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p
5/3/19. For every rational number 0 < < 1, where p and q are relatively prime,
q
p 1 1
construct a circle with center , 2 and diameter 2 . Also construct circles centered at
q 2q q
1 1
0, and 1, with diameter 1.
2 2
(a) Prove that any two such circles intersect in at most 1 point.
X 1
i=1
i3
(b) Prove that the total area of all of the circles is 1 +
.
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X 1
i=1
i4
Comments Part (a) may be solved by comparing the distance between the centers of two
circles to the sum of the radii. Part (b) may be solved by expressing the same sum two
different
P ways, oneP
involving the circles in the problem, and the other involving the infinite
sums 1
i=1 i3 and 1
i=1 i4 . Solutions edited by Naoki Sato.
Note that each pair (a, b) can be uniquely written in the form (nr, ns), where n is a positive
integer and (r, s) is a pair of integers of the type described in part (a). Thus, we may write
1
the sum over all such pairs (a, b) of b14 as the sum over all triples (r, s, n) of (ns) 4 . In other
Therefore,
X b+1 X 1 X1 X 1
+
X 1 b=1
b4 i=1
i4 i=1 i3 i=1
i3
= = =1+ .
s4 X 1 X 1 X 1
(r,s)
n=1
n4 i=1
i4 i=1
i4
Multiplying both sides of this equation by 4 , we get
X 1
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X i=1
i3
= 1 +
.
4s4 4 X 1
(r,s)
i=1
i4
The left side of the equation is the sum over all such pairs (r, s) of the area of a circle of
diameter s12 . Hence, the total area of all of the circles is
X 1
i=1
i3
1 + .
4
X1
i 4
i=1