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To cite this article: Muhammad Mubbashar Hassan, Sundas Azim & Syed Moqaddas Abbas
(2016): Citizenship as Targeted Behavior: Responses to Organizational Justice and the Role of
Culture, International Journal of Public Administration, DOI: 10.1080/01900692.2015.1136943
Article views: 19
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2015.1136943
ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
The study aimed at reviewing citizenship as targeted behavior in response to justice perceptions Cross-cultural; equity;
and investigating the role of within-culture differences on citizenship responses to organizational organizational citizenship
behavior; Pakistan
fairness perceptions. Data were solicited from 150 employees and their supervisors representing
various public sector entities of Pakistan. Results showed that distributive and interactional fair-
ness predict interpersonal organizational citizenship behavior. Organizational fairness did not
predict citizenship behavior targeted at organizations. Organizational justice had negative values
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of citizenship behavior for higher values of collectivism. Findings and implications for human
resource management practitioners and suggestions for future research are discussed.
CONTACT Muhammad Mubbashar Hassan mubbashar.hr@gmail.com Management Sciences Department, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University,
Islamabad Expressway, Kahuta Road, Zone-V, Islamabad, Pakistan. Tel: 00923008567080.
2016 Taylor & Francis
2 M. M. HASSAN ET AL.
tively understudied. The need to study these concepts ness in their organizations (Colquitt et al., 2005). It has
in the public sector is very much present because the assumed a multidimensional structure over time, with
public organizations employment dynamics and the three-dimensional model finding most support.
employees attitudes and behaviors are very different Researchers focused on the distributive dimension of
from that of the corporate sector. For example, Rainey justice during the distributive justice wave from the
(1991) stated that the wage structure of public sector 1950s to the 1970s (Colquitt et al., 2005). Distributive
employees is lower than that of the private sector justice refers to employee perceptions of organizational
employees but they have a more stable work environ- fairness regarding rewards allocation. However, later
ment and their jobs are more secure. Similarly, Shim studies began focusing on other justice dimensions.
and Faerman (2015) stated that motivational bases for Other dimensions of OJ tap justice as fairness of
government employees to be engaged in prosocial procedures governing decisions (procedural justice)
behavior might be different from those of private sector and communication with employees and treatment
employees (p. 26). Moreover, most of the public orga- with dignity and respect (interactional justice). Work
nizations orientation is toward serving the society, on procedural justice in the organizational setting
whereas the private sector is mostly concerned with began with the work of Leventhal (1980). Bies and
financial results. These significant differences necessi- Moag (1986) introduced interactional justice as justice
tate the need for more studies to be conducted on perceptions related to the quality of interpersonal treat-
public sector in order to establish a framework for ment received when procedures are implemented.
public organizations managers to enhance such pro- Treatment with dignity and the communication dimen-
organization behaviors. sion were later differentiated into informational justice
This study investigated OCB responses to justice in and interpersonal justice (Colquitt, 2001; Greenberg,
various public sector entities of Pakistan. An under- 1990b). However, the three-dimensional model of OJ
standing of individual differences in employees justice remains most widely investigated and OJ as a construct
perceptions should help shape policies that are per- has implications for a wide range of individual and
ceived as fair, enabling employees to exhibit citizen- organizational outcomes (McFarlin & Sweeney, 1992;
ship behaviors in return. OCBs are known to improve Wooten & Cobb, 1999).
individual and organizational performance; hence, the Researches in Western cultures show that distributive
emphasis in literature on the construct (Ozer, 2011; justice does not influence citizenship behaviors
Podsakoff & MacKenzie, 1997). Overall, the study (Moorman, 1991). Individuals in those cultural and
attempted to highlight the importance of justice to organizational settings value fair procedures and com-
enable organizations to form policies perceived as munication more than rewards. Americans, for example,
fair and to make way for increased theoretical under- are likely to believe fair procedures will lead to fair
standing of individual orientations of culture as a distribution of outcomes even if outcomes are currently
moderator of justice perceptions in a predominantly low (McFarlin & Sweeney, 2001). Interactional justice is
collectivistic culture. also of prime importance for perceptions of justice as
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 3
employees believe they are entitled to treatment with In being influenced by motives (Rioux & Penner,
dignity (Miller, 2001). Considerable amount of literature 2001), OCBs may not be overlooked as passive behavior
from those countries assesses fairness as procedural and without an aim. The beneficiary perspective assumes
interactional fairness (Skarlicki & Latham, 1997). that OCBs benefit selected entities of an employees
However, employees in some societies may value distri- organization. A beneficiary of OCB may be the organi-
butive justice more than fair procedures and interaction. zation, peers, or supervisors that benefit from such
behaviors. Accordingly, two categories of OCB, that
is, interpersonal citizenship behavior (OCBI) and citi-
Organizational citizenship behavior
zenship behavior directed toward the organization
First proposed by Bateman and Organ (1983), the concept (OCBO) form the prime dimensions of OCB
of OCBs became widely studied for their individual and (Williams & Anderson, 1991). OCBI includes behaviors
organizational-level consequences and implications for that benefit individuals and are indirectly beneficial for
organizational effectiveness (Podsakoff, Ahearne, & the organization, whereas OCBO are behaviors that are
MacKenzie, 1997; Podsakoff et al., 2009; Walz & Niehoff, beneficial for the organization as a whole.
1996). Employees display OCBs whenever they defend It is hard to find studies in the public sector where
their employing organization in response to it being criti- OCB is operationalized using a beneficiary perspective,
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cized and urge their colleagues to invest in the organization that is, OCBI and OCBO. One such example is a study
(Turnipseed & Rassuli, 2005). Such behaviors are discre- by Pandey, Wright, and Moynihan (2008) where
tionary, not formally rewarded, benefit the organization, Interpersonal Citizenship Behavior, that is, helping
and induce other forms of helping behaviors (Deckop, behaviors directed at co-workers (p. 91) is found to be
Cirka, & Andersson, 2003; Konovsky & Pugh, 1994; an outcome of public service motivation. Another
Organ, 1988; Skarlicki & Latham, 1997; VanDyne & recent example is Cheungs (2013) study where the
LePine, 1998). VanYpreen, Berg & Willering (1999) sug- impact of interactional (interpersonal and informa-
gested OCBs are behaviors and gestures that are not pre- tional) justice is explored on OCBI and OCBO sepa-
scribed and are distinguishable from enforceable in-role rately. While a recent study by Shahzad, Siddiqui, and
behaviors. These include helping behaviors (George & Zakaria (2014) explored a similar model in Pakistan,
Brief, 1992; George & Jones, 1997), sportsmanship OCB was not studied from the beneficiary perspective
(MacKenzie et al., 1999; Podsakoff & MacKenzie, 1994), leaving unclear conclusion on the target of that OCB.
organizational loyalty (Graham, 1991), and defending While Lilly (2015) did segregate OCB by its target, she
organizational objectives (Borman & Motowidlo, 1993, only used OCBO and reported a positive impact of all
1997), among others (Podaskoff, Mackenzie, Paine, & three justice dimensions on OCBO. The main advan-
Bachrach, 2000). tage of using such a framework is that the target of
The concept of OCB has its roots in social exchange OCB (individuals or the organization) stands out
theory framework (Deckop, Mangel, & Cirka, 1999). clearly so that the recipient being ignored can be stu-
Accordingly, organizations that solicit feedback are fair died in further detail for possible solutions for
and provide a supportive environment such as fairness improvement.
and obligate employees to reciprocate (Blau, 1964;
Sommer & Kulkarni, 2012). Researchers have pointed out
Organizational justice and organizational
various predictors of OCB such as personality traits,
citizenship behavior
employee perceptions of fairness, job satisfaction, leader
behaviors, task characteristics, motives, and role identity As repeatedly demonstrated by empirical findings
(Finkelstein & Penner, 2004; Organ & Ryan, 1995; Pareke including meta-analyses, fairness perceptions at the
& Susetyo, 2011). Regardless of the antecedents, employees workplace largely impact employee citizenship beha-
reciprocate favorable reward allocation decisions with posi- viors (Chen, Len, Tung, & Ko, 2008;
tive behaviors such as OCBs(Podsakoff et al., 2009). Goudarzvandchegini, Gilaninia, & Abdesonboli, 2011;
Furthermore, OCBs are influenced by culture. For instance, Kamdar, McAllister, & Turban, 2006; LePine, Erez, &
people in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Japan view courtesy Johnson, 2002; Messer & White, 2006; Podsakoff et al.,
and sportsmanship as in-role behavior unlike people in 2000) by fostering feelings of support, trust, and emo-
Australia and the US (Gelfand, Erez, & Aycan, 2007). In tional well-being among employees (Aryee et al., 2002;
the Pakistani context, Bukhari (2008) and Bukhari, Ali, Moorman, Blakely, & Niehoff, 1998; Moorman,
Shahzad, and Bashir (2009) found altruism, conscientious- Niehoff, & Organ, 1993). Furthermore, in accordance
ness, and civic virtue as crucial determinants of discretion- with the social exchange theory (Homans, 1958),
ary behaviors. employees who experience discrimination (Ensher,
4 M. M. HASSAN ET AL.
Grant-Vallone, & Donaldson, 2001) and injustice lim- In view of the literature cited above, hypotheses were
its contributions toward the organization to formal formulated to test the relationship between OJ and
enforceable behaviors and reserve OCBs. Unlike pre- OCB in Pakistan.
viously thought, it is fairness perceptions and not job
satisfaction that predicts OCBs (Moorman, 1991, 1993; H1: Employees with higher perception of distributive
Organ, 1997). Even very recent studies, involving justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice
diverse samples and industries, have reported a posi- would have higher levels of OCBI.
tive impact of OJ on OCBs, that is, zbek, Yoldash,
and Tang (2015); Al Afari and Abu Elanain (2014); H2: Employees with higher perception of distributive
Choi, Moon, Ko, and Kim (2014). justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice
Social exchange underlies differential responses to would have higher levels of OCBO.
justice dimensions (Masterson, Lewis, Goldman, &
Taylor, 2000). In exchange for equitable treatment,
employees demonstrate citizenship behaviors
Individualism/collectivism
(Konovsky & Pugh, 1994) directing such behaviors
toward the source of justice perceptions. Furthermore, hofstedes (1980) work paved the way for studies on
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researchers have shown citizenship behaviors to vary as cross-cultural differences in organizational behavior
being directed toward various beneficiaries (Coleman & with wide-ranging implications for researchers, organi-
Borman, 2000; Williams & Anderson, 1991). These zations, and human resource management experts alike
beneficiaries may be broadly grouped as individuals (Dong & Liu, 2010; Fadil, Segrest-Purkiss, Hurley-
and organizations. Employees are said to exhibit inter- Hanson, Knudstrup, & Stepina, 2004; Hansen &
personal OCBs (OCBI) and organizational OCBs Brooks, 1994). National culture may influence organi-
(OCBO) when the behaviors are directed toward indi- zations in a number of ways such as management
viduals and organizations, respectively. decisions, organizational culture, work teams, work-
OJ dimensions are known to have differential place behavior, and the relevant effective human
impact on OCBs (Williams, Pitre, & Zainuba, 2002). resource practices (Francis, 1995; Gougeon & Hutton,
Some researchers have posited that fairness in inter- 1993); hence, the importance for scholars and man-
personal interactions like open communication and agers. Along with individualism/collectivism (I/C),
treatment with dignity leads to citizenship behaviors Hofstedes cultural dimensions include power dis-
(Erkutlu, 2011; Moorman, 1991) while others have tance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity/fem-
reported that fairness of rewards also leads to OCBs ininity. I/C is the degree to which individuals are
(Farh et al., 1997; Quratulain et al., 2012). Distributive integrated into groups and is considered to be one of
justice does not influence citizenship behaviors in the the most important cross-cultural differences (Triandis,
Western cultures (Moorman, 1991). Despite the dif- 2001; Triandis, Bontempo, Villareal, Asai, & Lucca,
ferential impact, other studies also show that all justice 1988). Individualism is an orientation towards self as
dimensions positively impact OCBs (Aslam & Haque; an autonomous individual while collectivism is
2011; Cohen-Charash & Spector, 2001). All OJ dimen- described as an orientation towards self as embedded
sions are known to be positively associated with OCBs in a complex web of social relationship (Ramamoorthy
in the collectivist Indian society (Gupta & Singh, & Flood, 2002). Individualists prefer competitiveness,
2013). solitary work environment, and self-reliance, whereas
Furthermore, justice dimensions differentially collectivists prefer supremacy of group goals and
impact OCBI and OCBO (Colquitt, Conlon, Wesson, group-oriented behaviors (Kulkarni et al., 2010;
Porter, & Ng, 2001). Research on behaviors at the Ramamoorthy & Carroll, 1998; Triandis, 1995).
workplace focuses on behavior as a targeted response. Individuals within a culture develop personalities
This targeted response perspective is crucial toward that conform to the overall national culture of indivi-
understanding the differential outcomes of justice dualism or collectivism (Triandis, 2001). Thus, if a
dimensions on behavior. OCBs are directed toward culture fosters collectivism, most people within the
the source of justice: the organization or peers, culture would hold interdependent communal values
hence, OCBI and OCBO. When injustice is believed and likewise for individualism. However, despite the
to originate from within the organization itself, it is overall trend in culture, individual differences within
likely to impact OCBO. If it stems from unjust treat- national cultures also exist (Moorman & Blakely, 1995).
ment by supervisors, it is likely to impact OCBI The approach of measuring I/C directly from respon-
(Aryee et al., 2002; Ertrk, 2007). dents rather than as a collective national culture has
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 5
been adopted by several researchers like Earley (1989, H3: Employees who exhibit higher levels of collecti-
1993), Wagner (1995), and Lam et al. (2002). This vism will exhibit higher level of OCBI in a rela-
approach shows that individuals may also form cogni- tionship between OJ and OCBI.
tive structures that differ from the predominant cul-
ture. Pakistan was described as a collectivist society by H4: Employees who exhibit higher levels of collecti-
Hofstede (1983); however, individual differences are vism will exhibit higher level of OCBO in a rela-
likely to influence behaviors in the work setting. tionship between OJ and OCBO.
size individual achievement such as equity than variations in justice perceptions and to avoid contextual
equality (Gelfand et al., 2007). According to the constraints associated with any particular organization
study, individualistic cultures equate equity with or industry (Rousseau & Fried, 2001). Matching ques-
justice, whereas collectivists emphasize equality. tionnaires were distributed to subordinates (200) and
Collectivist employees are more likely than their supervisors (40) in each organization and each super-
counterparts to form fairness perceptions (Earley & visor rated five subordinates. The time lag between
Gibson, 1998). Similarly, I/C may also have differ- questionnaires distribution to subordinates and super-
ential effects on justice dimensions (Hang-yue, visors was of 2 weeks. Matching questionnaires from
Foley, & Loi, 2006). 150 dyads were received, representing approximately
Roe and Ester (1999) suggested that along with work 75% of respondents we surveyed. The relatively high
values general values also impact the work perfor- percentage of response was due to personal contacts of
mance. However, individual differences in the levels the researchers. The data were collected from all man-
of I/C within the predominantly collectivist and indivi- agement cadre employees representing the knowledge
dualistic cultures also contribute to justice perceptions workers, who could understand the research objectives
and behavioral outcomes (Fang & Lim, 2002). The and questionnaires easily.
extent to which certain employee behaviors are related Participants were mostly males (80%), and more
to individual outcomes may depend on the degree of I/ than 50% of the population was less than 32 years of
C an individual holds (Erdogan & Liden, 2006). age. Seventy percent of the respondents had a masters
Moorman and Blakely (1995) and Dyne, Garahm, and degree and higher education.
Diensch (1994) found a significant relationship
between IC and OCB. Dyne, Vandewalle, Kostowa,
Measures
Latham, and Cummings (2000) found this relation to
hold true in a longitudinal study, providing even more OJ and I/C were measured through self-reporting of
rigorously tested evidence. employees, whereas citizenship behavior was measured
Interdependent communal relationships as mani- by obtaining supervisory responses. All the scales were
fested in a collectivistic orientation are likely to lead measured on a seven-point Likert scale (1 = strongly
to helping behaviors. OCB is related to collectivist disagree; 7 = strongly agree).
orientation because it requires that time and energy
be spent on helping others, rather than achieving Organizational justice
personal goals (Cohen & Avrahami, 2006). OJ dimensions were assessed using the scales developed
Contextual influences such as interpersonal relation- by Niehoff and Moorman (1993). Distributive justice
ships, interdependence, and culture influence OCBs scale consists of five items such as I think that my level
(George & Jones, 1997) because of differences in how of pay is fair. Cronbachs alpha for distributive justice
individualists and collectivists perceive experiences for the selected sample was 0.777.
and respond to fairness perceptions (Finkelstein, Procedural justice scale consists of six items such as
2012). Managements decisions regarding my job are made in
6 M. M. HASSAN ET AL.
an unbiased manner.. Cronbachs alpha for procedural (p < .01) and 0.23 (p < .05), respectively, providing
justice for the sample was 0.790. provisional support for hypothesis H1. Procedural jus-
Niehoff and Moormans (1993)s interactional justice tice and OCBI were not significantly correlated. OCBO
scale consists of nine items such as When decisions are was not significantly correlated with any dimension of
made about my job, the senior/s treat me with kindness OJ. Thus, no support was found for hypothesis H2.
and consideration. Cronbachs alpha for interactional Table 2 shows results of regression analysis for test-
justice for the sample was 0.894. ing hypotheses H1 and H2. The results show distribu-
tive justice ( = 0.20, p < .05) and interactional justice
Individualism/collectivism ( = 0.232, p < .05) significantly predicted OCBI.
I/C construct was assessed using the six-item scale of Procedural justice did not significantly predict OCBI
Dorfman and Howell (1988). The scale measured indi- ( = 0.153, n.s.). The R2 for the model was 0.132, with
vidualistic/collectivistic orientations through items that a change of 0.117 at a significance level of p < .01. For
elicit responses to statements such as Group welfare is H1, the relationship between distributive and interac-
more important than individual rewards. Cronbachs tional justice and OCBI was accepted. OCBO is not
alpha for the scale was 0.783. significantly predicted by OJ dimensions. H2 was
rejected.
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OCBI and OCBO Table 3 shows the results for moderated regression
OCBI and OCBO were assessed through William and analysis. Moderation was tested in two models.
Andersons (1991) scales. The scales consist of items Demographic variables of gender, age, and tenure were
such as Tries to help others who have been absent controlled in step 1. In step 2, justice dimensions and I/C
and Attendance at work is above the norm.. variables were controlled. Previously significant relation-
Cronbachs alpha for OCBI and OCBO was 0.754 and ships between distributive and interactional justice with
0.786, respectively. OCBI (Table 2) became insignificant when I/C was entered
into the model in step 2 (Table 3). R2 for step 2 was 0.467.
In step 3, the three interaction terms were entered.
Data analysis method Interaction terms for procedural ( = 0.123, p < .01)
and interactional justice ( = 0.030, p < .01) gave signifi-
Regression analysis was conducted in SPSS to check the cant results. R2 for step 3 was 0.555 with a change of 0.088
impact of OJ dimensions on OCBI and OCBO. Two (p < .000). Thus, hypothesis H3 was accepted.
econometric models were used to check the effect of In testing for moderation for OCBO, a previously
moderator on the relationship between OJ and OCBI insignificant relationship between interactional justice
and OCBO. Baron and Kennys (1986) prescribed and OCBO (Table 2) became significant ( = 0.209,
method was used for moderation analysis. p < .01), when I/C was included in step 2 (Table 3). R2 for
step 2 was 0.481. In step 3, only the interaction term for
Results distributive justice gave significant result ( =0.229,
p < .000). R2 for step 3 was 0.581 with a change of
Table 1 shows reliabilities, means, standard deviations, 0.100 (p < .000). Thus, hypothesis H4 was accepted.
and correlations among the variables. Correlation
between distributive justice and procedural justice,
Discussion
0.35; distributive justice and interactional justice, 0.38;
and procedural and interactional justice, 0.69; were Results of H1 showed that employees respond by show-
significant at p < .01. The correlation between OCBI ing extra-role behaviors toward supervisors and peers
and OCBO was 0.70 (p < .01). Correlations of distribu- when organizations are distributively and interactionally
tive and interactional justice with OCBI were 0.29 fair. Procedural fairness did not lead to such behavior
Table 2. Regression analysis results for OCBI and OCBO. contrast to literature cited in this study, for employees
OCBI OCBO in Pakistan, fairness of rewards possibly implies that
Predictors R2 R2 R2 R2 fair procedures are in place that decided on those fair
Step 1 outcomes. Whether employees take fair procedures as
Control variables 0.015 0.44
Step 2 an indication of fair rewards or fair reward distribution
Distributive justice 0.20* 0.114 as an indication of the organizations procedural fair-
Procedural justice 0.153 0.117
Interactional justice 0.232* 0.132 0.117** 0.032 0.066 0.022* ness has not received much attention of researchers.
* p < .05; ** p < .01. Results for H2 suggest that employees do not respond
with OCBO to justice. They possibly consider supervisors
as the source of justice and not the organization per se,
according to the findings. Yardan, Kse, and Kse not reducing behaviors such as taking undeserved breaks,
(2014) had somewhat similar results since they reported not making efforts to conserve and protect office prop-
an insignificant relationship between procedural justice erty and adhere to informal rules devised to maintain
and three OCB dimensions, namely sportsmanship, order. Furthermore, perhaps the fairnessOCBO rela-
altruism, and courtesy. Awang and Ahmed (2015) also tionship can be better explained through considering the
reported that while distributive and interactional justice role of commitment toward the organization that is fos-
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predicted OCB, procedural justice had no significant tered by organizational fairness (Lavelle et al., 2009).
relation with OCB. A possible explanation for these Similar results were reported by Balfour and Wechsler
results is that fairness of procedures is attributable to (1991), where the public employees were found to have
the organization and not to supervisors and fellow work- low willingness to go beyond the assigned duties and exert
ers. In addition, perhaps employees associate fair extra effort on the job. In a study comparing the public
rewards to supervisors who provide feedback on their and private sector employees work motivations, Buelens
performance, thus showing citizenship behavior that and Van den Broeck (2007) also found the public sector
benefits supervisors. Psychological processes determine employees motivation to expend extensive efforts lower
the beneficiary of citizenship behavior (McNeely & than that of private employees. Another possible line of
Meglino, 1994) and employees target citizenship beha- reasoning can be that because the supervisors in the
vior toward certain beneficiaries (Lavelle et al., 2009) in Pakistani public sector are given significant authority
line with social exchange theory. This explanation is and power to be exercised over their subordinates the
supported by other literature on directed behavior employees consider their supervisors to be a more prox-
(Dalal, 2005). Another possible explanation can be imal target of perceived fairness. Likewise, Cheung (2013)
drawn from Lee, Pillutla, and Laws (2000) study where stated that employees attribute the interactive justice per-
the authors stated that high-power distance made ceptions to their supervisors due to the same propinquity
employees less responsive to procedural justice. While of relation.
power distance was not in the scope of this study, H3 and H4 found moderated effects of I/C on citi-
Hofstede (1983) has classified Pakistan as a country zenship responses to justice, but contrary to expecta-
that is high on power distance. tions, perceived justice had negative values of
The relative importance of distributive justice over citizenship behavior for higher values of collectivism.
procedural justice is in line with literature that suggests In other words, people with lower collective orienta-
economic factors may render reward outcomes more tions were likely to respond with citizenship behaviors
valuable for employees (Quratulain et al., 2012). In to perceived justice. For highly collectivist individuals,
equity may not suffice for citizenship behavior. these has an indirect positive effect on the other, mak-
Researchers of I/C repeatedly cite literature that sug- ing sure that OCBs are displayed directly toward both
gests collectivists value equality, whereas individualists beneficiaries may lead to a multiplied positive effect on
value equity (Fadil, Williams, Limpaphayom, & Smatt, the organizational effectiveness.
2005; Ramamoorthy & Flood, 2002). Also, collectivists To summarize, the study contributed to existing
may show cooperative behaviors for collective reasons literature on justice and collectivism. Findings show
(Wagner, 1995), regardless of fairness. that employees attribute fairness to supervisors who
Another possible explanation is that because distribute rewards and interact with them on behalf of
employees are not formally required to show citizen- the organization. We draw attention to findings that
ship behavior some form of free rider tendencies or under certain conditions distributive fairness may
individual loafing may explain why collectivism attenu- become more or equally important as procedural fair-
ated effects of justice on OCBs. Research suggests that ness. Findings indicate that employees take reward dis-
collectivists show individual loafing, that is, reduced tributions as an indication of fair procedures. This
performance under low shared responsibility for per- study also substantiates the idea that cultural values
formance (Earley, 1989, p. 578). Collective orientation influence behaviors. However, for collectivists,
may foster beliefs that other beneficiaries of fairness mediated paths to citizenship may better explain beha-
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have a role to play in helping others around the work- vioral responses to fairness. Collectivists probably also
place and in conserving office property, etc. In the carry free rider tendencies that may be overcome using
absence of formal recognition for citizenship behaviors, human resource practices that create a team-collectivis-
such loafing may help employees preserve individual tic culture.
energies without violating their collectivistic group
orientations.
The study has implications for human resource Future research suggestions
management personnel especially from the public sec- From findings on the role of collectivism, we suggest
tor. Though fairness is likely to lead to citizenship future studies check for conditions under which collec-
responses toward others at work, managers may need tivists are likely to harbor free rider tendencies. Future
to look into practices that encourage citizenship toward studies should explain whether employees perceive dis-
the organization. Perhaps organizations in Pakistan tributive fairness as an indication of the organizations
should not dwell on the predominantly collectivist fairness in decision-making or whether fairness of pro-
orientation but work toward creating a team-collecti- cedures is taken to mean fair rewards will follow.
vistic culture as proposed by McAtavey and
Nikolovska (2010). Such a team collectivistic culture
may be instrumental in overriding individual differ- References
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