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CHAPTER
FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES
Atoms are made up essentially of three fundamental particles, proton neutron and electron
Symbol e or e p n
Relative charge 1 +1 0
Atomic number (Z) : The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. This when subtracted from A,
gives the number of neutrons.
Mass number (A) : Sum of the number of protons and neutrons, i.e, the total number of nucleons.
Nucleons : Sub-atomic particles in the nucleus of an atom i.e. protons and neutrons.
Isotopes : Atoms of an element with the same atomic number but different mass number
(different number of neutrons but same number of protons) e.g. 15P32 and 15P31.
Isobars : Atoms, having the same mass number but different atomic numbers, (different
number of neutrons as well as protons but their sum is same) e.g. 15P32 and 16S32.
Isotones : Atoms having the same number of neutrons but different number of protons and
hence different mass number (different number of protons but same number of
neutrons), e.g 14 16 15
6 C , 8 O, 7 N ,
Isoelectronic species : Atoms, molecules or ions having the same number of electrons, e. g N2, CO, CN.
Chemistry-XI(Advanced) 2
Isodiaphers : Atoms having same neutron excess i.e. same (n p) or (A 2Z) e.g. 6C14 and 8O18
Isosters : Molecules with same number of atoms and valence electrons e.g. N2O and CO2,
O22- and F2
Nuclear isomers : Atoms with the same atomic and mass numbers but different radioactivity, e.g.,
Uranium X (half life1.4 min) & Uranium Z (half-life 6.7 hours).
Atomic mass unit : Exactly equal to 1/12th of the mass of 6C12 atom.
(amu) : 1 amu = 1.66 1024 g 931.5 MeV
Rutherford observed that alpha particles deflect considerably from original path. Hence, to explain his
observations, Rutherford suggested that an atom has a nucleus, or center, in which its positive charge and mass
are concentrated. The quantitative results of scattering experiments such as Rutherfords indicate that the nucleus
of an atom has a radius of about 10-13 cm, which is only about one hundred thousandth size generally ascribed to
atoms. Later when neutrons and protons were discovered, it was noted that the radius of a particular nucleus can
be expressed roughly as r ( in centimeters ) ~ 1 1013 A1/3, where A is the total number of neutrons and protons
in that nucleus.
(i) Z
XA , Mass number (A) = Atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons (n)
1 Z .2e
(ii) m v2 K ; r = distance of closest approach, v = initial velocity of a -particle
2 r
1
(iii)
sin 4
2
Where = no. of deflected particles and = deflected angle.
(iv) Order of size of nucleus = 1015 m (1 fermi)
(v) Order of size of Atom = 1010 m (l)
Where E is the energy of one quantum or photon, h is the Planck constant (6.626176 10-34) J, is the frequency
(S1 or Hz), is the wavelength and c is velocity of light (ms-1).
When radiation of frequency , or wavelength , is absorbed by a body, there will be an energy increase by
hc
E = Energy of one photon = h = hcv
3 Atomic Structure
Example: If 10-7 J of light energy is needed by the interior of human eye to see an object. The photons
of green light of wavelength 550 nm needed to see the object are
(a) 26 (b) 28
(c) 27 (d) 30
hc 6.625 1034 3 108
Solution: Required energy = 10-17 J = N =N 9
J 1017 J
550 10
N = 28
(b)
Example: Which have the same number of s electrons as are d electrons in Fe2+
(a) Li (b) Na
(c) N (d) P
Solution: The number of d electrons in Fe2+ is 6. Out of the above species, P has 6 electrons in s
subshell
(d)
Example: Of the following sets which one does not contain isoelectronic species?
(a) PO43 , SO42 , ClO4 (b) CN , N 2 , C22
Try Yourself-1
1. Which of the following symbol is acceptable.
35 79
(a) 79 Br (b) 35 Br
35
(c) Br (d) All of these
2. An element with mass number 81 contains 31.7% more neutrons as compared to protons. Assign the
atomic symbol.
81
(a) 35 Br (b) 35 Br
35 82
(c) Br (d) 35 Br
3. An ion with mass number 37 possess one unit of negative charge. If the ion contains 11.1% more
neutrons than the electrons, find the symbol of the ion.
(a) 37
17 Cl 1 (b) 17 Cl 1
(c) 37
Cl 1 (d) 37
17 Cl 2
4. An ion with mass number 56 contains 3 units of positive charge and 30.4% more neutrons than
electrons. Assign the symbol to this ion.
(a) 56
26 Fe3 (b) 56
Fe3
(c) 56
Fe3 (d) 56
26 Fe2
Notes:
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5 Atomic Structure
KZe 2 n 2 h 2
mr 4 2 m 2 r 2
n2 h2
r , n 1, 2,3...
(2 )2 mZe2 K
Hence only certain orbits whose radii are given by the above equation are allowed to the electron. The total
energy, E of the electron, is the sum of the kinetic energy, mv2 / 2, and potential energy, Ze2/ r :
Chemistry-XI(Advanced) 6
1 Ze 2 K Ze 2 K 1 Ze 2 K
But we can write E
2 r r 2 r
2 2 mZ 2 e 4 k 2
Substituting for r give us E , n 1, 2,3...
n2 h2
The expression shows that the consequence of the postulates is that, only certain energies are allowed to the
electron.
Z2
En 21.8 1012 erg per atom ( 1erg = 6.2419 x 1011 ev )
n2
Z2
= 13.6 eV per atom
n2
Z2
= 313.6 K cal per mole
n2
Z2
= 2.18 1018 J per atom
n2
The energies are negative only because the energy of the electron in the atom is less than the energy of a free
electron, which is taken as zero. The lowest energy level of the atom corresponds to n = 1, and as the quantum
number increases, E becomes less negative. When n = , E = 0, which corresponds to an ionized atom:
According to Bohrs second postulate, the energy of wave number of any photon radiated by the atom should
be equal to the difference in the energy of two levels.
Radius of nth Bohrs orbit for hydrogen like particles is obtained from the expression
52.9(n 2 )
rn pm
Z
ATOMIC SPECTRUM
Spectrum is the impression produced on a photographic film when the radiation(s) of particular wavelength(s) is
(are) analysed through a prism or diffraction grating.
Types of Spectrum
(1) Emission spectrum:
Spectrum of the emitted radiation is known as emission spectrum. This spectrum corresponds to the
radiation emitted (energy evolved) when an excited electron returns back to the ground state.
Types of Emission Spectrum
(i) Continuous Spectrum:
When white light from any source such as sun or bulb is analyzed by passing through a prism, it
splits up into seven different wide bands of colour from violet to red (like rainbow). These colours
are so continuous that each of them merges into the next without any gap or break. Hence the
spectrum is called continuous spectrum.
e.g., Carbon arc in vacuum and electric glow lamp give continuous spectrum.
(ii) Line Spectrum:
When an electric discharge is passed through a gas at low pressure light is emitted. If this light is
resolved by a spectroscope, it is found that some coloured lines are obtained on a photographic
plate separated from each other by dark spaces. This spectrum is called line spectrum. Each line
in the spectrum corresponds to a particular wavelength. Each element gives its own characteristic
spectrum.
7 Atomic Structure
(n2 n1 )(n2 n1 1)
(g) Total number of lines in emission spectrum ( for n2
n1 ) when e de-excites
2
to ground state, from higher energy orbit n2 to n1
T.E. of any H-like species = T.E. of Hydrogen xZ2 (For same orbit)
for H-like species E = E (For Hydrogen) x Z2 (For same transition)
E1
Energy in nth orbit-for H like species = [For same atom]
n2
Ionisation Energy corresponds to transition, n 1
n
Separation energy =
Excitation Energy =
2 e2 K Z 2.18 106 Z C Z
(i) vn = = ms1 =
h n n 137 n
(ii) Revolutions per sec = v/2r
(iii) Time for one revolution = 2r/v
(iv) Ionisation energy = Eelectron
Example: The highest excited state that an unexcited hydrogen atom can reach when they are
bombarded with 12. 2 eV electron is :
(a) n=1 (b) n=2
(c) n=3 (d) n=4
Solution: E1 = -13.6 eV . After absorption of 12. 2 eV, energy of electron = - 13. 6 + 12.2 = 1.4 eV
n=3 (c)
Example: Ionisation potential of hydrogen is 13.6 eV. Hydrogen atom in the ground state are excited by
monochromatic light of energy 121. eV. The spectral lines emitted by hydrogen according to
Bohrs theory
(a) One (b) Two
(c) Three (d) Four
Solution: The electron in H atom is excited to III shell after absorbing 121. eV. The possible transition
3(3 1)
state = 3
2
(c)
9 Atomic Structure
Example: The wavelength of a spectral line for an electronic transition is inversely related to
(a) number of electrons undergoing transition
(b) the nuclear charge of the atom
(c) velocity an electron undergoing transition
(d) the difference in the energy levels involved in the transition.
hc hc
Solution: E
E
(d)
Example: The wave number of the shortest wave length transition in Balmer series of atomic hydrogen
will be
(a) 4215 (b) 1437
(c) 3942 A (d) 3647
1 1 1 1 1
Solution: RZ 2 2 2 109678 12 2 2
shortest n1 n2 2
Example: Calculate the energy emitted when electrons of 1.0 gm atom of Hydrogen undergo transition
giving the spectral lines of lowest energy in visible region of its atomic spectra. Given that,
RH = 1.1 107 m-1, c = 3 108 m / sec, h = 6. 625 10-34 J sec.
(a) 182.5kJ (b) 182.5kJ
(c) 182.5kJ (d) 182.5kJ
Solution: Visible region of H- spectrum correspond to Balmer series n1 = 2, n2 = 3 ( for minimum
energy transition )
1 1 1 1 1
l / RH 2 2 RH 2 2
n1 n2 2 3
1 1 1.1 10 4
7
1
1.1 107
4 9 49
6.55 107
hc 6.625 1034 3 108 19
E = 3.03 10 Joule
6.55 10 7
(b)
Example: Of the following transitions in hydrogen atom, the one which gives an absorption line of lowest
frequency is
(a) n =1 to n = 2 (b) n= 3 to n = 8
(c) n = 2 to n = 1 (d) n = 8 to n = 3
Solution: Absorption line in the spectra arise when energy is absorbed i.e., electron shifts from lower to
higher orbit, out of a & b, b will have the lowest frequency as this falls in the Paschen series.
(b)
11 Atomic Structure
Example: The wavelength of the radiation emitted, when in a hydrogen atom electron falls from
infinity to stationary state 1, would be (Rydberg constant = 1.097 107 m1)
(a) 91 nm (b) 192 nm
(c) 406 nm (d) 9.1 108 nm
1 1 1
Solution: Wavenumber = 1.097 107 1.097 107 m-1
1
= 91.15 109 m 91 nm
(a)
Try Yourself-2
1. A series of lines in the spectrum of atomic hydrogen lies at wavelengths 656.46 , 482. 7, 434. 17, 410.
29 nm. What is the wave length of next line in this series?
(a) 397.2 (b) 397.2
(c) 397.2 (d) 397.2
2. Calculate of the radiations when the electron jumps from III to II orbit of hydrogen atom. The
12 12
electronic energy in II and III Bohr orbit of hydrogen atoms are 5.42 10 and 2.41 10 erg
respectively.
(a) 6603 (b) 6603
(c) 6603 (D) 6603
3. Calculate the wavelength for shortest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen.
1 1
(a) 27434 cm (b) 2743 cm
1 1
(c) 427 cm (d) 5274 cm
4. Calculate the ratio of the wavelength of first and the ultimate line of Balmer series of Li2+ ?
(a) 9/5 (b) 9/5
(C) 9/5 (d) 9/5
Notes:
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Chemistry-XI(Advanced) 12
mv2max = h h 0
0 = Threshold frequency
= Frequency of incident radiation
For electrons to be emitted the frequency of incident light should be threshold frequency
Threshold frequency work function of the metal
Also , h K .E.
mo 0
Energy of a photon, E = hv = pc
Where v is the frequency of the wave and p is the momentum associated with the particle E=pc is valid for
all the particles which are massless (travelling with the speed of light).
Difference between orbit and orbital
Orbit Orbital
An orbit is a well-defined circular path in which An orbital is the region of space around the nucleus
electrons revolve. These are numbered as 1, 2, 3, where the probability of finding the electron is
4or labelled as K, L, M, N. maximum.
It represents the movement of electrons around the It represents the three-dimensional motion of
nucleus in one plane. electrons around the nucleus.
The position as well as momentum of an electron can The position and momentum of an electron can not be
be known simultaneously with certainty. known simultaneously with complete certainty.
It can accommodate at the maximum 2n2 electrons, An orbital can accommodate at the most two electrons
where n is the number of the shell with opposite spins.
Example: If the total energy of an electron in a hydrogen like atom in excited state is 3.4 eV, then the
de Broglie wavelength of the electron is
(a) 6.6 10-10 (b) 3 10-10
(c) 5 109 (d) 9.3 10-12
E1 13.6
Solution: Total energy ( En ) 3.4eV 2
E2 n
13.6
n2 4 n 2
3.6
V1 2.18 106
The velocity of electron in 2nd orbit = m / sec
2 2
15 Atomic Structure
h 6.625 1034 2
6.6 1012 m
mv 9.1089 1031 2.18 106
= 6.6 10-10 cm
(a)
Example: If E1, E2 and E3 represent respectively the kinetic energies of an electron, alpha particle and
a proton, each having same de Broglies wave length then
(a) E1 > E3 > E2 (b) E2 > E3 > E1
(c) E1 > E2 > E3 (d) E1 = E2 = E3
h
Solution:
2mKE
Thus if wavelength is same, more mass means less kinetic energy.
(a)
Example: What is the de Broglie wavelength in meters for a ball of mass 0.1 kg moving with a
speed of 60 ms-1.
(a) 6.6 10-34 (b) 1.1 1034
(c) 1.1 10-34 (d) 9.3 10-12
h 6.6 1034
Solution :
mv 0.1 60
1.1 1034 m
(a)
Example: When the frequency of light incident on a metallic plate is doubled, the K.E of the emitted
photoelectrons will be
(a) doubled
(b) halved
(c) increase but more than double of the previous K.E
(d) unchanged
Solution: Upon doubling the frequency, energy of photon will be doubled with work function of metal
will remain constant. So K.E of photoelectron will be more than the double of what it
possessed previously.
(a)
Example: Calculate the kinetic energy of an electron emitted from the surface of a metal by light
of wavelength 5. 5 x 10-8 cm. Threshold energy for the metal is 2.62 10-9 ergs.
(a) 1010 (b) 109 ey
(c) 1010 ey (d) 109J
(b)
C 3 1010 cm s 1
Solution: 5.45 1017 s 1
5.5 108 cm
1
/2 mv2 = hv -hv0
= (6.63 1027 ergs second) (5.45 1017 s1) 2.62 109 ergs
K. E = 9.93 10-10 ergs
Chemistry-XI(Advanced) 16
Try Yourself-3
1. Two particles A and B are in motion. If the wavelength associated with particle A is 5 10-8 m,
Calculate the wavelength associated with particle B if its momentum is half of A.
(a) 100 nm (b) 1010 m
(c) 108 cm (d) All of these
2. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron that has been accelerated from rest through
a potential difference of 1 kV.
11 12
(a) 3.87 10 m (b) 3.87 10 m
13 10
(c) 3.87 10 m (d) 3.87 10 m
3. Calculate the uncertainty in position of a particle when uncertainty in the momentum is
2 1
1 10 gm cm sec
28 20
(a) 5.27 10 m (b) 5.27 10 m
26 38
(c) 5.27 10 m (d) 5.27 10 m
4 Find the threshold wavelengths for photoelectric effect from a copper surface, a sodium surface and a
caesium surface. The work function of these metals are 4. 5 eV, 2.3 eV and 1.9 eV respectively.
(a) 276 nm, 540 nm, 654 nm (b) 700 nm, 540 nm, 654 nm
(c) 278 nm, 550 nm, 65 nm (d) 372 nm, 540 nm, 644 nm
5 Energy required to stop the ejection of electrons from Cu plate is 0.24 eV. Calculate the work function
when radiation of wavelength 253.7 nm strikes the plate?
(a) 4.65 eV (b) 5.65 eV
(c) 46.5 eV (d) 3.65 eV
6. Which of the following phenomena can be explained by wave like nature of electron?
(a) Electron diffraction (b) Photoelectric effect
(c) Black body radiation (d) All above
7. Which of the following phenomena can be explained by particle like nature of electromagnetic radiation?
(a) Interference of light (b) Photoelectric effect
(c) Black body radiation (d) Both (a) and (b)
Notes:
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17 Atomic Structure
QUANTUM NUMBERS
The term quantum number is used to label the various energy levels or orbits;
a) Principle quantum number (n):
This represents a group or shell of orbits, and the total number of electrons that can occupy any shell is
given by 2n2, where n is the principle quantum number concerned, i. e.
Shell K L M N
principle quantum number (n) 1 2 3 4
maximum number of electrons 2 8 18 32
b) Subsidiary or angular or Azimuthal quantum number ( ):
This represents the various subsidiary orbits within a shell. they may be visualized as elliptical orbits.
Thus, in any one shell there are various subsidiary orbits denoted as the 1, 2, 3, 4,.. or the s, p, d, f ....
h
orbits. The orbital angular momentum of the electron is given as = ( 1)
2
= ( 1)
ml for d subshell =
Chemistry-XI(Advanced) 18
Try Yourself- 4
1. What is maximum number of orbitals in an atom can have n + l = 5
(a) 4 (b) 9
(c) 8 (d) 18
2. What is maximum number of electrons in an atom can have n + l = 4
(a) 4 (b) 9
(c) 8 (d) 18
3. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers is correct for an electron in 4 f orbital?
(a) n = 4, l = 3, m = +4, s = + (b) n = 4, l = 4, m = -4, s = -
(c) n = 4, l = 3, m = +1, s = + (d) n = 3, l = 2, m = -2, s = +
4. How many spectral lines are observed when in electron in hydrogen atom jump from
(i) third excited state to ground state
(ii) Fifth energy level to second Energy level.
(a) 6, 6 (b) 3, 6
(c) 10, 6 (d) 6, 10
19 Atomic Structure
5. How many spectral lines in visible region are observed when e jump from n = 5 to ground state.
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6
6. How many lines in UV region are observed when H electron is de-excited from 6th shell
(a) 5 (b) 10
(c) 6 (d) 15
7. What is degeneracy of second excited state of H- (hydride) ion. (dont consider electronic spin)
(a) 3 (b) 9
(c) 8 (d) 18
Notes:
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Chemistry-XI(Advanced) 20
Example: Consider the ground state of Cr atom (Z = 24). The numbers of electrons with the azimuthal
quantum numbers, l = 1 and 2 are, respectively:
(a) 12 and 4 (b) 12 and 5
(c) 16 and 4 (d) 16 and 5
Solution Electronic configuration of chromium in ground state is 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5.
Azimuthal quantum number, l = 1 stands for p-subshell while l = 2 refers to d-subshell.
Therefore, the number of electrons with l = 1 is 6 + 6 i.e. 12.
The number of electrons with l = 2 is 5
(b)
Example: Of the following outer electronic configurations of atoms, the highest oxidation state is
achieved by which one of them?
(a) (n-1)d8ns2 (b) (n-1)d5ns1
(c) (n-1)d3ns2 (d) (n-1)d5ns2
Solution: The electronic configuration (n-1)d5ns2 can achieve the maximum oxidation state of +7.
(d)
Example: Which of the following statements in relation to the hydrogen atom is correct?
(a) 3s orbital is lower in energy than 3p orbital
(b) 3p orbital is lower in energy than 3d orbital
(c) 3s and 3p orbitals are of lower energy than 3d orbital
(d) 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals all have the same energy
Solution For hydrogen the energy order of orbital is
1s < 2s = 2p < 3s = 3p = 3d < 4s = 4p = 4d = 4f
(d)
21 Atomic Structure
Try Yourself- 5
1. Number of nodal planes (planes of zero electron density) in the dxy orbital is
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 0 (d) 4
2. Non directional orbital is
(a) 3s (b) 4f
(c) 4d (d) 4p
3. The shape of an orbital is governed by:
(a) Spin quantum number (b) principle quantum number
(c) Azimuthal quantum number (d) Magnetic quantum number
3
4. How many radial nodes are present in 4dxy 5p 6s orbitals respectively
(a) 1,3,5 (b) 1,2,3
(c) 2,3,4 (d) 3,4,5
5. An orbital has 3 redial nodes & 2 angular nodes. Identify the orbital
(a) 6s (b) 6dxy
(c) 6p (d) 6f
6. The probability of finding an electron residing in px orbital is zero in:
(a) In the yz plane (b) in the xy plane
(c) in the zx plane (d) none of the above
Notes:
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Chemistry-XI(Advanced) 22
2 2 2 2 1
or 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
Importance of knowing the exact electronic configuration of an element lie in the fact that the chemical
properties of an element are dependent on the behavior and relative arrangement of its electrons.
Electronic configurations of heavier elements (beyond Z = 56 ) deviate a little from the order mentioned
previously. These are brief listed below .
a) Lanthanoides La(Z = 57 ) : [Xe] 6s25d1 ( not 4f1)
Ce(Z = 58 ) : [Xe] 6s2 5d1 4f1
Pr(Z = 59 ) : [Xe] 6s2 5d1 4f2
b) Actinoides Ac(Z = 89) : [Rn] 7s2 6d1( not 5f1)
Th (Z = 90 ) : [Rn] 7s2 6d1 5f1
Pa( Z = 91 ) : [Rn] 7s2 6d15f2
23 Atomic Structure
Example: Match the orbital angular momentum of an electron in the orbital in series I with value in II
I: (i) 3p (ii) 3d (iii) 3s
II: (p) 2 h/2 (q) 6 h/2 (r) 0
(a) i-p, ii-q, iii-r (b) i-p, ii-q, iii-r
(c) i-p, ii-q, iii-r (d) i-p, ii-q, iii-r
h
Solution: ( 1) ( 1)
2
i) For 3 p, 1, 1(1 1) 2
h
ii) for 3d , 2, 2(2 1) 6
2
iii) for 3s, 0, 1 0
(a)
Example: How many 7s electrons are there in an atom with Z = 104?
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
Solution : The electronic configuration of the said element is :
1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,3d10, 4s2, 4p6, 4d10,4f14, 5s2, 5p6, 5d10, 5f14, 6s2, 6p6, 6d2, 7s2
Hence there are two 7s electrons.
(c)
Example: Ground state electronic configuration of nitrogen atom can be represented by
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Solution : which configuration follow Hund's rule.
(a) and (d)
Example: In a multielectron atom, which of the following orbitals described by the three quantum
numbers will have the same energy in the absence of magnetic and electric fields?
(a) n =1, l = 0, m = 0 (b) n =2, l = 0, m = 0
(c) n =2, l = 1, m = 1 (d) n =3, l = 2, m = 1
(E) n =3, l = 2, m = 0
(a) (A) and (B) (b) (B) and (C)
(c) (C) and (d) (d) (D) and (E)
Solution: Orbitals having same (n + l) value in the absence of electric and magnetic field will have same
energy.
(d)
25 Atomic Structure
Try Yourself- 6
1. Match the name the orbitals corresponding to given set of quantum numbers in the two columns
Column A Column B
(i) n = 3, =2,m = 2 p. 3dx2 y2
(ii) n=4, =0,m=0 q. 3dxy
(iii) n = 3, = 1, m = 1 r. 4s
(iv) n = 2, =1,m=1 s. 4px
t. 4py
u. 2px
v. 2py
(a) i-p, ii-r, iii-s, iv-t (b) i- q, ii-r, iii- t, iv- v
(c) i-p, q, ii-r,s, iii-t iv-u,v (d) i-p,q, ii-r, iii-s,t iv-u,v
2. How many s electrons are there in an atom with Z = 100 ?
(a) 1 (b) 4
(c) 10 (d) 14
3. Arrange the electrons represented by the following sets of quantum number in decreasing order of
energy.
(i) n 4, 0, m 0, s 1/ 2 (ii) n 3, 2, m 0, s 1/ 2
(iii) n 3, 1, m 1, s 1/ 2 (iv) n 3, 0, m 1, s 1/ 2
(a) (ii) > (iii) > (i) > (iv) (b) (i) > (iii) > (ii) > (iv)
(c) (ii) > (i) > (iii) > (iv) (d) (ii) > (i) > (iv) > (iii)
Notes:
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Chemistry-XI(Advanced) 26
Try Yourself-7
1. P is the probability of finding the 1s electron of hydrogen atom in a spherical shell of infinitesimal
thickness, dr, at a distance r from the nucleus. The volume of this shell is 4 r 2 dr . The qualitative sketch
of the dependence of P on r is
(a) (b)
(c) (d)