Unit I PDF

UNIT I
PART A
1. Define the term thermodynamics.

It is the branch of physics concerned with the conversion of different forms of
energy
It is the science of the conversions between heat and other forms of energy
It is the study of energy
2. What is meant by thermodynamics system? How do you classify it?

Thermodynamic system is defined as any space or matter or group of matter where
the energy transfer or energy conversions are studies.
It may be classified into three types.
a) Open system
b) Closed system
c) Isolated system
3. What is meant by closed system? Give an example.

When a system has only heat and work transfer, but there is no mass transfer, it is
called as closed system. Example: Piston and cylinder arrangement.
4. Define an open system. Give an example.

When a system has heat, work and mass transfer, it is called as open system.
Example: Air compressor
5. Distinguish between Open and Closed systems.

S.No. Closed System Open System
There is no mass transfer. Only heat and Mass transfer will take place, in addition to
1,
work will transfer. the heat and work transfer.
2. System boundary is fixed one. System boundary may or may not change.
Ex: Piston & cylinder arrangement, thermal Air compressor, boiler.
3.
power plant.
6. Define an Isolated System.

Isolated system is not affected by surroundings. There is no heat, work and mass
transfer takes place. In this system total energy remains constant.
7. Define specific heat capacity at constant pressure.

It is defined as the quantity of heat energy required for raising or lowering the
temperature of a unit mass of the substance through one degree when the pressure is kept
constant. It is denoted by Cp. Its unit is kJ/kg K
8. Define specific heat capacity at constant volume.

It is defined as the quantity of heat energy required for raising or lowering the
temperature of a unit mass of the substance through one degree when the volume is kept
constant. It is denoted by Cv. Its unit is kJ/kg K
9. What is meant by surroundings?
Any other matter out side of the system boundary is called as surroundings.
10. What is boundary?

System and Surroundings are separated by an imaginary line called as the boundary.
11. What is meant by thermodynamic property?

A quantity which is either an attribute of an entire system or is a function of position
which is continuous and does not vary rapidly over microscopic distances, except possibly
for abrupt changes at boundaries between phases of the system; examples are
temperature, pressure, volume, concentration, surface tension, and viscosity.
12. How do you classify the property?

Thermodynamic property can be classified into two types.
1. Intensive or Intrinsic property
2. Extensive and Extrinsic property
13. Define Intensive and Extensive properties.

The properties which are independent of the mass of the system are called intensive
properties.
E.g: Pressure, Temperature, Specific Volume etc.
The properties which are dependent on the mass of the system are called extensive
properties.
Eg: Total energy Total volume, weight etc.
14. Differentiate Intensive and Extensive properties.

Sl.
Intensive Properties Extensive Properties
No.
Independent on the mass of the Dependent on the mass system.
1.
system.
If we consider part of the these If the consider part of the system it will have
2. properties remain same e.g. Pressure, a lesser value e.g. Total energy, Total
temperature, specific volume, etc. Volume, weight, etc.
15. What do you understand by equilibrium of a system?

When a system remains in equilibrium state, it should not under go any changes to its own
accord.
16. What are the types of equilibrium of a system?

a. Mechanical Equilibrium
b. Thermal Equilibrium
c. Chemical equilibrium
17. When a system is said to be in Thermodynamic Equilibrium?

When a system is in thermodynamic equilibrium, it should satisfy the following three
conditions
b. Mechanical : Pressure remains constant
b. Thermal Equilibrium : Temperature remain constant
c. Chemical equilibrium : There is no chemical reaction
18. Define Zeroth law and first law of thermodynamics.

Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that when two systems are separately in thermal
equilibrium with a third systems, then they themselves are in thermal equilibrium with each
other.
First Law of thermodynamics states that when system undergoes a cyclic process net
heat transfer is equal to work transfer
gQ = gW
19. (a)(i) State First Law of thermodynamics and any two of its corollaries.
First Law of thermodynamics states that when system undergoes a cyclic process net
heat transfer is equal to work transfer.
gQ = gW
Corollaries of first law of thermodynamics
Corollary I
There exists a property of a closed system such than a change in its value is equal to the
difference between the heat supplied and the work done any change of state.
Corollary II
The internal energy of a closed system remains unchanged if the system is isolated from
its surroundings.
Corollary III
A perpetual motion machine of first kind (PPM-1) is impossible.
20. What is meant by Perpetual Motion Machine of First Kind?

PMM I -Perpetual Motion Machine of First Kind delivers work continuously without
any input. It violates first law of thermodynamics. It is impossible to construct an engine
working with this principle.
21. What is meant by Perpetual Motion Machine of Second Kind?

PMM II -Perpetual Motion Machine of Second Kind converts all the input heat energy
into work without any loss of energy as entropy. It violates second law of thermodynamics.
It is impossible to construct an engine working with this principle.
22. Prove that for an isolated system, there is no change in internal energy.
For any isolated system. There is no heat, work and mass transfer. i.e.,
Q=W=0
According to the second law of thermodynamics, Q=W+U
U=0
23. Determine the molecular volume of any perfect gas at 600 N/m 2 and 30C. Universal gas
constant may be taken as 8314 j/kg mole K.
Given data:
P = 600N/m2
T = 30C=30+273=303K
R=8314 J/kg mole K
To find:
Molecular volume, V=?
Solution:
Ideal gas equation,
PV=mRT
600 V = 1 8314 303
V=4198.57 m3/kg mole
Result:
Molecular volume, V=4198.57 m3/kg mole
24. An insulated rigid vessel is divided into two parts by a membrane. One part of the vessel
contains air at 10 Mpa and other part is fully evacuated. The membrane ruptures and the
air fills the entire vessel. Is there any heat and / or work transfer during this process? Justify
your answer.
For rigid vessel and unrestrained expansion
Change in volume dV = 0
Work transfer. W = pdV = 0
For insulated vessel, heat transfer, Q = 0
According to the first law of thermodynamics the sum of work transfer is equal to the sum
of heat transfer.
W=Q=0
25. Define the term process.

It is define as the change of states undergone by a system due to energy flow.
26. What are the classifications of process?

i. Reversible process or Quasistatic process
ii. Irreversible process
27. What are the types of process?

i. Constant Volume Process
ii. Constant Pressure Process
iii. Constant Temperature Process
iv. Adiabatic Process
v. Polytropic Process
28. What is a Quasi- static Process?

The process is said to be quasi static, if it proceeds infinitesimally slow and follows
continuous series of equilibrium states. Therefore the quasi-static process may be a
reversible process.
29. What is meant by reversible and irreversible process?

A process is said to the reversible. It should traces the same path in the reverse
direction when the process is reversed. It is possible only when the system passes through a
continuous series of equilibrium state. If a system does not passes through continuous
equilibrium state, then the process is said to be irreversible.
30. Define Constant Volume process.
A constant volume process is also called as iso-choric process. During a constant volume
process the volume of the system does not change (i.e., remains in equilibrium) , hence the
name.
V1 = V2 = V3 = .= constant
31. Define Constant Pressure process.

A constant pressure process is also called as iso-baric process. During a constant
pressure process the pressure of the system does not change (i.e., remains in equilibrium) ,
hence the name.
P1 = P2 = P3 = .= constant
32. Define Constant Temperature process.

A constant temperature process is also called as iso-thermal process. During a constant
temperature process the temperature of the system does not change (i.e., remains in
equilibrium) , hence the name.
T1 = T2 = T3 = . = constant
33. Define adiabatic process.

An adiabatic process is also called as isentropric process. During this process the entropy
of the system remains the same hence its name. During an adiabatic process the net heat
transferred to the system is zero (i.e. Q = 0). Hence an adiabatic process does not have any
heat transfer.
S1 = S2 = S3 = . = constant
34. Define the term cycle.

When a system undergoes a series of processes and return to its initial condition (state),
it is known as a cycle.
35. What are the types of cycle?

i. Open cycle
ii. Closed cycle
36. What is meant by open and closed cycle?

In a closed cycle, the same working substance will recirculate again and again. In an
open cycle, the working substance will be exhausted to the surrounding after expansion.
37. What is meant by point and path function?

The quantity which is independent on the process or path followed by the system is
known as path functions.
Example: Heat transfer, work transfer
38. Define the term enthalpy.
The combination of internal energy and flow energy is known as enthalpy of the system.
Mathematically, enthalpy (h) = U + pV
Its unit is kJ
Where U Internal energy
P Pressure
V Volume
In terms of Cp&T H = mCp (T2 T1)kJ
39. Define the term internal energy.

Internal energy of a gas is the energy stored in a gas due to its molecular interactions. It
is also defined as the energy possessed by a gas at a given temperature.
40. What is meant by thermodynamic work?

It is the work done by the system when the energy transferred across the boundary of
the system. It is mainly due to intensive property difference between the system and
surrounding.
41. Sketch isothermal expansion on p-V diagram and state the properties that remain
constant.
The following properties remain constant.
1. Temperature
2. Internal energy
3. Enthalpy
42. Prove that the difference in specific heat capacities equal to Cp Cv = R.

Consider a gas heated at constant pressure
So, heat supplied, Q = mCp (T2 T1)
Work done, W = p(V2 V1)= m R (T2 T1)
Change in internal energy, U = mCv (T2 T1)
According to the first law of thermodynamics,

Q = W + U
So, mCp (T2 T1) = mR (T2 T1)+ mCv(T2 T1)
Cp = r + Cv
Cp cv = R
PART B
1. A mass of gas is compressed in a quasi-static process from 100 kPa 0.3m3 to 500 kPa,
0.05m3. Assuming that the pressure and volume are related by PV = constant, find the
workdone by the gas system.
System : Closed system

Process : PV = C
Known : Initial pressure = 100 kPa
Initial Volume = 0.3m3
Final Pressure = 500 kPa
Final Volume = 0.05m3
To find : Work done
Diagrams :
0.3 m3 0.05 m3
100 kPa 500 kPa
Initial State Final State
P (kPa)
2
500 pVn = C
100 1
2

1
pdV
0.05 0.3
V(m3
P-V Diagram
In this equation all the values are known except the polytrophic index n.
Consider the process relation
P1V1n = P2V2n
n
V1 p2

V2 p1
Taking natural log on both sides

V p
n In 1 In 2
V2 p1
In(V1 / V2 )
n
In( p2 / P1 )
Substituting the numerical values
500
IN
100
n
0.3
In
0.05
n = 0.898
Hence the work done

2
1 W2 =
1
PdV
p2V2 p1V1

n 1
500 0.05 100 0.3

0.898 1
49.01KJ
Comment: Negative sign indicates that the work is done on the system.
2. A certain fluid expands from 10 bar, 0.05m3 to 2 bar, and 0.2m3 according to linear law.
Find the work done in the process.

Process : Linear Law
Known : Initial pressure = 10 bar = 1000 kPa
Initial volume = 0.05m3
Final pressure = 2 bar = 200 kPa
Final volume = 0.2m3
To find : Work done
Diagrams:
10 bar 2 bar
0.05 m3 0.2 m3
P (kPa)
1
1000
A1
200 2
A2
0.05 0.2 V (m3)
P-V Diagram
2
Analysis : 1W2 = pdV
1
= Area A1 + Area A2
1
= (0.2 0.05)(1000 200) (0.2 0.05)200
2
= 90KJ
3. Following diagram shows a cycle executed by a closed system on a p-V diagram. Calculate
the work done by the system for each of three processes and also the network done.
P(kPa)
1
1000
3 2
500
0.1 0.2
p-V Diagram
System : Closed System

Known : Initial and final pressure, Initial and final Volume of all the processes.
Process 1-2 Linear Law 2-3 Isobaric (p=C) 3-1 Isochoric (V=C)
Work done Area 12ba 1 =0
2
1
1 pdV in KJ 2 (0.2 0.1) (1000 500) (0.2 0.1) 500 = 500(0.1 0.2) -= -50 = p2 (V3 V2)
75
Net work:
Wnet = 1W2 + 2W3 + 3W1

= 75 50 + 0
= 25KJ
4. A spherical balloon of 0.5 m diameter contains air at a pressure of 500 kPa. The diameter
increases to 0.55m in a reversible process during which pressure is proportional to
diameter. Determine the work done by the air in the balloon during this process. Also
calculate the final pressure.

Process : Expansion of air in a spherical balloon such that pressure is
proportional to the diameter.
Known : 1. Initial diameter = 0.50m
2. Initial Pressure = 500 kPa
3. Final diameter = 0.55m
To find : 1. Work done

2. Final weight
Diagram :
Air
Air
Dia = 0.5m
Dia = 0.55m
P = 500 kPa
P
(kPa) 2
1
500
0.5 0.55 dia (m)
Analysis:
1. Work done
2
2 W1 = pdV
1
From the condition of the process

P = CD
Where p is the pressure (kPa)
C is a constant
D is the diameter (m)
From the initial condition
500 = C 0.5
C = 500 / 0.5 = 1000
Therefore
P = 1000 D
Substituting p we get,
1W2 = 1000DdV
1
To substitute dV in terms of dD
Consider the volume of the sphere

V= D3
6
Upon different we get

dv = 3D2 dD
6
Substituting dV in terms of dD we get
1W2 = 1000D 3D2 dD

1 6
0.55
1000 3 3
0.50 6 D dD
0.55
D4
500
4 0.50
500
[0.554 0.504 ]
4
11.39KJ
2. Final pressure
P2 = 100 D2
= 1000 0.55
= 550 kPa
5. A rubber balloon flexible is to be filled with hydrogen from a storage cylinder which
contains hydrogen at 5 bar pressure until it has a volume of 1 m3. The atmospheric pressure
may be taken as 101.32 kPa. Determine the work done by the system comprising the
hydrogen initially in the bottle.
System : Closed
Process : Hydrogen expanding from a cylinder against the atmospheric
pressure.
Known : 1. Volume of expansion dv = 1 m3
2. Atmospheric pressure Patm = 101.32 kPa
3. Storage cylinder pressure = 500 kPa.
Diagram:
Balloon after filling
Balloon before filling
Hydrogen
Cylinder
To find : Work done by the hydrogen gas
2
Analysis : Work done = pdV
1
5
2
V 2.0
1
0.10
V
5In 2 2.0(V2 V1 ) 100
V1 0.15
As the pressure is in bar, it has to be multiplied by 100, to get it in kpa Substituting the limits
we get
0.10
1W2 = 5 In 2.0(0.1 0.15)
0.15
= 2.027 + 0.1
= 1.027 KJ
6. A compressor receives 10kW of power at 600 rpm from a motor. What is the torque
acting on the shaft connecting the motor and the compressor?
System : Compressor receiving power from a motor through a shaft
Known : 1. Power = 10kW
2. Speed = 600 rpm
To find : 1. Torque
Diagrams:
Compressor
Motor
Analysis : 1. w = 2nt
Rate of work transferred

= 10 103 KJ/s
Speed
= 600 rpm
= 600 / 60 rps
= 10 rps
T W / 2 n
10 103
=
2 10
= 159.15 N m.
7. An elastic linear spring of spring constant 144 N/cm is compressed from an initial
unconstrained length to a final of 6cm. If the work required on the spring is 648J, determine
the initial length of the spring in centimeters:
System : Elastic spring

Process : Stretching the elastic spring
Known : 1. Spring constant = 144 N/cm
2. Final length = 6 cm
3. Work supplied = 648 KJ
To find : Initial length in cm
Diagrams: -

Free Length
Final Length
Analysis :
1
W k
2
144
648
2
cm
Initial length = final length + deflection ()
=6+3
= 9 cm
8. Calculate the work required to lift 25 kg from an evaluation of 208m above mean sea level
to an elevation 80m higher in (a) min (b) 10 min.
System : A body of mass 25 kg

Process : Lifting the body against gravity
Known : 1. Mass = 25 kg
2. Initial height = 208m
3. Change in height = 80m
4. Time a) min b) 10 min
To find : Work done
Diagrams: -
Final state
Initial state 80 m
208 m
Mean sea level

Analysis : Work done = -mgh
: The negative sign indicates that work is done on the system.
Work is independent on time and hence for both cases work done is 19620J.
9. Determine the work required to accelerate a body of mass 100 kg from rest to a velocity
of 100 m/s.
System : A body of mass 100 kg

Process : Acceleration of a body from rest
Known : 1. mass = 100 kg
2. Initial velocity
3. Final velocity = 100 m/s.
To find : Work
Analysis
1
W m(C22 C12 )
2
1
100 (1002 02 )
2
= 500KJ
Comment: The negative sign indicates that work done on the body to accelerate it.
10. A perfect gas for which the ratio of specific heats is 1.4, occupies a volume of 0.3m 3 at
100 kpa and 27C. The gas undergoes compression to 0.06m3. Find the heat transfer by the
gas in each of the following process.
a) Isobaric
b) pV1.1 = Constant
Assume R = 0.287 KJ/ kgK.
Case(a)
Working fluid : A perfect gas
Process : Isobaric
Known : 1. Initial volume (V1) = 0.3m3
2. Initial pressure (p1) = 100 pa
3. Initial Temperature (T1) = 27C = 300 K
4. Ratio of sp. Heat () = 1.4
5. Final Volume (V2) = 0.06m3
6. Characteristic gas constant = 0.287KJ/kg K
To find : Heat transfer Q12
Diagram:-
0.3 m3 0.06 m3
100 kPa 100 kPa
300 K

P
(kPa)
2 1
pdV
1
0.06 0.3 V(m3)
p-V diagram
Analysis : Q12 1W2 = U
2
Where 1W2 = pdV
1
= p(V2 V1) for an isobaric process

= 100 (0.06 0.3)
= - 24KJ
2
U = dU
1
2
= mC dT from eqn. 3.23
1
= mC(T2 T1)
To find T2
Since the working substance is an ideal gas

P1V1 = mRT1
P2V2 = mRT2
By rearranging the above equation
p1V1 PV
2 2
T1 T2
Applying the given process condition p1 = p2

V1 V2

T1 T2
V
T2 2 T1
V1
0.06
300
0.3
T2 60k
To find C,
Cp Cv = R
C
Cv p 1 R
Cv
R
Cv
Cp
1
Cv
R

v 1
0.287

0.4
KJ
0.717
kgK
To find m
p1V1
m= [ The given substance is a perfect gas]
RT1
100 0.3
=
0.287 300
= 0.348 kg
Substituting the values of m and T2
U = 0.348 0.717 (60 300)

= 59.93KJ
Therefore Q12 = 1W2 + U

= - 24 59.93
= - 83.93KJ
Comment: The negative sign in work indicates work is Done on the system.
The negative sign in U shows that internal energy decrease.
The negative sign in heat transfer shows that heat is rejected by the system.
Case (b)
Process : Polytropic of index 1.1 (pV1.1 = C)
Working fluid : A perfect gas
Known : 1. Initial volume (V1) = 0.3m3
2. Initial pressure (p1) = 100 kPa
3. Initial Temperature (T1)
4. Ratio of sp. heat () = 1.4
5. Final Volume (V2) = 0.06m3
6. Characteristic gas constant = 0.287 KJ/kg K.
Diagram:-
0.3 m3
100 kPa 0.06m3
300 K
P
(kPa) 2
pV1.1 = C
1
pdV
1
0.06 0.3 V(m3)
p-V diagram
Analysis : Q12 W2 = U
1W2 = pdV
1
p2V2 p1V1
= for a polytropic process
n 1
since the working fluid is a perfect gas
mRT2 mRT1
1 W2 =
n 1
mR(T2 T1 )
=
n 1
To find m
pV
m= 1 1
[The given substance is a perfect gas]
RT1
100 0.3

0.287 300
0.348 kgb
To find T2

p1V1 = mRT1
p2V2 = mRT2
By rearranging we get
p1V1 p2V2

T1 T2
or
T2 p2V2

T1 pV
1 1
The process equation gives

p 1V 1n = p 2V 2n
n
p2 V1

p1 V2
Combining the above equations

T2 P2 V2

T1 P1 V1
n 1
V1 V1

V2 V2
n 1
V
1
V2
n 1
V
T2 T1 1
V2
0.4
0.3
300
0.06
571.1K
Substituting the values of m and

0.348 0.287(571.1 300)
1 W2 =
1.1 1
T2 = 270.76KJ
U = mCv (T2 T1)
= 0.348 0.717 (571.1-300)
= 67.64 KJ
Q12 = 1W2 + U
= 270.76 + 67.64
= 203.12 KJ
Comment : The negative sign in work indicates that work is done on the gas.
The negative sign in heat transfer shows that heat is coming out of the system.
11. Calculate the change in internal energy, heat transferred and change in enthalpy for 0.5
kg of air expanding according to law pv1.2 = C from 1 Mpa and 300C to 100 kPa. What will
be the workdone by air during the expansion?
System : Stationary system of fixed mass

Process : Polytropic (pV1.2 = C)
Work fluid : Air (ideal gas)
Known : 1. Mass (m) = 0.5 kg
2. Initial pressure (p1) = 1Mpa = 1000kPa
3. Initial Temperature (T1) = 300C = 573 K
4. Ratio of sp. heat () = 1.4
To find : 1. Change in internal energy U
2. Heat transferred Q12
3. Change in enthalpy H
4. Work done 1W2
Diagrams:
1 Mpa 100 kPa

300C
Final State Initial State
P
(kPa) 1
1000 pV1.2 = C
100 2
2
pdv
1
V(m3)
Analysis : p-V Diagram
2
U = dU
1
= mCv (T2 T1)
To find T2

P1V1 = mRT1
P2V2 = mRT2
By rearranging we get
T2 PV n
2 2
T1 p1V1
From the process equation

p1V1n = P2v2n
1
V2 P1 n

V1 P2
1
P n
2
P1
combining the above equation
T2 P2 V2

T1 P1 V1
1
P P n
= 2 2
P1 P1
1
1
P n
2
P1
n 1
P n
T2 T1 2
P1
0.2
100 1.2
573
1000
390.4K
New U 0.5 0.7178 (390.4 573)
65.47 KJ
Q12 1 W2 U
Q12 can be found only if 1W2 is known
2
1 W2 = pdV
1
2 2 PV
PV
1 1
for a polytropic process
n 1
mR(T2 T1 )
since the working fluid is an ideal gas
n 1
0.5 0.287(390.4 573)

1.2 1
= + 131.02 KJ
1Q12 = 1W2 + U
= 131.02 + (-65.47)
= 65.53 KJ
Comment :
The positive sign in work indicates that work is done by the system.
The positive sign in heat indicates that heat is given into the system.
12. A space vehicle has a mass of 500kg and is moving towards the moon. Calculate the
kinetic and potential energies relative to the earth when it is 40 km from the launching place
and travelling at 2400 km / hr and when the acceleration of the earths gravitational field is
792.5cm/sec2.
System : A moving system of fixed mass

Known : 1. Height h = 40 km
= 40 103 m
2. Velocity C = 2400 km/hr.
2400 103 m

3600 s .
666.67 m / s.
3. Acceleration due to gravity
= 792.5 cm /sec2
= 7.925 m/Sec2
To find : a) Kinetic energy

b) Potential energy
Analysis : a) Kinetic energy

1
mC 2
2
1
500 666.672
2
111.11106 J
111.11MJ
b) Potential energy = mgh

= 500 7.925 40 103
= 158.5 106 J
= 158.5MJ
13. During a short period of time the following observation were made for a system of mass
50 kg.
a. Heat received = 107 J

b. Work produced = 4 106 J
c. Initial Velocity = 10 km/s.
d. Final velocity = 25 m/s
e) Initial elevation = 20 m
f) Final elevation = 12 m
Find the change in internal energy of the system.
Solution:
System : A moving system of fixed mass

Known : a. Heat received = 107 J
b. Work produced = 4 106 J
c. Initial velocity = 10 km / s
d. Final velocity = 25 m /s
e. Initial elevation = 20 m
f. Final elevation = 12 m
To find : U change in internal energy
Diagrams :
Initial State
Q = 1 107 J 50 kg
10 103 m/s
w = 4 106 J
20m
25 50 kgs.
12m during the process
Datum
Analysis : 1Q12 1W2 = E

Note: Since a moving system of fixed mass is analyzed here E U
Q12 = 1W2 + U + KE + PE
or U = Q12 1W2 - KE - PE
1
Q12 1 W2 m(C22 C12 ) mg (Z2 Z1 )
2
1107 4 106 50 25 103 10 103 50 9.81(12 20)
1 2 2
2
110 4 10 1.3125 10 3924
7 6 10
U 1.3 1010 J
14. Air enters a compressor with a velocity of 60 m/s, pressure 100 kPa, temperature 40C
and leaves the compressor with a velocity of 90 m/s, 500 kPa and 120C. Consider the
system as adiabatic. Find the power of the motor for a mass flow rate of 40 kg per minute.
Write the assumption made.
System : Open System

Working Fluid : Air
Process : Steady flow, adiabatic
Known :
Property At inlet At exit

Velocity 60 m / s 90 m / s
Pressure 100 kPa 500 kPa
Temperature 40C 120C
and the mass flow rate = 40 kg / min.
Diagrams :-
In
Q=0
Control
Volume
Out
Analysis : Q W m [h ke pe]
Q = 0 sincde the flow is adiabatic.
Unless the height from the datum of the inlet and out are mentioned pe = 0.
C 2 C22
Therefore W = h1 h2 1
2
C 2 C22
m Cp T1 T2 1
2
602 902
40 1005 40 120
2
J
3.306 106
min
3.306 10 J
6

60 s
55.1 KJ / s
55.1 kW
Comment : Since the working fluid is an ideal gas h1 - h2 is replaced by Cp (T1 T2).
15. In a steam power station, steam flows steadily through a 0.32 m diameter pipeline from
the boiler to the turbine. At the boiler end, the steam conditions are found to be P = 4 Mpa,
t = 400C, h = 3214 kJ / kg and v = 0.073 m3 / kg. At the turbine end p = 3.5 Mpa, t = 392C, h
= 3202.6 kJ / kg and v = 0.084 m3 / kg. There is a heat loss of 8.5 KJ/kg from the pipeline.
Calculate the steam flow rate.
System : Open system

Working fluid : Steam
Process : Steady flow process
Known :
Property At inlet At exit

Pressure 4 Mpa 3.5 Mpa
Temperature 400C 392C
Enthalpy KJ KJ
3214 3020.6
kg kg
Sp. Volume 0.073 m3 / kg 0.84 m3 / kg
and heat loss of Q = 8.5 KJ/ kg.
To find : Steam flow rate
Diagram:-
Control volume
Inlet Exit
Turbine
Boiler
Analysis : Q W = m [h + ke + pe]
W = 0 Since it involves only the flow through pipes.

As the flow is steady mass flow rate is same all the inlet and exit.
min mout
Volume flow rate Volume flow rate

Sp. Volume Sp. Volume
in exit
Area velocity Area velocity
Sp. Volume Sp. Volume
in exit
C1 C2
Since A1 A2
V1 V2
V
C2 2 C1
V1
0.084
C
0.073 1
C2 1.15 C1
1
ke C22 C12
2
1
1.15C1 C12
2
2
1
0.32 C12
2
0.16 C12
mV1
C1
A1
0.073m
where

0.22

2.32 m
ke = 0.16 (2.324 m)2

= 0.86 m2
pe = 0
Now Q W = m [h + ke + pe] becomes

Q
0 h2 h1 0.86m2 0
m
8.5 103 = (3202.6 - 3214) 103 + 0.86m2
0.86m2 2.9 103
m 58.07kg / s.
Comment: Though the flow is steady through the pipe the increase in velocity is due to in
increase in specific volume.
16. The stream of air and gasoline vapour in the ratio of 14:1 by mass enters a gasoline
engine at a temperature of 30C and leaves as combustion products at a temperature of
790. The engine has a specific fuel consumption of 0.3 kg/k Whr. The net heat transfer rate
from the fuel air stream to the jacket cooling water and to the surroundings in 35 KW. The
shaft power delivered by the engine is 26KW. Compute the increase in the specific enthalpy
0 fuel air stream.
Process : Steady flow, process
Known : 1. Air fuel ratio = 14:1
2. Inlet temperature t1 = 30C
3. Exit temperature t2 = 790C
4. Specific Fuel Consumption = 0.3kg/kwhr.
5. Heat rejection rate Q 35KW
6. Shaft work output W = 26 KW
To find : Increase in specific enthalpy h
Diagram :-
Fuel air
Stream
ENGINE
Shaft work W =
26kW Exhaust
Q 35kW
Analysis : Q W m [h ke PE]
ke and pe terms can be neglected unless the relevant data are given.
To find m
Specific fuel consumption = 0.3 kg/kwhr One whr is equivalent to 3600KJ. Hence, fuel
consumption is 0.3 kg for an output of 3600 KJ. Since the output is 26kW, the rate of fuel
consumption.
0.3 kg kJ
mr 26
3600 kJ s
2.17 103 kg / s
The rate of air consumption = 14 rate of fuel consumption

mr 14 2.17 103
0.03033 kg / s
m ma m f
0.03033 2.17 103
0.0325 kg / s
Substituting the numerical values in the SFEE we get

- 35 26 = 0.0325 h
h = -1877 KJ / kg
1 14
Comment: Each kg of the mixture contain kg of fuel and kg of air. This mixture
15 15
undergoes combustion in the engine. Out of the energy liberated during combustion only
1877 KJ is extracted within the engine and the remaining is taken away by the exhaust
gases. This is the reason for higher exhaust temperature.
17. A steam turbine operates under steady flow conditions receiving steam at the following
state: Pressure 15 bar. Specific volume 0.17m3/kg internal energy 2700 KJ/kg velocity 100
m/s. The exhaust of steam from the turbine is at 0.1bar with internal energy 2175 KJ/kg.
specific 15 m3/kg and velocity 300 m/s. The intake is 3 m above the exhaust. The turbine
develops 35 kW and heat loss over the surface of turbine is 20 KJ /kg. Determine the steam
flow rate through the turbine.
System : Open System

Process : Steady flow process
Known :
Properties At inlet At exit
Pressure 15 bar = 15 103 Pa bar = 0.1 103 Pa
Internal energy 2700 103J/Kg 2175 103 J/Kg
Sp. Volume 0.17 m3 / kg 15 m3 / kg
Height from the datum 3m 0m
Velocity 100 m/s 300 m/s
Work output W = 35 103 W

Q
Heat rejected work q 20 103 J / kg
m
Diagram:
In
W = 35 103W
Control Volume
q = 20 103 J/Kg
Out
Analysis : Q W m[h ke pe]

(or)
w
u2 p2v2 u1 p1v1 C22 C12 g (Z 22 Z12 )
1
q
m 2

2175 10 0.10 10 15
3 5
w
(2700 103 15 105 0.17) 20 103
m
300 100 9.81(3)
1 2 2
2
wm
2325000 2955000 4000 29.43 20 103
m
w
569.970 103
m
35 103
m
569.970 103
m 0.0614kg / s.
18. Steam enters a nozzle operating at steady state pressure of 2.5 Mpa and a temperature
of 300C (h1 = 3008.8 KJ/kg) and leaves at a pressure of 1.7 Mpa with a velocity of 470 m/s.
The rate of flow of steam through the nozzle is 1360 kg/hr. Neglecting the inlet velocity of
the steam and considering the flow in the nozzle to be adiabatic, find:
a) the enthalpy hexit

b) the nozzle exit area, if Vexit = 0.132 m3/kg.

Process : Steady flow, adiabatic
Known :
Properties At inlet At exit

Pressure 2.5 mPa -
Temperature 300C -
Enthalpy 3008 KJ/kg -
Velocity Negligible 470 m/s
Sp. Volume - 0.132 m3/kg
The mass flow rate in = 1360 Kg/hr

1360
= kg / s
3600
= 0.378 kg/s
To find : Exit enthalpy h2

Exit Area A2
Diagram :
In
Out
Analysis : Q W mh ke kpe
Flow is given as adiabatic hence Q 0

Nozzle will not involve W
Change in potential energy can be neglected in nozzles and diffusers
h = ke
C12 C22

2
C 2 C22
h 1
2
As the inlet velocity is negligible

C22
h2 h1 =
2
4702
=
2
= - 110450 J/kg
C22
h2 = h1
2
= 3008.8 103 110450
= 2898.4 103 J/kg
= 2898.4 KJ/kg
A2C2
m
V2
mV2
A2
b) C2
0.378 0.132

470
1.062 10 m or 1.062cm2
4 2
19. Air enters the diffuser of a jet at 10C, and 80 kPa, with a velocity of 200 m/s. The inlet
area of the diffuser is 0.4m2. Neglecting the exit velocity of air, determine the mass flow rate
of air and the temperature of air at the exit.

Process : steady flow
Known : At the inlet
Temperature T1 = 283 K
Pressure P1 = 80 kPa
Velocity C1 = 200 m/s
Area A1 0.4 m2
To find : 1. Mass flow rate m
2. Exit temperature T2
Diagram :
Area Velocity
Analysis : 1. m
Sp. Volume
AC AC
1 1
or 1 1
V1 RT1 / P1
80 0.4 200
=
0.287 283
= 78.8 kg/s.
2. Q W mh ke pe
Heat transfer across the control surface and change in potential energy can be
neglected in a diffuser.
A diffuser will not involve w
h = -ke
C 2 C12
(h2 h1) = - 2
2
Since air is an ideal gas
C 2 C12
C p (T2 T1 ) 2
2
C 2
C p (T2 T1 ) 1 Since C1 is negligible
2
C12
T2 T1
2C p
2002
283
2 1005
303K
20. Hellium at 300 kPa, 60C, enters a nozzle with negligible velocity and expands steadily
without heat transfer in a quasi equilibrium manner to 120 kPa. The process is such that
Pv1.67 = constant. Calculate the exit velocity.
Process : Steady flow, adiabatic, pV1.67 = C
Known : 1. Inlet pressure (p1) = 300 kPa
2. Inlet Temperature (t1) = 60C
3. Exit pressure (p2) = 120 kPa
Diagram:
Control
Volume
In Out
Analysis : Q W = m [h + ke + kpe]
We cant proceed with this equation since the value of enthalpy drop is not known. It
can be substituted by Cp (T2 T1), but still Cp is an unknown. In problems of this kind,
Equation can be used.
2
C22 C12
Wflow vdp (Z2 Z1 ) g
1 2
Since these is no work interaction in a nozzle and (Z2 Z1) term can be dropped.
C22 C12 2
vdp
2 1
Where C1 is negligible
2
C22
vdp
2 1
From the process equation pVn = constant
1
C n
v
p1
2 1 1
C2
2 C n p n dp
2 1
2
11
1
p n
C n 2
1
1
n 1
n1 n 1
p p1 n
1 n
C 2
n

n 1

n
n 1 1n nn1 n 1

p1 v1 p2 p1 n
n
n 1 1
1 n1 n 1

p1 ( p1 ) n v1 p2 n p1 n
n
nn1 n 1

n 1 p2 p1 n
p1v1 since
n n1 n 1
p1 p1
n n
n 1

n 1 p2 n

p1v1 1
n p1

n 1

2n

RT1 1 [ p1v1 RT1 for an ideal gas)
p n
C2 2
n 1 p1

0.67

2 1.67n 8314 120 1.67

1.67 1 4 300
333 1

1030 m / s.
21. Imagine two curves intersecting at some point on a p v diagram. The curves are
representing reversible processes undergone by a perfect gas; one is an adiabatic process
and the other an isothermal process. Show that the ratio of slope of the adiabatic curve to
that of the isothermal curve at the point of intersection is equal to:-
System : Closed / Open
Process : case (i) Isothermal
case (ii) Adiabatic
Diagram :
case (ii)
P
case (i)
dp
dv
To prove :
Adiabatic
dp
dv
Isothermal
Proof : For case (i) Isothermal Process

pv = RT = constant
By differentiating we get,
Pdv + vdp = 0
vdp = dv
dp p
dv (1)
Isothermal v
For case (ii) Adiabatic Process

pv = constant
Taking natural log we get
In (p) + In (v) = In (C)
By differentiating we get
dp dv

p v
dp p
dv (2)
Adiabatic v
dp
dv
From (1) & (2) we get
Adiabatic
dp
dv
Isothermal
Hence proved.
22. A piston cylinder arrangement as shown in the diagram contains 5g of air at 250 kPa,
300C. The piston is of mass 75 kg and diameter 10 cm. Initially the piston is kept pushed
against the stops. The atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa and temperature is 20C. The
cylinder now code to 20C. Calculate the heat transfer.
Stop
Piston
Air
Cylinder
Process : Constant volume / constant pressure
When heat is removed from the system temperature decreases and volume remains
constant until the upward pressure exerted on the bottom side of the piston just
balances the atmospheric pressure and the weight of the piston. Further cooling results
in decreases of volume at constant pressure.
Known : T1 = 300C
P1 = 250 kPa
DP = 0.1 m
Patm = 100 kPa
Tatm = 293 K
T2 = 293 K
Diagram :
P 1
21
2
V
To find : Heat transfer Q12
Analysis : To find the pressure which just balance the atmospheric pressure and the weight
of the piston.
Pair APiston = mPiston g + Patm APiston
mPistong
Pair Patm
APiston
75 9.81
100 103

0.12

193.68 103 Pa
193.68 kPa
Therefore cooling from 250 kPa to 193.68 kPa will be taking place at constant volume.
Temperature at the stage can be computed as follows:-
PV PV
2 2
1 1
T2 T2
since V2 V1
P
T2 T2 2
P1
193.68
573
250
443.9 K
Therefore further cooling from 443.9 K to 293K will be a constant pressure process. Thus,
Q12 = Q12 + Q2-2

Q12 = 1W2 + 2W2 + (U2 U2) + (U2 U1)
Q12 = 1W2 + 2W2 + (U2 U1)
Since the process 1-2 is a constant volume process 1W2 = 0 and as the process 2-2 is
isobaric.
2W2 = P2 (V2 V2)

where V2 = 3.2 10-3 m3
Substituting we get
2W2 = 193.68 (2.171 10-3 3.2 10-3)

= - 0.199 KJ.
U2 U1 = mCv (T2 T1)
= 5 10-3 0.717 (293-573)

= 1.0038 KJ.
Therefore Q12 = -0.199 1.0038

= - 1.2028 KJ.
23. A closed system undergoes a cycle consisting of two processes. During the first process,
40 KJ of heat transferred to the system while the system does 60 KJ of work in the second
process, 45 KJ of work is done on the system.
a) Determine the heat transfer during the second process.

b) Calculate the network done and net heat transfer for the cycle.
Solution:-

Process : Cycle consisting of two processes
Known :
To find : Q21, Q, W
Analysis : 1
Q21 = 2W1 + U2-1

Where 2W1 = -45 KJ.
To find (U2-1)
For cyclic process the algebraic sum of any property of the system must be zero.
(U12) + (U21) = 0
(U12) = (U)12
= - [Q12 1W2]
= -[40 60]
= +20 KJ
U21 = -45 +20
Q21 = -25KJ
2 Network done = (1W2 + 2W1)

= 40 25
= 15 KJ
Net heat transfer = (Q12 + Q21)

= 60 45
= 15 KJ.
Comment :
Process Q(KJ) W(KJ)

1-2 40 60
2-1 unknown -45
The negative sign indicates Q21 that 25 KJ of heat is supplied by the system to the
surroundings during the process 2 to 1.
24. A system is capable of executing a cyclic process as indicated in the pV sketch; it may be
executed either clockwise abca or counter clockwise adca.
a. When going clockwise to state C, 80 KJ of heat flow to the system and 35 KJ of work are
done by it. When returning to state a for c, 60 KJ of heat flow from the system. Find work
along the path ca.
b. When going counter clockwise to state C, 70KJ of heat flow to the system. Find the work
during the process adc.
b c
d
a
V
Solution :
System : Closed (as the total volume changes)
Process : Cyclic with two possible cycles.
Known :
Cycle abca Cycle adca

Process Q(KJ) W(KJ) Process Q(KJ) W(KJ)
ac 80 35 ac 70 Unknown
ca -60 Unknown c a Unknown Unknown
To find : 1. Work done in the process c a in path abca

2. Work done in the process c a in path adca
Analysis : 1. dQ dw for the cycle abca

80 60 = 35 +cWa
cWa = 20 35
= 15 KJ
2. Qac = Wac + Uc Ua
Wac Qac (Uc - Ua)
To find : Uc Ua.
Irrespective of the path followed U between also are some.
(U)ac in cycle abc = (U) ac in cycle adc

(Uc Ua) in adc = (Qac aWc) in path abc
= 80 35
= 45 KJ
cWa = Qac (Uc Ua)

= 70 45
= 25 KJ.
25. For a certain system executing a cyclic process 250J of heat is absorbed by the system
and 100J of heat are rejected. The system also receives 30W-s of electrical power while it
moves a 3 kg mass vertically by means of a pulley arrangement. How far does the mass
move? Take local g=9.65 m/s2.
System : Closed / Open
Process : Cyclic
Known : Qin = 250 J
Qout = 100 J
EEin = 30 w-s
To find : Height through which is a mass to be lifted.
Analysis : Energy in = Energy out

250 + 30 = 100 + W
W = 180J
This must be equivalent to the increase in potential energy of the mass that is mgh = 180.
180
h
3 9.64
h 6.22m.
26. A three process cycle operating with nitrogen as the working substance has constant
temperature compression 1-2 (T=40C, p1 = 110 kPa); constant volume heating 2-3; and
polytropic expansion 3-1 (n=1.35), the isothermal compression requires 67 KJ/kg of work.
Determine.
a. P, T and v around the cycle:
b. The heats in and out;
c. The net work. Take Cv = 0.7431 KJ/kg.

Process : Cycle consisting of there processes
Known : P1 = 110 kPa
T1 = 313K
Process Type QKJ/Kg WKJ/Kg
12 Isothermal - -67
23 Isochoric - -
31 PV1.35 = C - -
To find : 1. p.T.v. at state points 1, 2 and 3
2. Q, w in all the processes
3. net work
State 1:
Analysis : a) Finding p, T, v of the state points

Consider state 1 and process 1-2 (Isothermal)
P1 = 110 kPa
T1 = 40 + 273
= 313 K
RT1
v1
p1
since N2, is an ideal gas
8.314
28 313

110
0.845m3 / kg
1W2 67 KJ / kg
That is
v
p1v1In 2 67
v1
v 67
In 2
v1 p1v1
110670.845
v2 v1 e

0.411m / kg 3
Also p1v1 = p2v2

p1v1
p1
v2
226.17 kPa
and Q12 1 W2 U12 [since the process is isothermal]
Q12 67 KJ / Kg
Consider state 3 and the process 2-3 (Isochoric)
2 W3 =0
V3 = V2
0.411 m3 /Kg
T2 = 313 K
From process 3-1 )pV1.35=C)
p1v11.35 = p3v3 1.35
1.35
v
p3 p1 1
v3
1.35
0.845
110
0.411
291.0 kPa
Knowing p3, T3 can be found
p
T3 = T2 3
p2
291.0
313
226.17
402.72K
U 23 Cv (T3 T2 )
0.7431(402.72 313)
66.67 KJ / kg
U31 Cv (T1 T2 )
0.7431(313 402.72)
66.67 KJ / kg
p1v1 p3v3
W1
n 1
3
110 0.845 291 0.411
1.35 1
KJ
76.2
Kg
Q31 3 W1 U31
76.2 66.67
9.5 KJ / Kg.
Tabulating the property values:
State P(kPa) T(K) V(M3/kg)
1. 110 313 0.845
2. 226.17 313 0.41
3. 291.0 402.72 0.411
b) Heats in and out.

Process QKJ/Kg W(KJ/kg) U(KJ/Kg)
12 - 67 - 67 0
23 66.67 0 66.67
31 9.5 76.2 - 66.67
c) Wnet = - 67 + 76.2
= 9.2 KJ/Kg
Check : Q = - 67 + 66.7 9.5
= 9.8 KJ/Kg
Qnet = Wnet from first law
U = 0 + 66.7 66.67
Also
U = 0
27. In a steady flow process air is passing through a series of components as shown in the
following diagram. Assuming the heat addition process is reversible isobaric and all others
are reversible adiabatic processes obtaining the exit velocity. The power developed by the
turbine is just enough to run the compressor.
System : Open
Process: Steady flow through a compressor, a heat exchanger, a turbine and a nozzle in
sequence.
Known : P1 = 100 kPa

T1 = 300K
M = 0.2 Kg/s
P3 = 600KPa
P5 = 100 Kpa
o o
Wr Wc
To find : Exit velocity from the nozzle

Diagram :-
Q = 100 kW
600 kPa
Heat exchanger
2 3
Compressor
Common Shaft
Turbine
4
1 Nozzle
600 kPa 100 kPa
5
100 K
0.2 kg/s
Analysis :
Process : 12
o o
W c mC p (T2 T1 )
1 1
P P
Where T2 T1 2 T1 3
P1 P1
0.4
600 1.4
300
100
500.6 K
(ii) Process 23
o
Q23 100kw
o
mC p (T3 T2 ) 100
100
T3 500.6
0.2 1.005
T3 993 K
(iii) Process 34
T4 T3 (T2 T1 )
998 (500.6 300)
7975 K
o o
WT W c
o o
mC p (T3 T4 ) mC p (T2 T1 )
T3 T4 T2 T1
T4 T3 (T2 T1 )
998 (500.6 300)
7975 K

P T 1
Also 4 4
P3 T3
1.4
7975 0.4
P4 = 600
998
= 273.6 Kpa
(iv) Process 4-5
1
T5 P5

T4 P4
0.4
100 1.4
T5 7975
273.6
598.2 K
For the flow through the nozzle

C52 C42
h4 h5
2
Neglecting C4 compared C5 we get
C5 2Cp (T4 T5 )
2 1005(7975 598.2
632.9 m / s.
The exit velocity of air from the nozzle is 632.9 m/s.
28. An air compressor is used to supply air to a rigid tank that h as a volume of 4m3.
Originally, the air pressure and temperature in the tank are 101 kPa and 35C. The supply
pipe is 5 cm diameter and the velocity of air in the inlet pipe remains at 15 m/s. The
pressure and temperature of the air in the inlet pipe are constant at 750 kPa and 35C.
Calculate the following:
a) the time rate of change of mass inside the tank.

b) the mass of air added to the tank if the pressure of the tank reaches 400 kPa and 50C.
c) time required to reach the tank pressure of 400 Kpa at 50C.
System : Open
Process : Unsteady flow
Known : 1. Volume of the tank V1 = 4m3
2. Initial pressure P1 = 101 Kpa
3. Initial temperature T1 = 273 + 35 = 308 K
4. Supply pipe diameter D1 = 0.05 m
5. Velocity of inlet air Ci = 15 m/s.
6. Pressure at the inlet Pi = 750 Kpa
7. Temperature at the inlet Ti = 273 + 35 = 308 K
Diagram :-
Air from the compressor
Tank of volume 4m3 Insulation
To find : 1. Rate of increase in mass of the control volume.

2. Mass of the air in the tank when the pressure and temperature reach 400 kPa and 50C
respectively.
3. Time required for the pressure of the tank to reach 400 kPa at 50C.
Analysis :
1. Rate of increase in mass of the control volume = Rate of mass inflow into the control
volume.
dm
That is AC
1 1
dt
pi
Where
RTi
750
=
0.287 308
= 8.48 kg/m3

Ai Di2

0.052

1.963 103 m2
dm
Therefore 8.48 1.963103 15
dt cv
= 0.25 kg/s.
2. Mass of air added = Final mass Initial mass

= (m2 m1)cv
p1V1
Where m1 =
RT1
101 4
0.287 308
457Kg
pV
m2 2 2
RT2
Final volume V2, is the same as V1 since the vessel is rigid.
400 4
0.287 323
17.26 kg
Substituting m1, and m2 we get
(m2 m1) = 17.26 4.57

= 12.69 kg
3. Time required to reach 400 kPa and 50C
Increase in mass

Rate of air supply
(m m1 )cv
2
dm
dt
cv
12.69

0.25
50.76 Seconds
29. A rigid vessel of volume 250 litre containing at air 1 bar and 300 k is being filled
adiabatically by connecting it to a pipe supplying air 5 bar and at unknown temperature T1.
Once the vessel completely filled, it is disconnected from the main temperature and
pressure of the air inside the vessel when it is full is T2 and 5 bar, respectively. Determine
the temperature T2. Take T1 = T2.
System : Open
Process : Unsteady flow
Known : 1. Volume of the vessel V1 = 250 lit = 0.25 m3
2. Initial pressure p1 = 1 bar = 100 Kpa.
3. Initial temperature T1 = 300 K
4. Final pressure p2 = 5 bar = 500 KPa
5. Pressure of the supply air p1 = 5 bar = 500 KPa
6. Final Temperature T1 = Supply air temperature.
Diagram :-
Supply air
Vessel or Volume 250 litre

To find : Final temperature
Analysis : Balancing mass over the filling process

(m2 m1)cv = mihi
Balancing energy over the filling process
(E)cv = mihi
m2u2 m1u1 = mihi
m2CvT2 m1CvTi = m1CpTi
m2T2 m1T1 = miTi
Since T2 Ti and mi = m2 m1
m2 T2 ( - 1) = m1T2 - m1T1
T
m2T2 ( - 1) = m1T1 2
T1
Consider this equation
p2V2 pV
m 2T 2 = and m1T1 = 1 1
R R
substituting in the above equation we get
p2V2 pV T
( 1) 1 1 2 ( 1)
R R T1
As we vessel in rigid V2 = V therefore

T
p2 ( 1) p1 2 ( 1)
T1
p
p2 ( 1) 1 T2 ( T1 )
T1
p
T2 T1 2 T1 ( 1)
p1
1 PT
T2 T1 2 1 ( 1)
P1
T P
1 1 2 ( 1)
P1
substituting the numerical values we get

300 500
T2 1 (1.4 1)
1.4 100
642.9 K
30. What are the Limitations of First Law thermodynamics?
(1) First Law of thermodynamics does not specify the direction of flow of heat and work.
i.e., whether the heat flows from hot body to cold or from cold body to hot body.
(2) The heat and work are mutually convertible the work can be converted fully into
heat energy but heat cannot be converted fully into mechanical work. This violates
the foresaid statements. A Machine which violates the First law of thermodynamics
is known as perpetual motion machine (PMM - !) of the first kind which is
impossible.
PMM 1 is a machine which delivers work continuously without any input. Thus, the
machine violates first law of the thermodynamics.
31. During a flow process a 5 kW paddle wheel work is supplied while the internet energy of
the system increases in one minute is 200 kJ. Find the heat transfer when there is no other
form of energy transfer.
Given data:
Work done, W=5kW(since work is supplied to the system)
Internal energy, U=
200
3.33kj / see ]
60
From first law of Thermodynamics.
Q=W+U
Q=5+3.33
Q=-kW
Heat transfer, Q=-1.67kw
(Note:-ve sign indicates that the heat is transferred from the system.)
32. A liquid of mass 18 kg is heated from 250C to 850C. How much heat transfer is required?
Assume Cp for water is 4.2kJ/kgK.
M=18kg
T1=250C=25+273=298K
T2=850C=85+273=358k
Heat transfer, Q=mCp(T2-T1)

Q=18x4.2x(358-298)
Q=4536kJ
33. A closed system receives an input of 450kJ and increases the internal energy of the
system for 325kJ. Determine the work done by the system.
Given Data
Heat received, Q=450kJ
U=325kJ.
By fist law of thermodynamics

Q=W+U
450=W+325
W=450-325=125kJ
34. During the compression stroke of reciprocated compressor, the work done to the air in
the cylinder is 95kJ/kg and 43lJ/kg of heat is rejected to the surroundings. Determine the
change in internal energy.
Given data:
W=-95kg(-ve sign indicates that the work is done on the system)
Q=-43kJ(since the heat is rejected form the system)
Solution:
By first law of Thermodynamics

Q=W+U
-43=-95+U
U=-43-(-95)
U=52kJ/kg
The internal energy increases by 52kj/kg.
35. Calculate the distance moved by a locomotive from consuming 2 tone of coal if 10% of
the heat generated by the coal is converted into to coal gas then into mechanical work. The
tractive effort required is 30N/tonne of dead mass of the locomotive where the dead mass
of the locomotive is 2500 tones. Assume 1 kg of coal liberates 35000kJ of heat on burning.
Given data:
Mass of coal, Q=2 tonne =2000kg
Available mechanical work=10%Q
Tractive effort =30N/tonne
Mass of the locomotive =25000 tonnes.
For 1kg of coal, 35000kJ of heat is generated.
Calorific value of coal. CV=35000kJ/kg

Heat generated, Q=mcxCV=2000x35000=70x6kJ
10
W 70 106
100
70 105 kJ 70 108 J
we know that,
work done = Force x distance
Where work done is nothing but available mechanical work
70x105x103=75000xx
x=93333.3m
=93.3km.
Distance moved by a locomotive, x=93.3km
36. The following data refer to a closed system, which under goes a thermodynamics cycle
consisting of four processes.
Process Heat transfer kJ/min Work transfer kJ/min

a-b 50,000 -
b-c -5,000 34,200
c-d -16,000 -2,200
d-a -3,000
Show that the data is consistent with the first law thermodynamics and calculate:
a) Net rate of work outputs is MW

b) Efficiency of the cycle
Given data:
Qa-b =50,000kJ/min
Qb-c =50,000kJ/min
Qc-d =-16,000kJ/min
Qd-a=0
Wd-a=0
Wb-c=34,200kJ/min
Wc-d=-2,200kJ/min
Wd-a=3,000kJ/min
To Find
1. W ? and
2. =?
Solution:
Cyclic heat transfer of the cycle,

Q=50000-5000-16000+0
=29000kJ/min
similarly, cyclic work transfer of the cycle,

W=0+34200-2200-3000
=29000kJ/min
From first law of the thermodynamics Q=W
The gives data is consistent with the first law of thermodynamics.
29000
Net work output, W= kJ / sec
60
=483.3kW
=0.48MW
Heat supplied, Qs = 50,000kJ/min( Taking the positive heat only)
Work done

W
Heat supplied Qs
29000
Efficiency of the cycle,= =
50,000
=58%
Result:
1. Total work output of the cycle, W=0.48MW

2.Efficiency of the cycle, =58%
37. A paddle wheel fixed to the shaft of an engine revolves in a closed hollow vessel
containing water. This closed vessel is connected freely on the shaft and restraint to its
turning moment is proved by mass attached to its side. Find the temperature rise for the
following observations.
Engine rpm=650
Load applied = 60kg at a leverage of 1.2m
Quantity of water =200kg.
Duration of test = 20minutes
Given data:
Speed, N=650kg
Load, W=60kg
Leverage,1-1.2m
Mass of water, mw=200kg.
Time, t=20 minutes.
Solution
Torque=WxI
=60x10x12 [1kg=10N]
=720N-m
Break power or work done = 2x650x720x20

=58810614.48J
Heat gained by the water in 20min Q=mwCpw tw
58810614.48=200x4.18x103xtw
[Cpw=4.18kJ/kgK=4.18x103J/kgK]
tw=70.350C.
Result:
Rise in temperature, tw=70.350C
38. During a non flow process, the temperature of the system changes form 150C. The work
done by the system and heat transfer/0C rise in temperature, at each temperature is given
by
w Q
6 0.065T kJ / 0 C and 1.005kJ / 0 C.
dT dT
Determine change in internal energy of the system during the process.
Given data :
T1=150C=15+273=288k
T2=500C=50+273=323k
w
6 0.065T kJ / 0 C
dT
Q
1.005kJ / 0 C.
dT
Solution:
Q W .............(1.2)
U Q 1.005dT ..............(1.3)
W 6 0.065T dT ...........(1.4)
Substituting (1.3) & (1.4) in (1.2)

T2 T2
U Q W
T1 T1
T2 T2
1.005dT 6 0.065T dT
T1 T1
0.065 2

1.005[T2 T1 ] 6 T2 T1 T2 T1.2

2

1.005[323 288] 6 323 288

0.065
2
3232 2882
520.188kJ
Result :
The change in internal energy, U=520.188kJ.
39. A 1kW string motor is applied to tank or water. The tank contains 15kg of water and the
string action is applied for hr. if the tank is perfectly insulated calculate the change in
internal energy of water assuming that the process occurs at constant pressure and that Cv
for water may be taken as 4 kJ/kg K. Also calculate rise in temperature.
Given data:
Power P=1kW
Time, t=1/2 hr.
Mass of water, mw =15kg.
For perfect insulation, Q=0.
Cv=4. 18kJ/kg K
Solution:
By First law of Thermodynamics,

Q=W+U
Q=0 for perfect insulation
W=-U
Work done, W=1 x x3600[ 1 hr= 3600 sec]
=1800kJ
U=1800kJ
-ve sign indicates that the internal energy is decreased.
For calculates, we can consider only magnitude.
U=mwCwwt
t=28.7080C
Result:
1. The change in internal energy U=-1800kJ
2. The rise in temperature, t=28.7080C
40. During summer season a room measuring 10x13x6m3 is cooled electrically from initial
temperature 280C to 20C. the air pressure inside the room is same as that of surroundings
and is equal to 72cm of Hg. The pressure remains constant during the cooling process. The
cooling capacity of furniture and wall is 35kJ/k. The specific heat of air is 1.005 kJ/kg k.
calculate the amount of electric energy needed cooling the room. How much air comes out
through gaps and windows during cooling period?
Given data:
Volume of air =10x13x6m3
Temperature range =280C to 20C at 72cm of Hg
Cooling capacity of a/c and wall = 35kJ/K
Cpof air, Cpa = 1.005kJ/kg k.
Solution:
We know that, 76cm of Hg = 1.013 bar
1.013
For 72cm of Hg = 72
76
=0.9596 bar
Volume of air, Va = 10x13x6

=780m3
PV1
m1
RT1
0.9596 100 780
m1
Mass of air before cooling, 0.28 301
=888.097kg
PV1
m1
RT2
0.9596 100 780
m1
Mass of air after cooling, 0.28 273 2
=972.06kg.kg
The amount of air coming into the room during cooling.
M=m2-m1
M=972.06-888.097
=83.963kg
Cooling effect required from 280C to 20C

Q=mCp(T1-T2)
m1 m2 888.097 972.06
Mean mass, m=
2 2
=930.08kg
Q1 930.08 1.005(28 2)
=24302.99kJ
Cooling effect required to cool the walls and furniture

Q2=35x(28-2)
=910kJ
The total cooling effect Q=Q1+Q2

Q=24302.99+910
=25212.99kJ
Q
Electricity needed, E=
3600
25212.99
=
3600
=7kW-hr
Result:
1. Amount of electricity needed, E=7kW-hr.
2. Amount of air comes through gaps & windows 83.963kg.
41. 25 people attended a farewell party in a small room of size 10x8m and have a 5m ceiling.
Each person gives up about 350 kJ of heat per hour. Assuming that the room is completely
sealed off and insulated, calculate the air temperature rise occurring within 10 minutes.
Assume Cv of air 0.718kJ / kg k and R=0.287kJ/kg k and each person occupies a volume of
0.05m3.
Given data:
No. of persons =25
Room size = 10x8m
Ceiling height =5m
Heat /Person=350kJ/hr.
Time, t==10min
Cv0.718kJ/kg K.
R=0.287kJ/kg K.
Each person volume, Vp=0.05m3
Solution:
Volume of the room, Vr=10 x 8 x 5
=400m3
The volume of air, Va=Vr -Vp x n
=400-0.05 x 25
=398.75M3
pVa
m
RT
1.013 100 398.75
Mass of air,=
0.287 293
=472.29kg
[ Assuming, p=1.013 bar & T=200C ]
By first law of thermodynamics,
Q=W+U
Assume heat addition at constant volume process
W=0
Q=U=Heat/ person x no. of persons
=350 x 25
=8750 kJ/hr
8750
Heat loss for 10 minutes, Q 10 1458.33kJ
60
Heat gained by air, Q=mCv=T

1458.33=472.29x0.718xT
T=4.220C.
Result:
The rise in temperature, T=4.220C.
42. Mass of 15kg of air in a piston cylinder device is heated from 25 0C to 900C by passing
current through a resistance heater inside the cylinder. The pressure inside the cylinder is
held constant at 300 kPa during the process and heat loss of 60kJ occurs. Determine the
electrical energy supplied in kW hr and changed in internal energy.
Given data:
M=15kg
T1=250C90+273=298K
T2=900C=90+273-363K
P1=P2=300Pa=300kN/m2
Q=-60kJ
To find:
(i) Electrical energy supplied

(ii) Change in internal energy
Solution:
Work done, W=mR(T2-T1)

=15x0.287(363-298)
=279.825kJ
Work done in kW-hr= Work done x 3600

=279.825x3600
=1007.37x103kW-hr
Change in internal energy
U=Q-W
=-60..279.825=-339.825kJ.
Result:
(i) Electrical energy =1007.37x103kW-hr
(ii) Change in internal energy,U=-339.825kJ
43. In a vessel 10kg of O2 is heated in a reversible non-flow constant volume process, so that
the pressure of O2 is increased two times that of initial value. The initial temperature is
200C. Calculate the final temperature, change in internal energy, change in enthalpy, and
heat transfer. Take R=0.259kJ/kg K and Cv=0.625 kJ/kg K for oxygen.
Given data:
M=10kg
Process: constant volume
P2=2p1
T1=200C=20+273=293K
R=Cp=Cv=0.259kJ/kgK
So1 Cp=R+Cv=0.259+0.652=0.911kJ/kg K
To find:
T2U,H and Q
Solution:
(i) temperature at the end of the process (T2):
for constant volume process
P1 T1

P2 T2
P1 293

2P1 T2
T2 586K
(b) Change in internal energy

U=mxCvx(T2-T1)
=10x0.625x(586-293)
=2669.23kJ
By first law of thermodynamics

Q=W+U
For constant volume process, w=0

Q=U
Q=1910.36kJ
Result:
Final temperature T2 =586K
Change in internal energy, U=1910.36kJ
Change in enthalpy, H=26669.23kJ
Work done, w=0
Heat transfer, Q=1910.36kJ.
44. A certain gas of volume 0.4m3, pressure of 4.5 bar and temperature of 1300C is heated in
a cylinder to a 9 bar when the volume remains constant. Calculate (i) Temperature at the
end of the process, (ii) the heat transfer, (iii) change in internal energy (iv) work done by the
gas, (v) change in enthalpy and (vi) mass of the gas, assume Cp = 1.005kJ/kg K. and Cv =
0.7kJ/kg K.
Given data:
V1=0.4m3
P1=4.5bar=450kN/m2
T1=1300C=130+273=403K
P2=9bar=900kN/m2
Cp=1.005kJ/kg K
Cv=0.71 kJ/kg K and
It is given that the process ion constant volume process
To find:
T2,Q,U, W,H and m.
Solution:
(i) Temperature at the end of the process (T2):
Relation between p.v.T for constant volume process is
P1 T1

P2 T2
P 900
T2 2 T1 403 806k
P1 450
Heat transfer (Q):
Q=mCv(T2-T1)kJ
First find out the mass of the gas by using characteristic gas equation.
P1V1=mRT1
Where
R=Cp-Cv=1.005-0.71=0.295kJ/kg K
PV 450 0.4
m 1 1
1.51kg
RT1 0.295 403
Then, Q=1.51 x 0.71 x(806-403)

=433.2kJ
(c) Change in internal Energy, (U):\

From First law, Q=W+U
In this process, W=0
Therefore, Q=U
U=433.2kJ.
(d) Work done by gas (w):

For the constant volume process work done by the gas zero.
W=0
(e) Change in Enthalpy(H)

H=mCv(T2-T1)
=1.51 x 0.71 (806-403)=432.06kJ
H=432.06kJ
(f) Mass of the gas (m):

Already, we find that mass, m=1.51kg.
Result:
(i) Temperature at the end of the process (T2)=806K

(ii) The heat transfer, (Q)=433.2kJ
(iii) Change in Internal energy, (U)=433.2kJ
(iv) Work done by the gas, (W)=0
(v) Change in Enthalpy, (H)=432.06kJ
(vi) Mass of the gas, (m)=1.51kg.
45. 2 5kg of air at 400 C and 1 bar is heated in reversible non-flow constant pressure until
the volume is doubled. Find (a) change in volume (b) work done (c) change in internal
energy and (d) change in enthalpy.
Given data:
M=5kg
T1=400C
P1=1bar =100kN/m2
V2=2V1
P=constant
To find:
1. V2-V1
2. W=?
3. U=?
4. H=?
Solution:
From ideal gas equation
p1V1 mRT1
5 0.287 313
V1
100
3
=4.49m
The final volume V2=2v1

=2x4.49
=8.98m3
(i) Change in volume:
V2-V1=8.98-4.49
=4.49m3
(ii) Work transfer:
v2
W pdv p v2 v1
v1
=100(8.98-4.49)
=449kJ
(iii) change in internal energy:

U=mCv(T2-T1)
For constant Pressure process
V2 T2

V1 T1
V
T2 T1 2
V1
2V
=313 1
V1
=626K
U=5x0.714(626-313)
=1117.41kJ
(iv) Change in enthalpy
H=mCp(T2-T1)
-5x1.005(626-313)
=1572.825kj.
Result:
1. Change in volume, V2-V1=4.49m3
2. Work done, W=449kJ
3. Change in internal energy, U=1117.41kJ
4. Change in enthalpy, H=1572.83kJ.
46. One kg of gas is expands at constant pressure from 0.085 m3 to 0.13 m3. If the initial
temperature of the gas is 2250C, find the final temperature, net heat transfer, change in
internal energy and the pressure of gas.
Given data:
M=kg
V1=0.085m3
V2=0.13m3
T1=2250C=25+273=498K
Assume Cp=1.005kJ/kg k; Cv=0.71kJ/kg K.
To find:
T2,Q,U&P
Solution:
(i) Final temperature (T2):
By using p, V&T relation
V1 T1

V2 T2
V
T2 2 T1
V1
0.13
498
0.085
T2 761.6K
(ii) Heat transfer(Q):
Q=mCp(T2-T1)
=1x0.7(761.6-498)
Q=264.9kJ
(iii) Change in Internal energy (U):
U=mCv(T2-T1)
=1x0.7(761.6-498)
U=187.16kJ.
(iv) Pressure(p):
p1V1=mRT1
R C p Cv
mRT1 1 0.295 498
p1 =1.005-0.71
V1 0.085 R=0.295kJ/kg K

p1 1728.3kN / m 2
p2
Result:
(i) Final Temperature (T2=761.6K
(ii) Heat transfer (Q) =264.9kJ
(iii) Change in internal energy (U)=187.16kJ
(iv) Pressure, p1=p2=1728.3kN/m2
47. 0.25kg of air at a pressure of 1 bar occupies as volume of 0.3m3. if this air expands
isothermally to a volume of 0.9m3. Find (i) the initial temperature, (ii) the final temperature
(iii) external work done, (iv) Heat absorbed by the air, (v) change in internal energy. Assume
R=0.29kJ/kg K.
Given data:
M=0.25kg
P1=1 bar = 100kN/m2
V1=0.3m3
V2=0.9m3
To find:
1. T1=?
2. T2=?
3. W=?
4. Q=?
5. U=?
Solution:
From ideal gas equation.
P1V1 = mRT1
100 0.3
T1
0.25 0.287
For isothermal process

T1 = T2 = 418.12K
p1 V1
Work done, W, mp1V, in orp1v1in
p2 V2
0.9
100 0.3 in
0.3
=32.96kJ
Heat absorbed, Q = W
= 32.96kJ
Change in internal energy, U = 0.
Result:
1. Work done, W = 32.96kJ
2. Heat absorbed, Q = 32.96kj
3. Change in internal energy, U = 0.
48. A mass of 1.5kg of air is compresses in a quasi static process from 0.1MPa to 0.7 MPa for
which pV = constant. The initial density of air is 1.16kg/m3. Find the work done by the piston
to compress the air.
Given data:
M = 1.5kg
Process = Quasi static, pV = C (isothermal)
P1 = 0.1MPa = 100kN/m2
P2 = 0.7MPa = 700kN/m2
Initial density (1) = 1.16kg/m3
To find:
Work done, W
Solution:
mass m
Density =
Volume V1
mass m 1.5
Volume 1.293m3
Density 1 1.16
Volume (V1) = 1.293m3
V2
Forisothermalprocess,W p1Vin
1
V1
0.1847
100 1.293 in 251.6kJ
1.293
(-ve sign indicates that the work is done on the system)
Result:
Work done, W = -251.6kJ
49. 2 kg of gas at a pressure of 1.5 bar occupies volume of 2.5m3. If this gas compress
isothermally to 1/3 times the initial volume. Find (i) initial temperature (ii) final temperature
(iii) work done and (iv) heat transfer. Assume R = 0.287 kJ/kg K.
Given data:
M = 2kg
P1=1.5 bar = 150k/m2
V1=2.5m3
1 1
V2 V1 2.5 0.83m3R 0.287kJ / kgK
3 3
To find:
T1, T2, W and Q
Solution:
(i) Initial and final temperature (T1 & T2)
P1V1 = mRT1
p1V1 150 2.5

T1
mR 2 0.287
T1=653.3K
This is a isothermal T1 = T2 = 653.3K
(ii) Work done (W):
V2
W mRT1 in
V1
0.83
2 0.287 653.3 in
2.5
W = -413.5kJ
Note: Here, negative sign indicates that the work is done on the system.
(iii) Heat transfer (Q):

From First law, Q = W + U
For isothermal process, U = 0
Q = W = -413.5kJ
Note: Here negative sign indicates that the heat is rejected by the system.
Result:
i. Initial and Final temperature, T1 = T2 = 653.3K
ii. Work done (W) = -413.5kJ
iii. Heat transfer (Q) = -413.5kJ
50. 10kg of gas at 10 bar and 4000C expands reversibly and adiabatically to 1 bar. Find the
work done and change in internal energy.
Given data:
M = 10kg
P1 = 10bar = 1000kN/m2
T1 = 4000C = 400 + 273 = 673K
P2 = 1 bar = 100 kN/m2
To find
W and U
Solution
By adiabatic relation,
1
T2 p2

T1 p1
14 1
100 14
T2 673 348.58K
1000
Work done,
mR T1 T2
W
1
10 0.287 673 348.58
2327.74kJ
1.4 1
U = m x Cv x (T2 T1)
= 10 x 0.718 x (348.58 673)

= -2327.74kJ
Alternately, from first law, Q = W + U
In adiabatic process, Q = 0
W = -U = -2327.74kJ
Result:
1. Work done, W = 2327.74 kJ
2. Change in internal energy, U = -23 27.74kJ
51. 1.5kg of certain gas at a pressure of 8 bar and 20 0C occupies the volume of 0.5 m3. It
expands adiabatically to a pressure of 0.9 bar and volume 0.73 m 3. Determine the work
done during the process, gas constant, ratio of the specific heats, values of two specific
heats, change in internal energy and change in enthalpy.
Given data:
M = 1.5kg
P1 = 8 bar = 800kN/m3
V=1 = 0.15m3
T1=200C = 20+273 = 293K
P2=0.9bar = 90kN/m2
V2 = 0.73m3
To find: W,R, Cp / Cv, Cp, Cv, U and H
Solution:
From characteristics gas equation
P1V1 = mRT1
p1V1
R
mT1
800 0.15
R
1.5 293
R = 0.273kJ / kgK
Ratio or two specific heat.
Cp

Cv
p2
log10
p1
V
log10 1
V2
90
log10
800
0.15
log10
0.73
1.38.
Cp
1.38
Cv
Cp 1.38Cv
R Cp Cv
1.38Cv Cv
0.273 Cv 1.38 1
0.273
Cv 0.718kJkgK
0.38
Cp 1.38 0.78 0.99kJ / kgK
By using Relation between T & V for isentropic process

1 1
T2 V1 V
T2 1 T1
T1 V2 V2
1.38 1
0.15
T2 293 160.59K
0.73
Change in internal energy (U)
U=mCv(T2 T1)
=1.5 x 0.718 x (160.59 293)
H = -196.6kJ
Work done (W):
p1V1 p2V2 800 0.15 90 0.73

W
1 1.38 1
W .89kJ
Alternately, from first law of thermodynamics, Q = W + U

For isentropic process, Q = 0
W = -U = 142.5kJ
Results:
i. Work done (W) = 142.89kJ
ii. Gas constant = 0.273kJ/kg K.
Cp
iii. Ratio of two specific heat 1.38
Cv
iv. Values of two specific heat, Cp=0.99kJ/kg Cv = 0.718kJ/kg K
v. Change in internal energy (U) = -142.5kJ
vi. Change in enthalpy (H) = -196.6kJ
52. A gas of mass 0.35g pressure 1535 kN/m3 as temperature of 3350C is expanded
adiabatically to pressure of 126 kN/m2. The gas is than heated constant volume until it
reaches 3350C, when its pressure is found to be 275kN/m2. Finally the gas is compressed
isothermally until the original pressure 1535 kN/m2 obtained. Draw the p-V diagram and
find out the following (i) the value of adabatic index (ii) change in internal energy during
adabatic process and (iii) heat transfer during constant volume process Take Cp = 1.005kJ/kg
k.
Given data:
M = 0.35kg
P1 = 1535 kN/m2
Process 1-2: Adiabatic
T1 = 3350C = 608K
P2 = 126kN/m2
Process 2 3: Constant volume
T2 = T1 = 608K
P3=275kN/m2
Process 3-1: Isothermal
To find:
0, U and Q
p1 pV=C
pV=C
Pressure (p)
V1 V2
Volume (V)
Solution:
Consider process 2-3: Constant volume process
p2 p3

T2 T3
p2 126
T2 3
T3 608
p 275
T2 = 278.57K
Consider process 1-2: Adiabatic process

1
T1 p3

T2 p2
Taking log on both sides
T 1 p1
log10 1 log10
2
T p2
608 1 1535
log10 log10 126
278.57
1
0.339 1.0857

0.339 1
0.3122
1.0857
0.3122 1
0.6877 1
1
1.454
0.6877
1.454
Change in internal energy (U) during adiabatic process
U=mCv(T2 T1)
Cp
Cv
Cv kJ/ kgK
U = 0.35 x 0.691 x (278.57 608)

U = -79.69kJ
Heat transfer during Constant volume process
U=mCv(T3 T2)
= 0.35 x 0.691 x (608 278.57)
U=79.69KJ
From first law of thermodynamics, Q = W + U

Q = U [W=0]
=79.69kJ
Result:
i. Value of adiabatic index, = 1.454
ii. Change in internal energy during adiabatic process (U) =-79.69kJ
iii. Heat transfer during constant volume process (Q) = 79.69kJ
53. A cylinder contains 1 m3 of gas at 100 kPa and 1000C, the gas is polytropically
compressed to a volume of 0.25 m3, the final pressure is 600kPa. Determine (a) mass of the
gas (b) the value of index n for compression (c) change in internal energy of the gas (d)
heat transferred by the gas during compression. Assume R=0.287 kJ/kg and 1.4.
Given data:
V1 = 1m3
P1 = 100kPa = 100KN/m2
T1 = 1000C = 100+273=373K
V2 = 0.25m3
P2 = 600kPa = 600kN/m2
R = 0.287kJ/kgK
= 1.4
To find:
M,n U and Q
Solution:
By general gas equation
p1V1
m
RT1
P1V1 = mRT1 ====> m 100 1 0.93kg

0.287 373
The value of index n is given by
p1
log10 log10
600

p2 100 1.29
V 1
log10 1 log10
2
V 0.25
From polytrophic equation,

n 1
T2 p2 n

T1 p2
1
600 1.29
T2 373 558K
100
Change in internal energy.
U = m x Cv x (T2 T1)
= 0.93 x 0.718 x (558 373)
=123.53kJ
mR T1 T2
W
n 1
0.93 0.287 373-558
Work done, =
1.29 1
170.19 1
n
Q W
1
1.4 - 1.9
Heat transfer, = -170.1 46.802kJ
1.4 - 1
Result:
Mass of gas, m = 0.93kg
Value of index, n = 1.29
Change in internal energy, U = 123.53kJ
Heat transfer, Q = -46.802kJ
54. An ideal gas of molecular weight 30 and specific heat ratio 1.4 is compressed according
to the law pV1.25 = C from 1 bar absolute and 270C to a pressure of 16 bar (abs). Calculate
the temperature at the end of compression, the heat received or rejected, work done on
the gas during the process and change in enthalpy. Assume mass of the gas as 1 kg.
Given data:
Molecular weight, M = 30
Cp
1.4
Cv
m 1kg
p1 1bar 100kN/ m2
p2 16bar 1600kN/ m2
T1 270 C 27 273 300K
PV1.25 C
To find: T2, Q, and W
Solution:
For polytropic process, the p,V and T relation
n 1 n 1
T2 p2 n p2 n
T2 T1
T1 p1 p1
1.25 1
600 1.25
T2 300 522.33K
100
Work done:
mR T1 T2
W
n 1
Ru Universal as constant
Gas constant, R=
M molecular weight
0.277kJ/ kgK
1 0.277 300 522.33

W
1.25 1
246.34kJ
(-ve sign indicates that the work is done on the system) Heat transfer,
n
Q W
1
1.4 1.25
246.34 92.3782kJ
1.4 1
(-ve sign indicates that the heat is rejected from the system)
Change in enthalpy:
H m Cp T2 T1
1 1.005 522.38 300
233.49kJ
Result:
Temperature at the end of the compression, T2=522.38K
Work done on the system, W = -246.34kJ
Heat transferred from the system, Q = -92.378kJ
Change in enthalpy, H = 223.49kJ
55. A perfect gas for which ratio of specific heats is 1.4 occupies a volume of 0,3 m 3 at 100
kPa and 270C. The gas undergoes compression of 0.06m3. Find the heat transfer during the
compression for the following methods (a) pV = constant (b) Isentropic and (c) pV1.1 = C.
Given data:
P1=1000kPa=100kN/m2
V1=0.3m3
T1=270C+273=300K
= 1.4
V2=0.06m3
Process (i) Constant pressure
(i) pV = C
(ii) pV1=C and
(iii) pV1.1 = C
To find:
Heat transfer (Q)
Solution:
a. pV = C
Heat transfer,
pIV1 p2V2 n
Q
n 1 1
100 0.3 587.3 0.06 1.4 1.1
1.4 1
1.1 1
39.285kJ
Result:
Heat transfer for
a. pV = C process, Q=-48.28kJ
b. pV1 = C process, Q=0
c. pV1.1 = C process, Q=-39.285kJ
56. In steady flow process, 125 kJ of work is done by each kg of working fluid. The specific
volume, velocity and pressure of the working fluid at inlet are 1.41 m3/kg,15.5 m/s and 6 bar
respectively. The inlet is 31m above the ground, and the exhaust pipe is at ground level. The
discharge conditions of the working fluid are 0.64 m3/kg, 1 bar and 263 m/s. The total heat
loss between inlet and discharge is 8.7 kJ/kg of fluid. In flowing through this apparatus, does
the specific internal energy increases or decreases and by how much?
Given data:
W = 125kJ/kg
V1=0.41m3/kg
C1=15.5m/s
P1=6bar=600kN/m2
Z1=31m
Z2 = 0
V2 = 0.64m3/kg
C2 = 263 m/s
P2 = 1 bar = 1000kN/m2
Q = 8.7 kJ/kg
To find:
Whether the internal energy increases or decrease and how much?
Solution:
The steady flow energy equation is

2 2
C1 C2
gz1 u1 Pv
1 1
Q gz2 u2 P2 v2 W
2 2
C1 C2
2 2
u1 u2 g z2 z1 P2 v2 Pv
1 1
W Q
2
263 15.5
2 2
u1 u2 9.81 0 31 10 10 100 0.64 600 x0.4

3 3
2
125 8.7
U1 U 2 0.304 34.46 182 125 8.7
U1 U 2 14.14kJ / kg
U 2 U1 14.14kJ / kg
Result:
Internal energy increases by 14.14kJ/kg
57. 50 kg/min of air enters the control volume in a steady flow statement at 2 bar and 100
and at an elevation of 100m above the datum. The same mass leaves the control volume at
150m Elevation with a pressure of 10 bar temperature of 300C. the entrance velocity as
2400 m/min. during the process 50,000 kJ/hr. calculate the power developed.
Given data:
50
m = 50 kg/ min = =0.83kg/sec
60
p1 = 2 bar = 200kN/m2
T1=100C = 373K
Z1= 100m
Z2 = 150m
P2 = 10 bar = 1000 kN/m2
r2 = 300C = 573k
2400
C1m = 2400m / min = = 40m/sec
60
1200
C2m = 1200m / min = =20m/sec
60s
50,000
Q = 50,000kJ / hr = = 13.89kJ / sec
3600
To Find:
Power developed, P = ?
Solution:
SFEE is
C2 C2
gz1 1 u1 p1v1 Q gz2 2 u2 p2v2 W
2 2
C C2
2 2
W g z2 z1 1 h1 h2 Q
2
402 202
W 9.81 100 150 8 103 13.89 103
2
W=5999.5J/kg = 6kJ/kg K
Power developed,
P = W x mass
= 6.0 x 0.83
P = 4.98kJ / sc-4.98kW
Result:
Power developed P = 4.98kW
58. A boiler produces steam from water at 35C. enthalpy of steam is 2675kJ/kg. Calculate
the head transferred per kg. Neglect the potential and kinetic energies.
Give data:
Tw=35C = 35+273 = 308k
H2 = 2675 kJ/kg
Cpw = 4.19kJ/kg K.
To find: Heat transferred, Q
Solution:
Enthalpy of feed water

h1 C puTw 4.19 308
h1 1290.52kJ / kg
SFEE for boiler heat transferred (Q)

Q = h2-h1=2675 1290.52
Q = 1384.48 kJ/kg
Result:
Heat transferred per kg, Q = 1384.48 kJ/kg
59. In a steady flow of air through a nozzle, the enthalpy decreases by 50 kJ between two
sections. Assuming that there are no other energy changes than the kinetic energy
determine the increases in velocity at section2, if the initial velocity is 90m/s.
Given data:
Enthalpy decrease, (h2-h2) = 50kJ = 50x103J
Velocity at section (1), C1 = 90m/s
To find:
Increase in velocity, (C2 C1) = ?
Solution:
Steady flow energy equation for a nozzle is

C 2 C12
h1 h2 2
2
velocity at exit, C2 2 h1 h2 C12
= 2 50 10 90
3 2
C2 =328.78m/s
Increase in velocity C2 C1 = 238.78m/s
Result:
Heat transferred per kg. Q=1384.48 kJ/kg.
60. At the inlet of the nozzle, the enthalpy and velocity of the fluid are 3000 kJ/kg and 50m/s
respectively. There is negligible heat loss from the nozzle. At the outlet of the nozzle
enthalpy is 2450 kJ/kg. if the nozzle is horizontal, find the velocity of the fluid at exit.
Given data:
h1=3000 kJ/kg
C1= 50m/s
Q=0
z 1= z 2
h2 = 2450kJ/kg
C2-C1 = 328.78-90 = 238.78m/s
To find
Velocity of the fluid at exit C2 = ?
Solution:
The SFEE for nozzle

C12 C22
h1 h1
2 2
C2 2 h1 h2 C12
= 2 3000 2450 102 502
C2 1050m / s
Result:
Velocity of fluid at exit, C2=1050 m/s.
61. In a thermal power station, the steam flows, steadily through a 0.3 m diameter pipeline
from boiler to turbine. A boiler exhausts the steam at a pressure of 4.2 bar the temperature
of 420C and the enthalpy of 3216.3 kJ/kg. The specific volume of the steam boiler outlet is
0.076m3 /kg. After flowing through the turbine, the steam conditions are measured as the
pressure of 3.1 bar, temperature of 379C, the enthalpy of 3201.7 kJ/kg and the specific
volume of 0.086 m3/kg. There is a heat loss of 8.3 kJ/kg from the pipeline between boiler
and turbine. Calculate the rate of flow of steam.
Give data:
d1= 0.3m
p1= 4.2 bar = 420kN/m2
T1=420C
h1= 3216.3kJ/kg
v1 = 0.076m3/kg
p2 = 3.1
T2 = 379C
h2 = 3201
v2 = 0.086m3/kg
Q =-8.3kJ/kg (heat loss)
To find:
Rate of flow of steam, m=?
Solution:
By mass flow equations

AC AC
1 1
2 2
v1 v2
Since, pipe diameter 0.3m is constant (A1=A2)
C1 C2

v1 v 2
C1 C
C2 v2 1 0.086
v1 0.076
C2 1.13C1
The steady flow energy equation for the above system is
C12 C22
h2 Q h2 z1 z2 : w 0
2 2
C22 C12
h1 h2 Q
2
= 3216.3-3201.7 8.3
=6.3kJ/kg
C22 C12 2 6.3 12.6kJ / kg
1.13C1 2 C12 12.6 103 j / kg

C12 45.5 103
C1 213m / s
Mass rate of flow statement

0.3 213
2
AC
m 1 1
4 198kg
v1 0.076
Result:
Mass rate of flow of steam, m=198kg/sec
62. A turbine operates under steady flow conditions receiving steam at the following state:
pressure = 1.2 mpa, temperature = 188C. The steam leaves the turbine at the following
state. Pressure = 20 kpa, Enthalpy = 2512 kJ/s. if the rate of steam flow through the turbine
is 0.42 kg/s, what is the power out put of the turbine in kW?
Given data:
p1=1.2MPa
T1= 188C
h1= 2785kJ/kg.
C1= 33.3m/s
z1=3
p2= 20 kpa
h2 = 2512kJ/kg
C2=100m/s
z2 = 0m
Q=-0.29kJ/s.
m=0.42kg/s.
To find:
Power output W=?
Solution:
SFEE
C2 C2
m h1 1 z1 g Q m h2 2 z2 g W
2 2
33.3 9.81 3
2
1002
0.42 2785 0.29 0.42 2512 0 W
2000 1000 2000
Result:
The power out put of the turbine, W = 112.52W.
63. A steam turbine operates under steady flow conditions. It receives steam 7200
kg/hr from the boiler. The steam enters the turbine at enthalpy of 2800 kJ/kg, a velocity of
400 m/min and an elevation of 4m. The steam leaves the turbine at enthalpy of 2000 kJ, a
velocity of 8000 m/min and an elevation of 1m. Due to radiation the amount of heat losses
from the power output of the turbine.
Given data:
7200
m kg / hr kg / sec
3600
h2 2800kJ / kg
400
C1 400m / min 6.67m / s
60
z1 4m & z2 1m
h2 2000kJ / kg
C2 8000m / min 133.3m / s
Q 1580kJ / hr 0.438kJ / sec
To find:
Power output of the turbine, p=?
Solution:
The SFEE for the above system is
C12 C2
g1 u1 p1v1 Q gz2 2 u2 p2v2 W
2 2
C C2
2 2
W g z1 z2 1 h1 h2 Q
2
# 9.81 4 1
6.67 133.3
2 2
2800 2000 103 0.438 103

2
W = 791605.23 J/kg = 791.6kJ/kg
Power output from the turbine,

P=W x mass
= 791.6 x 2
P=1583.2 kW
Result:
Power output from the turbine, P=1583.2 kW
64. Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor. Entering at 7 m/s
velocity, 100 kPa pressure and 0.95 m3/kg, volume and leaving at 5m/s, 700kPa and 0.19
m3/kg. The internal energy of the air leaving is 90kJ/kg greater than that of the air entering.
Cooling water in the compressor jackets absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 58kW. (a)
Compute the rate of shaft work input is the air in kW. (b) Find the ration of the inlet pipe
diameter to the outlet pipe diameter.
Given data:
m 0.5kg/ s.
C1 7m/ s.
P1 = 100kpa
v1 = 0.95 m3 / kg
C2 = 5m /s
P2 = 700kPa
v 2 0.19m3 / kg
U2 U1 90kJ/ kg
Q 58kN.
To find:
1. Work input, W =?
D1
2. ?
D1
Solution:
SFEE,
C2 C2
u1 p1v1 1 z1g Q m u2p2 v 2 2 z2g w
2 2
C 2
C 2

p1v1 1 z1g Q m (u1 u2 )p2 v 2 2 z2g w
2 2
Assumez1 z2
72 52
0.5 (100 0.95) 58 0.5 90+(700 0.19)+ W
2000 2000
workinput, W=-5.995K W
( -ve sign indicates that the work is done on the system)

From continuity equation,
A1C1 A 2C2

v1 v2
A1 C2 v1 5
3.57
A 2 C1v 2 7 0.19
4D12
3.57
4D22
2
D1
3.57
D2
D1
1.89
D2
Result:
1. Work input, W = -5.994k W
D1
2. The ratio of the inlet to outlet pipe diameter, 1.89
D2
65. Air is compressed from 100 kpa and 220C to a pressure of 1 Mpa while being cooled at
the rate of 16 KJ/kg by circulating water through the compressor casing. The volume flow
rate of air inlet condition is 150m3/min and power input to compressor is 500 kW Determine
(a) mass flow rate (b) temperature of air exit. Neglect datum head .
Given data:
P1 100kPa
T1 22o C 22 273 295K
p2 IMPa
Q 16kJ/ kg.
C1 5m3 / min
W =500kw.
To find:
1. Mass flow rate, m=?

2. Temperature of air exit, T2=?
Solution:
C2 C2
m h1 1 z1g Q m h2 2 z2g W.............(1)
2 2
From ideal gas equation,
P1V1= mRT1
100 150
m
0.287 295
177.17kg/ min
2.953kg/ sec
Neglect datum head, Z1 Z2 0
C12 C22
Assume change in velocity head, 0
2
The equation (1) reduces to
m(h1 ) Q m(h2 ) W
100 150
0.287 295
177.17kg/ min
2.953kg/ sec
Neglect datum head, z1 z2 0
C12 C22
Assume change in velocity head, 0
2
Theequation (1) reduces to
m(h1 ) Q m(h2 ) W
AssumeCp 1.005kJ/ kg K for air.
M(cp T1 Q) mCp T2 W
2.953 (1.005 295-16)=(2.953 1.005T2 ) 500

T2 110.6K
Result:
1. Mass flow rate, m=2.953kg/sec.
2. Temperature of air exit, T2=110.6K.
66. During the working stroke of an engine the heat transferred out of the system was
150kj/kg of the working substance, determine the work done, when the internal energy is
decreased by 400 kj/kg. Also state whether the work done on or by the engine.
Given data:
Q=-150 kJ/kg (Heat is transferred out)
U=-400kj/kg.
To find:
Work done, W=?
Solution:

Q=W+U
W=Q-U
=-150-(-400)
=250kJ/kg
Result:
Work output, W=250kJ/kg
(Positive work indicates that the work done is by the engine)
67. A fluid is confined in a cylinder by a spring-loaded frictionless piston so that the pressure
in the fluid is a linear function of the volume (p=a+bv). The internal energy of the fluid is
given by the following equation u = 34+3. 15pV, where us is kJ, p is in kPa and V in m3. If the
fluid change from an initial state of 170kPa. 0.03m3 to a final state of 400 kPa, 0.06m3, with
no other work than that done on the piston, find the direction and magnitude of the work
and heat transfer.
Given data:
P. a+bV
U = 34+3.15pV
P1=170kPa
V1=0.03m3
P2=400kPa
V2=0.06m3
To find:
Work transfer, W =?
Heat transfer =?
Solution:
Change in internal energy,
U2 U1 (34 3.15p2 V2 ) (34 3.15p1V1 )

= 3.15(p2 V2 p1V1 )
= 3.15(400 0.06-170 0.03)
= 59.535kJ
From pressure equation.

P=a+bV
P1= a+b V1.........(1.24)
P2=a+bV2.(1.25)
At initial state, 170=a+b(0.03)
=a+0.03b.(1.26)
At final state, 400 =a+0.06b.(1.27)
Equation (1.27)-(1.26) results, s30=0.03b

B=7666.67
Substituting the value of b in (1.26)
170=a+0.03(7666.67)
a=60.0
The pressure equation, p=-60+7666.67V

v2 v2
W p.dV (60 7666.67V)dV

v1 V1
0.06
V2
= -60+7666.67
2 0.03
7666.67
W 60(0.06 0.03) (0.062 0.032 )
2
= 8.55kJ
By first law of Thermodynamics.
Q = W +U
Q=8.55+59.535
=68.085kJ
Result:
1. Work transfer, W=8.55kJ

(+ve sign indicates that the work is done by the system.)
2. Heat transfer, Q = 68.085 J (+ve heat transfer indicates that the heat is transferred into
the system.)
68. A Piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system which passes through a complete
cycle of four processes. During the cycle, the sum of all heat transfers is 170kJ. The
system completes 100cycles per minute. Complete the following table showing the method
for each item, and compute the net rare of work out put in kW.
Process Q(kj/min) W(kj/min) E(kJ/min)

a-b 0 2,170 -
b-c 21,000 0 -
c-d -2,100 - -
d-a - - -
Solution :
Process a-b:

Q=W+UE
0=2170+E
E=-2170kJ/min
Process b-c
Q=W+E
21,000=0+E
E=21,000kJ/min
Process C-d
-2,100=W-36,600
W=34, 500kJ/min
Process d-a:
Q = -170k(given)
No. of cycles/min = 100
=-17,000kJ/min
cycle Q=Qa-b+Qb-c+Qc-d+Qd-a
-17,000=0+21000-2100+Qd-a
Qd-a=-35900kJ/min.
We know that, in a cyclic process

Q=W
-17,000=Wa-b+Wb-c+Wc-d+Wd-a
=2170+0+34500+Wd-a
Wd-a = -53670kJ/min.
Change in internal energy,

E=Q-W
=-35900 (-53670)
=17770kJ/min.
Rate of work output,
W=-1700kJ/min
17000
60
=-283.3kW.
Result:
Process Q(kJ/min) W(kJ/min) E(kJ/min)
a-b 0 2,170 -2170
b-c 21,000 0 21,000
c-d -2,100 34,500 -36,600
d-a -35,900 -53670 17770
69. Five kg of air is compressed poly tropically (n-1.3) from 1 bar and 270C to 3 bar. Find (i)
work transfer (ii) heat transfer (iii) change in internal energy.
Given data:
P1=1bar=1100kN/m2
T1=270C=27+273=300K
P2 = 3 bar = 300kN/m2
N=1.3
To find:
1. Work transfer, W=?
2. Heat transfer, Q=?
3. Change in internal energy, U=?
Solution:
During poly tropic process,
n 1
P n
T2 T1 2
P1
1.3 1
300 1.3
=300
100
=386.57K
mR T1 T2
Work transfer, W=
n 1
1 .287 300-386.57
=
1.3 1
=-82.82kJ/kg
r-n
heat transfer, Q= W
r-1
1.4-1.3
= 82.82
1.4-1
Q=20.705kJ/kg.
By first law of thermo dynamics,
U=Q-W
=-20.705-(82.82)
=62.1155KJ/kg.
Result:
1. Work transfer, W=-82.82KJ/Kg
2. Heat transfer, Q=20.705kJ/Kg
3. Change internal energy, U=62.115kJ/kg
70. 5kg of air at 40C and 1 bar is heated in a reversible non-flow constant pressure until the
volume is doubled. Find (a) change in volume (b) work done (c) change in internal energy
and (d) change in enthalpy.
Given data:
M=5kg
T1=40C
P1=1bar=100kN/m2
V2=2V1
P=Constant
To find:
1. V2-V1=?
2. W=?
3. U=?
4. H=?
Solution:
From ideal gas equation.

P1V1=mRT1
5 0.287 313
V1
100
=4.49m
The final volume V2=2V1
=2 x4.49
=8.98m3
Change in volume V2-V1=8.98-4.49

=4.49m3
r2
Work transfer, W= pdV p(V2 V1 )

r1
100(8.98 4.49)
449kJ.

U=mCv(T2-T1)
For constant Pressure process
V2 T2

V1 T1
V
T2 T1 2
V1
2V
313 1
V1
626K
U 5 0.714(626 313)
1117.41kJ
Change in enthalpy
H=mCp (T2-T1)
=5 x 1.005(626-313)
=1572.825kJ.
Result:
1. Change in Volume, V2-V1=4.49m3
2. Work done, W=449kJ
3. Change in internal energy,U=1117.41kJ
4. Change in enthalpy,H=1572.83KJ
71. A gas whose original pressure volume the temperature were 140kNm2,0.13 and 25 C
respective. It is compressed such that new pressure is 700kN/m 2 and its new temperature is
60C. Determine the new volume of the gas.
Given data:
P1=140kN/m2
V1=0.1m3
T1=25C=25+273=298K
P2=700kN/m2
T2=60C =60+273=333K
To find: V2=?
Solution:
pV
1 1 p2V2
RT1 RT2
140 0.1 700 V2

298 333
V2 0.0223m3
Result:
New volume, V2 0.0223m3
72. 0.25kg of air at a pressure of 1 bar occupies a volume o 0.3m3. If this air expands
isothermally to a volume o 0.9m3. Find (i) the initial temperature , (ii) The final temperature
(iii) External work done, (iv) Heat absorbed by the air, (v) change in internal energy Assume
R=0.29kJ/K.
Given data:
M=0.25kg
P1=1 bar =100kN/m2
V1=0.3m3
V2=0.9m3
To find:
1. T1=?
2. T2=?
3. W=?
4. Q=?
5. U=?
Solution:

P1V1=mRT1
100 0.3
T1
0.25 0.287
=418.12K.
For isothermal process
T1=T2=418.12.12K
p1 V
Workdon,W1mp1V1In orp1v In 1
p2 V2
0.9
100 0.3In
0.3
32.96k.J
Heat absorbed, Q=W

=32.96kJ
Change in internal energy, U=0.
Result:
1. Work done, w=32.96kJ
2. Heat absorbed, Q=32.96kJ
3. Change in internal energy, U=0.
73. In a steady flow system a working substance at a rate of 4kg/s enter a pressure of 620
kN/m2 at a velocity of 300m/s. The internal energy is 2100 kJ/kg and specific volume
0.37m3/kg. It leaves the system at pressure of 130kN/m2, a velocity of 150m/s, Inter energy
of 1500 kJ/kg and specific volume of 1.2m3/kg. During its passage in the system, the
substance has a heat transfer of loss of 30kJ/kg to its surroundings. Determine the power of
the system. State that it is from (or) to the system.
Given data:
M=4kg/s
P1=620kN/m2
C1=300m/s
U1=2100kJ/kg
V1=0.37m3/kg
P2=130kn/m2
C2=150m/s
U2=1500kJ/Kg
V2=1.2m3/kg
Q=-30kJ/kg
To find:
Power of the system, W=?
Solution;
SFEE
C2 C2
m u1 p1v1 1 Z1g Q m u2 p2v 2 2 Z2g W
2 2
AssumeZ1 Z2
C2 C2
m u1 p1v1 1 Z1g Q m u1 p2v 2 2 Z2g W
2 2
3002 1502
4 2100 (620 0.37) 30 4 1500 (130 1.2) W
2000 2000
W 2708.6KW
(+Ve sign indicates that the work is one by the system.)
Result:
Work output from the system, W=2708.6kW
74. A mass of air is initially at 260C and 700kPa and occupies 0.028m3. the air is expanded
at constant pressure to 0.084m3. A polytrophic process with n=1 is then carried out,
followed by a constant temperature process. All the process are reversible.
1. Sketch the cycle in the p-V and T-s planes
2. Find the heat received and heat rejected in the cycle.
3. Find the efficiency of the cycle
Given data;
T1=260C=273+260=533K
P1=700kPa=p2
V1=0.028m2
V1=0.084m2
Process 2-3 is polytrophic

Process 3-4 is constant temperature.
To find:
1. Sketch p-V and t-s diagram
2. Heat received and heat rejected, Q=?
3. Efficiency of the cycle, =?
Solution;
Process 1-2: Constant pressure process.
v1 T1

T1 T2
V
T2 2 T1
V1
0.084
533
0.028
1599
Mass of air,
pV
m
RT
700 0.028
=
0.287 533
=0.128kg
Work done, W1-2 p(V2 V1 )
=700(0.084-0.028)
=39.2kJ
Heat transfer, Q1-2 mCp (T2 T1 )
=0.128 1.005 (1599-533)
Cpof air =1.005kJ/kgK
=137.13kJ
Process 2-3: Polytropic process
n 1
T3 p n
3
T2 p2
1.5 1
533 P3 1.5

1599 700
P3 25.93kPa
FrompV mRT
mRT3
V3
P3
0.128 0.287 533
25.93
0.755m3
p1V1 p2V2
Polytropicwork,W23
n 1
700 0.084-25.93 0.755
=
1.5 1
=78.446kJ
n
Heat transfer. Q23 W23
1
=19.612kJ
Process 3-1
Constant temperature process, T1=T3=260C=533K

P1
Work transfer, W3-1=P3V3 In
P3 1
25.93
25.93 0.755 In
700
64.52kJ (Workinput )
Q 64.52kJ [U=0]
Heat received in this cycle, Qs=137.13kJ (consider only +ve heat)
Heat reject in this cycle QR=19.612+64.52(consider only ve heat)=84.132kJ
work done
Efficiency of the cycle, =
Heat sup plied
W W2 3 W31
= 1-2
Qs
39.2+78.446-64.52
=
137.13
=38.74%
Or
QR
Efficiency of the cycle, =
Qs
84.132
=1.
137.13
=38.74%
Result:
1.p-V and T-s planes and drawn
2. Heat received by the cycle, Qs=137.13kJ
3.Heat rejected by the cycle, QR=84.132kJ
4. Efficiency of the cycle,=38.74%
75. Air at a temperature of 15C passes through a heat exchanger at a velocity of 30m/s and
expands until the temperature falls to 650C. On leaving the turbine, the air is taken at a
velocity of 60m/s to a nozzle where it expands until the temperature has fallen to 500C. If
the air flow rate is 2kg/s, calculate:
(i) The rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger,
(ii) The power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss, and
(iii) The velocity at exit from the nozzle, assuming no heat loss.
Take the enthalpy of air as h=Cpt, where Cp is the specific heat equals to 1.005kJ/kg K and t
the temperature.
Given data:
T1=15C=273+15=288K
C1=30m/s
T2=800C=273+800=1073K
C2=30m/s
T3=650C=273+650=923K
C1=30m/s
T4=500C=273+500=773K
m=2kg/s
To find:
(i) The rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger, Q1-2=?
(ii) The velocity at exit from the nozzle C4=?
(iii) Power out put from the turbine, W2-3=?
Solution:
SFEE between 1-2,
C2 C2
m h1 1 z1g Q m h2 2 z2g W12 .............(1 28)
2 2
Assuming that,
Work transfer, W1-2=0 and Z1=Z2

So, the above equation reduces to
C2 C2
m h1 1 Q12 m h2 2
2 2
Here,C1 C2
Q12 m(h2 h1 )
mCp (T2 T1 )
2 1.005 (1073 288)

1577.85W
C2 C2
m h2 2 z2g Q23 m h2 3 z3 g W23 .....(1.29)
2 2
Assuming that Q-3=0 and Z2=z3
Equation (1.29) reduces to
C2 C2
m h2 2 m h3 3 W23
2 2
302 602
2 1.005 1073 2x 1.005 923 W23
2 1000 2 1000
W2-3 298.8kW
Similarly, applying SFEE between 3-4
C2 C2
m h3 3 z3 g Q34 m h4 4 z4g W34 .....(1.30)
2 2
Assuming that Z3=Z4, Q3-4=0 (adiabatic nozzle) and W3-4=0
The Equation (1.30) reduces to
C2 C2
m h2 3 m h3 4
2 2
602 C42
2 1.005 923 2 1.005 773
2 1000 2 1000
C4 552.36m / s
Result:
1. The rate o heat transfer in the heat exchanger, Q1-2=1577.85kW
2. The power output from the turbine , W2-3=298.8kW
3. The velocity of nozzle exit, C4=552.36 m/s
76. A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion which follows a relationship
p=a+bv, when a and b are constants. The initial and final pressure are 1000kPa and
200kPa respectively and the corresponding volumes are 0.2m3 and 1.2m3. the
specific internal energy of gas is given by the relation u=1.5pV-85kJ/kg. where p is in
kPa and V is in m. Calculate the net heat transfer and the maximum internal energy
of the gas attained during expansion
Given data:
M=1.5 kg
P=+bV
P1=10000kPa
P2=200kPa
V1=0.2m3
V2=1.2m3
U=1.5 pV-85
To find:
1. Heat transfer, Q=?
2. Maximum internal energy,U=?
Solution:
P1=a+bV1 and p2=a+bV2

1000=a+0.2b(1.31)
200=a+1.2b(1.32)
(1.32)-(1.31),b=800
From (1.31),a-1160
the relationship becomes P=1160-800V
2 1.2
Work transfer, W= pdV (1160 800V )dv
1 0.2
1.2
800V 2
= 1160V
2 0.2
=1160(1-2-0.2)-(1.22 0.22 )
=600kJ
change in internal energy, U=U2-U1
=(1.5p2V2-85)-(1.5p1V1=85)
=(1.5p2V2-1.5p1V1)
=1.5(200 x 1.2-1000 x 0.2)
=60KJ
According to the first law of thermodynamics

Q=W+U
=600+60
=660kJ
Maximum internal energy, U2=mU2
1.5 200 1.2

1.5 85
1.5
232.5KJ
Result:
Heat transfer, Q=660KJ

Maximum internal energy, U=232.5kJ
77. A room for four people has two fans, consuming 0.18kW power and three 100W
lamps Ventilation air at the rate of 80kg/hr enters with the enthalpy of 84kJ/kg and
leaves with an enthalpy a 59KJ/Kg. If each person puts out heat at the rate 630kJ/hr.
Determine the rate at which eat is to be removed by a room cooler so that steady
state maintained in the room
Given data:
Np=(persons)s, nf=2
Wf=0.81kW (each)
W1=100 W(each)
80
Mass of air, m=80kg/hr= 0.22kg / sec
3600
Enthalpy of air entering, h1=84kJ/kg

Enthalpy of air leaving, h2=59kJ/kg
Qp=630kJ/hr (each person)
To find:
Rate of heat is to be removed =?
Solution;
Rate of energy increase = Rate of energy inflow-Rate of energy outflow
C2 C2
E m h1 1 z1g Q m h2 2 z2g W .....(1.33)
2 2
Assuming that,
C12 C22
0
2
(z1 z2 )g 0
Now, the equation (1.33) reduces to Q=Em (h1 h2 ) W
npQp
630
4
3600
0.7kJ / s 0.7kW
80
m(h1 h2 ) (84 59)
3600
0.55kJ/s=0.55kW
W= electrical energy input
=nfWf+n1W
100
2 0.18 3
1000
0.66kW
Q 0.70.556 0.66
1916kW
Result;
Rate of heat to be removed , Q=-1.916kW
78. Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5kg/s through air compressor entering at 7m/s
velocity, 100kpa Pressure, and 0.953/kg specific volume, and leaving at 5m/s.
700kPa, and 0.19m3/kg. The internal energy of air leaving is 90kJ/Kg greater than
that of the air entering. Cooling water in the compressor jackets absorb heat at the
rate of 58kW. Calculate the rate of shaft work input to the compressor
Given data:
M=0.5kg/s.
C1=7m/s
P1=100kPa
V1=0.95m3/kg
C2=5m/s
P2=700kPa
V2=0.19m3/kg
U2-U1=90KJ/kg
Q=58kN.
To find:
1. Work input, W=?

D1
2. ?
D2
Solution: SFEE,
C2 C2
u1 p1v1 1 z1g Q m u2 p2v 2 2 z2g W
2 2
C2 C2
p1v1 1 z1g Q m u1 u2 p2v 2 2 z2g W
2 2
Assume Z1 Z2
72 52
S 100 0.95 58 0.5 90+ 700 0.19)+ W
2000 2000
work input W =-5.995kW
(-ve sign indicates that the work is done on the system from continuity equation)
AC AC
1 1
2 2
V1 V2
A1 C2v1 5
3.57
A2 CV
1 2 7 0.19
4D12
3.57
4D22
2
D1
3.57
D2
D1
1.89
D2
Result;
Work input , w=-5.994 kw.
1. Work input, W =5.994kW

D1
2. The ratio of the inict to outlet pipe diameter 16
D2

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UNIT I

1. Define the term thermodynamics.

2. What is meant by thermodynamics system? How do you classify it?

3. What is meant by closed system? Give an example.

4. Define an open system. Give an example.

5. Distinguish between Open and Closed systems.

6. Define an Isolated System.

7. Define specific heat capacity at constant pressure.

8. Define specific heat capacity at constant volume.

10. What is boundary?

11. What is meant by thermodynamic property?

12. How do you classify the property?

13. Define Intensive and Extensive properties.

14. Differentiate Intensive and Extensive properties.

15. What do you understand by equilibrium of a system?

16. What are the types of equilibrium of a system?

17. When a system is said to be in Thermodynamic Equilibrium?

18. Define Zeroth law and first law of thermodynamics.

20. What is meant by Perpetual Motion Machine of First Kind?

21. What is meant by Perpetual Motion Machine of Second Kind?

25. Define the term process.

26. What are the classifications of process?

27. What are the types of process?

28. What is a Quasi- static Process?

29. What is meant by reversible and irreversible process?

31. Define Constant Pressure process.

32. Define Constant Temperature process.

33. Define adiabatic process.

34. Define the term cycle.

35. What are the types of cycle?

36. What is meant by open and closed cycle?

37. What is meant by point and path function?

38. Define the term enthalpy.

39. Define the term internal energy.

40. What is meant by thermodynamic work?

The following properties remain constant.

42. Prove that the difference in specific heat capacities equal to Cp Cv = R.

Work done, W = p(V2 V1)= m R (T2 T1)

Change in internal energy, U = mCv (T2 T1)

According to the first law of thermodynamics,

So, mCp (T2 T1) = mR (T2 T1)+ mCv(T2 T1)

System : Closed system

Initial State Final State

Consider the process relation

Taking natural log on both sides

Substituting the numerical values

Hence the work done

System : Closed system

0.05 0.2 V (m3)

System : Closed System

Wnet = 1W2 + 2W3 + 3W1

System : Closed system

To find : 1. Work done

0.5 0.55 dia (m)

From the condition of the process

1W2 = 1000D 3D2 dD

System : Compressor receiving power from a motor through a shaft

Known : 1. Power = 10kW

2. Speed = 600 rpm

Rate of work transferred

System : Elastic spring

Initial length = final length + deflection ()