impressive annual growth rate of 18.1 percent. This steady increase in expenditure on education
reflects the constant effort of the state government for the progress of the education in the state.
The expenditure on education as percentage of the total budget has increased to 17.3 percent in
2015-16, from 16.2 percent in 2011-12. The share of expenditure on education to total
expenditure on social services has also increased from 51.9 percent in 2011-12 to 53.9 percent in
2015-16. Table 10.23, presents the breakdown of total expenditure on education in three
components (elementary, secondary and higher) in 2013-14, 2014-15 and 2015-16. It is evident
that in all the years, elementary education has accounted for the highest share of the total
expenditure on education, compared to other two categories. Compared to a share of 51.9 percent
for elementary education in 2013-14, it was 68.7 percent in 2015-16.

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 Table 10.22 : Expenditure on Education

Expenditure on Education Expenditure on Education

(Rs. crore) as percentage of
Year Expenditure
Total
Plan Non-Plan Total on social
Budget
services
2011-12 2901.18 6836.34 9737.52 16.18 51.99

2012-13 4949.63 8439.03 13388.66 19.35 57.94

2013-14 5038.99 9907.18 14946.17 18.59 56.62

2014-15 8258.51 9574.42 17832.93 18.83 56.23

2015-16 10303.31 9082.32 19385.63 17.26 53.93

CAGR 35.6 7.2 18.1

Source : State Government Finances, GOB

Table 10.23 : Expenditure on Education Elementary, Secondary and

Higher Education

Expenditure/Allotment on Education (Rs. Crore)

Year
Plan Non-Plan Total

Elementary 3428.2 (68.0) 4335.8 (43.8) 7764 (51.9)

Secondary 1308.84 (26.0) 1677.98 (16.9) 2986.82 (20.0)
2013-14
Higher 301.95 (6.0) 3893.4 (39.3) 4195.35 (28.1)

Total 5038.99 (100.0) 9907.17 (100.0) 14946.16 (100)

Elementary 6922.6 (83.8) 5217.17 (54.5) 12139.77 (68.1)

Secondary 1184.18 (14.3) 2184.05 (22.8) 3368.23 (18.9)

2014-15
Higher 151.73 (1.8) 2173.2 (22.7) 2324.93 (13.0)

Total 8258.51 (100.0) 9574.42 (100.0) 17832.93 (100.0)

Elementary 8789.83 (85.3) 4536.68 (50.0) 13326.51 (68.7)

Secondary 1441.88 (14.0) 2234.99 (24.6) 3676.87 (19.0)

2015-16
Higher 71.6 (0.7) 2310.65 (25.4) 2382.25 (12.3)

Total 10303.31 (100.0) 9082.32 (100.0) 19385.63 (100.0)

Note : The figures in the paretheses denote percentage share to total
Source : State Government Finances, GOB

Mid-Day Meal Scheme (MDMS)

The MDMS is a right-based scheme which was introduced to improve elementary education
through higher enrolment of the children in the age group of 6-14 years and their retention in
schools. The objective of the scheme is to address two of the basic problems of the majority of
the school children in the state, viz., hunger and education. The MDMS has been extended to
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upper primary classes in 2007 and universalised at the elementary level in 2008. From 2015-16,
the sharing pattern of MDMS is in the ratio of 60:40 for the central and state government.

Table 10.24 : Coverage of MDMS

Year 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Class I-V
Total Enrolment (in lakhs) 153.16 147.7 140.68 143.18 144.70
No. of Children Availing
68.55 85.22 93.27 94.35 99.27
MDMs (per day) (in lakhs)
Coverage Percentage 44.8 57.7 66.3 65.9 68.6

Class VI-VIII

Total Enrolment (in lakhs) 52.45 52.87 54.27 60.58 62.66

No. of Children Availing
20.55 30.32 36.11 36.96 40.02
MDM (per day) (in lakhs)
Coverage Percentage 39.2 57.3 66.5 61.0 63.9
Source : MDMS, GOB

The overall situation regarding the coverage of the scheme is indicated in Table 10.24 for the
period 2011-12 to 2015-16. In 2011-12, the coverage of MDMS at primary level was 44.8
percent, which increased to 68.6 percent in 2015-16. Likewise, the coverage of MDMS at upper
primary level was 39.2 percent in 2011-12 and it is 63.9 percent in 2015-16. Thus, the coverage
of MDMS at both the levels have increased substantially over the last five years.

The district-wise coverage of MDMS at primary and upper primary levels is presented in Table
A 10.15 and A10.16, respectively (Appendix). During 2015-16, the coverage of MDMS in 19
districts was above the state average of 68.6 percent at the primary level, compared to 7 districts
in the previous year. Out of these 19 districts, three best performing districts were Patna (78.8
percent), West Champaran (76.7 percent) and Sheohar (76.3 percent). At the upper primary level,
there are 17 districts where the MDMS coverage was above the state average of 63.9 percent,
compared to 13 districts in the preceding year. The best three districts in terms of coverage at
upper primary level are Sheohar (84.4 percent), Patna (75.2 percent) and Sitamarhi (74.1
percent). The lowest coverage is recorded in Katihar (51.3 percent) and Araria (52.8 percent). If
the present trend continues, the coverage of MDMS could be universal in the coming years.

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)

The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is a flagship programme of the central government to ensure
the universalisation of elementary education in the country. Under the 86th amendment to the
Constitution, free and compulsory education is a fundamental right for children in the 6-14 years
291
age group. It is jointly funded by the central and state government with a share of 60:40
respectively. To ensure education for all, SSA has fixed the following objectives: (i) capacity
building of teachers; (ii) providing adequate number of teachers and bringing teacher-student
ratio to the desired level; (iii) strengthening school infrastructure and (iv) ensuring community
participation by forming Village Education Committee (VEC) at the Gram Sansad (Village
Council) level. It also aims at bridging the social, regional and gender gaps in elementary
education.

The SSA in Bihar is being implemented through the Bihar Education Project (BEP) Council for
2.6 crore children in the age group of 6-14 years. The Council, popularly known as BEP, is an
organization dedicated for achieving Universal Elementary Education (UEE) in Bihar. The
project specially emphasizes on the education of deprived sections of society, such as Scheduled
Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), minorities, and girls. Along with SSA, the BEP is also
responsible for other programmes, like National Programme for Education of Girls at
Elementary Level (NPEGEL), a special module of SSA which provides additional support for
enhancing girls education over and above the normal SSA interventions. The programme
provides for setting up of a model school in every cluster with intense community mobilization
and supervision of girls enrolment in schools. This scheme is implemented in Educationally
Backward Blocks (EBBs) which have been selected on the basis of twin criteria of Female Rural
Literacy rate being below the national average and Gender Gap in literacy being above the
national average. However, the scheme has been delinked from the support of the central
government with effect from 2015-16 and it now stands transferred to the states. The NPEGEL
also covers those blocks which are not under EBB, but where at least 5 percent of population is
SC/ST and SC/ST female literacy is below 10 per cent and also selected urban slums.

The Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) scheme was launched by the central
government in August, 2004 for setting up residential schools at upper primary level for girls,
belonging predominantly to the SC, ST, OBC and minorities in difficult areas. The core aim of
the KGBV scheme is to provide access to upper primary education for disadvantaged girls in the
age group of 10-14 in EBBs. These girls generally remain outside the educational system due to
persistent socio-economic and cultural reasons. The scheme provides for a minimum reservation
of 75 percent of the seats for girls belonging to SC, ST, OBC or minority communities. Further,
priority for the remaining 25 percent is accorded to girls from families below poverty line. Since
2007, the KGBV has been merged with the SSA programme, as a separate component of that
programme.

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Rahstriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme which was
launched in 2009. It aims at enhancing access to secondary education. The goal of RMSA is to
make secondary education of good quality available, accessible and affordable to all young
students in the age group 15-16 years (classes IX and X). The major target of the scheme is (i)
universal access to secondary level education for all students in the age group 15-16 years by
providing a secondary school within 5 kilometers of any habitation and a higher secondary school
within 7 kilometers of any habitation and (ii) universal retention by 2020. The other objectives
include improving quality of education imparted at secondary level through making all secondary
schools conform to prescribed norms, and removing gender, socio-economic and disability
barriers.

Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) is again a Centrally Sponsored Scheme which
was launched in 2013. It aims at providing strategic funding to eligible government higher
educational institutions. It is a new flagship scheme of the central government that will pave the
way for far reaching reforms at the state level. The key objectives of RUSA are to improve
access, equity and quality in higher education through planned development of higher education
at the state level. It is proposed to improve the Gross Enrolment Ratio of the country from 19
percent at present to 30 percent by 2020. It will help create new academic institutions and
expand the existing institutions that are self-reliant in terms of quality education and professional
management. The funding will be in the ratio of 65:35 for the central and state governments. The
funding would flow from the central ministry through the state governments to the State Higher
Education Councils, before reaching the identified institutions. The funding to states would be
made on the basis of critical appraisal of State Higher Education Plans, which would take into
account each states strategy to address issues of equity, access and excellence in higher
education.

Table 10.25 presents the approved budget and total expenditure of BEP in 2013-14 and 2014-15,
along with its break-up among SSA, RMSA, RUSA and KGBV. It is apparent from the table that
the major share of BEP expenditure is on SSA. In 2014-15, the expenditure on SSA was Rs.
5619 crores, nearly 96 percent of total expenditure. The expenditure as a percentage of budget
was also the highest for SSA (78.5 percent). For both RMSA and RUSA, this ratio is very low at
around 25 percent.

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 Table 10.25 : Status of Fund Received and Expenditure by BEP

(Rs. crore)
Fund Released
Expenditure
APPROVED 13 th Total
Programmes as Percentage
AWP & B Finance GOI GOB Total Expenditure
of AWP & B
Commission
RUSA 144.00 NIL NIL 11.40 11.40 11.40 7.9

RMSA 97.20 NIL 25.24 7.74 32.98 36.60 37.6

2014-15 SSA 7777.69 970.00 2131.14 1271.36 4372.50 5522.24 71.0

KGBV 243.89 0.00 32.23 18.21 50.44 113.86 46.7

TOTAL 8262.78 970.00 2188.61 1308.71 4467.32 5684.10 68.8

RUSA 144.10 NIL 22.20 14.80 37.00 37.00 25.7

RMSA 125.80 NIL 36.01 23.47 59.48 34.69 27.6

2015-16 SSA 7155.59 NIL 2436.72 2839.27 5275.99 5618.95 78.5

KGBV 231.55 NIL 78.85 52.24 131.09 135.54 58.5

TOTAL 7657.04 NIL 2573.78 2929.78 5503.56 5825.71 76.1

Note : AWP&B = Annual Work Plan and Budget
Source : Bihar Education Project, GOB

ASER Report Findings

Although Bihar has made considerable progress in education over the years, there still persist
problems related to quality of education. To evaluate the learning levels, Pratham, a reputed non-
government organisation, has been conducting learning assessment tests in different states,
including Bihar. Based on these tests, Pratham publishes ASER (Annual Status of Education
Report) which is the largest annual survey that focuses on childrens actual learning levels.

Table 10.26 shows assessment of learning outcomes in 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016. The quality
of learning in Bihar is not high, as in most other states of the country, despite improvements in
the literacy figures in the recent decade. Infact, this quality has indeed been declining over the
years, both in Bihar and India. As regards learning outcomes, the Report of 2016 states that, in
Standard III, the percentage of students with satisfactory reading skills is lower in Bihar than the
national average, while for mathematical skills it is nearly the same. For Standard V students
also, the percentage of students with satisfactory reading skills is again lower for Bihar compared
to India. However, for mathematical skills, the figures for Bihar are much higher than that of
India. It is also important to note that although the learning outcomes are higher in private
schools, the level is less than satisfactory even in those schools. These results emphasize the
requirement of improving the quality of elementary education across the country, including
Bihar.

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 Table 10.26 : Percentage of Learning Outcomes based on ASER Report

Standard III Standard V

Type of Reading Std. II Simple Reading Std. II
Year Simple Division
School Level Text Subtraction Level Text
Bihar India Bihar India Bihar India Bihar India

Government 22.8 16.8 43.5 33.2 57.9 50.7 51.0 33.9

2010 Private 42.6 29.7 60.8 47.8 70.9 64.2 68.2 44.2

All 23.7 19.6 44.3 36.3 58.4 53.7 51.7 36.2

Government 14.2 16.7 25.1 19.8 43.1 41.7 30.0 20.3

2012 Private 52.7 33.8 68.4 43.4 74.8 61.2 60.6 37.8

All 16.8 21.5 28.1 26.4 44.4 46.9 31.3 24.9

Government 15.6 17.2 18.0 17.2 44.6 42.2 31.4 20.7

2014 Private 66.1 37.8 68.0 43.4 87.8 62.6 72.4 39.3

All 21.9 23.6 24.2 25.4 48.2 48.0 34.9 26.1

Government 13.9 19.3 20.0 20.2 38.0 41.6 28.9 21.1

2016 Private 62.5 38.0 72.0 44.0 82.6 62.9 72.5 37.9

All 20.8 25.2 27.3 27.7 41.8 47.8 32.6 26.0

Source : ASER Report

Higher Education

Higher education is of vital importance for the state, as it is a powerful tool to build knowledge-
based society of the present century. With greater reliance on technology-intensive inputs in
manufacturing, the need for specialized skill and knowledge is always high for speeding up
economic growth. The higher education sector in Bihar comprises college and university
education, both for general and technical streams (Table 10.27). Presently, 22 universities are
running in the state, of which 21 are traditional universities and 1 of them is an open university.
There are also 15 research institutes in the state. In 2015, there were 276 government colleges
and 468 local body colleges. To ensure the delivery of quality education, teachers training is
very important, and there are 60 teacher training institutes in Bihar in 2015; there is an increase
of 17 such institutions, between 2013 and 2015. In 2015, there were 23 engineering colleges in
Bihar, compared to 10 colleges in 2013.

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 Table 10.27 : Institutions of Higher Education

Type of Institutions/Year 2013 2014 2015

Universities

Central University 1 2 2

State Public University 14 14 14

Institute of National Importance 3 3 3

State Open University 1 1 1

Institute Under State Legislative Act 1 1 1

Deemed University 1 1 1

Total 21 22 22
Research Institute 15 15 15
Colleges

Government Colleges/Constituent College 278 278 276

Local Body Colleges/Affiliated College 387 416 468

P.G Center/Off-Campus Center 9 9 9

Recognized Centre 13 13 16

Total 687 716 769

Technical Institutes

Education/Teacher Training Centre (Primary) 42 43 60

Engineering College 10 24 23

Total 52 67 83
Source : Department of Education, GOB

The district-wise details of affiliated and constituent colleges and technical colleges for 2013-14,
2014-15 and 2015-16 are given in Table A 10.17 and A 10.18 (Appendix). According to Table A
10.18, there are 499 colleges of Arts, Fine Arts, Social Work, Science and Commerce, 23
Engineering colleges, 17 Medical colleges and 205 colleges of other streams. Due to resource
constraints, the state government alone is not able to fulfill the demand for higher education.
Thus, a number of private educational institutes have been set up in the state in technical,
medical and vocational streams compared to the recent past.

Art, Culture and Youth

The youths are the most valuable human resource of every society. Bihar has 24.2 percent of the
population belonging to the age group 15-29 years. The art and culture of Bihar are a vast
continuum, evolving incessantly since time immemorial. Therefore, the preservation of Bihars

296
rich cultural heritage and promotion of all forms of art and culture are of considerable
importance. For overall development of youth and culture, the state government has taken
several steps which are:

The archaeological site of ancient Nalanda Mahavihara has been included in the list of
UNESCOs World Heritage Site.

Munger Museum with four galleries displaying antiquities/artifacts was opened for the public
visitors. A new Museum building has been constructed at Bhagalpur in addition to one
existing in the campus. The antiquities/artifacts collected in the Patna Museum are being
displayed in three new galleries.

The state government is planning for a theme parks at the Jananayak Karpoori Thakur Smriti
Sanghrahalaya, Patna and the archaeological site at Taradih (Bodh Gaya).

The process has begin for establishment of a Film City at Rajgir in order to promote film
industry and associated activities.

The scheme for development of the Budhha Smriti Stupa-cum- Samyak Darshan Museum at
Vaishali has been approved. An amount of Rs. 152.37 crore has been sanctioned for the
scheme and 72.94 acres of land has been allotted for the construction of the building.

About 15 sites were inspected and evaluated for their archaeological potentials which include
Jamaluddin Chak (Patna), Aldhanna (Nalanda), Eksara (Nalanda), Pastan Navtoli
(Madhubani), Lorikdih (Darbhanga), Raj Parisar, (Darbhanga), Rajnagar (Madhubani),
Bhauragarhi (Madhubani), Kali Mandir (Gaya), Umga (Aurangabad), Sitathapa
(Aurangabad), Satchandi (Aurangabad), Jain Mandir, Pachar Pahad (Aurangabad), Chakka
(Darbhanga) and Maheshia (Sitamarhi).

Eklavya Rajya Awasiya Khel Prashikshan Kendra scheme is running under the larger scheme
of Mukhyamantri Khel Vikas Yojana. Under this scheme, school students are trained in order
to promote various games. In 2016-17, 6 new centres have been sanctioned for this, whereas
16 such centres are already running.

On the occasion of National Sports Day, sportspersons who have either represented the
nation in international events or have won medals at the national level competition are
felicitated by organizing sports programme. Under this scheme, 359 sportspersons and
coaches were felicitated in 2016-17.

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10.4 Social Welfare
To ensure that the growth process is inclusive, it is necessary for any state to implement social
welfare programmes. Such welfare programmes in Bihar now cover Dalits, Mahadalits,
Backward Classes, Extremely Backward Classes, Minorities, Women and other weaker sections.

Welfare of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe

The state government had created a separate Department in 2007 for the welfare of scheduled
castes and tribes in Bihar. There are 22 castes in Bihar which are listed as Scheduled Castes (SC)
which account for 15.9 percent of its population, while communities listed as Scheduled Tribes
(ST) make up 1.3 percent of the states population, according to 2011 census. The Department of
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe runs various programmes for their economic, educational
and social upliftment which are listed below:

An amount of Rs. 189.95 crores has been alloted in 2015-16 for Post-Matric Scholarship
Scheme. Till date, 81,750 SC / ST students have been benefited by this scheme.

A sum of Rs. 805.88 crore has been allotted in 2015-16 under Pre-Matric Scholarship
Scheme, and about 59 lakhs students have been benefitted from this scheme.

Under the Chief Minister Merit Scholarship Scheme, started from 2008-09, a scholarship of
Rs. 10,000 is given to SC/ST students, who have passed matric examination of Bihar
School examination Board with first division. For those SC/ST students who pass with
second division, the scheme provides for a scholarship of Rs. 8000.

The state government has also decided to award an amount of Rs. 15,000 to SC/ST girl
students, who have passed higher secondary examination with first division under a
Scholarship Scheme. The scholarship amount is Rs. 10,000 for those girl students who pass
with second division. In 2015-16, 138 thousand SC/ST students have been benefitted with
an expenditure of Rs. 138.04 crores under this scheme .A budget provision of Rs. 166.20
crores has been made under State plan for 2016-17.

Presently, 65 Residential Schools for Scheduled Castes and 15 Residential Schools for
Scheduled Tribes are being run by the state government. A decision has been taken to
convert Residential Schools into Model Schools. An amount of Rs. 17.55 crore is allocated
for construction of each residential schools.

298
 The state government has also decided to establish 6 new Residential Schools in (Gaighat,
Patna), (Motihara, Kisanganj), (Farbishganj, Araria), (Sugaon, Motihari), Aurangabad,
(Sidhav, West Champaran) and 5 new Tribal Schools in West Champaran Kadmahva
(Bagaha-2), Madhubani (Ramnagar), Virviria (Mainatand) Belsandi (Gaunaha) and
Dhamaura (Gaunaha).

The state government has sanctioned construction of six new hostel buildings in Sitamarhi,
Mahendru and Arfabad (Patna), Thakkar Bappa (Mujaffarpur), Khandakpar (Nalanda) and
Mogalpura (Darbhanga).

The Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocity) Act, 1989 is being
successfully implemented in Bihar to provide relief to the victims of atrocitiy. An
expenditure of Rs. 16.15 crore have been incurred in 2015-16 to benefit 4050 persons with
relief grant. Also, 282 victims/ dependents are being given a pension of Rs. 4500 per
month.

Under the Integrated Tharuhat Development Project, 1651 youth of Scheduled Tribe
community have been given vocational training upto the year 2015-16

The total budget for SC/ST welfare increased from Rs. 1181.12 crore in 2014-15 to Rs. 1973.82
crore in 2015-16 (Table 10.28). However, the actual expenditure was Rs. 1740.67 crore in 2015-
16, implying utilisation of 88.2 percent of the budget. The district-level data on physical and
financial progress under major SC/ST welfare schemes in the state is presented in Table A 10.19
(Appendix).

Table 10.28 : Overview of Outlay Allocation of SC and ST Welfare

(Rs.crore)
2014-15 2015-16
Item Actual Utilisation Actual Utilisation
Budget Budget
Expenditure Percentage Expenditure Percentage

SC & ST 1124.46 966.09 85.9 1840.28 1644.79 89.4

Secretariat Service 3.26 3.02 92.7 4.15 3.39 81.9

Capital Outlay 50.40 34.21 67.9 119.42 88.49 74.1

Capital Outlay on
3.00 3.00 100.0 9.97 4.00 40.1
Co-operatives
Total 1181.12 1006.32 85.2 1973.82 1740.67 88.2
Source : Department of SC/ST Welfare, GOB

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Mahadalit
The state government has undertaken several targeted schemes based on the report of the State
Mahadalit Commission for the welfare of the most deprived amongst the scheduled castes. The
Commission observed that, out of the 22 scheduled castes in Bihar, 21 are acutely deprived in
terms of economic, social, cultural and political status. The population belonging to these castes
have not benefited significantly from affirmative actions meant for the SC population. Thus, the
idea of Bihar Mahadalit Vikas Mission is to fulfill the basic necessities of all Mahadalit
communities The specific attempt of the state government for the welfare of Mahadalits include:

Under Darsharath Manjhi Kaushal VikasYojana, 2 lakh scheduled castes youth were
enrolled for skill development training between 2013-14 to 2015-16

The state government has decided to appoint Vikas Mitras at each Gram Panchayat and
urban ward, dominated by Mahadalit community. This aims at an effective implementation
of the various welfare schemes targeting the said community. A reservation of 50 percent is
given to women in the selection of Vikas Mitras. Till date, 9555 Vikas Mitras have been
appointed.

Under Special School-cum- Hostel scheme, 150 Mahadalit girl students in Patna and 100
Mahadalit girl students in Gaya have been benefitted.

Under Community Hall-cum-Workshed scheme, out of a total target of 5045, the

construction is complete for 2732 units, with an expenditure of Rs. 243.5 crore. These
Community Halls are expected to promote intellectual, cultural and sports development
among the Mahadalit community.

SAHAYTA Call Centres have been established across the state which have provided the
desired assistance to a total of 99,047 SC/ST callers. An amount of Rs. 57.00 lakh has
already been spent on this scheme.

The Bihar State Schedule Caste Cooperative Development Corporation was established in 1978
for all-round development of scheduled castes. The district offices of the Corporation are
working in 36 districts of Bihar. In 2016-17, till September, Corporation had already benefited
825 people through its subsidy scheme, the total assistance being Rs. 239.46 lakh. Other two
important schemes are Micro Credit Finance Scheme and Mahila Samridhi Scheme) which
benefitted 215 and 214 needy people respectively. The loan limit for both these schemes is Rs.
30,000. The details are given in Table 10.29.

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 Table 10.29 : Achievements of Bihar State Scheduled Caste Cooperative Corporation (2016-17)

No. of Amount of loan/subsidy (Rs. lakh)

Name of the
Beneficia- Term Bank Margin
Scheme Subsidy Total
ries Loan Loan Money
MahilaSamridhi
Scheme (NSFDC) 14 2.8 - - 1.4 4.2
(Rs. 0.30 lakh)
Small Business
Scheme (NSFDC) 10 3.8 - 0.2 1.0 5.0
(Rs. 0.50 lakh)
MahilaSamridhi
Scheme (NSKFDC) 214 42.8 - - 21.4 64.2
(Rs. 0.30 lakh)
MahilaSamridhi
Scheme (NSKFDC) 7 2.8 - - 0.7 3.5
(Rs. 0.50 lakh)
Micro Credit
Finance Scheme
215 43.0 - - 21.5 64.5
(NSKFDC)
(Rs. 0.30 lakh)
Micro Credit
Finance Scheme
29 11.6 - - 2.9 14.5
(NSKFDC)
(Rs. 0.50 lakh)
Term Loan Scheme
(NSKFDC) 14 5.6 - - 1.4 7.0
(uptoRs. 0.50 Lakh)
Term Loan Scheme
(NSKFDC) 7 5.425 - 0.525 0.7 6.65
(uptoRs. 1.00 Lakh)
Subsidy Scheme
(executed through 825 - 156.96 - 82.5 239.46
Bank)
Total 1335 117.825 156.96 0.725 133.5 409.01
Note : NSFDC - National Scheduled Caste Finance Development Corporation
NSKFDC - National Safai Karmachari Finance Development Corporation
The figures in the parenthesis denote upper limit of the schemes in Rs. lakh
Source : Department of SC/ST Welfare, GOB

Welfare of Backward and Extremely Backward Classes

The state government has constituted the Department of Welfare of Backward and Extremely
Backward Classes for overall development of these communities in 2007-08. The backward
classes are those castes that got notified by the state government. In Bihar, 131 backward castes
account for almost 60 percent of its population. The summary of financial progresses for welfare
of backward and extremely backward population is presented in Table 10.30. The table shows
that the expenditure for the welfare of backward classes has been increasing steadily during the
last five years. In 2011-12, the expenditure was Rs. 355 crore, which increased nearly eight times
to reach the level of Rs. 2695 crore in 2015-16. The table also shows that the utilisation

301
percentage for these schemes has been consistently high. Except in 2013-14, the utilisation
percentage was above 90 percent in all the years.

Table 10.30 : Financial Progress of BC and EBC Welfare

(Rs. crore)

Details 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Total Outlay 365.91 825.92 1375.79 1477.97 2975.3

Total Approved Amount 365.91 825.92 1193.1 1477.97 2781.45

Total Expenditure 355.05 817.48 1193.1 1445.4 2695.07

Utilisation percentage 97.0 99.0 86.7 97.8 90.6

Source : Department of BC and EBC Welfare, GOB

The welfare measures undertaken for backward and extremely backward classes are as follows:

Under Chief Minister Backward Classes Merit Scholarship Scheme, 1,44,974 students
were awarded scholarships.

Hostels are being constructed in all districts under Jannayak Karpuri Thakur Extremely
Backward Class Welfare Hostels Scheme. Presently, hostellers are being admitted in 11
districts Nalanda, Buxar, Kaimur, Madhubani, Banka, Jamui, Katihar, Sheikhpura,
Gaya, Bhagalpur and Kishanganj.

Under Pre-Matric Scholarship Scheme, 183 lakh OBC students have been benefited in
2015-16. Similarly, under Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme, 378 thousand OBC students
have been benefited in 2015-16 .

In 2016-17, 23 lecturers/ teachers have been re-engaged on contractual basis in 12 OBC

girls residential higher secondary schools.

Pre-examination training centres have been established in 8 universities of the state in

2015-16, which provide free training for competitive examination for students belonging to
BC and EBC categories for their selection in administrative services.

The physical and financial details of allocation for different welfare schemes for the backward
and extremely backward population is presented in Table 10.31.

302
 Table 10.31 : Physical and Financial Details of BC and EBC Welfare Department

Fund Fund Fund

No. of No. of No. of
Allocation Allocation Allocation
Beneficiaries Beneficiaries Beneficiaries
(Rs. lakh) (Rs. lakh) (Rs. lakh)
Year
Stipend for students of
OBC Girls Higher Secondary
primary, middle and high Post-Matric Scholarship
Residential School (12 nos.)
school
2011-12 323313 2517 126938 15206.9 3080 485

2012-13 4300000 58696 225000 24628.2 800 100

2013-14 9800000 116824 36368 5815 2019 585

2014-15 12200000 105470 244121 36997 2499 726

2015-16 18300000 225398.34 378544 61977.83 2499 977.2

Construction of 38 Jannayak
Mukhyamantri Medhavriti Stipend for students in
Karpuri Thakur Hostels for
Yojana for EBC students technical courses
EBC Students
2011-12 53000 5300 850 17 160

2012-13 42000 4200 1650 30 187

Under
2013-14 35000 3500 1500 30 935
Construction
2014-15 40000 4000 1500 30 -

2015-16 144974 14497.4 3750 75 500

Source : Department of Backward and Extremely Backward Class Welfare, GOB

Minority Welfare

The Indian Constitution is committed to the equality of citizens and it is the responsibility of the
state to protect the rights of minorities in matters of language, religion and culture. According to
2011 census, the religious minorities constitute 17.3 percent of the population of Bihar, with 16.9
percent Muslims and 0.4 percent belonging to other religions like Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, and
Christians. Muslims constitute a large part of the population in Kishanganj (68.0 percent),
Katihar (44.5 percent), Araria (42.9 percent) and Purnea (38.5 percent). In order to safeguard the
welfare of these minorities, the Department of Minority Welfare was established in Bihar in
1991. The achievement of the Department in recent years is as follows:

Under Mukhyamantri Alpsankhayak Rojgar Rin Yojana , a sum of Rs. 89.86 crore was
allotted for providing self-employment to 8732 minority people upto December, 2016

Under Muslim Divorcee Women Assistance Programme, economic assistance of

Rs. 10,000 was given to 11,527 divorced Muslim women up to August, 2016.

303
 Under Mukhyamantri Alpsankhayak Vidyarthi Protsahan Yojana, a sum of Rs. 119.00
crore was allotted which has benefited 1,23,129 minority students in 2016-17.

Till December 2016, 401 minority candidates have been trained in Central Institute of
Plastic Engineering Technology (CIPET), Hajipur under Mukhya Mantri Shram Shakti
Yojana. Presently, 26 minority candidates are undergoing training in tailoring trade under
Raymonds Limited. Already 216 persons were made employable through training in
Raymonds limited, Patna.

Mazharul Haque Arbi and Farsi University has been appointed as the nodal agency for
imparting training to minority candidates for appearing in various competitive
examinations. Till 2015-16, 77 candidates were imparted coaching for BPSC (Mains) and
120 for examination of railway, banking and SSC etc. A target for training of 500 students
was set for financial year 2016-17.

Annual grant to Bihar Haj Committee has been increased from Rs. 40 lakh to Rs. 60 lakh to
provide better facilities to pilgrims going for Haj every year. In 2016, 6597 pilgrims and 34
Khadimul Hujjaj under the leadership of one supervisor was sent to Saudi Arabia.

A sum of Rs. 25.05 crore was distributed among 2888 minority students for technical and
higher education under Mukhyamantri Alpsankhayak Shiksha Rin Yojana.

Training in different traits of computer were given to 189 candidates by Micro, Small and
Medium Enterprises (MSME) Tool Room and Training Centre in Patna which is an
institution of the central government.

10.5 Women Empowerment

Empowerment of women is critical for the very development of any society, since it enhances
both the quality and the quantity of human resources available for development. Womens
security, decision-making power, and mobility are three indicators for womens empowerment.
The data from the NFHS-4 survey on womens decision-making power shows that about 75.2
percent of the women in Bihar took decisions on their own regarding household issues. This
shows that the states effort for women empowerment are reaping results. But it is obvious that
the present efforts should be strengthened and continued for women development.

304
Bihar has shown a decrease in sex ratio from 919 in 2001 to 916 in 2011. In comparison, the sex
ratio of India improved to 940 in 2011 from 933 in 2001. This drop in sex ratio is one of the
serious concerns of the state government. Although the literacy rate for females has shown a
sharp increase from 33.1 percent in 2001 to 53.3 percent in 2011, a jump of 20 percentage points,
but the gender disparity still persists. Gender inequality arising out of social norms and cultural
traditions is now being addressed directly or indirectly through efforts which change attitude and
perception towards women. The state government has been publishing its gender budget since
2008-09. A brief overview of the gender budget for 2011-12 to 2015-16 is presented in Table
10.32. From the table, it is evident that the total outlay for women development has increased
over the years, although it recorded a drop in 2015-16. The share of the outlay for women in total
state budget has been about 11 percent, with some year-to-year variation. Similarly, outlays for
women as percentage of GSDP have been around 2.7 percent.

Table 10.32 : Gender Budget Summary

(Amounts in Rs. crore)

Details 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Category 1 schemes for
1995.6 2293.8 2740.2 3920.1 2996.1
Women (100 % beneficiaries)
Category II schemes for
4092.5 5541.8 7008.0 8658.3 8130.9
Women (30 % beneficiaries)
Total outlays for women 6088.1 7835.6 9748.2 12578.3 11127.0
Total Outlays for related
27841.6 34615.4 19003.5 33703.7 31010.8
Departments
Outlays for women as a
percent of total outlays of 21.9 22.6 51.0 37.2 35.9
related Departments
Total size of the state budget 60181.7 69206.6 80405.3 94698.0 112327.8
Share of outlays in the state
10.1 11.3 12.1 13.3 9.9
budget (percent)
GSDP 247287.3 282167.6 329474.6 410862.4 486430.4
Outlays for women as percent
2.5 2.8 3.0 3.1 2.3
of GSDP
Source : Department of Finance, GOB

Table 10.33 represents the data for the gender budget items under different departments. Here
one notices increase in outlays for both Category I and Category-II schemes in 2016-17,
compared to 2015-16. It is also clear from the table that Rural Development, Social Welfare and
Education are the three major Departments, through which women-oriented programmes are
implemented.

305
 Table 10.33 : Overview of Gender Budget

(Rs. crore)
2015-16 2016-17 (BE)
Expenditure for women Expenditure for women
Name of
Total Under Under Total Under Under
Department
Budget Categeory Categeory Total Budget Categeory Categeory Total
I II I II
Social Welfare 3969.78 296.51 1610.58 1907.09 4756.85 436.10 1926.28 2362.38

SC and ST welfare 1428.31 0.00 413.61 413.61 1568.80 0.00 465.51 465.51

Public Health
1099.81 0.00 329.94 329.94 1326.37 0.00 397.91 397.91
Engineering

Minority Welfare 162.83 2.00 48.25 50.25 56.21 2.00 16.26 18.26

Education
13723.38 517.06 4020.60 4537.65 15630.43 309.36 4422.89 4732.25
Department

Health 624.39 85.12 0.00 85.12 2116.63 1890.14 0.00 1890.14

Rural Development 4186.72 2056.65 549.02 2605.67 5059.42 2889.82 650.88 3540.70

Urban Development
3.21 0.00 1.61 1.61 12.15 0.00 6.08 6.08
and Housing

Panchayati Raj 224.59 0.00 112.29 112.29 335.00 0.00 167.50 167.50

Labor Resource 7.10 2.70 1.32 4.02 11.80 5.50 0.12 5.62

Planning and
898.76 0.00 269.63 269.63 667.48 0.00 0.00 0.00
Development
BC and EBC
1955.80 9.77 583.81 593.58 1953.60 10.16 583.43 593.59
Welfare
Revenue and Land
26.25 26.25 0.00 26.25 20.75 20.75 0.00 20.75
Reforms
Art, Culture and
45.71 0.00 13.71 13.71 38.75 0.00 11.62 11.62
Youth
Industry Department 262.62 0.00 29.73 29.73 212.89 0.00 63.87 63.87
Agriculture
1877.93 0.00 56.09 56.09 2156.41 0.00 646.92 646.92
Department
Information &
1.59 0.00 0.43 0.43 2.10 0.99 0.89 1.88
Tecnology
Building
294.27 0.00 90.28 90.28 271.44 0.00 77.23 77.23
Construction

Home Dept 217.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 151.99 0.00 61.48 61.48

Total 31010.80 2996.06 8130.90 11126.96 36349.06 5564.82 9498.86 15063.68

Source : Department of Finance, GOB

306
 Table 10.34 : Flagship Schemes to Address Gender Disparity

(Rs. crore)
2015-16
Scheme 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
(RE)
Lakshmibai Social Security
106.43 41.06 32.51 39.90 35.00
Pension Scheme
Nari Shakti Yojana 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00
Mukhyamantri Kanya Vivah
59.88 82.43 108.83 134.91 59.00
Yojana
Mukhyamantri Kanya
100.00 6.56 0.00 89.99 45.40
Suraksha Yojana
Total 296.31 130.05 141.34 264.80 140.40
Source : Department of Finance, GOB

The direct interventions by the state government to address gender disparity comprise two main
heads: child protection (Kanya Suraksha Yojana to stop female foeticide) and social and
economic security (Lakshmibai Social Security Pension scheme, Kanya Vivah Yojana and Nari
Shakti Yojana) (Table 10.34). The Nari Shakti Yojana was launched in 2007-08 throughout the
state with an objective to empower women and make them self-reliant. The programme
envisages holistic empowerment of women in economic, social and cultural spheres. The total
expenditure under these flagship schemes has varied over the years. It was high in 2011-12 and
2014-15, but was much lower in 2015-16 (Rs. 140.40 crore).

Economic Empowerment

Under Mukhyamantri Nari Shakti Yojana, Women Development Council (WDC) has
initiated important programmes like working women hostels, service oriented skill
trainings, women help line etc. to execute Women Empowerment Policy, 2015.

Under the Saat Nishchay programme, Aarakshit Rozgar Mahilaon Ka Adhikar is one of the
commitments, and 35 percent reservation in recruitment is being given to women across
services of the state government from January, 2016 onwards.

The newly elected PRI representatives were provided training at district level on Acts
related to women. They were also provided with capacity building material on the subject.

A total of 5.57 lakh women's self help groups (SHG) has been formed till September, 2016,
under Jeevika. Apart from other benefits, the SHGs promote small savings. At present,
32,431 village organisations and 365 cluster level federations are in operation. Between
2007-08 and 2015-16, through Jeevika's initiatives, 2.21 lakh SHGs were linked to banks.
The progress in financial inclusion has entailed institutional loan of Rs. 1300 crore to the
SHGs till 2015-16.

307
 The state government is implementing Aajeevika Skills and Mahila Kisan Sashaktikaran
project, after a re-structuring of the National Rural Livelihood Mission. It has sanctioned
an additional exemption of 3 percent in the interest rate on the loans taken for initiating an
enterprise by poor women under the scheme.

An exemption of 100 percent is allowed on the vehicle tax for the three-wheelers, taxi,
motor cabs, maxi cabs which are registered in the name of women and being operated by
them.

The state government has decided to raise a new women battalion in Bihar Armed Forces
and establish Women Police Stations in all the districts of the state. A reservation of 35
percent is given to women in direct recruitment for the posts of constable and in appointing
junior inspector in the police force. There is a proposal to establish a special battalion
consisting of scheduled caste women.

Women and girls from the marginalized sections of society are provided with skill
development training in 12 different sectors like IT, Apparel, Beauty and Wellness,
Healthcare, Retail, Security, Telecom, handicraft etc. for ensuring sustained source of
livelihood. Till date, 4320 women/girls have been trained and a target of 19,000 was set for
2016-17.

Social Empowerment

Training of para legal volunteers on Acts related to women has started in all districts.
About 1500 para legal volunteers were trained on Gender issues and Domestic Violence
Act, 2005 till December, 2015. About 600 para legal volunteers were selected from each
block to provide two-day capacity building training on Child Marriage Prohibition Act,
Dowry Prohibition Act and Working Women Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace
Act, 2013.

A referral unit at the community level will be established to help the victimized women for
quick disposal of the cases in coordination with Helpline and other service providers.

Women Development Council (WDC) has established a Gender Resource Centre which is
functioning efficiently and is implementing gender sensitization programmes in co-
ordination with different Departments. Recently, WDC has been nominated as a nodal
agency for Gender Budgeting by the Department of Social Welfare.

Women Helplines have been established in 38 district of Bihar under Mukhyamantri Nari
Shakti Yojana to provide free psychological and legal aid to the victims of domestic
violence. An amount of Rs. 44.45 lakh has been spent for running Women Helpline in
2014-15.
308
 Table 10.35 : Number of Cases Registered and Disposed under Social Empowerment

2014-15 2015-16
Types of Cases
Registered Disposed Registered Disposed
Domestic Violence 3888 3287 (84.5) 4090 3370 (82.4)
Dowry Abused 663 629 (94.9) 578 459 (79.4)
Dowry Death 14 16 (114.3) 55 53 (96.4)
Second Marriage 142 105 (73.9) 118 114 (96.6)
Assets Related 127 160 (126) 95 102 (107.4)
Rape & Trafficking
83 120 (144.6) 44 44 (100)
Cases
Sexual abuse at
117 90 (76.9) 86 85 (98.8)
office/ other places
Others 1778 1494 (84) 1773 1586 (89.5)
Total Cases 6812 5901 (86.6) 6839 5813 (85)
Note : Figures in parentheses denote the percentage of cases disposed
Source : Bihar State Women Development Corporation, GOB

Table 10.35 shows the number of cases registered and disposed of relating to offences against
women. Out of all the cases, the registration of cases is the highest for domestic violence. It is
interesting to note that about 85 percent of all cases were disposed of in 2015-16. Next to
domestic violence were the cases registered under dowry abuse and 79 percent of such cases
cases were disposed in 2015-16.

10.6 Labour Resource and Welfare

Unorganised sector constitutes a large part of labour force in Bihar. More than 70 per cent of
workforce is engaged in agriculture or other agricultural pursuits. Faster and inclusive growth
needs special attention to the informal economy. Sustaining high levels of growth is also
intertwined with meeting the need of those engaged in informal economy in terms of credit,
skills, technology, marketing and infrastructure etc. Thus, the state government makes
substantial effots for the welfare of these workers through a number of programmes rural
training camps, rehabilitation of child labour, insurance schemes, proper implementation of
labour laws and the like.

According to 2011 Census, the Work Participation Rate (WPR), defined as the proportion of
workers (main and marginal) to total population was 33.4 percent in Bihar, compared to 39.8
percent in whole of India (Table 10.36). The WPR in the age group of 15-59 years is 54.5
percent in Bihar which is 4.0 percentage points lower than that of India (58.5 percent).
Remarkably, work participation of aged population (60+ years) is 9.1 percentage points higher in
Bihar, compared to that of India. However, regarding the child labour, the share for both India
309
and Bihar lies between 3 to 4 percent. Between 2001 and 2011, there has been notable decrease
in the share of main workers, with an increase in the share of marginal workers. This trend is
observed both in Bihar and the entire country.

Table 10.36 : Age-wise Work Participation Rates (WPR) in India and Bihar

(Percentage)
Increase / Decrease
2001 2011
Age Group (2001 to 2011)
Total Main Marginal Total Main Marginal Total Main Marginal

India

5 - 14 years 5.0 2.3 2.7 3.9 1.7 2.2 -1.1 -0.6 -0.5

15 - 59 years 61.1 48.1 13.0 58.5 44.4 14.0 -2.6 -3.7 1.1

60+ years 40.3 32.1 8.2 41.6 31.4 10.2 1.3 -0.7 2.0

Age Not Stated 31.1 24.2 6.9 36.0 26.2 9.7 4.9 2.1 2.8

All age 39.1 30.4 8.7 39.8 29.9 9.9 0.7 -0.5 1.2

Bihar

5 years to 14 years 4.7 2.3 2.4 3.8 1.6 2.2 -0.9 -0.7 -0.2

15 year-59 years 57.2 43.4 13.8 54.5 33.7 20.8 -2.6 -9.6 7.0

60+ years 46.3 37.5 8.9 50.7 32.6 18.1 4.4 -4.9 9.3

Age Not Stated 24.5 18.9 5.6 33.3 20.5 12.8 8.8 1.6 7.2

All age 33.7 25.4 8.3 33.4 20.5 12.8 -0.3 -4.8 4.5
Source : Census of India

In order to expand the employment opportunities and fulfill the target of Aarthik Hal, Yuvaon ko
Bal, one of the components of Saat Nischay, the state government has launched Kushal Yuva
Programme on October 2, 2016. Under this programme, youth between age group of 15-25 years
will receive training in communication skills (Hindi and English), software skills and basic
computer skills. The total training will be of 240 hours, with 80 hours of communication skills,
120 hours of basic computer skills and 40 hours of other software skills. This scheme will be
implemented by the Labour Department. Recently, Bihar Skill Development Mission (BSDM)
has been established which will run one skill training centre in each block in the state where
those skills will be imparted. Some of the other initiatives of the state government for labour
welfare are :

310
 One women Industrial Training Institutes (ITI) will be established in each district and each
subdivision of the state. Women ITIs are already functioning in 7 districts of the state
(Buxar, Nawada, Arwal, Jamui, Sitamarhi, Bettiah and Katihar) and 18 sub-divisions
(Paliganj, Rajgir, Daudnagar, Haveli Khadagpur, Tarapur, Naugachhiya, Muzaffarpur
(West), Pupari, Mahua, Narkatiyaganj, Biraul, Rosra, Manihari, Araria, Vaaysi,
Banmankhi, Simri Bahtiyarpur and Udakishunganj.

With an objective to provide overseas placement, Bihar Kaushal Vikash Mission has
invited proposals from Industrial Houses and International Placement Agencies to establish
employment-cum-skill development centres on Recruit, Train and Deploy (RTD) model for
youth of Bihar.

In order to enhance the scope of skill development, 149 courses have been selected by
Bihar Skill Development Mission (BSDM) and it is being implemented by 15 Departments
of the state government.

Under Child Labour Tracking System (CLTS), the tracked child will be ensured
rehabilitation, economically and educationally. They will also be prevented fron becoming
a part of vicious circle of child labour. Till date, 2700 children have been tracked and
rehabilitated.

The state government has also taken several initiatives to create job opportunities for the
unemployed youth. The district and state-level employment-cum-guidance fairs are being
organised under the vocational guidance programme. In 2016-17, employment-cum-vocational
guidance fair were organised in all 38 districts by the Employment Exchanges. These fairs were
organised at the district, division, and university levels. Till the month of September, 2016, a
total of 50 job fairs were organised and more than 30,771 candidates have been selected for jobs
by different private companies. Under centrally sponsored scheme of Model Career Centres
(MCC), the planned centres have been established in sub-regional Employment Exchanges at
Patna and Muzaffarpur. A plan for setting up such a centre in Bhagalpur has also been approved.
Table 10.37 shows the initiatives taken by the state government for expansion of employment
services and online facilities in the Employment Exchanges.

311
 Table 10.37 : Physical & Financial Progress of Schemes for Modernization of Employment Exchanges

(Amount in Rs. lakh)

2014-15 2015-16
Programme Budget Finacial Budget Finacial
outlay Achievement outlay Achievement
Expansion of Employment
50.6 50.1 90.0 43.8
services
E- Process of Employment
32.4 31.0 150.0 103.5
Services operation

Strengthening of vocational
90.0 77.2 185.0 110.8
guidance programme

Establishment of Overseas
15.0 - 3000.0 0
Bureau
Scheme for development of
12.0 11.0 15.0 13.4
weaker section

Sub-Total 200.0 169.3 3440.0 271.5

Construction of combined
480.0 430.0 1000.0 283.4
labour buildings

Total 680.0 599.3 4440.0 554.9

Source : Department of Labour Resource, GOB

10.7 Social Security for Old and Disabled

The purpose of any social security measure is to give households the confidence that their level
of living and quality of life will not be eroded because of economic uncertainities or old age.
Development is a comprehensive process and it must include the old and disabled. Thus, in
alliance with the central government, the state government is presently promoting several social
security schemes for persons of old age, widows and disabled people. The total expenditure on
the pension schemes has increased from Rs. 98.34 crore in 2005-06 to Rs. 3030.42 crore in
2015-16.

Table 10.38 shows the summary of these welfare schemes, implemented by the central and state
governments. In 2015-16, the total expenditure on schemes for Old Age, Widow and Persons
with Disabilities has been 95 percent of the total budget outlay and 64 lakh people were
benefited by these schemes.

312
 Table 10.38 : Schemes for Old Age, Widow and Persons with Disabilities

2014-15 2015-16

Schemes Budget Expendi- No. of Budget Expendi- No. of

Outlay ture Beneficiaries Outlay ture Beneficiaries
(Rs. lakh) (Rs. lakh) (000) (Rs. lakh) (Rs. lakh) (000)
Indira Gandhi National Old
4651 97146.98 4478
Age Pension Scheme
Indira Gandhi National
583 18305.77 560
Widow Pension Scheme
152251.00 149438.10 126351.00
Indira Gandhi National
52 2920.65 93
Disability Pension Scheme
National Family Benefit
27 6550.00 33
Scheme
NSAP (State Share) 82369.00 82369.00 5285 113221.80 113221.80 NA

Laxmi Bai Pension Scheme 28200.00 28125.00 639 35848.00 35748.00 552
Bihar State Disability
24300.00 24270.00 589 32205.00 32205.25 634
Pension Scheme
State Social Security
1680.00 1680.00 68 3493.60 3493.60 82
Pension Scheme
Kabir Funeral Grant Scheme 6000.00 6000.00 - 1400.00 1400.00 47
Chief Minister Family
200.00 200.00 - 150.00 150.00 1
Benefit Scheme
Bihar Shatabdi Leper
350.00 325.00 - 1000.00 990.00 6
Welfare Scheme
Chief Minister Disabled
Strengthening Scheme 3700.00 1200.00 - 900.00 900.00 -
(SAMBAL)
Mukhyamantri Bhikshavritti
Nivaran Yojana & Old Age 850.00 850.00 - 550.00 50.00 -
Home (SAHARA)
Old Age Home 2950.00 450.00 - 100.00 100.00 -

Old Age Home Construction 2400.00 - - 200.00 0.00 -

Bihar Aids Pirit Kalyan
100.00 100.00 - 100.00 100.00 -
Yojna
BIHAR Strategic Integrated
6800.00 200.00 - 16236.49 1780.00 -
Projects
Total 312150.00 295207.10 11894 331755.89 315062.05 6485
Note : NSAP = National Social Assistance Programme
Source: Department of Social Welfare, GOB

Apart from the above schemes, new initiatives are also being taken by the state government for
the social security of senior citizens and those suffering from physical disabilities:

The pension amount is being transferred to the beneficiaries bank account under direct
benefit transfer scheme since 2016-17. Till September, 2016, out of 62.42 lakh pensioners,
bank account has been opened for 46.15 lakh pensioners. Of these 46.15 lakh bank

313
 accounts, 36.30 lakh accounts have been verified by Public Finance Management System
(PFMS).

Aadhar number of 20.73 lakh pensioners has been uploaded on E-labharthi portal.

Under Bihar Shatabdi Unorganised Sector Workers and Artisans Social Security Scheme
2011, Bihar State Labour Welfare Society has been formed with the objective to provide
social security to the unorganized workers and artisans of the state.

An uniformity has been established by making the pension amount as Rs. 400 per month
for every pensioner scheme since July, 2014. The state government contributes from its
internal resources to the national pension programmes Rs. 200 in National Old Age
Pension, Rs. 100 in National Widow Pension, and Rs. 100 in National Disability Pension
Scheme. This contribution implied an expenditure of Rs. 1132.21 crore in 2015-16 by the
state government.

The state government has initiated Chief Minister Family Benefit Scheme from 2012-13.
This provides one time grant of Rs. 20,000 in case of death, due to either accident or
criminal activity. An amount of Rs. 2.00 crore and Rs. 1.50 crore have been spent in the
2014-15 and 2015-16 respectively under this scheme.

Darbhanga, Banka, West Champaran, Supaul, Gaya, Kishanganj and Patna have been
selected in the current year for opening of special school for blind girls known as
'DRISHTI'. The sanction has been given to start 'KOSHISH', a special school for deaf and
dumb girls at Motihari.

Land has been provided at Patna, Purnea and Gaya for construction of 3 Old Age Homes. There
are already Old Age Home (SAHARA) in Patna, Gaya, Muzaffarpur, Purnea and Bhagalpur
which are being managed by non-government voluntary organizations.

314
 APPENDIX

Table A 10.1 : Number of Health Institutions in Bihar (As on September, 2016)

Population
District Referral Health PHC+HSC
Districts SDH PHC APHC / Health
Hospital Hospital Sub-Centre +APHC
Institution
Patna 0 4 4 23 (1) 387 67 477 12038
Nalanda 1 3 2 20 (2) 374 43 437 6496
Bhojpur 1 3 2 14 (4) 302 27 343 7818
Buxar 1 0 1 11 (3) 161 28 200 8447
Rohtas 1 2 2 19 (4) 186 32 237 12231
Kaimur 1 2 1 11 (3) 197 19 227 7041

Gaya 1 2 2 24 (8) 440 47 511 8511

Jehanabad 1 2 0 7 (1) 92 30 129 8525
Arwal 1 0 0 5 (1) 64 28 97 7151
Nawada 1 2 1 14 (4) 325 34 373 5886
Aurangabad 1 3 1 11 (5) 216 60 287 8699

Saran 1 3 2 20 (8) 413 43 476 8182

Siwan 1 3 1 19 (7) 367 48 434 7586
Gopalganj 1 3 1 14 (5) 186 22 222 11286

W. Champaran 1 2 2 18 (6) 368 31 417 9325

E. Champaran 1 1 3 27 (13) 327 54 408 12347
Muzaffarpur 1 2 0 16 (9) 480 83 579 8249
Sitamarhi 1 1 2 17 (5) 212 36 265 12727
Sheohar 1 0 0 5 (1) 29 10 44 14583
Vaishali 1 2 2 16 (1) 336 29 381 9078

Darbhanga 0 2 1 18 (6) 259 50 327 11931

Madhubani 1 4 4 21 (2) 429 69 519 8499
Samastipur 1 1 4 20 (8) 362 46 428 9819

Begusarai 1 2 4 18 (3) 287 22 327 8894

Munger 1 0 2 9 (2) 154 21 184 7314
Sheikhpura 1 1 0 6 (0) 85 17 108 5785
Lakhisarai 1 1 0 6 (1) 102 13 121 8137
Jamui 1 3 0 10 (3) 279 27 316 5501
Khagaria 1 1 0 7 (1) 171 25 203 8131

Bhagalpur 1 3 2 16 (1) 258 55 329 9068

Banka 1 3 2 11 (2) 265 32 308 6522

Saharsa 1 0 1 10 (2) 152 26 188 10003

Supaul 1 2 1 11 (1) 178 20 209 10465
Madhepura 1 0 1 13 (1) 272 34 319 6236

Purnea 1 2 3 14 (2) 334 38 386 8328

Kishanganj 1 1 0 7 (0) 136 9 152 10977
Araria 1 2 1 9 (0) 199 30 238 11618
Katihar 1 2 2 16 (3) 345 45 406 7472

Bihar 36 70 55 533 (130) 9729 1350 11612 8842

Note : Figure in paranthesis represent upgradation of PHC to CHC (30 beded)
Source : Bihar State Health Society, Patna;GoB

315
 Table A 10.2 : District-wise Employment of Regular and Contractual Doctors

No. of sanctioned post

Number of Doctors Employed No. of
currently
Disticts doctors/lakh
Regular Contractual
Regular Contracutual population*
2015-16 2016-17* 2015-16 2016-17*
Patna 422 92 262 343 73 25 6
Nalanda 158 95 58 128 65 93 8
Bhojpur 194 65 82 138 61 17 6
Buxar 115 54 67 66 33 2 4
Rohtas 248 89 44 81 45 25 4
Kaimur 114 48 44 74 27 10 5

Gaya 272 106 70 106 69 20 3

Jehanabad 150 46 43 85 38 11 9
Arwal 80 20 15 28 16 7 5
Nawada 198 45 43 76 18 4 4
Aurangabad 97 47 37 52 28 19 3

Saran 165 94 74 102 74 52 4

Siwan 162 10 48 74 0 106 5
Gopalganj 101 69 31 0 45 0 0

W. Champaran 132 83 46 71 52 25 2
E. Champaran 190 128 60 91 90 61 3
Muzaffarpur 274 64 77 108 49 15 3
Sitamarhi 170 68 35 43 23 46 3
Sheohar 75 19 29 39 14 4 7
Vaishali 145 69 106 175 46 12 5

Darbhanga 190 72 53 92 48 19 3
Madhubani 235 85 51 101 65 34 3
Samastipur 192 95 100 103 48 18 3

Begusarai 122 94 51 73 51 18 3
Munger 110 44 46 88 31 6 7
Sheikhpura 93 24 30 38 21 40 12
Lakhisarai 114 30 25 56 14 4 6
Jamui 103 38 34 60 28 6 4
Khagaria 101 44 27 49 32 12 4

Bhagalpur 206 64 44 41 46 42 3
Banka 118 47 39 88 28 8 5

Saharsa 163 45 41 70 22 3 4
Supaul 182 48 47 97 33 12 5
Madhepura 190 67 20 49 31 25 4

Purnea 226 64 56 53 51 29 3
Kishanganj 83 28 21 34 9 5 2
Araria 179 36 39 86 19 5 3
Katihar 192 78 57 96 45 12 4

Bihar 6261 2314 2052 3154 1488 852 4

Note : * denotes data from April to September, 2016
Source : Bihar State Health Society, Patna;GoB

316
 A 10.3 : District-wise Employment of Grade A Nurses

No. of sanctioned post No. of

Number of Grade A Nurses Employed
currently Grade A
Districts Regular Contracutual Nurses /
Regular Contractual lakh
2014-15 2015-16 2016-17* 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17*
population*
Patna 161 46 27 158 158 101 23 23 3
Nalanda 88 59 19 92 88 51 32 32 4
Bhojpur 54 24 7 47 40 16 10 10 2
Buxar 53 74 3 33 45 19 2 2 3
Rohtas 88 20 7 32 54 48 18 18 2
Kaimur 38 44 2 17 29 25 9 9 2

Gaya 146 25 13 77 97 84 16 16 3
Jehanabad 85 34 15 60 76 65 3 3 7
Arwal 81 50 0 6 20 20 3 3 3
Nawada 82 175 10 67 75 42 13 13 4
Aurangabad 128 22 5 5 16 37 6 6 1

Saran 86 25 7 24 9 29 5 5 0
Siwan 110 16 3 14 14 9 2 2 0
Gopalganj 84 18 6 15 29 18 4 4 1

W. Champaran 120 37 28 50 39 28 8 8 1
E. Champaran 165 48 16 25 17 48 37 37 1
Muzaffarpur 152 54 15 53 41 17 1 1 1
Sitamarhi 116 17 9 15 33 61 14 14 1
Sheohar 34 9 0 2 11 9 5 5 2
Vaishali 118 51 7 45 69 68 49 49 3

Darbhanga 154 30 4 29 28 19 9 9 1
Madhubani 114 34 13 26 60 24 7 7 1
Samastipur 146 24 20 97 103 88 6 6 3

Begusarai 128 24 22 116 118 76 4 4 4

Munger 114 34 13 103 103 21 0 0 8
Sheikhpura 56 32 1 33 33 40 4 4 6
Lakhisarai 58 60 8 38 53 26 7 7 6
Jamui 62 13 3 31 40 51 12 12 3
Khagaria 48 13 10 59 57 43 6 6 4

Bhagalpur 108 165 8 75 75 95 7 7 3

Banka 64 18 8 60 58 45 7 7 3

Saharsa 52 30 17 30 47 37 38 38 4
Supaul 107 172 2 25 39 36 2 2 2
Madhepura 58 9 1 6 31 21 8 8 2

Purnea 110 112 12 62 79 96 9 9 3

Kishanganj 44 34 2 18 23 22 2 2 1
Araria 96 39 6 14 25 32 7 7 1
Katihar 104 28 7 47 47 54 17 17 2

Bihar 3612 1719 356 1706 1979 1621 412 412 2

Note: * denotes data from April to September, 2016
Source: Bihar State Health Society, Patna;GoB

317
 A 10.4 : District-wise Employment of ANM

No. of sanctioned post

Number of ANM Employed No. of ANM/
currently
Districts lakh
Regular Contracutual
Regular Contractual population*
2014-15 2015-16 2016-17* 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17*
Patna 1155 418 506 491 939 415 375 247 21
Nalanda 575 370 397 389 750 367 358 210 33
Bhojpur 583 350 313 295 493 344 345 228 27
Buxar 382 162 144 158 207 161 161 105 18
Rohtas 593 308 222 211 409 291 255 102 17
Kaimur 325 287 135 119 245 225 223 97 21

Gaya 816 541 450 479 640 487 487 303 22

Jehanabad 351 151 140 176 243 126 192 195 39
Arwal 140 79 55 65 87 65 62 60 21
Nawada 443 525 178 208 221 118 118 87 14
Aurangabad 502 308 253 280 233 302 292 167 16

Saran 789 643 323 291 358 432 382 360 18

Siwan 664 370 235 224 329 262 265 122 14
Gopalganj 512 186 201 199 206 133 113 107 12

W. Champaran 785 895 254 295 295 646 582 582 22

E. Champaran 1017 503 291 316 242 476 470 399 13
Muzaffarpur 956 583 582 592 702 379 379 248 20
Sitamarhi 684 213 242 216 217 118 100 96 9
Sheohar 131 172 20 18 85 127 111 101 28
Vaishali 699 418 419 329 444 306 296 266 20

Darbhanga 784 419 208 220 301 312 312 248 14

Madhubani 895 702 368 283 321 299 299 239 13
Samastipur 854 486 456 494 587 434 437 200 19

Begusarai 591 360 350 382 493 328 347 217 24

Munger 272 165 147 141 358 161 159 54 30
Sheikhpura 127 97 107 105 105 91 90 46 24
Lakhisarai 200 102 132 125 230 101 100 87 32
Jamui 287 212 180 139 211 195 103 82 17
Khagaria 332 193 168 159 228 186 173 110 20

Bhagalpur 567 362 338 333 618 349 336 247 29

Banka 406 265 242 241 360 227 243 142 25

Saharsa 379 152 141 138 152 152 155 137 15

Supaul 446 246 70 68 90 187 186 152 11
Madhepura 399 153 78 77 101 99 87 72 9

Purnea 655 370 219 198 280 361 392 182 14

Kishanganj 338 186 91 78 82 155 149 126 12
Araria 561 290 137 129 153 193 216 213 13
Katihar 614 345 207 234 311 323 320 231 18

Bihar 20809 12587 8999 8895 12326 9933 9670 6867 18

Note: * denotes data from April to September, 2016
Source: Bihar State Health Society, Patna;GoB

318
 Table A 10.5 : District-wise Employment of Asha Worker

2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17*

Districts
Target Selection Target Selection Target Selection Target Selection
Patna 3233 3018 5842 3018 3461 3043 3461 2992
Nalanda 2365 2313 2880 2316 2415 2316 2415 2316
Bhojpur 2264 2199 2731 2188 2331 2079 2331 2079
Buxar 1493 1474 1708 1474 1551 1474 1551 1494
Rohtas 2490 2430 2962 2454 2538 2465 2538 2465
Kaimur 1462 1462 1628 1462 1570 1483 1570 1509

Gaya 3514 3442 4395 3448 3878 3448 3878 3448

Jehanabad 871 870 1126 870 990 870 990 870
Arwal 773 746 773 750 749 749 749 747
Nawada 1959 1928 2221 1956 2004 1957 2004 1957
Aurangabad 2160 2142 2542 2142 2299 2213 2299 2243

Saran 3459 3385 3955 3402 3602 3406 3602 3408

Siwan 3008 2834 3334 2822 3136 2822 3136 2822
Gopalganj 2371 2336 2564 2374 2396 2390 2396 2395

W. Champaran 3206 3043 3935 3108 3644 3135 3644 3178

E. Champaran 4326 3906 5099 4060 4684 4060 4684 4060
Muzaffarpur 3984 3856 4805 3858 4510 3880 4510 3880
Sitamarhi 2965 2912 3424 2919 3259 2919 3259 2919
Sheohar 580 572 656 572 646 572 646 572
Vaishali 2969 2888 3498 3019 3265 3121 3265 3129

Darbhanga 3550 3100 3941 3118 3729 3192 3729 3242

Madhubani 4046 3682 4487 3853 4298 3902 4298 3910
Samastipur 3835 3779 4266 3794 4161 3798 4161 3798

Begusarai 2629 2410 2973 2403 2493 2410 2493 2410

Munger 961 956 1369 952 1014 953 1014 953
Sheikhpura 520 476 637 476 526 476 526 478
Lakhisarai 802 756 1002 901 900 898 900 898
Jamui 1520 1504 1762 1505 1654 1509 1654 1509
Khagaria 1412 1399 1668 1468 1571 1499 1571 1501

Bhagalpur 2311 2236 3040 2232 2435 2236 2435 2236

Banka 1820 1782 2037 1809 1966 1819 1966 1819

Saharsa 1622 1471 1902 1471 1823 1471 1823 1471

Supaul 1928 1912 2229 2093 2140 2111 2140 2111
Madhepura 1711 1655 2004 1674 2049 1704 2049 1704

Purnea 2723 2634 3268 2709 2983 2817 2983 2833

Kishanganj 1368 1280 1690 1290 1585 1298 1585 1298
Araria 2376 2365 2812 2365 2637 2237 2637 2284
Katihar 2549 2549 3074 2720 2795 2770 2795 2770

Bihar 87135 83702 104239 85045 93687 85502 93687 85708

Note: * denotes data from April to September, 2016; Target and selection for 2014-15 also include urban ASHA
while other years only represent rural ASHA, Target for 2015-16 and 2016-17 are the same
Source: Bihar State Health Society, Patna;GoB

319
Table A 10.6 : District-wise Coverage of Institutional Deliveries under Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)

(Figures in 000)
2016-17
Districts 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 (Sept.
2016)
Patna 69 78 83 64 31
Nalanda 47 46 41 41 19
Bhojpur 29 43 39 38 17
Buxar 27 24 25 21 9
Rohtas 33 33 43 27 12
Kaimur 22 26 23 24 11

Gaya 44 52 63 49 23
Jehanabad 25 21 16 16 6
Arwal 9 10 10 9 4
Nawada 29 33 32 30 14
Aurangabad 37 36 36 33 15

Saran 54 52 57 48 25
Siwan 41 45 48 39 14
Gopalganj 38 40 37 38 18

W. Champaran 66 73 57 67 31
E. Champaran 55 67 73 62 30
Muzaffarpur 52 56 69 54 26
Sitamarhi 31 49 49 43 21
Sheohar 7 10 9 9 5
Vaishali 62 63 50 60 30

Darbhanga 44 51 57 48 23
Madhubani 51 54 65 54 27
Samastipur 81 94 61 88 43

Begusarai 51 57 43 55 26
Munger 20 23 20 21 10
Sheikhpura 14 13 9 13 6
Lakhisarai 13 16 14 16 7
Jamui 19 29 25 27 13
Khagaria 29 36 24 34 16

Bhagalpur 41 50 44 52 23
Banka 31 36 29 35 16

Saharsa 36 41 27 40 19
Supaul 43 46 32 46 22
Madhepura 32 38 29 37 20

Purnea 62 73 47 71 32
Kishanganj 24 27 24 21 10
Araria 40 51 40 51 26
Katihar 52 56 44 52 26

Bihar 1469 1647 1498 1534 731

Source : Bihar State Health Society, Patna;GoB

320
 Table A 10.7 : Prevalence of Diseases (2016-17, Sept. 2016)

Acute
Diarrhoeal
Bacillary Viral Enteric
Districts Disease Malaria
Dysentery Hepatitis Fever
(including acute
Gastroenteritis)
Patna 9760 6463 2666 2918 146
Nalanda 4425 2481 0 382 485
Bhojpur 5772 3164 0 880 0
Buxar 898 2677 87 4204 113
Rohtas 10608 1950 242 10516 1166
Kaimur 5981 3699 29 13511 344

Gaya 3135 2459 18 1669 1810

Jehanabad 5415 3174 8 3717 17
Arwal 1666 1781 0 1510 0
Nawada 5882 3671 6577 1579 2336
Aurangabad 2794 1019 0 961 96

Saran 1973 904 0 395 27

Siwan 11048 5266 0 5930 303
Gopalganj 6703 548 35 391 22

W. Champaran 13942 1229 0 0 0

E. Champaran 1725 1322 0 925 0
Muzaffarpur 14374 3413 616 6590 939
Sitamarhi 12037 5902 0 3843 1
Sheohar 3391 2367 0 2598 3
Vaishali 13639 17576 5860 21389 810

Darbhanga 4155 2177 1021 1898 171

Madhubani 13431 8040 290 8860 473
Samastipur 16474 11266 1 10846 420

Begusarai 14088 3639 0 14027 38

Munger 8099 5605 88 291 3438
Sheikhpura 610 473 0 40 43
Lakhisarai 1435 788 0 324 92
Jamui 6394 6081 7 3685 1148
Khagaria 18427 2744 0 73 11
Bhagalpur 236 104 0 0 0
Banka 2564 794 0 813 54
Saharsa 6016 3856 6 1302 0
Supaul 3388 1935 1 993 2
Madhepura 38 0 0 0 0
Purnea 13202 5536 0 3452 13
Kishanganj 3944 911 179 1586 21
Araria 10995 11935 0 1010 1538
Katihar 11719 6396 0 2333 1344
Bihar 270383 143345 17731 135441 17424
Source : State Health Society, Patna, GOB
(Continued)

321
 Table A 10.7 : Prevalence of Diseases (2016-17, Sept. 2016) (Contd.)

Acute Unusual
Respiratory Any other Syndromes
Fever of
Infection State NOT
Unknown
Districts (ARI) / Pneumonia Dog bite Specific Captured
origin
Influenza Disease Above
(PUO)
like Illness (Specify) (Specify
(ILI) clinical)
Patna 10327 10566 1655 15916 3980 10491
Nalanda 8037 7677 903 11813 0 0
Bhojpur 54 17499 9 12219 343 0
Buxar 4426 29871 1471 1940 0 0
Rohtas 10876 21643 1137 10623 0 0
Kaimur 7230 10424 580 3241 0 0

Gaya 14442 11814 554 2585 1991 0

Jehanabad 14209 17928 364 6421 0 495
Arwal 5225 2100 88 3508 0 0
Nawada 16935 4912 1792 4465 2446 4749
Aurangabad 530 2513 1120 2523 228 0
Saran 4695 3411 92 2080 0 0
Siwan 35485 41796 608 9632 1395 1052
Gopalganj 29367 31078 266 3777 0 0
W. Champaran 2090 17737 1241 4077 1243 0
E. Champaran 5104 1541 780 473 405 170
Muzaffarpur 30021 24126 1088 15079 0 935
Sitamarhi 7193 18084 1549 9677 131 0
Sheohar 1467 3074 0 2405 0 0
Vaishali 26354 62227 1376 14576 0 0
Darbhanga 4684 16966 47 5191 525 2528
Madhubani 12538 25486 332 6034 651 0
Samastipur 29299 37795 174 5471 875 0
Begusarai 28838 25191 145 9943 0 0
Munger 11207 15887 101 4129 0 0
Sheikhpura 1268 2128 68 1072 0 0
Lakhisarai 422 4069 89 1123 1105 663
Jamui 51307 41903 810 2397 0 0
Khagaria 55581 53838 361 1904 0 0
Bhagalpur 26459 14062 0 6913 0 0
Banka 1760 23506 52 2314 0 0
Saharsa 13227 35047 106 1198 0 0
Supaul 9599 3051 29 2156 590 748
Madhepura 0 0 0 0 0 0
Purnea 14626 28011 210 2646 868 0
Kishanganj 2337 3946 0 1420 232 0
Araria 2610 3714 162 1124 863 303
Katihar 7283 16676 140 1771 122 1747
Bihar 507112 691297 19499 193836 17993 23881
Source : State Health Society, Patna, GOB
(Concluded)

322
Table A 10.8 : District-wise Hand Pumps under National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP)

Slipped back Habitations /Water quality

Number of Handpumps Installed
District Problems Covered
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Patna 1422 1481 1553 769 1000 407 852 666 725 373
Nalanda 1473 1122 998 976 1079 457 300 459 333 36
Bhojpur 1299 830 840 514 669 214 280 221 285 244
Buxar 63 425 341 643 389 75 121 147 217 13
Rohtas 1641 1024 1185 1011 1066 328 97 227 316 253
Kaimur 409 426 452 578 761 164 28 158 234 91

Gaya 1869 1315 2105 1602 1739 738 300 511 449 469
Jehanabad 599 769 831 185 206 67 84 140 145 87
Arwal 738 132 259 141 196 47 50 81 107 92
Nawada 842 464 726 817 856 372 136 256 309 207
Aurangabad 1407 468 789 898 994 183 239 202 248 250

Saran 592 1719 953 603 771 458 451 591 407 305
Siwan 961 1452 1643 693 736 355 628 379 346 337
Gopalganj 342 829 1165 553 497 170 273 350 275 269

W.Champaran 1154 1616 710 495 871 156 88 295 313 311
E. Champaran 1268 3397 1646 746 968 536 851 694 733 492
Muzaffarpur 1245 108 2297 550 1179 347 104 153 395 222
Sitamarhi 1197 541 979 440 1113 171 230 312 402 21
Sheohar 181 94 149 274 106 67 39 121 145 108
Vaishali 477 1082 1534 844 255 396 343 427 314 0

Darbhanga 981 2134 1160 989 588 131 432 412 398 0
Madhubani 2891 1885 1612 750 762 237 529 508 432 167
Samastipur 983 1046 931 1052 937 447 183 157 398 336

Begusarai 533 858 810 564 695 413 375 564 383 58
Munger 334 220 253 588 453 80 24 223 249 301
Sheikhpura 235 523 189 239 230 75 30 146 50 0
Lakhisarai 177 450 828 462 485 169 260 409 243 174
Jamui 742 639 444 819 700 416 568 334 246 250
Khagaria 39 299 416 303 273 80 30 119 28 14

Bhagalpur 549 1199 735 1159 1346 301 90 523 522 223
Banka 355 780 472 674 1132 325 323 418 481 281

Saharsa - 639 713 413 232 112 375 311 418 311
Supaul 307 736 741 442 458 298 769 700 492 358
Madhepura 24 273 788 484 551 288 267 292 263 132

Purnea 317 143 1396 871 575 1101 595 320 320 9
Kishanganj 447 216 680 554 437 345 243 410 133 84
Araria 193 387 567 516 480 534 341 377 281 71
Katihar - 205 399 76 906 183 32 174 201 240

Bihar 28286 31926 34289 24287 26691 11243 10960 12787 12236 7189
Source: Department of Public Health Engineering, GoB;

323
Table A 10.9 : District-wise Achievement in Individual Household Lantrine (IHHL) under Central Rural
Sanitation Programme

Population 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Districts
Share Total (BPL + APL) BPL APL BPL+APL
Patna 5.6 27518 (3.3) 26263 (3.3) 13516 (8.4) 4323 (2.6) 11016 11393 22409 (5.3)
Nalanda 2.8 19618 (2.3) 9991 (1.3) 702 (0.4) 5716 (3.5) 14427 921 15348 (3.6)
Bhojpur 2.6 29261 (3.5) 24566 (3.1) 2733 (1.7) 4421 (2.7) 4633 3715 8348 (2)
Buxar 1.6 3779 (0.4) 12335 (1.5) 1923 (1.2) 1909 (1.2) 4529 2825 7354 (1.7)
Rohtas 2.9 25707 (3.1) 19842 (2.5) 3951 (2.4) 2271 (1.4) 4864 2126 6990 (1.6)
Kaimur 1.6 15666 (1.9) 15794 (2.0) 5981 (3.7) 4814 (2.9) 4779 2324 7103 (1.7)

Gaya 4.2 31914 (3.8) 17949 (2.3) 6793 (4.2) 4151 (2.5) 8565 12557 21122 (5)
Jehanabad 1.1 12924 (1.5) 1859 (0.2) 1734 (1.1) 4356 (2.6) 5699 1786 7485 (1.8)
Arwal 0.7 10057 (1.2) 8142 (1.0) 454 (0.3) 1113 (0.7) 1266 1534 2800 (0.7)
Nawada 2.1 25374 (3.0) 5604 (0.7) 1329 (0.8) 11559 (7) 5402 2404 7806 (1.8)
Aurangabad 2.4 17549 (2.1) 10322 (1.3) 1443 (0.9) 1474 (0.9) 2824 1669 4493 (1.1)

Saran 3.8 34427 (4.1) 19817 (2.5) 1935 (1.2) 3803 (2.3) 6107 3052 9159 (2.1)
Siwan 3.2 40325 (4.8) 36264 (4.6) 10828 (6.7) 2509 (1.5) 3859 6361 10220 (2.4)
Gopalganj 2.5 19392 (2.3) 25202 (3.2) 939 (0.6) 1805 (1.1) 8123 5942 14065 (3.3)

W. Champaran 3.8 33897 (4.0) 32441 (4.1) 20403 (12.6) 7507 (4.5) 7769 4431 12200 (2.9)
E.Champaran 4.9 43759 (5.2) 44148 (5.5) 9109 (5.6) 4689 (2.8) 8285 2873 11158 (2.6)
Muzaffarpur 4.6 45798 (5.5) 15434 (1.9) 1293 (0.8) 7407 (4.5) 21569 4614 26183 (6.1)
Sitamarhi 3.3 8925 (1.1) 29876 (3.7) 10154 (6.3) 5580 (3.4) 12012 2081 14093 (3.3)
Sheohar 0.6 14843 (1.8) 13050 (1.6) 688 (0.4) 3196 (1.9) 11441 1811 13252 (3.1)
Vaishali 3.4 25758 (3.1) 37032 (4.6) 6798 (4.2) 5709 (3.5) 6996 5296 12292 (2.9)

Darbhanga 3.8 56949 (6.8) 47217 (5.9) 4927 (3) 5556 (3.4) 8788 10447 19235 (4.5)
Madhubani 4.3 6960 (0.8) 3983 (0.5) 1732 (1.1) 8808 (5.3) 7107 2790 9897 (2.3)
Samastipur 4.1 40026 (4.8) 62167 (7.8) 6527 (4) 5582 (3.4) 11382 3562 14944 (3.5)

Begusarai 2.8 22293 (2.7) 28653 (3.6) 154 (0.1) 5762 (3.5) 5220 2935 8155 (1.9)
Munger 1.3 3905 (0.5) 6163 (0.8) 2343 (1.4) 2364 (1.4) 7025 3456 10481 (2.5)
Sheikhpura 0.6 5016 (0.6) 10871 (1.4) 500 (0.3) 1445 (0.9) 2434 2922 5356 (1.3)
Lakhisarai 1.0 15841 (1.9) 11900 (1.5) 3529 (2.2) 2083 (1.3) 5482 1038 6520 (1.5)
Jamui 1.7 12443 (1.5) 20491 (2.6) 4059 (2.5) 2126 (1.3) 3959 2753 6712 (1.6)
Khagaria 1.6 16399 (2.0) 14652 (1.8) 1940 (1.2) 1928 (1.2) 4694 1465 6159 (1.4)

Bhagalpur 2.9 24685 (2.9) 22177 (2.8) 5266 (3.3) 5274 (3.2) 9902 1470 11372 (2.7)
Banka 2.0 15809 (1.9) 13780 (1.7) 3183 (2) 6117 (3.7) 4586 6200 10786 (2.5)

Saharsa 1.8 14812 (1.8) 15806 (2) 2219 (1.4) 7517 (4.5) 10823 9688 20511 (4.8)
Supaul 2.1 22936 (2.7) 20534 (2.6) 1499 (0.9) 2355 (1.4) 5013 2683 7696 (1.8)
Madhepura 1.9 25793 (3.1) 19442 (2.4) 2143 (1.3) 1377 (0.8) 5954 4745 10699 (2.5)

Purnea 3.2 27328 (3.3) 31051 (3.9) 10446 (6.5) 11638 (7) 4767 2384 7151 (1.7)
Kishanganj 1.6 11735 (1.4) 17347 (2.2) 1508 (0.9) 1554 (0.9) 10770 1565 12335 (2.9)
Araria 2.7 10777 (1.3) 14341 (1.8) 21 (0) 1701 (1) 11726 1437 13163 (3.1)
Katihar 3.0 19729 (2.3) 30193 (3.8) 6944 (4.3) 3958 (2.4) 6568 4511 11079 (2.6)

Bihar 100 839927 (100) 796699 (100) 161646 (100) 165457 (100) 280365 145766 426131 (100)
Note: Figures in parenthesis denote percent share;
Source : Public Health Engineering Department, GoB

324
Table A 10.10 : Total Enrolment in Primary and Upper Primary Levels (All)

(lakh)
2013-14 2014-15
Districts Upper Upper
Primary Total Primary Total
Primary Primary
Patna 7.25 3.22 10.46 7.26 3.07 10.34
Nalanda 5.46 2.71 8.17 5.59 2.71 8.31
Bhojpur 3.79 1.69 5.47 3.84 1.90 5.74
Buxar 3.23 1.33 4.56 3.55 1.57 5.12
Rohtas 3.22 1.08 4.30 3.25 1.10 4.36
Kaimur 3.43 1.56 4.98 2.30 1.25 3.55

Gaya 6.07 2.60 8.67 5.43 2.35 7.78

Jehanabad 1.56 0.71 2.26 1.56 0.71 2.26
Arwal 1.75 0.85 2.60 1.08 0.49 1.56
Nawada 3.53 1.28 4.82 3.70 1.51 5.21
Aurangabad 3.40 1.60 5.00 3.73 1.80 5.53

Saran 5.37 2.56 7.93 5.79 2.84 8.63

Siwan 4.62 2.18 6.80 4.58 2.23 6.81
Gopalganj 3.52 1.52 5.04 3.37 1.61 4.98

W. Champaran 5.67 1.77 7.44 6.52 2.15 8.67

E. Champaran 11.72 4.56 16.28 11.72 4.56 16.28
Muzaffarpur 9.96 4.31 14.28 9.91 4.20 14.10
Sitamarhi 5.06 1.74 6.80 5.17 1.78 6.95
Sheohar 0.92 0.26 1.18 0.92 0.26 1.18
Vaishali 5.03 1.74 6.78 5.16 1.75 6.91

Darbhanga 5.25 2.09 7.34 5.33 2.23 7.57

Madhubani 6.85 1.89 8.74 6.85 1.89 8.74
Samastipur 6.06 2.58 8.64 6.18 2.63 8.81

Begusarai 4.72 2.05 6.77 4.69 2.18 6.87

Munger 1.89 0.76 2.65 1.89 0.76 2.65
Sheikhpura 0.99 0.30 1.29 0.95 0.40 1.36
Lakhisarai 1.53 0.64 2.18 1.54 0.65 2.18
Jamui 3.11 1.13 4.23 3.13 1.21 4.34
Khagaria 2.36 0.89 3.25 2.57 1.15 3.72

Bhagalpur 4.17 1.79 5.95 4.12 1.80 5.93

Banka 3.18 1.30 4.48 3.04 1.31 4.35

Saharsa 3.91 0.68 4.59 3.04 1.22 4.25

Supaul 4.07 1.04 5.11 4.25 1.09 5.34
Madhepura 3.09 1.19 4.28 3.90 1.52 5.42

Purnea 4.94 1.68 6.62 4.87 1.80 6.67

Kishanganj 1.87 1.84 3.71 1.94 1.92 3.86
Araria 3.38 2.04 5.42 3.38 2.04 5.42
Katihar 5.28 2.27 7.55 5.24 2.27 7.51

Bihar 161.20 65.41 226.62 161.35 67.91 229.26

Source: Department of Education, GOB

325
 Table A 10.11 : Total Enrolment in Primary and Upper Primary Levels (SC)

(lakh)
2013-14 2014-15
Districts Upper Upper
Primary Total Primary Total
Primary Primary
Patna 1.30 0.65 1.95 1.30 0.65 1.94
Nalanda 1.97 0.85 2.81 1.83 0.88 2.70
Bhojpur 0.74 0.37 1.11 0.79 0.32 1.10
Buxar 0.41 0.18 0.59 0.44 0.22 0.66
Rohtas 0.46 0.12 0.58 0.47 0.12 0.59
Kaimur 1.02 0.46 1.48 0.64 0.34 0.98

Gaya 2.22 0.80 3.02 2.19 0.83 3.01

Jehanabad 0.38 0.16 0.53 0.38 0.16 0.53
Arwal 0.26 0.10 0.37 0.17 0.08 0.24
Nawada 1.10 0.30 1.40 1.15 0.35 1.50
Aurangabad 1.13 0.37 1.50 1.17 0.52 1.69

Saran 0.81 0.34 1.15 0.90 0.39 1.29

Siwan 0.67 0.31 0.98 0.68 0.33 1.01
Gopalganj 0.60 0.26 0.85 0.61 0.26 0.88

W. Champaran 1.04 0.29 1.33 1.11 0.33 1.44

E. Champaran 1.17 0.35 1.52 1.17 0.35 1.52
Muzaffarpur 1.79 0.78 2.57 1.66 0.77 2.42
Sitamarhi 0.56 0.19 0.75 0.52 0.18 0.70
Sheohar 0.18 0.05 0.23 0.18 0.05 0.23
Vaishali 1.28 0.36 1.65 1.28 0.36 1.65

Darbhanga 1.03 0.35 1.38 1.13 0.39 1.52

Madhubani 1.23 0.23 1.46 1.23 0.23 1.46
Samastipur 1.29 0.47 1.76 1.31 0.48 1.79

Begusarai 0.79 0.29 1.07 0.81 0.33 1.14

Munger 0.38 0.12 0.51 0.38 0.12 0.51
Sheikhpura 0.24 0.06 0.30 0.17 0.05 0.22
Lakhisarai 0.29 0.10 0.39 0.29 0.11 0.40
Jamui 0.60 0.20 0.80 0.59 0.22 0.80
Khagaria 0.34 0.07 0.41 0.43 0.36 0.79

Bhagalpur 0.55 0.23 0.78 0.54 0.26 0.80

Banka 0.43 0.18 0.62 0.43 0.18 0.62

Saharsa 0.76 0.07 0.83 0.65 0.20 0.85

Supaul 0.68 0.11 0.79 0.71 0.11 0.82
Madhepura 0.48 0.16 0.64 0.60 0.27 0.87

Purnea 0.76 0.23 0.99 0.70 0.24 0.95

Kishanganj 0.17 0.05 0.22 0.18 0.07 0.24
Araria 0.17 0.08 0.24 0.17 0.08 0.24
Katihar 1.03 0.42 1.45 1.01 0.42 1.43

Bihar 30.29 10.71 41.01 29.97 11.59 41.56

Source : Department of Education, GOB

326
Table A 10.12 : Total Enrolment in Primary and Upper Primary Levels (ST)

lakh)
2013-14 2014-15
Districts Upper Upper
Primary Total Primary Total
Primary Primary
Patna 0.04 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.00 0.05
Nalanda 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02
Bhojpur 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.06
Buxar 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.03
Rohtas 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.05
Kaimur 0.11 0.04 0.15 0.12 0.04 0.16

Gaya 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Jehanabad 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Arwal 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Nawada 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.02
Aurangabad 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01

Saran 0.09 0.04 0.13 0.10 0.05 0.15

Siwan 0.19 0.10 0.29 0.20 0.10 0.29
Gopalganj 0.13 0.05 0.18 0.14 0.07 0.21

W. Champaran 0.46 0.16 0.62 0.48 0.19 0.67

E. Champaran 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.06
Muzaffarpur 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.04
Sitamarhi 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sheohar 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.02
Vaishali 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Darbhanga 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03

Madhubani 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01
Samastipur 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Begusarai 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01

Munger 0.06 0.01 0.07 0.06 0.01 0.07
Sheikhpura 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lakhisarai 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.04
Jamui 0.23 0.06 0.28 0.22 0.07 0.29
Khagaria 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01

Bhagalpur 0.13 0.05 0.18 0.13 0.06 0.19

Banka 0.17 0.05 0.23 0.18 0.05 0.23

Saharsa 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.03

Supaul 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.03
Madhepura 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.04

Purnea 0.32 0.12 0.44 0.32 0.11 0.43

Kishanganj 0.09 0.05 0.13 0.10 0.06 0.15
Araria 0.12 0.06 0.18 0.12 0.06 0.18
Katihar 0.54 0.18 0.72 0.51 0.17 0.68

Bihar 3.01 1.07 4.08 3.11 1.15 4.26

Source : Department of Education, GOB

327
 Table A 10.13 : District-wise Number of Primary and Upper Primary Schools in Bihar (2014)

Primary Upper Primary

Primary with Primary with Upper
Upper
with Upper with sec. Upper Primary
Districts Primary Primary Total
Upper Primary and primary with
Only
primary sec and higher and secondary
higher sec. sec. secondary
Patna 2283 1450 28 18 16 46 35 3876
Nalanda 1408 1010 12 6 3 39 7 2485
Bhojpur 1209 828 7 26 1 61 21 2153
Buxar 705 455 3 15 1 32 13 1224
Rohtas 1391 997 13 9 2 66 17 2495
Kaimur 642 625 1 1 0 25 3 1297

Gaya 1746 1395 18 9 1 52 6 3227

Jehanabad 567 374 6 6 0 19 9 981
Arwal 348 219 1 4 0 3 1 576
Nawada 1007 831 6 2 1 25 3 1875
Aurangabad 946 1009 7 15 1 42 5 2025

Saran 1463 1063 6 23 3 48 4 2610

Siwan 1283 1046 2 20 2 49 1 2403
Gopalganj 1127 768 2 6 4 29 8 1944

W. Champaran 1651 1027 9 11 4 37 9 2748

E. Champaran 1873 1369 27 10 1 50 6 3336
Muzaffarpur 1790 1376 27 6 6 59 7 3271
Sitamarhi 1219 980 23 7 3 23 13 2268
Sheohar 237 190 4 1 2 7 0 441
Vaishali 1155 1054 7 1 2 50 14 2283

Darbhanga 1552 1043 34 7 6 53 4 2699

Madhubani 2274 1149 24 5 1 30 20 3503
Samastipur 1724 1057 7 20 0 26 2 2836

Begusarai 813 768 13 2 2 35 3 1636

Munger 596 476 3 6 0 33 2 1116
Sheikhpura 266 250 2 2 0 12 0 532
Lakhisarai 471 298 2 0 0 15 3 789
Jamui 903 903 0 0 2 18 2 1828
Khagaria 553 510 8 6 1 13 2 1093

Bhagalpur 1002 911 17 7 5 46 12 2000

Banka 1150 879 7 1 1 34 3 2075

Saharsa 776 597 7 3 1 14 6 1404

Supaul 1070 684 3 12 0 4 2 1775
Madhepura 761 766 2 10 1 12 3 1555

Purnea 1330 968 32 0 1 52 4 2387

Kishanganj 808 772 12 1 2 43 0 1638
Araria 1321 789 14 0 2 32 2 2160
Katihar 1105 905 8 0 2 31 1 2052

Bihar 42525 31791 404 278 80 1265 253 76596

Source: Department of Education, GOB

328
 Table A 10.14 : District-wise Number of Teachers at Primary and Upper Primary Level (2014)

Primary
Upper Primary
Primary with
Upper Primary with Upper
with Upper
Districts Primary Primary with sec. Upper Primary Total
Upper Primary
Only and higher Primary sec
primary sec and
sec. sec
higher sec.
Patna 6413 10752 431 109 201 516 285 18707
Nalanda 4710 8704 185 46 45 354 78 14122
Bhojpur 3999 6611 279 181 15 627 170 11882
Buxar 2106 3921 154 117 40 441 92 6871
Rohtas 3993 8553 114 73 18 856 132 13739
Kaimur 2071 4896 10 8 0 289 18 7292

Gaya 4626 8495 498 66 3 452 44 14184

Jehanabad 1661 3571 256 68 0 273 81 5910
Arwal 1026 2273 28 37 0 38 10 3412
Nawada 3059 5694 121 18 16 211 20 9139
Aurangabad 2523 7030 184 123 21 417 70 10368

Saran 5369 9140 85 190 29 448 36 15297

Siwan 5835 10952 38 270 62 648 13 17818
Gopalganj 4449 7980 11 52 75 340 60 12967

W. Champaran 5901 7921 183 70 75 370 76 14596

E. Champaran 6994 11500 372 96 12 569 35 19578
Muzaffarpur 5530 10787 820 45 109 754 46 18091
Sitamarhi 3439 8016 289 46 30 208 86 12114
Sheohar 686 1566 26 10 20 96 0 2404
Vaishali 3959 9410 183 13 71 699 116 14451

Darbhanga 5156 8937 403 57 43 632 28 15256

Madhubani 7450 9126 161 61 22 232 85 17137
Samastipur 5731 9485 193 177 0 265 18 15869

Begusarai 3062 7876 211 17 16 499 21 11702

Munger 1434 3237 35 29 0 448 4 5187
Sheikhpura 707 1797 39 5 0 103 0 2651
Lakhisarai 1551 2757 91 0 0 141 40 4580
Jamui 2300 5584 0 0 11 189 17 8101
Khagaria 1563 4329 37 54 21 127 12 6143

Bhagalpur 3521 6866 360 69 100 486 83 11485

Banka 2393 3986 124 5 29 292 22 6851

Saharsa 2784 6387 146 28 22 185 20 9572

Supaul 3176 5299 21 91 0 29 14 8630
Madhepura 2104 6566 24 80 17 151 21 8963

Purnea 3537 7274 448 0 20 430 35 11744

Kishanganj 2301 5491 186 7 11 553 0 8549
Araria 4341 6475 135 0 31 331 16 11329
Katihar 4829 7613 92 0 29 371 6 12940

Bihar 136289 256857 6973 2318 1214 14070 1910 419631

Source: Department of Education, GOB

329
 Table A 10.15 : District-wise Coverage of MDMS (Class I-V)

2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

No. of No. of No. of
Children Children Children
Districts Total Total Total
Availing Coverage Availing Coverage Availing Coverage
Enrolment Enrolment Enrolment
MDM (%) MDM (%) MDM (%)
(in lakhs) (in lakhs) (in lakhs)
(perday) (perday) (perday)
(in lakhs) (in lakhs) (in lakhs)
Patna 5.27 3.40 64.46 5.25 3.93 74.86 5.28 4.16 78.80
Nalanda 3.43 2.28 66.34 3.49 2.15 61.60 3.55 2.32 65.44
Bhojpur 3.17 2.21 69.77 3.21 2.21 68.85 3.34 2.21 66.25
Buxar 2.47 1.63 66.05 2.45 1.55 63.27 2.39 1.63 68.12
Rohtas 3.72 2.52 67.94 3.73 2.45 65.68 3.67 2.55 69.37
Kaimur 2.27 1.55 68.12 2.32 1.47 63.36 2.31 1.59 68.68

Gaya 5.80 3.74 64.56 5.92 3.64 61.49 5.94 3.89 65.49
Jehanabad 1.60 1.06 66.11 1.52 1.00 65.79 1.51 1.00 65.93
Arwal 0.97 0.65 67.44 1.01 0.64 63.37 0.99 0.65 65.66
Nawada 3.04 2.13 70.10 3.24 2.05 63.27 3.34 2.13 63.96
Aurangabad 3.73 2.48 66.33 3.72 2.41 64.78 3.65 2.34 64.17

Saran 5.22 3.56 68.17 5.31 3.76 70.81 5.37 3.89 72.41
Siwan 3.91 2.71 69.20 3.96 3.14 79.29 3.93 2.83 72.07
Gopalganj 3.23 2.32 71.80 3.31 2.24 67.67 3.45 2.46 71.31

W. Champaran 5.37 4.24 79.07 7.23 4.91 67.91 6.04 4.63 76.74
E.Champaran 7.26 4.86 66.92 5.78 4.39 75.95 7.80 5.38 68.98
Muzaffarpur 6.15 4.10 66.72 6.13 4.03 65.74 6.39 4.35 68.02
Sitamarhi 5.04 3.38 67.03 4.90 3.62 73.88 5.44 4.02 74.00
Sheohar 1.04 0.65 62.17 0.96 0.67 69.79 0.99 0.76 76.33
Vaishali 4.07 2.45 60.29 4.21 2.45 58.19 4.21 2.47 58.51

Darbhanga 5.11 3.33 65.19 5.00 3.51 70.20 5.15 3.74 72.77
Madhubani 6.39 4.01 62.81 6.25 4.36 69.76 6.47 4.78 73.90
Samastipur 5.86 4.15 70.77 5.86 3.97 67.75 5.68 3.92 69.06

Begusarai 4.09 2.90 70.94 5.01 2.75 54.89 4.07 3.02 74.11
Munger 1.70 1.10 64.94 1.72 1.03 59.88 1.77 1.14 64.55
Sheikhpura 0.86 0.61 70.98 0.91 0.61 67.03 0.97 0.67 69.12
Lakhisarai 1.37 0.98 71.53 1.41 0.97 68.79 1.50 1.10 73.60
Jamui 2.48 1.95 78.40 2.93 1.86 63.48 2.99 2.06 69.11
Khagaria 2.50 1.55 61.92 2.54 1.72 67.72 2.59 1.88 72.55

Bhagalpur 3.99 2.72 68.17 3.97 2.68 67.51 3.99 2.88 72.29
Banka 2.67 1.85 69.29 2.69 1.73 64.31 2.76 1.86 67.55

Saharsa 3.65 1.95 53.42 3.13 1.90 60.70 3.21 2.05 63.84
Supaul 3.21 2.11 65.73 3.21 2.00 62.31 3.25 2.15 66.08
Madhepura 3.39 2.15 63.42 4.73 2.89 61.10 3.40 2.14 63.06

Purnea 5.07 3.08 60.75 4.91 2.69 54.79 5.19 3.19 61.39
Kishanganj 2.89 1.80 62.28 2.97 1.79 60.27 2.97 1.82 61.46
Araria 3.94 2.49 63.20 4.13 2.40 58.11 4.38 2.72 61.96
Katihar 4.75 2.62 55.16 4.16 2.78 66.83 4.77 2.89 60.67

Bihar 140.68 93.27 66.30 143.18 94.35 65.90 144.70 99.27 68.60
Source : Directorate of Mid Day Meal Scheme, GOB
330
 Table A 10.16 : District-wise Coverage of MDMS (Class VI-VIII)

2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

No. of No. of No. of
Children Children Children
District Total Total Total
Availing Coverage Availing Coverage Availing Coverage
Enrolment Enrolment Enrolment
MDM (%) MDM (%) MDM (%)
(lakhs) (lakhs) (lakhs)
(perday) (perday) (perday)
(lakhs) (lakhs) (lakhs)
Patna 2.17 1.42 65.71 2.30 1.47 63.91 2.38 1.79 75.21
Nalanda 1.32 0.89 67.63 1.36 0.96 70.59 1.56 1.06 67.95
Bhojpur 1.39 0.91 65.46 1.44 0.92 63.89 1.62 0.99 61.11
Buxar 1.10 0.71 64.73 1.18 0.72 61.02 1.24 0.76 61.29
Rohtas 1.83 1.13 61.72 1.83 1.18 64.48 1.96 1.21 61.73
Kaimur 1.00 0.64 64.30 1.08 0.68 62.96 1.18 0.74 62.71

Gaya 2.26 1.29 56.98 2.29 1.35 58.95 2.46 1.46 59.35
Jehanabad 0.64 0.44 69.26 0.69 0.46 66.67 0.72 0.46 63.89
Arwal 0.48 0.27 56.20 0.49 0.28 57.14 0.54 0.29 53.70
Nawada 1.05 0.69 65.52 1.16 0.72 62.07 1.35 0.79 58.52
Aurangabad 1.47 1.04 70.93 1.64 0.89 54.27 1.72 1.15 66.86

Saran 2.34 1.53 65.61 2.47 1.67 67.61 2.56 1.76 68.75
Siwan 1.86 1.22 65.51 1.89 1.25 66.14 2.00 1.42 71.00
Gopalganj 1.47 1.00 68.27 1.53 1.05 68.63 1.66 1.12 67.47

W. Champaran 1.64 1.27 77.62 2.69 1.71 63.57 2.04 1.42 69.61
E.Champaran 2.52 1.84 73.10 1.79 1.40 78.21 3.17 2.09 65.93
Muzaffarpur 2.39 1.63 68.20 2.71 1.80 66.42 3.08 1.90 61.69
Sitamarhi 1.67 1.12 66.76 1.72 1.30 75.58 1.97 1.46 74.11
Sheohar 0.28 0.22 78.81 0.33 0.25 75.76 0.32 0.27 84.38
Vaishali 1.98 1.23 62.22 2.07 1.12 54.11 2.08 1.16 55.77

Darbhanga 1.88 1.23 65.16 2.08 1.29 62.02 2.03 1.32 65.02
Madhubani 2.64 1.84 69.63 2.79 1.89 67.74 2.94 2.02 68.71
Samastipur 2.35 1.66 70.59 2.58 1.70 65.89 2.79 1.69 60.57

Begusarai 1.73 1.17 67.59 1.80 1.25 69.44 1.93 1.30 67.36
Munger 0.76 0.49 64.14 0.80 0.48 60.00 0.88 0.52 59.09
Sheikhpura 0.35 0.23 65.49 0.37 0.25 67.57 0.42 0.25 59.52
Lakhisarai 0.54 0.39 72.99 0.61 0.39 63.93 0.66 0.41 62.12
Jamui 0.97 0.67 68.71 1.06 0.65 61.32 1.08 0.74 68.52
Khagaria 0.94 0.50 53.15 1.05 0.68 64.76 1.09 0.73 66.97

Bhagalpur 1.57 1.17 74.90 1.73 1.17 67.63 1.76 1.29 73.30
Banka 1.11 0.73 65.41 1.12 0.68 60.71 1.22 0.77 63.11

Saharsa 0.87 0.60 68.55 1.09 0.63 57.80 1.23 0.67 54.47
Supaul 1.31 0.79 60.11 1.38 0.78 56.52 1.42 0.79 55.63
Madhepura 1.24 0.81 65.13 3.50 0.85 24.29 1.45 0.90 62.07

Purnea 1.59 0.95 59.68 1.72 0.85 49.42 1.77 0.98 55.37
Kishanganj 0.89 0.54 61.25 0.97 0.54 55.67 0.97 0.57 58.76
Araria 1.36 0.70 51.66 1.34 0.69 51.49 1.42 0.75 52.82
Katihar 1.33 1.15 86.51 1.93 1.01 52.33 1.99 1.02 51.26

Bihar 54.27 36.11 66.54 60.58 36.96 61.01 62.66 40.02 63.87
Source: Directorate of Mid Day Meal Scheme, GOB
331
 Table A 10.17 : District-wise Number of Colleges of Bihar

Affiliated Constiuent Affiliated Constiuent Affiliated Constiuent

Districts College College College College College College
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Patna 49 39 72 39 84 37
Nalanda 20 6 23 6 25 6
Bhojpur 20 6 21 6 21 6
Buxar 11 5 11 5 12 5
Rohtas 29 8 29 8 29 8
Kaimur 8 2 8 2 13 2

Gaya 23 7 25 7 28 7
Jehanabad 7 3 7 3 7 3
Arwal 3 1 3 1 3 1
Nawada 5 4 5 4 6 4
Aurangabad 9 5 9 5 13 5

Saran 20 12 6 12 9 12
Siwan 7 7 6 7 7 7
Gopalganj 4 5 1 5 3 5

W.Champaran 7 4 8 4 8 3
E. Champaran 2 7 2 7 2 8
Muzaffarpur 12 19 13 19 13 19
Sitamarhi 3 6 5 6 5 6
Sheohar 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vaishali 9 7 12 7 12 7

Darbhanga 26 22 27 22 28 22
Madhubani 19 18 19 18 20 18
Samastipur 15 15 15 15 18 15

Begusarai 4 6 6 6 7 6
Munger 2 7 2 7 2 7
Sheikhpura 2 2 3 2 3 2
Lakhisarai 3 2 3 2 3 2
Jamui 2 2 3 2 4 2
Khagaria 0 5 1 5 1 5

Bhagalpur 13 13 13 13 13 13
Banka 7 2 9 2 11 2

Saharsa 6 9 5 9 7 9
Supaul 4 3 4 3 5 3
Madhepura 8 5 8 5 10 5

Purnea 10 6 10 6 12 6
Kishanganj 4 2 5 2 6 2
Araria 7 2 8 2 8 2
Katihar 7 4 9 4 10 4

Bihar 387 278 416 278 468 276

Source : Department of Education, GOB

332
 Table 10.18 : Districtwise Number of Colleges in Bihar up to 2015-16

Arts, Fine
Arts, Social
All
Districts Work, Engineering Medical Others
Colleges
Science &
Commerce
Patna 65 4 4 48 121
Nalanda 24 2 1 4 31
Bhojpur 18 0 0 9 27
Buxar 11 0 0 6 17
Rohtas 33 0 1 3 37
Kaimur 9 0 0 6 15

Gaya 26 2 1 6 35
Jehanabad 9 0 0 1 10
Arwal 4 0 0 0 4
Nawada 9 0 0 1 10
Aurangabad 14 1 0 3 18

Saran 16 1 0 4 21
Siwan 11 1 0 2 14
Gopalganj 5 0 0 3 8

W.Champaran 7 0 1 3 11
E. Champaran 8 1 0 1 10
Muzaffarpur 21 1 1 9 32
Sitamarhi 9 0 0 2 11
Sheohar 0 0 0 0 0
Vaishali 12 1 0 6 19

Darbhanga 25 2 4 19 50
Madhubani 21 0 0 17 38
Samastipur 21 0 0 12 33

Begusarai 7 0 0 6 13
Munger 8 0 0 1 9
Sheikhpura 5 0 0 0 5
Lakhisarai 5 0 0 0 5
Jamui 5 0 0 1 6
Khagaria 4 0 0 2 6

Bhagalpur 18 1 1 6 26
Banka 7 1 0 5 13

Saharsa 9 0 1 6 16
Supaul 7 0 0 1 8
Madhepura 12 0 0 3 15

Purnea 11 2 0 5 18
Kishanganj 5 2 1 0 8
Araria 8 1 0 1 10
Katihar 10 0 1 3 14

Bihar 499 23 17 205 744

Source : Department of Education, GOB

333
 Table A 10.19 : District Level Overview of SC/ST Welfare

Maintenance of Residential School (SC) Hostel Maintenance (SC)

Disricts Amount Alloted (Rs. lakh) Physical Achievement (No.) Amount Alloted (Rs. lakh)
2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Patna 413.97 448.41 455.21 978 621 616 50.26 214.65 142.57
Nalanda 222.93 316.61 348.31 639 747 788 12.34 13.73 16.22
Bhojpur 265.01 388.65 401.45 750 714 777 10.99 25.69 35.46
Buxar 154.22 173.83 248.63 336 324 356 35.09 11.14 18.73
Rohtas 238.15 339.04 326.11 680 738 781 30.41 29.48 33.88
Kaimur 220.86 314.04 374.61 484 538 534 77.97 66.78 30.50

Gaya 896.00 1426.56 1334.55 3202 2954 3207 27.40 15.05 26.91
Jehanabad 80.61 161.47 170.01 421 425 449 33.11 10.77 10.72
Arwal 57.70 129.22 114.92 152 339 366 3.97 NA NA
Nawada 249.96 363.18 449.97 872 957 985 13.62 17.66 22.13
Aurangabad 45.65 134.23 91.00 262 235 292 9.00 6.12 7.26

Saran 126.56 134.22 183.01 369 385 390 NA 12.93 18.93

Siwan 49.52 133.71 114.42 170 206 228 29.59 28.39 30.56
Gopalganj 120.71 182.33 219.11 358 359 339 8.04 15.95 19.53

W. Champaran 165.49 264.41 274.36 561 592 592 29.03 18.76 22.02
E. Champaran 101.21 136.23 124.66 311 291 313 25.12 29.61 34.86
Muzaffarpur 308.17 473.40 474.41 1009 1057 1062 11.91 33.63 37.41
Sitamarhi 82.75 174.38 166.72 351 390 400 17.12 27.54 30.45
Sheohar 44.07 50.46 75.61 NA NA 76 19.53 1.31 6.59
Vaishali 127.86 193.19 252.69 301 311 375 1.53 15.05 13.21

Darbhanga 90.07 137.57 100.34 107 118 118 28.14 37.61 41.56
Madhubani 329.38 426.82 482.94 871 891 1020 27.87 20.97 13.51
Samastipur 150.26 297.10 288.31 542 615 684 11.71 10.77 17.91

Begusarai 131.35 134.82 196.33 297 310 337 1.28 3.29 2.23
Munger 121.85 132.96 119.58 298 289 319 10.76 14.59 14.74
Sheikhpura 52.50 129.22 89.42 197 191 237 12.92 1.31 1.60
Lakhisarai 53.99 146.48 119.42 122 203 210 25.85 3.71 6.90
Jamui 52.88 138.43 84.42 216 229 254 14.09 1.31 1.60
Khagaria 117.25 150.49 160.47 369 381 369 4.50 15.75 15.15

Bhagalpur 153.83 228.22 217.69 414 351 355 10.05 58.13 45.54
Banka 48.20 144.86 82.34 187 212 226 4.19 9.91 17.83

Saharsa 106.32 212.18 191.40 282 380 378 34.14 50.56 37.76
Supaul 44.82 129.22 86.50 133 127 138 18.02 8.31 13.87
Madhepura 52.50 136.18 160.36 58 179 236 15.57 16.28 23.43

Purnea 141.95 146.32 176.88 376 391 395 13.22 36.18 40.84
Kishanganj 117.95 194.34 196.58 274 347 347 13.05 7.79 5.22
Araria 121.86 142.17 183.11 285 274 311 4.28 12.44 18.37
Katihar 102.36 144.29 132.58 394 390 378 23.92 20.97 25.23

Bihar 5960.72 9109.24 9268.43 17628 18061 19238 719.57 924.11 901.23
Source: Department of SC/ST Welfare, GOB (Contd)

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 Table A 10.19 : District Level Overview of SC/ST Welfare (Contd.)

Stipend (SC & ST)

Districts Financial Allotment (Rs. in Lakh) Physical Achievement (No.)
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16
Patna 5038.9 3966.3 4532.7 4040.2 6288.5 204680 164495 148862 182127 353576
Nalanda 2386.7 2552.9 2389.3 1393.5 3867.6 164020 110810 116774 96390 163964
Bhojpur 1075.8 1103.7 1641.3 1400.8 2329.2 98113 84691 99951 115836 138385
Buxar 1088.4 1379.1 1627.1 1532.3 3517.5 93772 47981 64099 69067 105151
Rohtas 2132.0 1763.4 2178.8 1595.2 2789.3 167670 87908 107420 105921 176605
Kaimur 1712.1 1731.8 1887.9 1481.0 3458.6 122086 83292 101664 137744 134154

Gaya 4244.0 4493.2 5322.8 5285.0 7383.6 210299 229581 272195 297678 295326
Jehanabad 763.9 776.4 1083.7 902.6 1242.6 50559 47005 47356 49412 86580
Arwal 385.1 397.4 407.2 385.2 676.9 36261 24231 31648 32749 44447
Nawada 1538.7 1476.1 2339.3 1899.8 3088.8 160136 97822 147041 171533 182023
Aurangabad 1829.2 1655.3 3710.3 2866.0 4119.4 120352 106322 278442 188192 273435

Saran 2527.8 2175.7 2467.7 2412.2 3135.0 190935 83333 149887 150120 168830
Siwan 1706.6 1560.6 1889.7 1496.4 2847.0 103668 62669 82920 98517 129917
Gopalganj 1008.1 1324.7 1606.8 1332.9 2318.7 73801 70033 140309 83277 139864

W. Champaran 2448.5 3003.3 2258.6 2337.4 4148.5 259830 162035 190880 194422 304344
E. Champaran 1883.2 1790.1 1391.4 1541.7 3707.7 132933 100393 99675 126757 199603
Muzaffarpur 2015.5 3131.2 2579.1 2328.8 3236.5 144025 108638 146146 162902 230748
Sitamarhi 869.9 1078.3 1313.9 913.8 1762.8 80839 61195 101304 88994 91102
Sheohar 259.4 318.4 223.7 221.8 483.3 22170 18489 22308 21227 33122
Vaishali 1898.7 1885.8 1734.0 1663.5 3128.8 204993 106253 127227 127987 214537

Darbhanga 1656.7 2008.4 1816.4 1692.1 2861.2 93556 89372 128519 147413 277436
Madhubani 1806.3 1945.4 1714.1 1639.4 3630.8 132126 144181 138976 137860 347007
Samastipur 1981.9 2230.0 1844.2 1299.3 3394.4 130677 114556 137162 94595 267658

Begusarai 947.8 982.5 1232.7 911.1 2395.9 72879 64095 89955 77833 165596
Munger 754.1 855.4 1023.4 819.4 1123.5 63536 38912 44717 47654 57014
Sheikhpura 347.5 444.5 508.8 430.5 701.2 20581 19159 24901 29088 41367
Lakhisarai 430.9 548.3 589.8 491.2 1008.6 34232 30968 42094 42650 62846
Jamui 957.1 1266.8 896.7 933.2 1825.7 71914 89772 76960 71177 165156
Khagaria 673.9 741.6 608.5 584.9 1093.2 52102 25441 38889 56261 50954

Bhagalpur 1186.3 1727.1 1781.8 2048.2 3923.2 110704 75255 86185 123368 121023
Banka 996.9 766.0 969.9 1095.7 2661.8 64045 47807 63146 59010 89092

Saharsa 844.1 810.3 664.6 599.1 1615.9 62848 67083 62826 56603 119198
Supaul 689.9 945.9 989.7 882.2 1851.8 60724 56402 69038 66211 103858
Madhepura 1169.5 974.4 1009.1 692.1 1255.8 78580 68924 65158 41371 68625

Purnea 1401.4 1632.8 1355.0 1490.5 2851.8 58647 77247 93659 95158 273160
Kishanganj 353.8 383.3 388.9 663.5 769.1 34236 28644 25069 34716 74719
Araria 665.2 606.9 617.9 478.4 1586.5 52462 37237 55376 44011 90281
Katihar 1109.8 1116.0 945.5 905.0 1667.4 87425 35688 72874 61559 194101

Bihar 54785.2 57549.3 61645.3 61557.7 99748.0 3922416 2967919 3791754 3804539 6034804
Source : Department of SC/ST Welfare, GOB (Concluded)
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