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The First Computer Programmer

Ada Lovelace was the daughter of the poet Lord Byron. She was taught by Mary Somerville, a
well-known researcher and scientific author, who introduced her to Charles Babbage in June 1833.
Babbage was an English mathematician, who first had the idea for a programmable computer.

In 1842 and 1843, Ada translated the work of an Italian mathematician, Luigi Menabrea, on
Babbage's Analytical Engine. Though mechanical, this machine was an important step in the
history of computers; it was the design of a mechanical general-purpose computer. Babbage
worked on it for many years until his death in 1871. However, because of financial, political, and
legal issues, the engine was never built. The design of the machine was very modern; it
anticipated the first completed general-purpose computers by about 100 years.

When Ada translated the article, she added a set of notes which specified in complete detail a
method for calculating certain numbers with the Analytical Engine, which have since been
recognized by historians as the world's first computer program. She also saw possibilities in it that
Babbage hadn't: she realised that the machine could compose pieces of music. The computer
programming language 'Ada', used in some aviation and military programs, is named after her.

Questions
Q1 - Ada Lovelace's teacher introduced her to Charles Babbage.
True False
Q2 - Babbage programmed the first computer.
True False
Q3 - Ada translated the article in 1842.
True False
Q4 - The Analytical Engine was electronic.
True False
Q5 - Luigi Menabrea designed the first computer.
True False
Q6 - Babbage finished the machine before he died.
True False
Q7 - Babbage's design was ahead of its time.
True False
Q8 - Ada's work was instantly recognised as being the first computer program.
True False
Q9 - Babbage saw that his machine could write music.
True False
Q10 - Ada wrote military and aviation computer programs.
True False
Airbus crisis over
Airbus says it has turned the corner after a crisis connected to production problems and turmoil in
the boardroom at its A380 super-jumbo project that has gone on for the past year. Speaking at the
Paris air show, Louis Gallois, CEO of the European planemaker, said, "Airbus is back."

Airbus, which announced a raft of orders on the first day of the show, is competing with Boeing, its
American rival, for the title of the largest planemaker in the world.

Boeing is expected to reveal the numbers of orders for its 787 Dreamliner soon. Airbus orders
unveiled on Monday included Qatar Airways confirming a $16bn order for 80 A350 Airbus planes
and ordering three A380 super-jumbos for about $750m.

Boeing and Airbus are also competing for orders from aircraft leasing firms. Orders from these
companies - who rank highly among the biggest global buyers of aircraft - are often regarded as an
indication of how successful a model will be in the long term.

Airbus also secured orders from US Airways that are worth $10bn for 22 of its A350 jets, 60 A320s
and ten of its A330-200 wide-body planes.

A few months ago, Airbus unveiled a major cost-cutting programme aiming to reduce the
workforce in Europe by 10,000, as well as announcing a group restructuring. "I can tell you with full
confidence that Airbus is back and fully back, as you have started noting yesterday as
demonstrated by our first day announcements," said Mr Gallois on the second day of the air show.

However, Boeing also announced a deal with General Electric (GE) on the show's first day. GE's
commercial aviation services placed an order for six 777 Boeing freighters valued at around
$1.4bn, to be delivered in the last quarter of 2008.

A Wall Street Journal website report, quoting the Delta operating chief yesterday said that Delta Air
Lines were on the verge of ordering as many as 125 Boeing 787 jetliners by the end of this year.
However, a spokesman for Delta later said that it had been having conversations "with several
aircraft makers" and that "no final decision" had been made on future fleet purchases.

Questions Q4 - US Airways
Q1 - The problems at Airbus
placed an order for the new super-jumbo.
have been resolved completely.
didn't place an order for the new super-
are well on their way to being sorted out. jumbo.
are far from resolved. may have placed an order for the new super-
Q2 - Airbus announced jumbo.
Q5 - Boeing
a large number of orders on the first day of
the show. announced sales of the Dreamliner.
some orders on the first day of the show. may sell some Dreamliners to General
Electric.
a few orders on the first day of the show.
Q3 - Qatar Airways ordered may sell some Dreamliners to Delta Air Lines.
Q6 - The Wall Street Journal website report
83 planes on Monday.
was definitely correct.
80 planes on Monday.
was possibly correct.
3 planes on Monday.
was definitely wrong.
Visit Angkor Wat
Siem Reap is a small town near the world famous temple of Angkor Wat. The town is charming and worth
exploring, with some fine examples of Khmer and French colonial architecture set among the more modern
developments. Nowadays, visitors are flocking in, using it as a base for visits to the nearby temples.

A Carved City
From the 9th to the 14th centuries, when Europe was still struggling out of the Dark Ages, the Cambodian
Empire of Angkor covered most of present-day Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand. The heart of this
empire during the 12th century was the ancient capital of Angkor Thom, near present day Siem Reap, the
site of the worlds largest temple complexes, which were rediscovered in 1861.This spectacular city was built
over 30 years under the reign of King Suryavarman II (1113-1150). The area covers about 400 square
kilometres and is full of the finest examples of Khmer art and architecture. Tourists are always amazed at the
scale of the place.

In Angkor Wat you will find more than 100 stone monuments and temple buildings, each of which contains
countless statues, sculptures and reliefs that have weathered extremely little over the last 800 years. To see
the whole thing can take several days. The most important temples to visit in the area are Angkor Wat,
especially at sunrise or sunset; Angkor Thom, the remains of the capital; Ta Prohm, a palace overgrown by
jungle; and Bayon.

Getting a visa
Visas are required to enter Cambodia. You can obtain one on arrival at Siem Reap International Airport for
$20, and 1 passport photo is required per person. You will also need another passport photo for the Angkor
Temple Entrance Pass. Please ensure you take comfortable walking shoes, light clothing and plenty of water
to drink as it is very hot there. The most commonly accepted currency in Cambodia is the US dollar.

Questions
Q1 - Most people visit Siem Reap because of the Q6 - It'll take a couple of days to see everything.
temples in the area.
True False
True False Q7 - Dawn and dusk are particularly good times to
Q2 - In the 9th to the 14th centuries, Europe was visit Angkor Wat.
more advanced than Cambodia.
True False
True False Q8 - You must get a visa before flying to Siem Reap.
Q3 - Angkor Wat was the capital of the Cambodian
empire. True False
Q9 - You will need a couple of passport photos.
True False
Q4 - It took many decades to build the capital. True False
Q10 - The US dollar is widely accepted in Cambodia.
True False
Q5 - The stonework of Angkor Wat is in poor True False
condition today.

True False
Biofuels and the Environment
Leading investors have joined the growing chorus of concern about governments and companies
rushing into producing biofuels as a solution for global warming, saying that many involved in the
sector could be jeopardising future profits if they do not consider the long-term impact of what they
are doing carefully.

It is essential to build sustainability criteria into the supply chain of any green fuel project in order to
ensure that there is no adverse effect on the surrounding environment and social structures. The
report produced by the investors expresses concern that many companies may not be fully aware of
the potential pitfalls in the biofuel sector.

Production of corn and soya beans has increased dramatically in the last years as an eco-friendly
alternative to fossil fuels but environmental and human rights campaigners are worried that this will
lead to destruction of rain forests. Food prices could also go up as there is increased competition for
crops as both foodstuffs and sources of fuel. Last week, the UN warned that biofuels could have
dangerous side effects and said that steps need to be taken to make sure that land converted to
grow biofuels does not damage the environment or cause civil unrest. There is already great
concern about palm oil, which is used in many foods in addition to being an important biofuel, as
rain forests are being cleared in some countries and people driven from their homes to create palm
oil plantations.

An analyst and author of the investors' report says that biofuels are not a cure for climate change
but they can play their part as long as governments and companies manage the social and
environmental impacts thoroughly. There should also be greater measure taken to increase
efficiency and to reduce demand.

Questions

Q1 - ____ are worried about the boom in Q4 - Biofuels might


biofuels.
drive food prices up.
Few people
drive food prices down.
Many people
have little or no impact on food prices.
Only these leading investors
Q5 - The increased production of palm oil
Q2 - Biofuel producers ____ know about the
possible problems. just affects the environment.

do not just affects people.

might not
affects both people and the environment
must not Q6 - The author of the report says that
biofuels
Q3 - Environmentalists believe that increased
production of corn and soya have no role to play in fighting global
warming.
has destroyed rain forests.
can be effective in fighting global
may lead to the destruction of rain forests. warming on their own.
will lead to the destruction of rain forests. should be part of a group of measures to
. fight global warming.
Bully for you
The makers of a controversial computer game about bullying have decided to go
ahead and launch it despite calls for it to be banned. In the game, players take on
the role of a new students at a school and have to fight the bullies, by punching them
or hitting them with a baseball bat.

Critics have said that the game encourages violence, but the makers deny this and
say that, while there is violence in the game, it is just an amusing look at school life,
besides which, the violence in the game is directed against the bullies to protect
pupils who are being bullied. The makers also say that players will learn to stand up
to bullies.

A British politician, a former minister, has called for it to be banned as it might affect
the way young people perceive violence.

Anti-bullying charities have said that the game might make people respond violently
to bullies, which might make things more complicated and result in injuries.
Questions
Q1 - The makers of the computer game decided not Q6 - The politician used to be a minister.
to release it.
True False
True False
Q7 - The politician thinks it might make young
Q2 - In the game, the player takes on the role of a people look at violence differently.
bully.
True False
True False
Q8 - The anti-bullying charity thinks the game is good
Q3 - The game is set in a university. because it might make pupils stand up to bullies.

True False True False

Q4 - Everyone agrees that the game encourages Q9 - The anti-bullying charity thinks that people
violence. might get hurt because of this game.

True False True False

Q5 - A British politician has spoken in favour of the Q10 - The makers of the game have changed the
game. contents before releasing it in the UK.

True False True False


Child Labour
Child workers, some as young as 10, have been found working in a textile 1) __________ in
conditions described as close to slavery to produce clothes that appear destined for one the major
high street 2) __________.
Speaking to a British newspaper, the children described long hours of 3) __________ work and
threats and beatings. The company said it was unaware that clothing intended for its 4)
__________ had been improperly 5) __________ to a 6) __________ that used child labour. It further
announced it had withdrawn the garments involved until it had investigated the alleged 7)
__________ of the 8) __________code it imposed on manufacturers three years ago.
The discovery of these children working in appalling conditions in the Shahpur Jat area of Delhi has
renewed concerns about the 9) __________ by some large retail chains of their 10)
__________production to India, recognised by the United Nations as one of the worlds's hotspots for
child labour. According 11) __________ one 12) __________, over 20 per cent of India's economy
is 13) __________on children, which comes to a total of 55 million youngsters under 14 working.
14) __________ in the West should not only be demanding answers from retailers about how their 15)
__________ are produced but also should be looking into their consciences at how they spend their
money and whether cheap prices in the West are worth the suffering caused to so many children.

Q1 - Q6 - Q11 -

facility association by

factory sweatshop to

office closed shop of

bureau retailer from


Q2 - Q7 - Q12 -

warehouse breaches estimate

retailer errors estimating

warehouses mistakes estimates

retailers wrongdoings estimated


Q3 - Q8 - Q13 -

inpaid ethic depends

unpaid ethnic dependent

without pay ethical dependant

without payment ethnical dependence


Q4 - Q9 - Q14 -

warehouses outsource Consume

stores outsourcing Consumption

outlet outsources Consumer

branch outsourced Consumers


Q5 - Q10 - Q15 -

outsource garment stuff

outsourcing clothe ware

outsources textiles goods

outsourced dress garment

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