Tejas / Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)

The Tejas (formerly known as LCA; Light Combat Aircraft) is India's second indigenous
jet fighter design, after the HF-24 Marut of the 1950s. It's the world's smallest, light
weight, multi-role combat aircraft designed to meet the requirements of the Indian Air
Force as its frontline multi-mission single seater tactical aircraft during the period 2000 -
2020. Development began in 1983; the basic design was finalised in 1990; the first
prototype rolled out on 17 November 1995. On 04 January 2001 at 10.18 a.m. the first
LCA Prototype TD-1 (Technology Demonstrator-1), finally took off on its first flight
from Yelahanka AFS.

The configuration is a delta wing, with no tailplanes or foreplanes, and a single vertical
fin. The LCA is constructed of aluminium-lithium alloys, carbon-fibre composites, and
titanium. The design incorporates "control-configured vehicle" concepts to enhance
manoeuvrability, and quadruplex fly-by-wire controls. Both prototypes are powered by
General Electric F404-GE-F2J3 engines, but an indigenous engine, the GTX-35VS
Kaveri, is being developed for the production Tejas.

The Tejas (LCA) is a small, lightweight, supersonic, multi-role, single-seat fighter

designed primarily to replace the MiG-21 series of aircraft of Indian Air Force as its
front-line multi-mission single-seat tactical aircraft. The LCA integrates modern design
concepts like static instability, digital fly-by-wire flight control system, integrated
avionics, glass cockpit, primary composite structure, multi-mode radar, microprocessor
based utility and brake management systems.

Short takeoff and landing, high maneuverability with excellent maintainability and a wide
range of weapon fit are some of Tejas' features. Two aircraft technology demonstrators
are powered by single GE F404/F2J3 augmented turbofan engines. For maintenance the
aircraft has more than five hundred Line Replaceable Units (LRSs), each tested for
performance and capability to meet the severe operational conditions to be encountered.
Major subsystems like fly-by-wire digital flight control system, integrated avionics,
hydraulic and electricalsystems, environmental control system, fuel system etc., are being
tested to ensure performance and safety. Following satisfactory subsystem test results the
flight test program of the Tejan began in 2001. Production will start in 2007

The Tejas has been designed and developed by a consortium of five aircraft research,
design, production and product support organizations pooled by the Bangalore-based
Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA), under Department of Defense Research and
Development Organization (DRDO). Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) is the
Principal Partner in the design and fabrication of the LCA and its integration leading to
flight testing. Several academic institutions from over the country have participated in the
development of design and manufacturing software for LCA. National teams formed by
pooling the talents and expertise in the country are entrusted with the responsibility of the
development of major tasks such as development of carbon composite wing, design,
design of control law and flight testing. Several private and public sector organizations
have also supported design and manufacture of various subsystems.
Various international aircraft and system manufacturers are also participating in the
program with supply of specific equipment, design consultancy and support. For
example, GE Aircraft Engines provides the propulsion and Lockheed Martin the flight
control system.

Tejas or Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)

The Indian Tejas is the world's smallest, light weight, multi-role combat aircraft designed
to meet the requirements of Indian Air Force as its frontline multi-mission single-seat
tactical aircraft to replace the MiG-21 series of aircraft. The delta wing configuration ,
with no tailplanes or foreplanes, features a single vertical fin. The Tejas is constructed of
aluminium-lithium alloys, carbon-fibre composites, and titanium. Tejas integrates
modern design concepts and the state-of-art technologies such as relaxed static stability,
flyby-wire Flight Control System, Advanced Digital Cockpit, Multi-Mode Radar,
Integrated Digital Avionics System, Advanced Composite Material Structures and a Flat
Rated Engine.

The Tejas design has been configured to match the demands of modern combat scenario
such as speed, acceleration, maneuverability and agility. Short takeoff and landing,
excellent flight performance, safety, reliability and maintainability, are salient features of
Tejas design. The Tejas integrates modern design concepts like static instability, digital
fly-by-wire flight control system, integrated avionics, glass cockpit, primary composite
structure, multi-mode radar, microprocessor based utility and brake management systems.

The avionics system enhances the role of Light Combat Aircraft as an effective weapon
platform. The glass cockpit and hands on throttle and stick (HOTAS) controls reduce
pilot workload. Accurate navigation and weapon aiming information on the head up
display helps the pilot achieve his mission effectively. The multifunction displays provide
information on engine, hydraulics, electrical, flight control and environmental control
system on a need-to-know basis along with basic flight and tactical information. Dual
redundant display processors (DP) generate computer-generated imagery on these
displays. The pilot interacts with the complex avionics systems through a simple
multifunction keyboard, and function and sensor selection panels. A state-of-the-art
multi-mode radar (MMR), laser designator pod (LDP), forward looking infra-red (FLIR)
and other opto-electronic sensors provide accurate target information to enhance kill
probabilities. A ring laser gyro (RLG)-based inertial navigation system (INS), provides
accurate navigation guidance to the pilot. An advanced electronic warfare (EW) suite
enhances the aircraft survivability during deep penetration and combat. Secure and jam-
resistant communication systems, such as IFF, VHF/UHF and air-to-air/air-to-ground
data link are provided as a part of the avionics suite. All these systems are integrated on
three 1553B buses by a centralised 32-bit mission computer (MC) with high throughput
which performs weapon computations and flight management, and
reconfiguration/redundancy management. Reversionary mission functions are provided
by a control and coding unit (CCU). Most of these subsystems have been developed
indigenously.

The digital FBW system of the Tejas is built around a quadruplex redundant architecture
to give it a fail op-fail op-fail safe capability. It employs a powerful digital flight control
computer (DFCC) comprising four computing channels, each powered by an independent
power supply and all housed in a single line replaceable unit (LRU). The system is
designed to meet a probability of loss of control of better than 1x10-7 per flight hour. The
DFCC channels are built around 32-bit microprocessors and use a safe subset of Ada
language for the implementation of software. The DFCC receives signals from quad rate,
acceleration sensors, pilot control stick, rudder pedal, triplex air data system, dual air
flow angle sensors, etc. The DFCC channels excite and control the elevon, rudder and
leading edge slat hydraulic actuators. The computer interfaces with pilot display elements
like multifunction displays through MIL-STD-1553B avionics bus and RS 422 serial link.
The digital FBW system of the Tejas is built around a quadruplex redundant architecture
to give it a fail op-fail op-fail safe capability. It employs a powerful digital flight control
computer (DFCC) comprising four computing channels, each powered by an independent
power supply and all housed in a single line replaceable unit (LRU). The system is
designed to meet a probability of loss of control of better than 1x107 per flight hour. The
DFCC channels are built around 32-bit microprocessors and use a safe subset of Ada
language for the implementation of software. The DFCC receives signals from quad rate,
acceleration sensors, pilot control stick, rudder pedal, triplex air data system, dual air
flow angle sensors, etc. The DFCC channels excite and control the elevon, rudder and
leading edge slat hydraulic actuators. The computer interfaces with pilot display elements
like multifunction displays through MIL-STD-1553B avionics bus and RS 422 serial link.

Multi-mode radar (MMR), the primary mission sensor of the Tejas in its air defence role,
will be a key determinant of the operational effectiveness of the fighter. This is an X-
band, pulse Doppler radar with air-to-air, air-to-ground and air-to-sea modes. Its track-
while-scan capability caters to radar functions under multiple target environment. The
antenna is a light weight (<5 kg), low profile slotted waveguide array with a multilayer
feed network for broad band operation. The salient technical features are: two plane
monopulse signals, low side lobe levels and integrated IFF, and GUARD and BITE
channels. The heart of MMR is the signal processor, which is built around VLSI-ASICs
and i960 processors to meet the functional needs of MMR in different modes of its
operation. Its role is to process the radar receiver output, detect and locate targets, create
ground map, and provide contour map when selected. Post-detection processor resolves
range and Doppler ambiguities and forms plots for subsequent data processor. The
special feature of signal processor is its real-time configurability to adapt to requirements
depending on selected mode of operation.

Seven weapon stations provided on Tejas offer flexibility in the choice of weapons Tejas
can carry in various mission roles. Provision of drop tanks and inflight refueling probe
ensure extended range and flight endurance of demanding missions. Provisions for the
growth of hardware and software in the avionics and flight control system, available in
Tejas, ensure to maintain its effectiveness and advantages as a frontline fighter
throughout its service life. For maintenance the aircraft has more than five hundred Line
Replaceable Units (LRSs), each tested for performance and capability to meet the severe
operational conditions to be encountered.

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) is the Principal Partner in the design and
fabrication of Tejas and its integration leading to flight testing. The Tejas has been
designed and developed by a consortium of five aircraft research, design, production and
product support organizations pooled by the Bangalore-based Aeronautical Development
Agency (ADA), under Department of Defense Research and Development Organization
(DRDO). Various international aircraft and system manufacturers are also participating in
the program with supply of specific equipment, design consultancy and support. For
example, GE Aircraft Engines provides the propulsion.

The first prototype of Tejas rolled out on 17 November 1995. Two aircraft technology
demonstrators are powered by single GE F404/F2J3 augmented turbofan engines.
Regular flights with the state-of-the-art "Kaveri" engine, being developed by the Gas
Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) in Bangalore, are planned by 2002, although by
mid-1999 the Kaveri engine had yet to achieve the required thrust-to-weight ratio.

The Tejas is India's second attempt at an indigenous jet fighter design, following the
somewhat unsatisfactory HF-24 Marut Ground Attack Fighter built in limited numbers by
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited in the 1950s. Conceived in 1983, the Tejas will serve as
the Indian air force's frontline tactical plane through the year 2020. The Tejas will go into
service around 2007.

Following India's nuclear weapons tests in early 1998, the United States placed an
embargo on the sale of General Electric 404 jet engines which are to power the Tejas.
The US also denied the fly-by-wire system for the aircraft sold by the US firm Lockheed-
Martin. As of June 1998 the first flight of the Tejas had been delayed due to systems
integration tests. The first flight awaits completion of the Digital Flight Control Systems,
being developed by the Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE).

Type: Tejas / LCA

Country: India
Function: fighter
Crew: 1
Engines: 1 (83.4 kN GTRE GTX-35VS augmented turbofan)
Wing Span: 8.20 m
Length: 13.20 m
Empty Weight: 5500 kg
Ceiling: 16400 m
Range: 850 km
Armament: GSh-23 twin-barrel 23mm cannon (220 rounds);
7 hardpoints, max external load over 4000 kg
Unit cost: 21 million USD