ESSAYS

INFLATION
OUTLINES:
INTRODUCTION
LEADING CAUSES OF INFLATION
FRAGILE ECONOMIC POLICES
HOARDING, DISHONEST ATTITUDE OF TRADERS
STEPS TO CHECK INFLATION
CONCLUSION
Inflation refers to a continuous, general increase in the price of goods and services. Rise in prices
is called inflation. Inflation at very fast rate is Hyper-Inflation,medium is Strato-Inflation
and low lever is Creeping inflation. During the recent years the rise has abnormal and it has
endangered the stability of our economy nationally and individually. In Pakistan inflation has
become an unending disease to our economy. Once a state is caught in the circle of
inflation then it will be difficult for that state to get rid of it.
There are various factors that contribute to the rise in prices. Some are natural factors like
unfavorable weather conditions which affect the food production and lead to the shortage of
commodities in the market. With more money chasing fewer goods, the prices take to the wings.
Besides this natural problem there are man-made problems like hoarding which contribute to the
rapid increase in prices. The trading community which senses a shorting of certain commodities,
especially the essential commodities, they resort to large scale hoarding. They release the
hoarding products after increase in the prices and make a neat margin over their investment in
the hoarded products. They get so much profit but it waters inflation.
The rise of prices in Pakistan can also be attribute to the despicable acts of traders. Their only
motive is to get maximum profit and so they try to charge lots of money from the customers
as much as possible. This has created a class of people who are becoming richer day by day and
the other class is becoming poorer. Hoarding is also playing a bad role in escalation of prices in
the commodities
One of the most important reasons for inflation is the deficit budgeting. In order to cover the gap
Pakistan has been printing more paper currency because foreign aid and taxes can not cover up
the deficit. Therefore there will be greater circulation of paper money. There will be hike in
prices of domestic used products as the purchasing power of the people has increased. Wrong
taxation policy has also been responsible for the rise in prices. The hike in taxes results in greater
desire to avoid taxes. Thus public takes wrong way of not paying taxes and there will
be escalation in prices.
Pakistans government has been making a great effort to check this inflation. The rate of interests
has been increased in order to encourage savings and withdraw of currency. The government is
making efforts to increase industrial outputs so that the level of consumption is leveled with that
of output. But unfortunately the government has not met with success in getting rid of inflation.
The rise in prices goes non-stopped, some suggest that there should be demonetization
of urrency, but the government thinks that it is an irregular method and will create doubts in the
minds of the public about the stability of the government. The rise in the prices of petrol has
affected the prices in our country. Pakistan is not producing more than 20% of its
total equirement of oil. So we have to import a huge amount of oil every year. Moreover no step
has been taken against the traders who are mainly responsible for unreasonable rise in the prices.

UNEMPLOYMENT
OUTLINES:
INTRODUCTION
LEADING CAUSES OF INFLATION
FRAGILE ECONOMIC POLICES
HOARDING, DISHONEST ATTITUDE OF TRADERS
STEPS TO CHECK INFLATION
CONCLUSION
Inflation refers to a continuous, general increase in the price of goods and services. Rise
in prices is called inflation. Inflation at very fast rate is Hyper-Inflation,medium is Strato-
Inflation and low lever is Creeping inflation. During the recent years the rise has abnormal and it
has endangered the stability of our economy nationally and individually. In Pakistan inflation has
become an unending disease to our economy. Once a state is caught in the circle of inflation then
it will be difficult for that state to get rid of it.
There are various factors that contribute to the rise in prices. Some are natural factors like
unfavorable weather conditions which affect the food production and lead to the shortage of
commodities in the market. With more money chasing fewer goods, the prices take to the wings.
Besides this natural problem there are man-made problems like hoarding which contribute to the
rapid increase in prices. The trading community which senses a shorting of certain commodities,
especially the essential commodities, they resort to large scale hoarding. They release the
hoarding products after increase in the prices and make a neat margin over their investment in
the hoarded products. They get so much profit but it waters inflation.
The rise of prices in Pakistan can also be attribute to the despicable acts of traders. Their only
motive is to get maximum profit and so they try to charge lots of money from the customers
as much as possible. This has created a class of people who are becoming richer day by day and
the other class is becoming poorer. Hoarding is also playing a bad role in escalation of prices in
the commodities .
One of the most important reasons for inflation is the deficit budgeting. In order to cover the gap
Pakistan has been printing more paper currency because foreign aid and taxes can not cover up
the deficit. Therefore there will be greater circulation of paper money. There will be hike in
prices of domestic used products as the purchasing power of the people has increased. Wrong
taxation policy has also been responsible for the rise in prices. The hike in taxes results in greater
desire to avoid taxes. Thus public takes wrong way of not paying taxes and there will
be escalation in prices.
Pakistans government has been making a great effort to check this inflation. The rate of interests
has been increased in order to encourage savings and withdraw of currency. The government is
making efforts to increase industrial outputs so that the level of consumption is leveled with that
of output. But unfortunately the government has not met with success in getting rid of inflation.
The rise in prices goes non-stopped, some suggest that there should be demonetization of
currency, but the government thinks that it is an irregular method and will create doubts in the
minds of the public about the stability of the government. The rise in the prices of petrol has
affected the prices in our country. Pakistan is not producing more than 20% of its total
requirement of oil. So we have to import a huge amount of oil every year. Moreover no step has
been taken against the traders who are mainly responsible for unreasonable rise in the prices.

THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMERCE EDUCATION

INTRODUCTION

Education may be liberal or it may be special. Now a days there are three faculties in higher
education namely arts, commerce and science. Young people, now a days, are generally guided
by lucrative aims. There main desire is to earn money and become rich. Very few aspire for
knowledge for the sake of knowledge-the aim for the older generations. Business education
offers good prospects for the ambitious person. Many of them join commerce colleges or take
admission in commerce with the aim of getting good jobs.
Economic activities and aims dominate the minds of modern men. Business, commerce and
industries are important branches of economic activities. Industries are said to be the backbone
of national economy.

Commerce is at the moment a promising subject as a whole. In the present day world, almost
every human activity is related with economy, whether in the shape of trade and industry or
commerce and banking. Any concern which has transaction of money, a commerce graduate has
his footing there.

Secondly, the related fields of commerce are many and varied. Science, in spite of its expanding
scope, is yet limited in providing jobs to the teeming millions. The scope of science is all the
more limited in backward countries like Pakistan. The Humanities subjects are also not very
promising from the profession point of view. Arts subjects appear to have lost their worth from
earning point of view.

In view of above stated facts, it may be said that commerce graduates have some what better
prospects in Pakistan.

POPULATION PROBLEM IN PAKISTAN

OUTLINE
Introduction
Overpopulation in Pakistan
Danger for Economic Development
Low per capital income
Low rate of saving
Problems for education sector
Housing problems
 Transportation problems
Food shortage
Population & Environment
Population & capital formation
Problems for agricultural sector
Unemployment
remedies
Conclusion
Overpopulation can be defined as the condition where "finite resources of a particular
area will run out if the population expands beyond a given point". Economics is defined
as the social science dealing with the allocation of scarce resources. The earth has a
reserve of scarce resources and when the population exceeds a certain level, allocation
of these resources becomes difficult and leads to various economic problems such as
unemployment and poverty.

Pakistan is one of the fastest growing countries in the world. In early 1994, the
population of Pakistan was estimated to be 126 million, at that time we were the ninth
most populous country of the world, however, land area wise ranked thirty-second
among nations.
Thus Pakistan has about 2 percent of the worlds population living on less than 0.7
percent of the worlds land. The population growth rate is among the worlds highest,
officially estimated at 3.1 percent per year, but privately thought to be closer to 3.3
percent per year by many planners involved in population programs.

Overpopulation is a great danger for economic development as it swallows up the

progress made by the economic sector. With the increase in population, there is low
capital income in the country which badly affects the economy of the country. There per
capita income of Pakistan is 479 dollars compared to 27000 dollars in Japan and 14000
dollars in Singapore
When a country becomes overpopulated then its rate of saving becomes very low, as a
result of which there is low investment & high unemployment in the country. The rate
of saving in Pakistan in only15% which is very low overpopulation creates a great
problem of education sector because proper facilities are not available for whole of the
population.
Overpopulation also creates a housing problem because given. Resources are not
sufficient to proved houses to whole of the population.
Over population also creates a problem of transportation because Govt. resources are
not sufficient to provide better transport facilities to whole of the population whine a
country becomes overpopulated, there is food shortage in the country because its
resources are not sufficient to meet the needs of the people.
Overpopulation creates air, water & noise pollution in the environment & in this way,
badly effects the environment & in this way, badly effects the environment.
Overpopulation can be controlled if most of the people are educated. Educated people
can easily understand and feel the benefits of family planning. It is of course the need
of hour to educate our masses.
As over population is swallowing up all the economic progress made by the country so
the Govt. Of Pakistan is taking keen interest in solve the problem of over population by
educating the people & making effective use of its resources. Every year a large sum of
money is spend on population planning programs to solve the problem of over
population.
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