Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MALAYSIA
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EASTERN AND
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EYEWITNESS TRAVEL
MALAYSIA &
SINGAPORE
EYEWITNESS TRAVEL
MALAYSIA &
SINGAPORE
CONTENTS
ISSN 1542-1554
ISBN: 978-0-7566-2835-2
Front cover main image: Pantai Kok Beach, Pulau Langkawi
KUALA LUMPUR 56
NORTHWEST
PENINSULA 86
SOUTHERN Visitors strolling along the sandy Pantai Cenang beach, Pulau Langkawi
PENINSULA 116
ENTERTAINMENT IN ENTERTAINMENT IN
EASTERN AND CENTRAL
SINGAPORE 252 MALAY
A SIA 320
PENINSULA 132
OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES
AWAK 150
SARAW
IN SINGAPORE A SIA 324
IN MALAY
256
SABAH 174
SURVIVAL
V GUIDE
SINGAPORE STREET
FINDER 258 PRACTICAL
R ATION 332
INFORM
TRAVE
A LERS NEEDS
TRAV
A EL
WHERE TO STAY
A INFORM
R ATION 342
270
GENERAL INDEX 352
WHERE TO EAT
292 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
364
Statue of the Seated Buddha in SHOPPING IN
Georgetown, Penang A SIA 314
MALAY PHRASEBOOK 366
SINGAPORE AREA
BY AREA
INTRODUCING
SINGAPORE 198
LITTLE INDIA
AND ORCHARD
ROAD 224
FFARTHER AFIELD
236
SHOPPING IN
SINGAPORE 246
INTRODUCING
MALAYSIA &
SINGAPORE
TTrekking in Taman
T Negara
Picturesque Perhentian
Islands
Riding the Jungle Railway
to a longhouse includes a
journey by longboat along
the mighty Batang Rajang
(see p164), which is the only
way to reach the settlements.
Some of Sarawaks most
spectacular attractions are
scattered in the northeast
of the state and are best
accessed from the town of
Miri (see p168). Among these
are the Niah Caves National
Park (see p168) and Mulu
National Park (see pp170
71), These are sites of some
of the worlds biggest caves,
which are also of archaeo-
logical significance. Mulu
National Park offers treks to
the limestone Pinnacles and
the summit of Gunung Mulu. A view of Singapore harbor and city
The remote Kelabit
Highlands (see p169) have rafting, especially on the
some of the most unspoilt Padas River (see p181). SINGAPORE
natural beauty in Sarawak. On the east coast are
While in the region, curious excellent opportunities for Visiting historic buildings
travelers might like to visit wildlife-watching. Visitors Shopping on Orchard Road
the tiny Sultanate of Brunei can observe green and Sentosa Island
(
(pp1723 ), with its glittering hawksbill turtles laying their Dining at Boat Quay
mosques, deserted beaches, eggs at the Turtle
T Island
and unspoilt interior. National Park (see pp190 While Malaysias main draw is
91), orangutans at Sepilok its natural wonders, the attrac-
Orangutan Rehabilitation tions of Singapore are mostly
SABAH Center (see p190), and an man-made. The citys skyline
amazing variety of fauna at gleams with tall skyscrapers
Climbing Gunung Kinabalu the Kinabatangan Wildlife giving one the impression of
Fantastic dive sites Sanctuary (see p191). Wild- modernity and sophistication.
Rewarding wildlife watching life-watching and thrilling Its history is reflected in the
treks are also possible at many buildings which fill the
Nicknamed the Land below Danum Valley (see p192). Colonial Core, among them
the Wind, Sabah lacks the Off the states east coast, the world-famous Raffles
historic monuments of Pulau Sipadan (see pp1945) Hotel (see pp21415). A more
Sarawak, but makes up for and Pulau Lankayan (see contemporary attraction is the
this with a rich mosaic of p191) are some of the best nearby Esplanade Theaters
ethnic groups, an exciting dive sites in the world. on the Bay (see p210). The
choice of adventure activities, Thian Hock Keng Temple
T (see
and a sophisticated capital pp2223) in Chinatown, Sri
in Kota Kinabalu (see p178). Srinivasa Perumal Temple
T (see
Sabahs principal attraction pp23031) in Little India, and
is Kinabalu National Park (see the Islamic Kampung Glam
p1847), which encompasses (see pp2267) are also fre-
Malaysias highest peak. quently visited. The shops,
While some visitors attempt temples, and mosques in
to conquer Kinabalu, others these areas are a major draw
are content to simply enjoy for visitors. For day trips,
the refreshing breezes and there are plenty of offshore
abundance of rare plants islands, the most popular
on its slopes. being the island theme park
Kota Kinabalu is also the of Sentosa (see pp2445).
access point for the Tunku
T A visit to Singapore would
Abdul Rahman National Park hardly be complete without
(see p179), made up of five a shopping spree, especially
beautiful islands whose coral at Orchard Road (see pp232
reefs are rich with marine 5), or without indulging in
life. Other popular activities Orangutan at the Semenggoh its fabulous food scene, from
include exciting white-water Nature Reserve hawker stalls to chic eateries.
12 I N T R O D U C I N G M A L AY S A A N D S I N G A P O R E
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16 I N T R O D U C I N G M A L AY S I A A N D S I N G A P O R E
Marine Life
he waters around both Peninsular
Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo contain a
huge diversity of marine life that attracts
divers and snorkelers from around the
world to gaze at brilliantly colored
parrotfish, lionfish, and clownfish flitting
Sea slug around the vibrant coral reefs. For
much of the year, the superb clarity of
the water makes it easy to spot even the tiniest fish.
The Malaysian government has designated 38 of its
coral islands as protected areas to preserve their
unique and biologically sensitive ecosystems.
Snorkeler examining underwater
life on a coastal reef
CORAL LIFE
Over 350 species of coral have been identified in
Malaysian waters, making the countrys reefs some of
the most diverse in the world. Sadly, they are under
threat from sediment build-up caused by ongoing
logging, blast and cyanide fishing, and anchoring.
Gorgonian fan
corals reach up to
16.5 ft (5 m) in
height in the warm
waters of the
tropics, filtering are usually
Brain corals The star coralhas a
out the plankton found in colonies and bear stone-like calcium
and zooxanthellae an uncanny resemblance skeleton and star-
to the human brain. shaped polyp.
on which they live.
Yellow soft corals, so called because of their lack of a hard Sunflower corals have long polyps
external skeleton, have polyps with eight tentacles, and come tipped with stinging tentacles to
in a stunning kaleidoscope of colors. catch plankton.
A P O R T R A I T O F M A L AY S I A A N D S I N G A P O R E 19
he lionfish, a
eef dweller of
spectacular
appearance, is a
deadly killer, armed
with venomous
spines that it uses to
un small fish.
THE MALAY
The largest ethnic group of Malaysia is, by definition, a Muslim
group. Believed to have arrived on the peninsula from Sumatra,
the Malays began converting to Islam in the 15th century,
owing to the rise of the Malay sultanates. Today, they predom-
inate on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, while in
Singapore, they constitute about 14 percent of the population.
Malays celebrate
Hari Raya Puasa, also
known as Hari Raya
Aidilfitri (see p52), Traditional Malay culture revolves
the Muslim New around village compounds called
Year. Here, men are kampung, where inhabitants
dressed in traditional farm, fish, and practice crafts.
Malaysian finery at a Today, many Malays have
formal reception. migrated to urban centers.
THE CHINESE
Originally from southern China, most Chinese immigrants
arrived in Malaysia during the 19th century to work as
laborers in the burgeoning tin-mining industry.
hen, they have dominated all aspects of
ommerce and today, Malaysia has several
Chinatowns, where Chinese businesses
thrive. In Singapore, more than three-
quarters of the population is Chinese.
The Peranakans, also known as Straits Chinese traders can be seen selling
Chinese or Baba-Nonya, are a community artifacts in Kuala Lumpur.
m The
born out of marriages between Chinese Chinese have historically played a
and Malays from the 16th century onwards. major role in the Malaysian economy.
m
SOUTH ASIANS
Indians have been trading with Malaysia for over 2,000 years.
However, most Malaysians of Indian origin settled here, like
the Chinese, during the 19th century. Although the immigrants
came largely from southern India, there are also people of
northern Indian descent, notably the Sikhs.
Asian women of
Indian descent sell
vibrantly colored
handmade silk at
market stalls in Kuala A rubber tapper of south
Lumpur.
m The ethnic Indian origin collects latex
enclave of Little India from a rubber tree. Indians
(see p70) is packed have also traditionally been
with such stalls. employed
m on tea estates.
A P O R T R A I T O F M A L AY S I A A N D S I N G A P O R E 21
BUMIPUTRAS
The Malaysian authorities make an important
distinction between migrant peoples and the
bumiputra, or sons of the soil. The latter group
includes all Malays and indigenous peoples of
the country. This recognition was brought in as
part of the New Economic Policy, following
race riots in 1969, to boost the bumiputrass eco-
nomic standing in society. Though it was much
criticized by the Chinese and Indian migrants
who then dominated commerce, the policy has The Iban, also known as Sea Dayaks, are
ultimately led to more stability as it gave rise to the largest ethnic group of Sarawak. They
a rich Malay group, whose financial interests lie have an enduring reputation as fierce
in maintaining political and economic harmony. warriors and good hunters. The men are
often heavily tattooed.
22 I N T R O D U C I N G M A L AY S I A A N D S I N G A P O R E
Islam
While Malaysia is home to people of many different
faiths, Islam is the official religion. So closely bound
is Malay cultural identity with Islam that the Bahasa
Malaysia phrase for adopting Islam, masok melayu,
means to become a Malay. Arab and Indian-Muslim
merchants, who doubled as missionaries, began con-
verting the local population from the 11th century
onwards. Most Malay Muslims are orthodox Sunnis of
the Shafii school but there are also smaller numbers
of Shia Muslims and Sufi mystics. Just over 60 percent
of Malaysias population is Muslim; in Singapore, they
form around 14 percent of the population. Domes are a characteristic
feature of all mosques. They
are generally onion-shaped
structures and are often
crowned by a crescent moon,
the universal symbol of Islam.
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Despite the flamboyant exteriors of
some Islamic architecture, its real
beauty lies in the inner spaces of the
courtyard and rooms. This has often
led to it being called the architecture
of the veil. With its gleaming golden
dome and striking minarets, Ubudiah
Mosque (right) in Kuala Kangsar is
among Malaysias finest mosques.
ISLAMIC FAITH
Islam, which means submission to the will of God in Arabic, was first revealed
to the Prophet Muhammad at Mecca in Arabia, in AD 622. The principle of Islam
rests on an unshakeable faith in a single deity, Allah, and on his word delivered
by Muhammad in the Koran. The five pillars of Islamic faith are shahadah,
witnessing that there is only one God; salat, performing the five daily prayers;
sawm, fasting during the month of Ramadan; zakat, the giving of alms; and hajj,
or performing the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime.
ISLAMIC ART
Architecture and calligraphy are the two most
distinctive and elegant art forms in Islam. Both have
developed to levels of great sophistication because of
the general prohibition of representational art forms.
The hadith, or T Traditions of the Prophet Muhammad,
decree that the house which contains pictures will
not be entered by the angels. Geometry also plays a
major role in both architecture and calligraphy.
HINDUISM
Hinduism in Malaysia and Singapore, complete with its
many rituals and deities, is directly taken from Indian Statues of deities Fresh flower garlands
Hindu traditions, especially those of southern India from are enshrined at are used to venerate
where most Indian migrants originated. the central altar. the gods.
SHAIVISM
Shaivism is a form of Hinduism which
worships Lord Shiva as the main manifes-
tation of the supreme being. His consort,
Parvati, and their two sons, Murugan and
Ganapati, are also worshiped by Shaivites.
Shaivism grew prominent in Malaysia and
The gopuram, or entrance Singapore as the Indian immigrants who
gateway to Hindu tem- settled there in the 19th century were
ples, is often multitiered mainly from southern India where the
and elegantly decorated worship of Shiva is popular. The Sri
with colorful sculptures Shivan temples in Singapore and Malaysia Vibrant portrait of
from the vast pantheon are especially revered by Shaivites. Lord Shiva
of Hindu gods.
A P O R T R A I T O F M A L AY S I A A N D S I N G A P O R E 25
BUDDHISM
In both Malaysia and Singapore the Chinese communities follow the
Mahayana school of Buddhism practiced in China, Japan, Korea, and
Vietnam. The Thais of Singapore and the Orang Syam, or indigenous
Thais of Malaysia, follow Theravada Buddhism, practiced in Thailand,
Lao PDR R (formerly Laos), Cambodia, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. Buddhism
in both countries is a fusion of different beliefs. In Singapore it is
combined with Confucianism, T Taoism, and ancestor worship. Buddhism
is also personalized and centers around Kuan Y Yin, the goddess of mercy.
Belief in luck and filial piety are also central features of Buddhism.
Buddhist monks shave
The Buddhas halo, or their heads, wear saffron
nimbus, commonly robes, and generally go
depicted in Buddhist art, barefoot to indicate a life
signifies enlightenment
of austerity.
and spiritual development.
PRINCIPLES OF BUDDHISM
Despite the existence of two main schools and
different sects that have evolved over the
centuries, the central principles of
Buddhism are common to most
forms of the religion. These
include the Four Noble Truths,
T
the Eight Fold Path, karma, or
the moral law of cause and
effect, which is symbolized by
the Wheel of Law, and nirvana,
or enlightenment. The Mahayana,
Devout Buddhists burn incense and make or Greater Vehicle, school stresses Buddhist
offerings at temples across Malaysia and the role of the bodhisattva or Wheel of Law
Singapore to show respect to the Buddha, religious adept who, having
the sangha, or order of monks,
s and the gained nirvana, voluntarily renounces it to
dhamma, or teachings of the Buddhist enlighten others. The Theravada, or Lesser
cannon. Offerings often include fruit and Vehicle, school emphasizes the role of the arhat,
flowers. Worshipers usually ask for good or worthy one, who has attained nirvana.
health and prosperity.
26 I N T R O D U C I N G M A L AY S I A A N D S I N G A P O R E
Secular Architecture
The traditional vernacular architecture of
Malaysia and Singapore is mainly Malay
and Straits Chinese, but a strong colonial
influence is also apparent in buildings
constructed during periods of British,
Portuguese, and Dutch rule. In contrast,
both countries boast stunning modern
architecture, most prominently seen in their
soaring skyscrapers. This is particularly true The Singapore skyline is dominated by
of Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. spectacular high-rise buildings
Classic shophouses
comprise a ground floor,
whose street-facing portion
Flower motif on is used to conduct business,
a Peranakan and upper floors that serve
shophouse tile. as living quarters.
LONGHOUSES
Indigenous peoples of Sabah and Living quarters Bamboo and rattan,
Sarawak traditionally live in occupied by the traditional
Open veranda
longhouse communities (see p167), individual families building materials
or tanju
with each family occupying a
separate apartment under a singl
contiguous roof. The entire
structure is raised on stilts.
COLONIAL BUILDINGS
Colonial buildings in both Malaysia and Singapore
combine British Indian, Dutch East Indian, and
Portuguese styles, often combined with indigenous
Malay elements, Islamic motifs, and classical
European flourishes. Elaborate decorations and
wooden traceries lend individuality and style.
Mock-Tudor
T bungalows are not
uncommon in the hill stations of
Peninsular Malaysia. These were built
by British plantation owners.
The Petronas
T
Towers are
Malaysias
famous modern
structures. Until
recently, they
The futuristic Esplanade Theaters on the Bay, with twin were also the
domes (see p210), adds to Singapores ultramodern worlds tallest
tyscapee, in contrast with the citys traditional Indian,
city buildings
Chinese, and colonial architecture. (see p72).
28 I N T R O D U C I N G M A L AY S I A A N D S I N G A P O R E
The
bea
wea
The
pred
gold
pro
Sev
bod
may
drag
The traditional dinner with the entire family
is perhaps the most important aspect of the
celebrations at the New Year, which is also
considered the time for new beginnings.
The display of fireworks in the night skies The lion dance is a traditional dance form that dates
above the Petronas Towers is a spectacular back more than a thousand years. A pair of dancers
highlight of the extravagant New Years trained in martial arts form the fore and hind legs
Eve celebrations in Kuala Lumpur. of the lion, mimicking its motions.
A P O R T R A I T O F M A L AY S I A A N D S I N G A P O R E 29
Muslim children
light fire
r crackers
on Hari Raya
Puasa and are
given duit raya, or
gifts of money,
y in
small green
envelopes. For
three days,
family, friends,
and neighbors
visit each other.
THAIPUSAM
Celebrated by the southern Indian communities of
Malaysia and Singapore, Thaipusam honors the Hindu
god Murugan, youngest son of the gods Shiva and
Parvati. It is held in the Tamil month of Thai (between
January and February). The largest Thaipusam festival
takes place at the Batu Caves, with over one million dev-
otees and 10,000 tourists attending it. Worshipers shave
their heads and undertake a pilgrimage along a set route,
performing various acts of devotion along the way.
MALAYASIAN TEXTILES
Batik, which means writing in wax, is extremely popular
in Malaysia, forming part of the Malay national dress.
Among the best places to buy traditional batikk is Kuching
in Sarawak. The countrys textile traditions also encom-
pass fine silk and cotton cloth originally created for the
royal courts. These include kain lemar, or silk brocade
interwoven with ikat; kain sutera, or woven silk; kain
songket, or rich brocade; and kain mastuli, or heavy silk.
SONGKET SILK
The term songkett is derived from the Malay menyongket,
which means to embroider with silver or gold thread. The
metallic thread inserted between the silk strands stands out
on the background cloth, creating a shimmering effect.
Kain sutera
is a type of
songket used
for sarongs
traditionally Kain mastuli is a rich and heavy
worn on formal variety of songket silk thread that is
or ceremonial used when making traditional
occasions. garments and decorative fabrics.
A P O R T R A I T O F M A L AY S I A A N D S I N G A P O R E 31
WOODCARVING
Malaysian Borneo boasts the best and most varied forms
of woodcarving in the country. Indigenous people of the
region are known for their carving of spirit and totem
figures, masks, and good luck charms.
Elaborate wooden
masks are carved
by the indigenous
Malay woodcarvers work deftly and
peoples of Malaysian
with confident speed. Some of the best Borneo to fend off
are found in Kuching and Kota Bharu. evil and bad luck.
A tribal grave po
with a totem
figure is displaye
at Kuching
Sarawak Museum
METALW
L ORK Brass is used for
Traditional Malaysian silverware and jewelry has making household,
been influenced by the Peranakan. Metalware decorative, and
produced and sold in the markets of Penang, ceremonial objects.
Malacca, and Kuching often shows considerable This brass screen
southern Indian influence. The products include in Kuala Lumpurs
gongs produced in Sumangkap (see p182), a Sri Kanthaswamy
range of brass items, and keris. Hindu Temple
shows the intricate
detailing that is
typical of Malaysian
craftsmanship.
Keris, or
daggers, are
weapons unique Silver
to Malay cul- fines
ture. They are pr
said to possess Kelan
magical powers Tere
that protect their Malays
owners and ware is k
bring death to its intric
enemies. work
I N T R O D U C I N G M A L AY S I A A N D S I N G A P O R E 33
T
he early history of the Malay peninsula is shrouded in
mystery. But records of the subsequent centuries depict a
great trading nation beleaguered by foreign invaders
attracted by its abundant natural wealth and strategic position
between the key maritime trade centers of India and China.
Following their independence, Malaysia and Singapore have rapidly
emerged as models of economic progress and modernization.
The discovery, in 1958, of as suvarnabhumi, or the
a human skull at Niah land of gold, from as early
Caves in Sarawak and on as 200 BC. The growth
stone tools from Perak of trade relations with
point towards human India brought the coastal
occupation of the region peoples of the Strait of
as far back as 40,000 BC. Perak Man, reconstruction Malacca into contact with
at Lenggong museum
Findings of pottery and Buddhism and Hinduism,
stone objects from both the as well as with Indian notions of
peninsula and Malaysian Borneo, kingship. For example, the Malay
dating between 2800 and 500 BC, word for ruler, rajah, was borrowed
prove the existence of a Neolithic from Sanskrit. Significant archaeo-
culture in this region. logical finds, such as Sanskrit
Although few iron and bronze inscriptions and Hindu and Buddhist
objects have been found in Malaysia, statues (especially in Kedah in
evidence in the form of huge Bronze northwest Malaysia), suggest that
Age Dongson drums links Peninsular Indian influence was well-estab-
Malaysia to northern Vietnam at lished in a number of settlements
around 500300 BC. The drums, along the west coast of the peninsula
together with beads and pottery by the 5th century AD.
from India and China also found on Chinese trade was significant too,
the peninsula and dating back to the beginning from the 2nd century,
same time, indicate that international via the Cambodian kingdom of
trade networks were already well- Funan which extended its influence
established and foreign goods were into the norther n peninsula.
being exchanged for the regions The growing use of the sea to
rich resources, including tin, gold, transport goods from western Asia
aromatic woods, and spices. So rich to China gave further impetus to
was this trade that the Indians seem the emergence of port kingdoms
to have referred to the peninsula in the Malaysian world.
TIMELINE
Stone Age tools,
Lenggong Museum 500300 BC Period of the Bronze Age AD 400500 Increas-
Dongson culture in northern Vietnam ing Southeast Asian
trade with China
40,0002800 BC AD 199 Kingdom of Funan
Prehistoric Age established in the lower Mekong Delta
2000 BC 1000 BC 0 AD 200 AD 400
200 BC Maritime trade links Dongson drum
2800500 BC established between India and
Neolithic Age Southeast Asia; Hindu influences
begin to spread across the regio
SRIVIJAYA
The first of the port kingdoms to
become a great pan-Malay confed-
eration was the Hindu-Buddhist,
maritime trade-based empire of
Srivijaya. It emerged in the course of
the 7th century and established
its capital near Palembang in south-
eastern Sumatra.
Srivijaya evolved into a wealthy and
powerful Malay kingdom, dominating
maritime passages around the Strait
Arrival of Arab merchants and missionaries in SE Asia
of Malacca and the Sunda Strait
(between Java and Sumatra), as well time, the increasing presence of
as the overland portage routes across Chinese ships encouraged Srivijayas
Peninsular Malaysia as far north as v a s s a l s t o b r e a k a w a y f r o m
Nakhon Si Thammarat in present- Palembangs grip. By the late-13th
day Thailand. From its strategic century, the Thai kingdoms of
position, Srivijaya was able to attract Sukhothai and Ayutthaya had
and monopolize overseas commerce acquired considerable influence over
between India and China, acting as a the peninsula, as had the Hindu
great entrept for Southeast Asian Majapahit empire of Java over
shipping as well as a source for rare southeast Sumatra.
and valuable goods, from scented
woods to gold. THE SPREAD OF ISLAM
The rulers of Srivijaya developed Islam came to Southeast Asia as a
methods of government which became religion of trade, not one of conquest.
popular with succeeding kingdoms Introduced by Arab merchants and
such as Malacca. Paramoun missionaries around the 11th
among these concepts was century, the religion spread
complete loyalty to the ruler, rapidly across Peninsular
who was associated with Malaysia with Indian-Muslim
divine powers disloyalty traders. The Terengganu
was severely punished. While Stone, discovered in the pen-
a mixture of Hinduism insulas northeastern province
Buddhism, and indigenou in 1899, bears an inscription
spirit belief was practiced in in the Malay Arabic script,
Srivijaya, it gained prominence Terengganu Stone suggesting that Islamic law
as a center of Buddhist learning. was established here as early as 1303.
Srivijaya prospered until the 11th However, Islam received its greatest
century, after which it began to boost when it was made state religion
decline, weakened by wars both with of the Sultanate of Malacca in the
Java and the south Indian Chola 15th century. Spreading to the far-
kingdom. The power of the Hindu- thest corners of the Malaccan empire,
Buddhist rajahs was also being Islam gradually came to be associated
undermined by Islam. At the same with the national identity of Malays.
TIMELINE
TIMELINE
ARRIVAL
V OF THE BRITISH
Things changed dramatically in
Malaysia with the arrival of the British
in the 18th century. The British East
India Company (EIC) needed a
halfway base for their maritime trade
with India and China. In 1786, Sir
Francis Light (see p103) signed a
treaty and acquired Penang from the
Sultan of Kedah on behalf of the
company and established it as a British ships arriving to take control of Malacca in 1824
COLONIZATION
The British did not arrive at the Straits
Settlements in large numbers, instead
establishing themselves as the ruling elite and
employing migrants from India, China, and
other parts of the British Empire to administer
the new colonies and serve as soldiers,
laborers, and tradesmen.
Chinese junks were used extensively
STAMFORD RAFFLES for trade between the Settlements.
CULTURE
The Straits Settlements developed as a
fascinating melting pot of cultures.
Immigrants from Asia lived side by side
with Portuguese, Dutch, and British
settlers, as well as indigenous Malays.
A lithograph depicting the scene of a battle with pirates during James Brookes rule
THE RISE OF THE WHITE RAJAHS consolidate his rule over the
Britain did not include Borneo in the indigenous people, as well as ward
Anglo-Dutch Treaty, preferring to off unruly Malay pirates who wreaked
concentrate their interests on the havoc on the coast. Brookes rule was
peninsula. By the late 18th century, remarkably progressive, and he
Brunei was in decline and sought to establish law and
faced increasing unrest from order as well as welfare for
the indigenous peoples as the local people. He
well as territorial claims from gradually won the trust of
the Sulu Sultanate. In 1838, the indigenous communities,
James Brooke, an explorer although he faced and put
and former officer with the down a rebellion by Chinese
East India Company, set out migrants in 1857. When he
to seek his fortune in the East died in 1868, James Brooke
Indies. En route he passed was succeeded as rajah by
through Singapore and was his nephew, Charles Brooke
asked by the British gover- James Brooke, the first (18291917) who was
nor to deliver a message to White Rajah of Sarawak responsible for expanding
Rajah Muda Hashim, Governor of the territory of Sarawak at the
Kuching in Sarawak. Brooke arrived expense of the shrinking Brunei
in Sarawak in 1839 to find the ter- Sultanate. During his reign, Sarawak
ritory in a state of revolt, with the also became a British protectorate in
indigenous Dayaks rising up against 1888, with the Brooke family retaining
the Sultan of Brunei. He was enlisted control of the internal administration.
to help the sultan and together they
crushed the rebellion within a year. EXPANSION OF BRITISH CONTROL
As a reward, in 1841, the sultan In the mid-19th century, Sabah
made Brooke the Rajah of Sarawak, remained under the loose control of
the first of three White Rajahs (see Brunei (with Sulu chiefs exercising
p157). Brooke, backed by British authority at a local level). Enfeebled
naval power, used his position to by internal disputes, Brunei sought to
TIMELINE
Signing the treaty for the cession
of Labuan, Borneo, in 1846 1874 T
Treaty of Pangkor
signed; first
British Resident
1847 Signing of the 1865 Brunei leases Sabah to Claude installed in Perak
treaty of Labuan Lee Moses, the American consul
1840 1850 1860 1870
1841 James Brooke Charles Brooke, 1868 Death of
becomes the first 1857 Brooke puts down second White James Brooke,
White Rajah Chinese rebellion Rajah of Charles Brooke
Sarawak succeeds
T H E H I S T O R Y O F M A L AY S I A A N D S I N G A P O R E 41
1877 Rubber tree introduced via Brazil, Kew Gardens, and Sir Frank Swettenham, first Resident-
Ceylon (Sri Lanka), to the Botanic Gardens in Singapore General of the Federated Malay States
42 I N T R O D U C I N G M A L AY S I A A N D S I N G A P O R E
WORLD WAR II
Troops of the Japanese Imperial
T
Army landed on the east coast
of the peninsula in December
1941. Within two months, they
had conquered it, and Singapore,
A British rubber planter overseeing Indian workers, Malaysia
and Borneo as well. For the next
three years they would unleash
COLONIAL LIFE a particularly ruthless regime. The sook
Having taken charge of the entire ching (purification by elimination)
peninsula, the British turned their massacres in the first months of
energies towards developing a pro- Japanese rule involved the deaths of
ductive economy. Peninsular Malaysia between 40,000 and 70,000 ethnic
emerged in the 20th century as the Chinese in Singapore alone. About
worlds leading producer of both 75,000 Malaysians, mostly Indian
rubber and tin. In Borneo, Sarawak Tamils, were recruited to work on the
was a securely established and Burma-Thailand Death Railway. With
relatively prosperous territory by the malnourishment, appalling working
time Charles Vyner Brooke took over conditions, and the brutality of the
as the third White Japanese overseers,
Rajah in 1917, while death rates escalated
Sabah was profiting to 40 percent.
from the timber, Some Malaysians
rubber, and tobacco resisted, notably the
industries. Large- guerrilla units of the
scale immigration Malayan Communist
from India and China Party (MCP), armed
was encouraged to by British saboteurs
supply the workforce in the underground
Japanese troops marching through downtown
for the colonial econ- Force 136. At the
Singapore in December 1941
omy. The Malays same time, to bolster
were recognized as indigenous their rule, the Japanese encouraged
people, but were largely encouraged radical Malayan nationalists to organize
to stay in their villages. By the late paramilitary and political organi-
1930s, ordinary Malays were less well zations. Hopelessly overstretched
off than the urban Chinese, and in throughout Asia and the Pacific,
danger of becoming a minority in Japanese rule had induced economic
their own homeland. The stage had chaos in the Malay peninsula and
been set for decades of racial Borneo by 1944. But it was the drop-
tensions. Politicization and elite ping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima
sentiment for independence along and Nagasaki in August 1945 that
ethnic lines also began to grow. finally forced Japan to surrender.
TIMELINE
Declaration of independence from British rule by Tunku Abdul Rahman in August 1957
Malay Royal Regiment troops patrolling the streets of Kuala Lumpur following the May 13, 1969 riots
TIMELINE
INTRODUC
R ING MALAYSIA 4855
KUALA LUMPUR
R 5685
NORT
R HWEST PENINSULA 86115
SOUTHERN
R PENINSULA 116131
EASTERN
R AND CENTRAL
PENINSULA 132149
SARAWAK
K 150173
SABAH 174195
48 M A L AY S I A R E G I O N B Y R E G I O N
A P O R T R A I T O F M A L AY S I A
W
ith its magnificent natural beauty and unique cultural
heritage, Malaysia is a fascinating Southeast Asian
destination. A relatively young country that celebrated 50
years of independence in 2007, it has progressed remarkably and has
emerged as one of the most successful economies in Asia.
Sungai Segama cutting through the lowland rain forest, Danum Valley, Sabah
I N T R O D U C I N G M A L AY S I A 49
A pair of rhinoceros hornbills, the state bird of Sarawak, in the lush Malaysian rain forest
APRIL TO JUNE
C F
30 90 Temperature Chart
T
The temperature in
80
25 Malaysia does not vary
20 70 much. Hot and humid
all year round, the
15 60
temperature
r hovers
10 50 around 30 C (86 F)
5 40 during the day, with
a slight drop in the
0 30 evenings. The hill
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
stations may get as
cool as 15 C (59 F).
Malaysia at a Glance
Malaysia consists of two geographical regions,
Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo,
which are divided by the South China Sea. A
range of mountains runs down the center of the
peninsula, dividing the developed plains of the
west from the more rural east coast. Malaysian
Borneo, comprising the states of Sarawak and
Sabah, is a land of rain forests and great rivers.
Sandwiched between these two states is the
oil-rich independent Sultanate of Brunei.
The Perhentian Islands (see p142)
off the coast of Terengganu have
pristine beaches and offer excellent
swimming and diving in the clear
Cameron Highlands
pp923) is the count
largest and most pop
hill station, with a c
tently pleasant clima
rolling hills, lush tea
tions, and a distinct
colonial character.
KUALA LUMPUR
T
he capital of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, is the nations biggest city
with a population of 1.5 million people. A relatively young city,
it has evolved from a humble town in the 1850s to the financial
and commercial capital and principal gateway of the country. A vision
of modernity with its skyscrapers and the best restaurants and nightlife
in the country, Kuala Lumpur also possesses a rich cultural heritage
that is revealed in its colonial architecture, temples, and mosques.
Asy-Syakirin mosque with the gleaming Petronas Towers in the background, Kuala Lumpur
58 M A L AY S I A R E G I O N B Y R E G I O N
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STAR SIGHTS
. Royal Selangor Club
. Sultan Abdul Samad
Building
. Sultan Abdul Samad Building
. National History This flamboyant Moorish-style building dates from 1897.
Museum Dominating the eastern side of Merdeka Square, it now
houses a division of the Malaysian High Court 1
For hotels and restaurants in this region see pp2725 and pp298301
K U A L A L U M P U R 61
Masjid Jamek
Built in 1909 in stately Mughal style,
the Masjid Jamek, or Friday Mosque,
is the oldest surviving mosque in the
capital. It stands at the confluence
of the Klang and Gombak rivers,
where the citys first arrivals settled
in the 1850s 2
Central Market
National History
Museum 4
29 Jalan Raja. Map 4 E2.
Tell (03) 2694-4590. ' Masjid
Jamek. @ R101, R109. # daily. =
www.nationalhistorymuseum.
gov.my
Jalan Petaling
Market 8
Jalan Petaling. Map 4 F3. ' Pasar
Seni. @ R110. # 10am11pm.
The extravagant Thean Hou Temple, with a series of tiled, Chinese-style roofs
68 M A L AY S I A R E G I O N B Y R E G I O N
Ground
floor Fountain
The Architecture Gallery garden
The main focus of this gallery is
the collection of scale models
of mosques, including
Lower
the Dome on the Rock,
Ground
Taj Mahal, and the
Al-Haram Mosque. -
0
m e
e
e
Preview
n room
=
d =
Level 2
Level 1 m
e
m e
e
. Jewelry Gallery
Ornaments from
across Asia are
housed here,
including Iranian
gold anklets and a
19th-century gold
The and ruby necklace
Architecture
Gallery
from Mughal India.
KEY
The China Gallery displays Chinese Jewelry Gallery
manuscripts, a Koran, and blue and
Arms and Armor Gallery
white porcelain with Arabic script.
Textile Gallery
Woodwork Gallery
Coin Gallery
. Standard
Chartered Metalwork Gallery
Ottoman Room Ceramics and Glassware Gallery
This room once
Architecture Gallery
belonged to a lavish
house built in Syria Quran and Manuscript Gallery
in 1820 and has now India Gallery
been restored to its
China Gallery
original appearance.
It is spectacularly Malay World Gallery
decorated with Temporary exhibitions
painted wood
Non-exhibition space
paneling.
Key to Symbols see back flap
70 M A L AY S I A R E G I O N B Y R E G I O N
For hotels and restaurants in this region see pp2725 and pp298301
K U A L A L U M P U R 71
Chow Kit
Market a Roadside vendor at Chow Kit Market, one of the citys largest day markets
Jalan Haji Hussein. Map 1 B4. bustling, and often lasts into the second floor with the
Chow Kit. @ R109. # 10am the early hours. As with other paintings arranged into
2am daily. crowded areas, visitors should themes such as Spirituality
be vigilant of pickpockets, and Work. Highlights include
Strung out along the narrow especially after dark. Patrick Ng Kah Onns Spirit of
lanes and alleys just to the the Earth, Sky and Water;
east of Jalan Tuanku Abdul Samjis Mat Jans portrait of a
Rahman, Chow Kit Market is National Art boy in Rendezvous; Ismail
one of the citys biggest and Gallery s Mat Husseins batik canvases
most popular street markets. depicting traditional village
It is divided into various Jalan Temerloh. Map 2 D1. Tell (03) life; and Ooi Kooi Hins Its So
sections and is especially 4025-4990. ' Titiwangsa. @ R104. Quiet, in which a woman
known for its fresh produce, # 10am6pm TueSun. 8 11am screams in a room filled with
which includes everything & 2:30pm TueSun, 10:30am & corpses. The temporary
from exotic fruits and vege- 3pm Fri. 7 ^ = www.artgallery. shows of modern Asian art
tables to live seafood, dried gov.my National Theater Tell (03) include photography, sculp-
anchovies, and meat. Stall 4026-5555. # box office: 10am ture, and installation art.
owners shout out their wares 6pm MonFri. 7 Next door, the striking
to vie for attention while National Theater, designed
porters busily ferry trays Home to the citys finest in the shape of a wau bulan,
and carts laden with goods permanent collection of con- or Malay kite, hosts several
between the stalls. Although temporary Malaysian art, the interesting cultural shows as
the smells can be overpower- National Art Gallery also hosts well as national and inter-
ing and the narrow wooden temporary exhibitions of Asian national theater, and also
walkways wet and slippery, and international art. The features a traditional Malay
the market offers an interest- permanent collection is on theater costume gallery.
ing glimpse of everyday life
in Kuala Lumpur. Chow Kit
Market is also one of the best
places to buy secondhand
clothes. Numerous other stalls
selling household goods,
shoes, watches, and a wide
variety of every
r day items fill
the market.
Most of Chow Kit Market,
especially the fresh produce
sections, closes before 6pm,
which is when the night mar-
ket takes over. A profusion
of hawker stalls set up shop,
offering a variety of Malay
snacks, as well as inexpensive
but substantial meals, cooked
in the traditional way. Indian
and Chinese food, authenti-
cally prepared, is also on
offer. The market is always Contemporary art exhibits at the National Art Gallery
72 M A L AY S I A R E G I O N B Y R E G I O N
Titiwangsa Lake
Gardens d
Jalan Temerloh. ' Titiwangsa.
Titiwangsa. @ R106.
70-
Kampung Baru
and Pasar Minggu
Market f Petronas Towers, the tallest twin structures in the world, until recently
Jalan Raja Muda Musa. Map 2 D4. busy Chow Kit area marking Petronas Towers g
' Kampung Baru. @ R102 & R103 its western boundary. While
to Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz. the old-fashioned kampung- Jalan Ampang. Map 2F4. Tell (03)
style houses and the 1920s 2331-8080. ' KLCC. @ R109.
Established in 1899, the Masjid Jamek on Jalan Raja # Skybridge: 8:30am5pm TueSun.
village of Kampung Baru Abdullah are worth a visit, the Mon, 12:30pm Fri. 7 =
is the oldest Malay residential real highlight of Kampung www.petronastwintowers.com.my
area in Kuala Lumpur. Its Baru is the glimpse it offers of
traditional wooden houses, an older, more leisurely way Soaring to a height of 1,483 ft
some on stilts, are still found of life that seems to be (452 m), the 88-story Petronas
throughout this small settle- rapidly disappearing under Towers are an internationally
ment which lies to the north the increasingly fast pace of recognized symbol of modern
of the Sungai Klang, roughly modern Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. Designed by the
between Jalan Raja Muda The area comes alive famous Argentinian
Musa and Jalan Raja Muda on Saturday nights for architect Cesar Pelli,
Abdul Aziz, with Jalan Raja the locally popular who also designed the
Abdullah and the incredibly Pasar Minggu, or Canary Wharf Tower
Sunday Market. Stalls in London, the Petronas
are set up along Jalan Starfruit at Towers were com-
Raja Muda Musa and Pasar Minggu pleted in 1998. Built
Jalan Raja Alang at with heat-reflecting
about 6pm on Saturday stainless steel and laminated
evening, and stay open until glass, and crowned by steel
1am, or the early hours of pinnacles, the towers resemble
Sunday morning. On sale a pair of minarets. The eight-
are a wide variety of clothes, sided star of the floorplan and
jewelry, handicrafts, and the overall architecture reflect
textiles, including reasonably Islamic principles of unity and
priced batikk and locally harmony. The towers house
woven songkett fabric. Plenty the national petroleum and
of food and fresh produce is oil company, Petronas. The
available, as well as numer- skybridge, linking the towers
ous hawker stalls tempting at the 41st floor, offers visitors
shoppers with delicious, tra- a birds-eye view of the city.
ditional Malay street food. A Only 800 free tickets for the
Street food being prepared at few basic cafs offer visitors skybridge are issued daily,
Pasar Minggu more substantial meal options. and visitors must line up early.
For hotels and restaurants in this region see pp2725 and pp298301
K U A L A L U M P U R 73
Visitors observing a school of fish through the glass of a giant tank at the Aquaria KLCC
74 M A L AY S I A R E G I O N B Y R E G I O N
Menara KL and
Malaysian Tourism Information Complex, housed in a colonial mansion
Bukit Nanas Forest
Malaysian Tourism The Golden Reserve z
Information Triangle l 2 Jalan Punchak, off Jalan P Ramlee.
Complex k Map 1 C5. Bukit Bintang, Imbi.
Map 5 A1. Tell (03) 2020-5444.
Bukit Nanas. # 9am10pm
@ R107, R108. daily; cultural shows: 11am & 4pm
109 Jalan Ampang. Map 2 E5.
Tell (03) 2163-3664. ' KLCC. ThuSun. & 0 - = www.
Bukit Nanas. @ R106. # 7am Spread over a large, roughly menarakl.com.my Bukit Nanas
10pm daily; cultural shows: 22:30pm triangular area with its apex Forest Reserve # 7am6pm daily.
Tue, Thu, Sat & Sun, traditional at Jalan Ampang in the north 8 arranged by Menara KL. 7
games: 4pm Sat & Sun 7 0 = and its base formed by Jalan
www.mtc.gov.my Imbi in the south, the Golden Built as a communications
Triangle is Kuala Lumpurs tower between 1991 and 1996,
The largest tourist center in main business, shopping, and Menara KL, or KL tower, is
Kuala Lumpur, the Malaysian nightlife district. Among the among the five tallest towers
Tourism Information Complex sea of glitzy high-rise build- in the world. It stands at a
is housed in an impressive ings are most of the citys height of 1,380 ft (421 m).
colonial mansion. Built on prominent shopping malls, Its lobby has several shops,
the site of an old rambutan along with countless bars, restaurants, and a theater
orchard in 1935, it was for- restaurants, cafs, and premier where a video of the towers
merly the home of Eu Tong hotels, including the Mandarin construction is screened. A
Seng, a wealthy Chinese tin Oriental (see p275), which is lift whisks visitors up to the
and rubber businessman. Not located opposite the Petronas observation deck for a pan-
long after its construction, Towers. At the heart of the oramic view of the city. At a
World War II broke out and Golden Triangle is Jalan Bukit dizzying height of 905 ft (276
the house was taken over by Bintang with its trendy bars, m), it is more than 328 ft (100
the British military and used eateries, and the biggest m) higher than the skybridge
as their war office. It was sub- concentration of shopping at the Petronas Towers. Even
sequently captured by the farther up is a revolving res-
Japanese army, who converted taurant, Seri Angkasa, which
it into their headquarters in features afternoon teas and
Malaysia for the remainder also traditional music and
the war. After independence, dance performances.
the building housed several At the base of the tower
government agencies and is Malaysias oldest nature
also witnessed the coronation reserve, the Bukit Nanas
ceremonies of four successive Forest Reserve, gazetted in
Malaysian kings. 1906. This legal status saved
Today, the main building the 27-acre (11-ha) slice of
in the complex houses the rain forest from destruction
Malaysia tourist information when the tower was built,
office, while several annexes and even resulted in a rework-
contain a tourist police office, ing of the architectural plans
restaurant, and a concert hall to avoid the cutting down of
where regular cultural shows a 100-year old jelutongg tree.
are performed (see p321). Although small, the preserve
Traditional games, such as supports a rich variety of wild-
top-spinning, are also hosted Mandarin Oriental, a luxury hotel life, including monkeys and
here over the weekends. in the Golden Triangle squirrels, as well as numerous
For hotels and restaurants in this region see pp2725 and pp298301
K U A L A L U M P U R 75
View of Kuala Lumpur from the soaring heights of the Menara KL observation deck
For hotels and restaurants in this region see pp2725 and pp298301
K U A L A L U M P U R 77
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