Ledsmagazine Oct2011

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OCTOBER 2011
LEDsmagazine.com
Optical Safety
Standards for LED-
based products P.31
Manufacturing
LED automation and
wafer standards P.37
TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Outdoor

Street and Area
Lighting event P.59
Entertainment
LEDs illuminate
TV studio P.45
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THE WORLDS NEWSSTAND
Par 38

Spotlight
Prices of LED lighting products no longer have
to be sky high and out of reach.
Let the affordable VIRIBRIGHT brand bring
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ISSUE 46
october Cover Story
2011 The Daybreak TV studio in London is lit

almost entirely with LED-based fixtures
from ETC, and was the focus of a case
study presentation at the annual PLASA
tradeshow - see page 45.
features
23 NATIONAL FOCUS Philip Jessup, The Climate Group
India identifies LED lighting as key technology to
columns/departments
control energy demand 4 COMMENTARY Tim Whitaker
Lighting market reflects
27 LIGHTING Michael Smolyansky, Cooper Lighting Canada economic uncertainty

Planting virtual trees: the challenge of meeting LEED
requirements for light-pollution reduction
9 NEWS +VIEWS
Osram, Panasonic accelerate
production of OLED lighting
31 STANDARDS Leslie Lyons, Bentham Instruments Ltd
LED-based products must meet photobiological safety IES approves TM-21 for projecting
LED lumen maintenance
standards: part 1
Lighting market slowdown affects
37 FABRICATION Paula Doe, SEMI
LED wafer and automation standards are on the fast
Osram IPO, MOCVD sales
GE Lightings Irick says reliable, system-
track, ready for more industry feedback level SSL solutions will prevail
45 FOCUS ON Tim Whitaker

Entertainment lighting at PLASA
Cree launches TEMPO
luminaire testing program
Lighting for Tomorrow
51 STANDARDS Jianzhong Jiao, Osram Opto Semiconductors
Understanding the difference between LED rated life
announces 2011 winners
and lumen-maintenance life 17 FUNDING+PROGRAMS

Zeta LED uses UK funding to
55 DESIGN FOCUS Tim Whitaker
Unique desk lamp designs combine LEDs with heat
develop unique LED lamp
Europe says goodbye to 60W lamps
pipes, and OLEDs with carbon fiber
DOE Gateway report shows
59 CONFERENCE REPORT Maury Wright

LEDs headline at SALC, speakers predict significant
superior quality of LED lamps
when illuminating artwork
efficiency gains
77 DESIGN FORUM
67 BACKLIGHTING Jason Hartlove, Nanosys Driving alternative banks of LEDs

improves efficacy
Quantum dots unleash high-color-gamut performance
Ezana Haile, Microchip Technology Inc.
in LED backlit displays
80 LAST WORD
71 FOCUS ON Laura Peters
Indoor lighting applications
LED modules sit at the confluence of
numerous technologies
74 OPTICS Joerg Wertli and Michael Bueeler, Optotune

Tunable lenses offer compact solution to combine
Dan McGowan, Molex Inc.
floodlights and spotlights in one product
LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2011 3

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commentary
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT Christine Shaw

& PUBLISHING DIRECTOR cshaw@pennwell.com
Lighting market reflects EDITOR Tim Whitaker

twhitaker@pennwell.com
ASSOCIATE EDITOR Nicole Pelletier
economic uncertainty nicolep@pennwell.com

SENIOR TECHNICAL Maury Wright
EDITOR maurywright@gmail.com
SENIOR TECHNICAL Laura Peters
I
EDITOR laurap@pennwell.com
MARKETING MANAGER Luba Hrynyk
PRESENTATION MANAGER Kelli Mylchreest
PRODUCTION DIRECTOR Mari Rodriguez
n our last magazine issue, we commented tar, a subsidiary of LCD-panel maker AU SENIOR ILLUSTRATOR Christopher Hipp
on the busy summer that had just passed, Optronics, went public on the Taiwan AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT Jayne Sears-Renfer
but September turned out to be equally stock exchange (www.ledsmagazine.com/

lively. The start of the month saw the phase- news/8/9). Lextar is vertically integrated,
______
out of 60W incandescent lamps in Europe, from MOCVD growth through to LED mod- EDITORIAL OFFICES PennWell Corporation,
LEDs Magazine
as part of the regions ongoing program to ules, lamps and fi xtures, and its 2010 reve- 98 Spit Brook Road, LL-1
eliminate the most inefficient lamps from nue was $255 million. Nashua, NH 03062-5737
the marketplace (page 19). LED lamps are Tel: +1 603 891-0123
Fax: +1 603 891-0574
still not fully ready, in terms of price/perfor- The LED Show www.ledsmagazine.com
mance ratio, to fi ll the void that will be cre- As many LED readers will be aware, LEDs SALES OFFICES
ated when stocks of the undesirable incan- Magazine is a sister publication of the SALES MANAGER Mary Donnelly
(US EAST COAST) maryd@pennwell.com
descents are sold off. Strategies in Light (SIL) family of confer-
Tel. +1 603 891 9398
Also, Siemens confirmed what most ences, which cover LEDs and lighting, and SALES MANAGER Allison OConnor
observers already realized i.e. that the take place in several locations around the (US WEST COAST) allison@jagmediasales.com
Tel. +1 480 991 9109
industrial giants planned IPO for its Osram globe. Pennwell, which owns this publica-
SALES MANAGER Joanna Hook
lighting division will be delayed until the tion and the SIL events, recently added a (EUROPE) joannah@pennwell.com
market stabilizes (page 10). Th is is one of new event to its stable with the acquisition Tel. +44(0)117 946 7262
SALES MANAGER Manami Konishi
the strongest indicators that the general of The LED Show. (JAPAN) konishi-manami@ics-inc.co.jp
economic slowdown is having a strong Th is annual tradeshow was launched in Tel: +81 3 3219 3641
effect on the lighting market, via factors 2009 and takes place in Las Vegas, attracting SALES MANAGER Mark Mak
(CHINA & HONG KONG) markm@actintl.com.hk
such as weakness in the construction mar- 87 exhibitors and more than 3000 attendees Tel: +852 2838 6298
ket, and sluggishness in consumer markets in 2011. The focus is on lighting design and SALES MANAGER Diana Wei
(TAIWAN) diana@arco.com.tw
in Western Europe. Even so, its important lighting-product technology, and The LED
Tel: 886-2-2396-5128 ext:270
to note that the lighting market appears Show will provide an excellent complement SALES MANAGER Young Baek
to be growing less rapidly than predicted, to our existing SIL events. The next event (KOREA) ymedia@chol.com
Tel: +82 2 2273 4818
rather than contracting. takes place on July 30-August 1, 2012 in Las CORPORATE OFFICERS
Slower rates of growth in demand are Vegas, when hopefully market conditions CHAIRMAN Frank T. Lauinger
also being felt by LED makers, and this in will have stabilized somewhat. PRESIDENT AND CEO Robert F. Biolchini
CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER Mark C. Wilmoth
turn has caused suppliers such as Aixtron
TECHNOLOGY GROUP
to revise their sales estimates for 2011 (page
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT Christine A. Shaw
10). MOCVD-equipment-supplier Aixtron & PUBLISHING DIRECTOR
cited the short-term fragility of the eco- SENIOR VP OF AUDIENCE Gloria S. Adams
DEVELOPMENT
nomic recovery, as well as rapidly-dropping
SUBSCRIPTIONS: For subscription inquiries:
end-market prices for LEDs, as reasons why Tel: +1 847 559-7330;
customers have delayed deliveries and pur- Fax: +1 847 291-4816;
e-mail: led@omeda.com;
chase-order placements. One example is the ledsmagazine.com/subscribe
joint-venture company being established by Tim Whitaker, EDITOR We make portions of our subscriber list available to carefully screened
companies that offer products and services that may be important for
Epistar in China, which is not expanding as twhitaker@pennwell.com your work. If you do not want to receive those offers and/or information
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Magazine Name, 98 Spit Brook Road LL-1, Nashua, NH 03062.
ditions and lack of demand growth. Copyright 2011 PennWell Corp (ISSN 2156-633X). All rights
Even so, its not all doom and gloom. At reserved. Contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any
form without prior written consent of Publishers.
the end of September, Taiwan-based Lex-
4 OCTOBER 2011 LEDsmagazine.com
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FEATURED events
Professional Lighting Design Convention
| online October 19-22, 2011
Madrid, Spain
LEDs 2011
Webcasts: October 24-26, 2011
San Diego, CA, United States
LED Lighting Made Easy A Modular IES Annual Conference
October 30-November 01, 2011
System Approach to Designing Fixtures Austin, TX, United States
DATE: October 19, 2011
China SSL
PRESENTERS: Costa Politakis, Future Lighting November 08-10, 2011
Solutions; Dan Sullivan, Philips Lighting Guangzhou, China
Light and Color - Methods of 4th International LED Forum Moscow

November 09-10, 2011
Achieving High CRI with LEDs Moscow, Russia
DATE: October 26, 2011 LuxLive
PRESENTER: Marc Dyble, OSRAM Opto Semiconductors November 09-10, 2011
Earls Court, United Kingdom
More Webcasts for Fall 2011 LED EXPO 2011
DATES: Oct 31, Nov 7, Nov 28, Dec 1, Dec 15 December 1-3, 2011
PRESENTER: ON Semiconductor Delhi, India
DATE: November 2, 2011 Forum LED Europe

TITLE: Three Basic Functions of LED Power Supplies December 7-8, 2011
Lyon, France
PRESENTER: Arrow and Fairchild
LED/OLED Lighting Technology Expo 2012
DATE: November 15, 2011 January 18-20, 2012
TITLE: Diagnose and Solve Thermal Challenges in Tokyo Big Sight, Japan
Next Generation LEDs Strategies in Light 2012
PRESENTER: Mentor Graphics February 7-9, 2012
View www.ledsmagazine.com/webcasts to access upcoming and Santa Clara, CA, United States
archived presentations. MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/events
ADVERTISERS index
Aeon Lighting Technology Inc. ............. 11 Lambda Research Corp. .....................25 Reed Exhibitions Japan Ltd................. 36
Alanod .............................................. 49 Ledlink Optics Inc. ............................ 13 Samsung LED America ..........................5
Beautiful Light Tech ........................... 43 Linear Technology .............................. C3 Shanxi Guangyu Led Lighting Co., Ltd. ....16
Brush ................................................ 30 Matrix Lighting Limited, Shat-R-Shields ....................................42
Cree, Inc. ......................................... C4 Hong Kong Office ............................... C2 Shenzhen Refond
CSA International ............................... 65 MeanWell USA ......................................8 Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. .....................75
Edison Opto Corporation .................... 26 National Semiconductor ..................... 50 Sichuan Jiuzhou Electric
Nordson Asymtek............................... 29 Group Co Ltd. .....................................61
Evergreen International Corp. ............ 53
Optronic Laboratories ........................ 38 Signcomplex Limited ...........................47
Everlight Electronics Co. Ltd. ............. 22
Orb Optronix ...................................... 39 Specialty Coating Systems ..................52
Fischer Electronik GmbH & Co. KG ...... 35
Phihong USA ...................................... 33 Supertex Inc. ......................................24
GE Lighting Solutions ......................... 34
Philips Lighting BV ........................ 40-41 The Bergquist Company ......................21
Hephas ..............................................15
Philips Lumileds ...................................2 Thomas Research Products .................76
Instrument Systems GmbH..................17
Prolight Opto Technology .......................1 Toyota Tsusho America, Inc. ................14
Intertek ............................................. 54
Proto Labs, Inc. ..................................57 Tridonic GmbH & Co. KG ..................... 18
Inventronics (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd. ..........7
Recom Distribution & Logistics Gmbh.....58 Underwriters Laboratories .................. 44
Jiangsu Trinity Material Co., Ltd. ........ 20
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news views
OLEDS
Osram, Panasonic accelerate production

of OLED lighting
Two major lighting companies, one in Germany and one in EUR50 million ($72.25 million) in R&D for OLEDs. Osrams
Japan, have made significant announcements that will help product portfolio includes OLED panels and modules as well
to bring more OLED lighting products to market. as complete luminaires.
In Germany, Osram AG has celebrated the opening of a Osram has received considerable support from Germa-
pilot manufacturing nys Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
plant for OLEDs. The through the organizations OLED 2015 initiative and the
facility in Regensburg TOPAS 2012 project (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/8/36).
West, which currently
employs 220 people, is Panasonic Idemitsu OLED Lighting
the result of an invest- Panasonic Idemitsu OLED Lighting Co., Ltd. (PIOL), a joint
ment of EUR20 million venture established this year between Japanese companies
($28.9 million) over Panasonic Electric Works Co., Ltd. (PEW) and Idemitsu
the course of one year. Kosan Co., Ltd., began shipping OLED lighting panels to
Osram described the the international markets in September. The OLED panels
opening as an impor- have a minimum color rendering of Ra=90, a panel section
tant milestone on the as thin as 2 mm and a luminance of 3000 cd/m. The panels
road toward volume luminous efficiency is 30 lm/W (60 lm at 2W), the lifetime
manufacturing. is 10,000 hours (to 70% lumen maintenance) and the color
Testing of OLED panels in Osrams facility in Osram is the only temperature is 3000K.
Regensburg, Germany. company with produc- In addition, PEW will ship OLED lighting modules (the
tion sites for both (inor- OLED panel plus driver circuitry, embedded in a frame)
ganic) LEDs and OLEDs in Europe, and currently dedicates later this year. The luminous efficiency of the modules is
two-thirds of its R&D expenditures to LEDs and OLEDs. In 21 lm/W, with a dimming control range of 10% to 100%
the past five years, the company has invested approximately (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/9/8).
STANDARDS
IES approves TM-21 for projecting LED lumen maintenance

The Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) longer considered adequate for a specific when a certain output level is reached.
of North America has approved technical application. Lumen maintenance of LEDs Importantly, the document is limited to
memorandum TM-21 entitled Projecting can vary from manufacturer to manufac- lumen maintenance; it does not contain
Long-Term Lumen Maintenance of LED turer and between different LED package procedures for determining the time-to-
Light Sources. The starting point for the types produced by a single manufacturer. failure or reliability of other LED luminaire
projections is the data obtained by the pro- TM-21 is designed to work with the data components such as the driver or lenses.
cedures found in IES document LM-80- produced by LM-80 testing of 20 samples This point is discussed further in our Stan-
08, the Approved Method for Measuring over 6000 hours at three specified temper- dards article on page 51.
Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources. atures. TM-21 provides a method to deter- LEDs Magazine plans to provide
TM-21 provides a method for determin- mine the light sources expected deprecia- expanded coverage on the TM-21 technical
ing when the useful lifetime of an LED is tion over time. It should therefore provide memorandum in our next issue. The TM-21
reached, a point when the light emitted from an idea of the light-output level of a lumi- document can be purchased for $40 from the
an LED depreciates to a level where it is no naire at a point in time, or indicate the time IES store see http://bit.ly/pwRSvK

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news+views
BUSINESS system deliveries into 2012. Aixtrons cus-
tomers have revealed an increasing con-
Lighting market slowdown affects cern about the short-term fragility of the
Osram IPO, MOCVD sales economic recovery. These concerns, cou-
The general market slowdown in lighting is pled with the rapidly dropping end-market
affecting companies in all parts of the sup- prices for LEDs, have caused purchase-order
ply chain, having delayed Siemens intended placement delays and deferred deliveries.
initial public offering (IPO) of Osram, as well Aixtrons Nasdaq stock price closed at $16.61
as affecting shipments of MOCVD systems on Sept 16, down from its 52-week high of
to LED makers. $45 reached in February.
As we predicted in the September issue In reaction to the Aixtron announce-
of LEDs Magazine, Siemens AG has decided ment, analysts also cut their ratings on
to delay the IPO of its Osram lighting unit, Veeco Instruments (Nasdaq: VECO), Aix-
which had been planned for the fall of 2011. trons main MOCVD competitor. As a result,
Demand for LED and SSL products is less shares in Plainview, NY-based Veeco fell to
robust than many expected this year, as is $30.51 on Sept 16, down 47% from a recent
the overall economy. An oversupply situation high of $57.67 in May.
for LED-backlit TVs has reduced the market As one example of an LED maker show-
price for LEDs. There is also increasing price ing a more cautious attitude to expansion,
pressure on LED components and SSL lumi- Taiwan-based Epistar recently started oper- retailers today are very focused on deploy-
naires caused by new players in Asia. These ations at its LED joint venture, Epicrys- ing new technologies to make their business
factors are all influencing the timing of the tal Corporation, in Changzhou, China. The models as sustainable as possible. In terms
Osram IPO. new facility has the capacity to house 60 of price and performance, LED technology is
However, Siemens stated in a press release MOCVD reactors, but will initially be con- fast approaching the tipping point for accent
that it is firmly holding to its plans" for the figured with only 10 reactors by the end of lighting in food retail," he said. "Nualight has
sale. Preparations are on track and will be 2011 due to weak market conditions and a acquired a portfolio of products and excel-
continued, Siemens said, adding that the lack of demand growth. lent technology expertise that allows us to
timing of a listing depends on the stabili- MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/9/21 move very quickly into accent lighting for
zation of market conditions. food retail, and doubles the speed at which
Meanwhile, Osrams rival Philips said that RETAIL LIGHTING we can bring new products to market.
its growth was being affected by sluggish MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/9/13
consumer markets in Western Europe, and Nualight acquires retail accent-
the continuing weakness of the construc- lighting company Lumoluce HEALTH
tion market. Even so, Philips Lighting Nualight, the Cork, Ireland-based provider
division reported comparable sales growth of LED lighting for retail food displays, has Outdoor-lighting research
of 5% in the first half of 2011 relative to the acquired Lumoluce, a provider of accent suggests strong LED impact
same period last year. Growth was driven by retail lighting based in Amsterdam, the in suppressing melatonin
all business units except Consumer Lumi- Netherlands. The deal, valued at just under Not for the fi rst time, the impact of white
naires and Lumileds, Philips LED division. EUR11 million ($15 million), will bring solid-state lighting (SSL) on human health
Philips said that the decline at Lumileds was Nualights revenue to over EUR25 million has been questioned. A new research project
driven by the display business, and technol- ($34 million) for 2011. says that LEDs, for the same photopic flux
ogy investments. However, Philips overall LED accent lighting, in the form of spot- output, increase pollution in the...melato-
LED-based sales increased in the first half of lights used to accentuate high-margin nin-suppression bands by five times rela-
2011 by 24% over the same period last year. fresh-food displays such as fruit and meat, tive to high-pressure-sodium (HPS) sources.
can save up to 40% in energy costs when The publication recommends regulatory
Aixtron revises 2011 guidance compared with incumbent, equivalent HID limits for future SSL products.
Meanwhile, Aixtron SE, the Aachen, lighting. Nualight estimates that its com- The research entitled Limiting the impact
Germany-based maker of MOCVD equip- bined target market for primary and accent of light pollution on human health, environ-
ment for LED fabrication, issued a new food-retail lighting could reach EUR1 billion ment, and stellar visibility, was published in
2011 revenue estimate of EUR 600-650 mil- ($1.36 billion) annually by 2016. Lumoluce the Journal of Environmental Management.
lion, down significantly from the previous also offers Nualight growth opportunities The authors are Fabio Falchi of Italys Light
estimate of EUR 800-900 million. The com- in the areas of high-end retail, infrastruc- Pollution Science and Technology Institute
pany said it has received requests from sev- ture, commercial lighting and LED drivers. (ISTIL), Christopher Elvidge of the National
eral customers, particularly in Asia, to defer Liam Kelly, CEO of Nualight, said that food Geophysical Data Center in page 14
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TEST AND MEASURMENT
Cree launches TEMPO luminaire testing program

One recurring obstacle to broad deployment sample TEMPO-21 test that Cree performed
of solid-state lighting (SSL) is the complexity
on one of its reference designs. That table is
of developing reliable LED-based lighting sys-
focused primarily on optical and photomet-
tems, and Cree plans to help its LED compo- ric properties and power consumption, but
nent customers with its new TEMPO (Thermal the full document addresses the other design
Electrical Mechanical Photmetric Optical) elements as well.
luminaire testing and evaluation program. According to Mark McClear, global direc-
Luminaire designers can utilize Cree ser- tor of applications engineering at Cree, the
vices to validate a design before joining whats
TEMPO concept evolved from bad design
become a queue at LM-79 testing labs. practices in the field that often lead to lumi-
TEMPO is essentially a sequence of services
naire makers blaming the component sup-
that Cree LED customers can access through- plier. McClear used an example where a cus-
out the design cycle of integral lamps or lumi-
tomer chose improper glue that created gases
naires. For example, Cree will help with opti-
as temperature increased inside the lumi-
cal and thermal simulations early in the naire, damaging the LEDs.
design process. Later in the process Cree offers McClear said that luminaire makers have
what it calls SPOT (Single Point Of Test) test-
no-one to turn to for help and often approach
ing on a light engine. And then the TEMPO-21 LM-79 and Energy Star testing not knowing
test, covering 21 test points, will be performed
if their design will pass. There are specialty Illuminance measurements for Cree's
on complete luminaire or lamp designs. firms that might evaluate a thermal design TEMPO program are made on a 2-in grid.
At the conclusion of the TEMPO-21 tests for a substantial fee. LM-79 testing cost $1000
Cree will deliver a sizeable document to the or more, and manufacturers often must wait form the complete LM-79 test suite right now.
customer who can then share that data with for a test slot. Expect that to change, however, as the com-
its customers, providing a third-party val- Some of the other tests that TEMPO-21 pany is planning to install a moving-mirror
idation of performance. The Table below includes in the electrical area are driver effi- Type C goniophotometer that is required for
is taken from the Executive Summary of a ciency, transient analysis, dimmer compat- some LM-79 tests.
ibility, power analysis, and That leads to the question of whether Cree
Results for an MR16 lamp reference design Hi-pot testing for dielec- will seek official recognition as a Certifica-
tric breakdown. In the ther- tion Body so that it could handle LM-79 and
Criteria Result See Page mal and mechanical area, Energy Star testing for its customers. How-
Total luminous flux 275 7 the tests include valida- ever, McClear said the company has no such
Power (W) 4.76 12 tion of a proper solder point plans for now.
Tsp/Tj (C) 67.1/76.8 20 for junction-temperature Cree believes it can offer the TEMPO ser-
monitoring, thermal imag- vices with turnaround times in days rather
Power factor n/a
ing with an infrared cam- than weeks and help customers accelerate
Lumens per Watt (lm/W) 57.6 12 era, and a chemical com- time to market. SPOT tests will cost only
Optical Efficiency (%) 93.4 15 patibility analysis. The test $300 and a full TEMPO-21 test will cost $1200.
Driver Efficiency (%) 81.1 16 also includes a TM-21-based The company is clearly not looking to profit
CCT (K) 2990 8 estimate of product lifetime directly from the services at those price lev-
that accounts for the ther- els, but rather TEMPO is simply another way
CRI (Ra) 82 8
mal design of the fixture, to achieve Crees stated mission of accelerat-
Chromaticity (x-coord.) 0.435 8
and a review against Energy ing the adoption of LED lighting.
Chromaticity (y-coord.) 0.399 8 Star criteria. Although TEMPO was formally introduced
LED lumen maintenance Projected L70(6k): n/a Ultimately TEMPO-21 in late September, the company has already
LED lumen maintenance Reported L70(6k): n/a is both a superset and sub- performed a number of TEMPO-21 tests
Center beam candle 620 35 set of LM-79 which McClear for customers. When asked if he knew of
power (cd) says covers only about half any similar program at other LED vendors,
of the evaluation points McClear said, I think this is something the
Energy Star OK 28
that are critical to judge a other component vendors should consider
Cree partner criteria Pass
design. But Cree cant per- doing.
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Health from page 10
Boulder, CO, David Keith of Marshall Design in Boulder, and Abra-
ham Haim of Israels University of Haifa.
The research studied LED and metal-halide (MH) sources rel-
ative to reference HPS sources. Both the LED and MH sources
produce white light that includes more blue content at shorter
wavelengths than do HPS sources, which produce orange- to yel-
low-tinted light. Like much similar research, the new study appar-
ently didnt test actual subjects, but rather relied on prior research
on melatonin-suppression levels relative to spectral content. The
researchers came to the conclusion that MH lights suppress mela-
tonin at a rate 3 times greater than HPS lights, and LEDs suppress
melatonin at 5 times the HPS rate.
Not surprisingly, the original news item on our website attracted
a large number of comments.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/9/12
INTERVIEW Jaime Irick, CEO and of GE Lighting Solutions (left) and David
Schuellerman, PR manager (right).
GE Lightings Irick says reliable, system-
level SSL solutions will prevail Lighting Solutions, outlined a future of lighting that is dominated
In a recent press conference at the company headquarters at Nela by solid-state solutions, making all other technologies obsolete,
Park in Cleveland, Ohio, Jaime Irick, president and CEO of GE eventually.
GE has made a strong investment in its LED sector recently,
increasing its R&D personnel by 2.5 in the last three years. In
Cleveland, the company has 30 LED technologists researching
next-generation optics, thermal components and electronics,
while 90 LED engineers investigate performance and reliability.
Th is group developed GEs 40W-equivalent, 450-lm LED lamp on
which its subsequent 60W-, 75W- and 100W-equivalent LED lamps
will be based.
In the medium term, customers in the US will have a choice of
high-efficiency halogen bulbs, CFLs or LED lamps that meet the
energy-efficiency requirements of the Energy Independence and
Security Act of 2007. Its all about choice for our customers, but
they were looking for more energy-efficient alternatives, even before
the legislation was enacted, said Irick.
Asked when LEDs are likely to dominate the general indoor-light-
ing market, Irick said he expects that to still be 10 years in the future.
However, LED costs are coming down at approximately 20% per year,
and the introduction rate for LED lamps has accelerated. We have
70 Energy Star LED products now and will have 120 by the end of
the year, said Irick.
Customers are dictating the form that lighting will take, says
Irick. While other companies may have product expertise, GEs
will offer the best system-integration platform, bringing together
the LED module, thermals, optics and drivers to provide the most
efficient lighting platform for the application, said Irick. One exam-
ple is GEs LED edge-lighting fi xtures, which are based on backlight-
ing technology, and use LEDs around the perimeter of the panel and
Rambus MicroLens technology to distribute the light uniformly
across the panel.
Irick indicated that the industry is in a period of transition. He
said that GE is supporting the efforts of the FTC with the new Light-
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ing Facts label. The DOE has found that nearly 30% of the products
tested in its Caliper studies do not meet manufacturers performance
claims. In fact, we have already seen some products being pulled
from retail shelves, he said. [The new labels] will help level the play-
ing field.
GE is already seeing a shake-out of manufacturers. John Strainic,
global product general manager at GE Lighting, claimed this is sim-
ilar to the consolidation seen with CFLs when they began to replace
incandescent bulbs, which took 5-7 years to complete.
Product reliability is a cornerstone of GEs operations. While the
company does not manufacture LEDs, its reliability laboratory per-
forms incoming qualification and accelerated lifetime testing on
LEDs and LED modules. Not all lighting manufacturers test their
LEDs, but we have rigorous testing requirements and over ten years
of field test data, said Cherian Jacob, systems manger of GE Light-
ing Solutions.
COMPETITIONS
Lighting for Tomorrow announces 2011 winners

In a ceremony held at the American Lighting Association (ALA)
Annual Conference in Palm Beach, Florida on September 13, the win-
ners of the ninth-annual Lighting for Tomorrow competition were
recognized for designing the best energy-efficient lighting products
____________
Designers Fountains Aero track

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for the residential market. The judging panel
recognized eight winners and six honorable
mentions, including solid-state lighting
(SSL) fi xtures and replacement lamps, and
lighting controls.
The SSL products were judged based on
color appearance, color rendering, amount
and distribution of light, overall aesthetic
appearance, and application efficiency. Win- SSL replacement
ners in the SSL fi xture competition were: lamps received hon-
The Aero 4-head fi xed track from Designers orable mentions, includ-
Fountain ing Cree LED Lightings
The Berne Chairside reading lamp from LRP38-1000L lamp, as well Cooper Lightings Halo
Holtktter International as the Ultra LED PAR38 and downlight
Cooper Lightings Halo 4-inch adjustable Ultra LED B10 lamps, both
round and square downlight from Osram Sylvania. tronics for its Diva CL dimmer.
Osram Sylvanias Ultra RT4 LED recessed The winners of the lighting controls com- The Lighting for Tomorrow program, orga-
downlight kit petition were selected on the basis of func- nized by the ALA, the non-profit Consortium
The CR4 downlight from Cree LED Lighting tionality, value, ease of installation, ease of for Energy Efficiency (CEE) and Underwrit-
Lithonia Lightings outdoor LED versatile use, innovation, ability to interface with ers Laboratories (UL), has the financial sup-
area/wall light other LED or CFL lighting systems, and port of 21 energy-efficiency-program admin-
The SSL replacement lamp winner was the adaptability to existing luminaires. The istrators across the US and Canada.
Osram Sylvania Ultra A-line lamp. Several lighting controls winner was Lutron Elec- MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/9/17
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measurement equipment for high-speed production testing and high-performance R&D and QC applications.
Our instruments provide accurate

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Dominant wavelength and spectral data
Spatial radiation pattern

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funding Europe says goodbye
programs to 60W lamps

As of September 1, the 60W incandes-
cent lamp can no longer be manufac-
tured in Europe or imported into the
region. The new regulation comes
into force as a result of the Ecodesign
Directive (2009/125/EC), which has
already outlawed 100W and 75W incan-
descent lamps (in September 2009 and
Zeta LED uses UK funding to September 2010, respectively).
Specifically, the regulation says that
develop unique LED lamp clear (transparent) lamps with a watt-
age level of 60W or above need to have
Zeta LED, a UK-based technology com- omnidirectional illumination via 10 LED
pany, has unveiled the LifeBulb, a lamp that arrays, 5 each in the upper and lower hemi-
it developed after winning a funding com- spheres. The chip-on-board LEDs are coated
petition from the UK Technology Strategy in phosphor but have no other optics.
Board (TSB). The lamp is currently under- The lamp has an overall efficiency of 76%,
going extensive testing by the TSB, and Zeta a power factor of 0.9, a CRI in excess of 80
is seeking a manufacturing partner for pro- and a color temperature of 3200K. The lamp
duction. The 8W lamp, which the company may be dimmed to 1% with most conven-
tional wall dimmers,
says Zeta. The light out-
put is 720 lm, short of the
level of 806 lm required
to claim equivalence an energy-label class of C or above (A is
to a 60W incandescent the highest, G is the lowest). Th is effec-
lamp. The efficacy is 90 tively eliminates ordinary incandescent
lm/W, and the expected lamps from the market.
lifespan is 25 years when In addition, since September 2009
operated 4 hours per day there has been a requirement that
or 36,500 hours. all non-clear (also known as pearl, or
The LifeBulb project frosted) lamps must be class A, which
is the result of a devel- in practice means that non-clear lamps
opment contract that have to be CFLs.
Zeta won in 2010 for In its current form, the Directive only
describes as the worlds first true replace- GBP450,000 (around $700,000) from the UK applies to non-directional lamps, while
ment for the 60W incandescent bulb, uses Department for Environment, Food and Rural further legislation will cover directional
a unique approach to thermal management. Affairs (Defra) and the TSB to develop an lamps.
Its LED arrays are mounted on the exterior ultra-efficient lighting prototype for domestic The European Commission (EC) has
of an aluminum cage. In the photos here, the use. The GBP450,000 was to be used toward a useful website on energy-saving light
cage is beneath the lamp cover, which con- the development of prototypes and produc- bulbs at: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/
tains a number of holes. Air flows through the tion of 50 fully-functional, tested demonstra- lumen/index_en.htm. The EC has also
_____________
lamps body and around the cage, providing tion units. implemented new packaging regulations
passive cooling and removing the need for a Zeta has produced 100 LifeBulbs and that require the inclusion of data such as
large heat sink that is often seen around the expects to produce 1000 by year end. Our light output (lm), lifetime (hr), the number
base of many LED replacement-lamp designs. target is for the price to be below GBP10 in of switching cycles the lamp is designed
The LifeBulb had to meet TSBs strin- volume production, said Shadbolt, mean- for, the color temperature, the warm-up
gent design criteria. The lamp had to fit in ing a volume in excess of half a million units time, the size of the lamp and whether the
the exact same envelope as a conventional annually. Zeta is looking for potential inves- lamp can be dimmed or not.
lamp, said Phil Shadbolt, Managing Direc- tors or manufacturing partners. MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/9/1
tor of Zeta Controls. The lamp provides MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/9/19

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funding programs
DOE Gateway reports shows

superior quality of LED lamps
when illuminating artwork
The US Department of Energy (DOE) has recently published two
Gateway reports that evaluate LED replacements for track lights
used to illuminate artwork. The installations are in the lobby of the
Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) headquarters building in
Portland, Oregon, and in a gallery at the Jordan Schnitzer Museum
of Art (JSMA) in Eugene, Oregon.
In the Portland demonstration, Cree 12W PAR38 LED-based lamps LED lamps illuminate art in Eugene, Oregon. Courtesy of Jordan
were installed in place of 15W and 23W reflectorized CFLs, which Schnitzer Museum of Art (JSMA).
had been installed in 2001. The study also compared CFL perfor-
mance and cost to the original 90W halogen PAR38 reflector lamps. Color quality improved with the LED lamping, from a CRI of 82 for
The project results showed superior lighting quality and more-effi- the CFL to a CRI of 93 for the LED. The LED lamps showed improved
cient energy use with LED lamps, yet with an 8-year payback period. rendering of red tones in architectural fi nishes and artwork com-
In the Eugene demonstration, fifty-four 90W halogen PAR38 nar- pared to the CFL products.
row-flood lamps were replaced with 12W LED PAR38 lamps, result- In Eugene, the museum staff staged a comparison between the
ing in an energy saving of over $500 per year and a payback period standard halogen lamps and three LED PAR38 replacement lamps
of 9 years. The 54-lamp LED system uses 14% of the energy and offers from three different manufacturers. Using clusters of similar art
a ten times longer lifetime than the halogen lamps. mounted on a gray wall, including an oil painting, a black-and-white
In both cases, the low electricity rate (0.0695/kWhr) and the high photographic print, and a color-checker card, each cluster was illu-
cost of LED lamps ($108 each) led to longer payback times and lower minated by one of the four lamps.
energy savings than might have been otherwise expected. Artists, museum staff and visitors were asked to rank the smooth-
ness of light pattern, the warmth/coolness and suitability of light for
Quality of light reflecting artwork the art, as well as color rendering and visual clarity.
The Portland project involved the illumination of historical The artists and museum staff preferred a different LED lamp than
black-and-white photos and printed color posters from the 1930s the visitors, but neither party preferred illumination by the halogen
and 1940s. The PAR38 LED replacement lamps provide a narrower lamp. Observers said they appreciated how the LED lamps improved
light distribution, concentrating the lumens on the artwork and the ability to see blue colors.
minimizing the amount of light wasted on the wall above the art, MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/9/24 and www.ledsmagazine.
which occurred with both the 15W and 23W CFLs. com/news/8/9/7
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national focus | INDIA
India identifies LED lighting as key

technology to control energy demand
The Indian government has developed policies to stimulate the adoption of LED lighting in the
country, and is funding a number of pilot LED street-lighting projects, explains PHILIP JESSUP.
U
ntil recently, the high-brightness
LED revolution had bypassed India.
This is surprising because the light-
ing market in India, according to industry
reports, is valued at $1.4 billion and has been
growing at the robust rate of 18% annually.
Meanwhile, western lighting companies like
Philips have been manufacturing in India
for 75 years, with thousands of employees,
alongside well-known Indian brands such
as Crompton Greaves and Bajaj Electricals.
In 2009, the rapidly-growing influx of inex-
pensive Chinese-manufactured LED products
caught the notice of policymakers. By that
year, the LED lighting market in India had
grown to $49 million. Indias National Man-
ufacturing Competitive Council, a national
agency with Cabinet ranking, convened a
Core Committee chaired by the Ministry of
Power to look into the appropriate policy
measures for accelerating the adoption of
LED lighting in India. After extensive consul-
tation with the lighting industry, LED manu- FIG. 1. Philips Lumec LED lights outside Kolkata City Hall, India. Photos courtesy of
facturers, Indian states and cities, and other Prodyut Mukheree, The Climate Group.
stakeholders, the Committee submitted its
report, entitled The Economic Case to Stim- LED lighting report ity use by 30%. Street-lighting applications
ulate LED Lighting in India, in May 2010. The Core Committees report, which was and commercial buildings are other areas
A key driver of Indian government LED drafted largely the Ministrys Bureau of where LEDs also need to be promoted.
policy is the need to significantly enhance Energy Efficiency (BEE), highlighted the The Committees report identified the key
energy efficiency across all sectors of the potential for LEDs to reduce electric- barriers to the market penetration of LEDs
economy, in order to decouple growth in ity demand for lighting, which consumes in India, as follows:
energy demand from economic growth. Oth- 22-25% of the national load. Peak demand is Limited product availability in India;
erwise, a very expensive three- or four-fold a particular worry, as its rapid growth tends High initial cost, even with carbon
increase in primary energy production will to increase the need for more power plants finance assisting;
be required by 2031-32 to sustain economic to supply the necessary headroom load. Absence of national technical standards
growth of 8-9% annually. India wants to sus- The report singled out residential elec- for LEDs, leading to the importation of
tain this rate of growth in order to eradicate tricity demand as a significant potential sub-standard LED devices;
poverty and improve living standards. market for LED A-lamps. There are 400 La ck of test i ng protocols a nd
million lamps in Indian households, mostly laboratories;
PHILIP JESSUP is a Senior Advisor to The incandescent bulbs, consuming 70 million Lack of incentives such as demand or fis-
Climate Group (www.theclimategroup.com) MWh annually. The penetration of LEDs in cal measures to attract major LED firms
and to its global LightSavers initiative. this sector could reduce household electric- to manufacture in India.

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national focus | INDIA
In order to address these barriers, the Pilot trials of LED street lights Th ane for one-year trials, to be matched
Committee focused in particular on a new Meanwhile, since 2009 the BEE has been with local funds. Additionally, The Cli-
aggregate-demand policy, modeled after the providing grants to Indian municipalities mate Group is working with Haldia Devel-
Government of Indias Bachat Lamp Yojana to undertake pilot trials of LED street opment Authority (HDA), in West Bengal,
program. Th is innovative market transfor- lamps. Public lighting in India requires in an LED street-lighting project in the port
mation increased compact fluorescent lamp approximately 4400 MW of connected load, city of Haldia, investment for which is being
(CFL) sales from 20 million annually in 2003- so targeting street lighting makes sense, if borne wholly by HDA.
04 to 250 million in 2009-10. It did this by 50-70% energy reduction can be achieved The Kolkata trial has advanced the fur-
creating an aggregate-demand mechanism through installation of LEDs. To date, 13 thest. Installation of the fi rst group of 273
in which electricity-distribution compa- LED projects have been completed in cities Philips Lumec luminaires took place in
nies pooled product purchases with funds in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Maharashtra October 2010, with 180W and 150W LED
from private investors, who in turn received and Nagaland. Anecdotal evidence suggests models replacing the existing 440W and
emissions-reduction certificates through the that results of these pilots have been mixed, 250W high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps,
Clean Development Mechanism. largely because of lack of knowledge about respectively (w w w.ledsmagazine.com/
The aim of the new LED aggregate-demand how to go about procuring quality LED news/7/11/20). Monitoring began in Janu-
________
policy will be to attract leading LED manu- products at the municipal level. Reportedly, ary 2011.
facturers to India and to rapidly reduce prod- there have been some product failures. Results to date have been encouraging.
uct costs. The government has established In this context, The Climate Group has Only one luminaire has failed to date, due
the Central Institutional Mechanism (CIM) been working closely with the BEE to pro- to a faulty driver. The LED luminaires are
with representation of all the key ministries mote LED street-lighting in two munici- meeting Indias IS 1944 Group A1 roadway-
and regulatory bodies to implement the new palities: Kolkata in the state of West Ben- lighting standard, which mandates an aver-
aggregate-demand policy and other mea- gal, and Thane, a suburb of Mumbai in the age illuminance of 30 lux. The LED lumi-
sures recommended by the Core Committees state of Maharashtra. The BEE has provided naires are also providing more illuminance
report. Details are being work out. grants of $100,000 each to Kolkata and than the baseline HPS luminaires, while
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achieving nominal savings

ranging from 40% to 59% for
replacement of the two HPS
wattage types. A full year of
monthly data is needed to
assess lumen maintenance.
Meanwhile, consumer
feedback has been extremely
positive. A professional pub-
lic survey conducted in July
2011 interviewed 85 drivers,
FIG. 2. Images of an Indian 1000-rupee note, illuminated at left by high-pressure sodium lights, and
pedestrians, shopkeepers
at right by Philips Lumec luminaires at the KMC trial in Kolkata.
and park visitors. More than
90% of the driver respondents
said the LEDs improved vis-
ibility on the road, and more than 70% of The positive trial results and consumer As central-government LED policies
the pedestrians interviewed had the same feedback have convinced Kolkata Munic- evolve, municipal trials like the one in Kol-
view. In terms of road safety, 70% of driv- ipal Corporation (KMC) officials to scale kata are lending practical experience to
ers felt safer, while 40% of pedestrians felt up. KMC now plans to install 15,000 LED national policymakers as they decide what
safer (40% of respondents felt there was no streetlights through the next phase of the new technical resources, standards, and
change). A majority of respondents favored Kolkata Environment Improvement Project institutions are needed to enable India to
an LED rollout across Kolkatas busy streets, (KEIP). Th is project, funded by the Asian join Japan, China, Taiwan, and Korea at the
the positive responses ranging from 75% of Development Bank, plans to go to tender forefront of the high-brightness LED revo-
shopkeepers to 90% of drivers. in January 2012. lution in Asia.
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lighting | LEED REQUIREMENTS
Planting virtual trees: the challenge

of meeting LEED requirements
for light-pollution reduction
Reducing the amount of obtrusive light in an outdoor-lighting scenario while also minimizing the
carbon footprint of the lighting system presents a difficult challenge, writes MICHAEL SMOLYANSKY.
C
omputer simulations are widely used LEED requirements computer model.
in many aspects of our daily life. In During a recent meeting of our local IES While this "virtual trees" suggestion was
the practice of engineering, it is criti- chapter, we discussed various approaches offered tongue-in-cheek, even that approach
cally important to verify the computer model to prevent and/or reduce outdoor light pol- would not translate to real-world results
before attempting real-world implementation. lution. One discussion addressed LEED because of the effect of moonlight, which
Similarly, we would expect some degree of pre- requirements, especially Sustainable Sites ranges from 0 fc to 0.04 fc, depending on the
cision to be found in computer simulations of credit 8 (SSc.8): Light Pollution Reduction. phase and the sky conditions. Even using
the light distribution produced by luminaires. Some useful strategies mentioned included an average of 0.01 fc for moonlights con-
Sometimes, however, that is not tribution, it becomes impossible
actually the case. to ensure that the light pollution
Consider the key parameter doesnt exceed the 0.01 fc LEED
regarding the thermal manage- requirement.
Reducing carbon footprint Reducing obtrusive light
ment of an LED device, the junc- The virtual trees suggestion
1. Increase luminaire efficacy by 1. Use flat glass and shields -
tion temperature, which can be reducing cutoff category reduces luminaire efficacy
highlights the schism between
simulated by using a computer and shielding 2. Reduce unit power, achieving results in the real
model. Direct measurement of 2. Increase luminaire unit power: use lower poles: world versus the virtual model.
the junction temperature is often a) Increases lm/W efficiency a) Reduces lm/W efficiency The LEED Reference Guide shows
b) Reduces number of b) More luminaires and
impractical. However, the junc- luminaires and poles poles needed
strategies to achieving Credit
tion temperature can be accu- 8 requirements based on a lay-
rately calculated, based on a out where the property line is
known case or board tempera- located 25-30 feet from the
ture and the materials thermal FIG. 1. The strategies proposed for how outdoor-lighting lighted area (courtesy of Clan-
resistance. systems can get closer to achieving LEED Light Pollution ton & Associates). Who are the
In the practice of engineering, Reduction requirements serve only to highlight the property owners that would keep
it is common to have informa- contradiction between the two objectives of reducing carbon this expansive buffer zone just to
tion about parameters that cant footprint and reducing obtrusive light. achieve one credit towards LEED
be directly measured; such infor- certification?
mation is based on other parameters which the use of full-cutoff optics, spill-light In reality, a property line is generally
have a strong correlation to the parameter shields, and the reduction of both pole height located very close to the parking lot or other
in question. Unfortunately, these engineer- and luminaire wattage. public area. Even utilizing the best shielded
ing principles dont seem to apply to LEED However, even while incorporating all optics in the industry, it is extremely diffi-
(Leadership in Energy & Environmental of these measures, compliance with LEED cult, if not impossible, to meet LEED require-
Design) Light Pollution Reduction require- requirements remains very challenging. ments without at the same time compromis-
ments. In reality, we are trying to measure There is not really a problem to meet strict ing recommended illuminance targets for
the immeasurable. LEED requirements, said one lighting exterior applications.
designer who participated in the discus-
MICHAEL SMOLYANSKY is a Senior sion. Just plant as many trees and bushes Carbon footprint
Applications Engineer with Cooper Lighting along the property line as you need to reduce LEED was developed to reduce human
Canada. light pollution to the required level in your impact on ecological systems, reduce carbon

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lighting | LEED REQUIREMENTS
Property
line
FIG. 2. Two neighboring parking lots are separated by a property line, and belong to the same lighting zone. At left, luminaires
have optics that eliminate back-spill for both properties. The plan includes six poles and six 150W luminaires, for a total load
power of 1170W. With spill-lighting requirements removed (right), this plan utilizes three poles and three 250W luminaires with
symmetrical optics, for a total load power of 930W. Both lighting systems provide similar illuminance and uniformity.
footprints and other industrial pollut- poles than non-LEED projects. That means lots separated by a property line, and belong-
ants, and to reduce global warming. Some essentially more raw materials and energy ing to the same lighting zone. The plan on
parts of the document provide guidelines must be used for manufacturing the fi xtures the left utilizes luminaires with optics that
for reducing human impact on our planet and poles, as well as more energy consump- eliminate back-spill for both properties. The
through saving energy, water, land, and tion throughout the site. plan includes six poles and six 150W lumi-
materials. Other sections describe how to All this is contrary to the basic tenets and naires, which consume a total of 1170W. The
improve the quality of living and working goals of sustainability. The reduction of light plan on the right utilizes three poles and
environments without increasing our car- pollution is a good idea only if its implemen- three 250W luminaires, which consume a
bon footprint. Credit SSc.8 Light Pollution tation doesnt increase carbon footprint. The total of 930W. Both lighting systems provide
Reduction provides guidelines for reducing
obtrusive light, but without respect to car- Table 1. Environmental impacts of outdoor lighting
bon footprint. Carbon footprint Obtrusive light
According to the recently-approved Model Cost & impact of mining the materials used Impact on humans
Lighting Ordinance (www.ledsmagazine.
Energy used in production Impact on the environment
com/features/8/7/17): The environmental
impacts of outdoor lighting fall into two Energy used during product life
categories: carbon footprint (energy used Disposal/recycling costs
in the life of a lighting product) and obtru-
sive light. carbon footprint of a compliant LEED SSc.8 similar illuminance and uniformity. Simply
However, these two concepts, summa- lighting system should not exceed the base- removing the spill requirements in this case
rized in Table 1, are challenging to achieve line performance of a non-LEED compliant could essentially reduce the carbon footprint
simultaneously because they contradict lighting system. Otherwise we are simply of the lighting system.
one another. The strategies that have been trading one set of problems for another. In situations where the real illuminance
proposed for how outdoor-lighting systems on and beyond the boundary cannot be
can get closer to achieving LEED Light Pol- Setting boundaries measured, where the computer model is the
lution Reduction requirements serve only to LEED requirements for boundary-line spill only avenue, the door is open for incorrect
highlight the contradiction between the two light are reasonable only if the bordered results, either purposely or in error. One
objectives i.e. reducing carbon footprint and property has a lower zone classification. For common scenario is for the arm in the com-
reduced obtrusive light (Fig. 1): example, if the designed property is an LZ3 puter model to be too short, causing the pole
Use shielded optical systems. These are zone and this property borders two other LZ3 to essentially shield the backlight.
inherently less efficient than unshielded properties and one LZ2, then it is reasonable We have to find another realistic and mea-
systems, and therefore require more energy, only to do a boundary calculation where you surable approach to the LEED Light Pollu-
more raw materials, and proportionally border the LZ2 property. The request for spill- tion Reduction problem that allows a reduc-
more greenhouse gas emission. light limitation for two neighboring prop- tion in light pollution without additional
Utilize more luminaries with lower watt- erties belonging to the same lighting zone luminaires, poles and increased energy,
age and lower mounting heights. From our is similar to establishing border customs when compared to non-LEED projects.
design experience, the average LEED proj- between neighboring US states. Lets stop planting virtual trees, and
ect requires 1.5-2 times more luminaires and Fig. 2 illustrates two neighboring parking instead save the real ones.
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standards | OPTICAL SAFETY
LED-based products must

meet photobiological safety
standards: part 1
The reappraisal of the place of LEDs in safety standards has had a significant impact on the
process of bringing to market not only LED-based products, but any product containing non-laser
sources of optical radiation, writes LESLIE LYONS.
A
consideration of the potential Since optical radiation is strongly direct consequences to DNA, whereby base
hazards to the human body posed absorbed in tissue, with penetration depths pairs are bound together, creating a dis-
by exposure to optical radiation of a few microns for UV to millimeters for ruption in the DNA strand. Indirectly, an
has, in the past, been limited to lasers and IR, it follows that it is the skin and eyes of excess of highly-reactive free radicals may
sources of UV, with a minimalist approach the human body that are most at risk of be produced. These can interact with DNA
being adopted for LEDs. Th is latter treat- exposure. The biological response to expo- to cause structural reorganization, and with
ment may have been acceptable in the past, other cells such as retinal
Photochemical interactions Thermal effects
where LED performance had not reached dominate dominate photoreceptors to cause
current levels. However, a brief glimpse of Energy deterioration of cellular
Transmission (%)
many of the LEDs of today attests to the sig- function and cell death.
100
nificantly-improved optical performance, Eye transmission Importantly, damage to
and that a consideration of the photobio- 80 spectrum DNA, if not repaired, has
Ultraviolet region
logical safety of LEDs within an appropri- Infrared region the potential to give rise
60 UVC =100-280 nm
ate framework is now very much required. UVB = 280-315 nm IRA = 780-1400 nm to cancer.
IRB = 1400-3000 nm
This article is the first in a three-part 40 UVA = 315-400 nm The mechanisms
IRC = 3000-10,000 nm
series that takes a wide-ranging view of the Visible region underpinning thermal
20
place of LEDs in photobiological safety stan- 380-780 nm interactions are related
dards, from the underlying photobiological 0 to the absorption of light
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
concerns to the implementation of current Wavelength (nm) giving rise to an increase
product-safety standards. in temperature at the
UV Visible IRA IRB
exposure site, leading
Overview of photobiology FIG. 1. Different spectral regions of the optical-radiation
to protein denaturation
Photobiology is the study of the interaction spectrum, together with a curve showing the transmission and thermally-induced
of optical radiation with living organisms. spectrum of the human eye. cellular damage.
Optical radiation is defined as electromag- While thermal inter-
netic radiation having wavelengths between sure results from a variety of energy-trans- actions pose the same hazard over all wave-
100 nm in the deep ultraviolet (UV) to 1 mm formation processes, broadly categorized lengths, the strong wavelength dependence
in the far infrared (IR). However, this range as either photochemical or thermal inter- of photochemical interactions is character-
is often restricted for practical purposes to actions. While photochemical interactions ized by hazard-weighting functions (Fig. 2).
200-3000 nm due to atmospheric absorp- dominate in the short-wavelength range, Such functions are the reciprocal of dose
tion below 200 nm, and the negligible effect where photon energies are greatest, ther- (or energy) required at each wavelength to
of low-energy photons in the far IR. mal effects tend to dominate at the long- elicit a given level of response and normal-
wavelength end of the spectrum. ized to unity: a low response requires a high
LESLIE LYONS is the Technical Support In a photochemical interaction, light of a dose, and vice versa.
Manager with Bentham Instruments Ltd (www.
___ specific wavelength (and therefore energy) Furthermore, while the effects of low-
bentham.co.uk), Reading, UK. He is a member of
________ excites electrons in cellular molecules, level thermal exposure may be mitigated
BSI and IEC committees including TC76, Optical leading to the breaking or reorganization by thermal conduction from the exposure
Radiation Safety and Laser Equipment. of chemical bonds therein. Th is may have site, photochemical interactions generally

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follow the Bunson-Roscoe law of reciproc- is in the UV region, where photokeratitis movement (saccades), ensuring that the same
ity. This states that photochemical processes (arc eye/snow blindness) may result: this is area of the retina is not continuously exposed.
are dose dependant, meaning that low-level, an inflammatory photochemical response, Table 1 summarizes the six photobiologi-
long-term exposure gives rise to the same akin to sunburn, that occurs in the cornea cal hazards to the skin and eye.
damage as high-level, short-term exposure. and conjunctiva. Another possible result is
a UV cataract (clouding) of the lens. In the Evolution of safety standards for LEDs
Photobiological hazards IR, a thermal response to chronic high-level In consideration of these photobiological
posed to skin and eye exposure may cause an infrared cataract. concerns, the International Commission
In consideration of the hazards posed to skin Due to the transmission characteristics on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection
and eye, three exposure scenarios should be of the lens, exposure of the retina needs only (ICNIRP) publishes exposure-limit (EL)
taken into account: exposure of the skin, of to be considered over the wavelength range values for each hazard considered. These
the front surface of the eye (cornea, conjunc- 300-1400 nm. The exception is in the specific values are based on thresholds for damage
tiva and lens), and of the retina. case of the aphakic eye, Relative efficacy (a.u.)
On exposure of skin, a proportion of inci- in which the lens has
dent light is reflected, the remainder being either not yet developed 1.0
transmitted through the epidermis and or is removed during 0.8
Retinal
dermis. The principle concern for the skin surgery. The dominant Actinic
blue light
0.6 UV hazard
resides in UV exposure, which presents a damage mechanism for hazard
photochemical hazard due to direct damage exposure times greater 0.4
of DNA, giving rise to the familiar inflam- than 10s is a photochem-
0.2
matory response producing erythema (sun- ical blue-light hazard
burn). Another hazard is the production of (photoretinitis), result- 0.0
reactive free-radicals which may attack DNA ing in the production 200 300 400 500 600 700
and other skin cells, such as collagen. Th is of free radicals which Wavelength (nm)
structural protein gives skin its elasticity, damage both photore- FIG. 2. Hazard weighting functions demonstrating the strong
and collagen damage gives rise to elasto- ceptors and the retinal spectral dependence of photochemical interactions.
sis, resulting in wrinkles and aged skin. The pigmented epithelium
risk of thermal burn is also present, yet is (RPE - a layer of cells on the outer surface of obtained through reported effects of opti-
of less concern since exposure is generally the retina, which supports the photorecep- cal radiation and experiments on animal
limited due to the associated feeling of pain. tors function). For shorter times, a thermal tissue. Whilst a safety factor is provided,
Skin may develop a protection mechanism hazard dominates which causes the dena- account is not taken of abnormal photosen-
upon repeated exposure to UV: this results turation of proteins and key biological com- sitivity or the presence of photosensitisers
in the thickening of the upper skin layers to ponents of the retina. in the body or on the skin (including cer-
reduce UV transmission and the production The eye is afforded a number of protection tain pharmaceutical compounds, cosmet-
of UV-absorbing melanin, the pigmentation mechanisms in response to visual stimuli ics and plants).
of tanned skin. (380-780 nm) only. These include an aversion In 1993, the year in which Nichia intro-
Exposure of the superficial structures response (blinking, head movement and con- duced commercially-viable blue GaN LEDs,
of the eye demonstrates a response analo- striction of the pupil to limit the amount of the photobiological safety of LEDs was for
gous to that of skin. The dominant concern light reaching the retina) and continuous eye the fi rst time considered, as the Interna-
tional Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
Wavelength Principle Bio-effects took the decision to include LEDs within
Hazard Range (nm) the scope of the existing laser standard,
Skin Eye
IEC60825. The rationale behind this deci-
Actinic UV skin and 200-400 Erythema (sunburn) Photokeratitis
sion was twofold; fi rstly that LEDs may be
eye Elastosis (ageing, wrinkles) Cataractogenesis
considered as a technology intermediate
UVA eye 315-400 - Cataractogenesis between lasers and conventional lamps,
Retinal blue-light 300-700 - Photoretinitis due their narrow spectral bandwidth, small
Retinal thermal 380-1400 - Retinal burn source size and the potentially strongly-
Infrared radiation eye 780-3000 - Corneal burn directional spatial distribution of the emit-
Cataractogenesis ted light. The second reason was due to the
Thermal skin 380-3000 Skin burn - use of IR-LEDs in optical-fiber communi-
cation systems for which laser diodes were
TABLE 1. Six photobiological hazards posed to the skin and eyes ( denotes the use of also employed.
a hazard weighting function). In 1996 and 2001, attempts were made to
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better accommodate LEDs within the laser of the photobiological safety of lamps and
standard, mainly through a revised safety phi- lamp systems, excluding lasers, emitting light
losophy, which had consequences for all lasers. in the spectral region 200-3000 nm.
However, difficulties were still encountered in A measurement methodology and expo-
that the hazards tended to be over-estimated, sure limit values (based on ICNIRP data)
largely due to not taking into account the are given in the consideration of the six
divergent nature of LED emission. hazards (Table 1) to the skin and eye for
In parallel to the development of an exposure duration of up to eight hours,
IEC60825, in 1996 the Illuminating Engi- taken as a working day. No consideration is
neering Society of North America (IESNA) taken of the potential effects of long-term
published A NSI/IESNA RP27.1, Rec- exposure.
Risk Group Philosophical Basis

Exempt No photobiological hazard
RG1 No photobiological hazard under normal behavioral limitation
RG2 Does not pose a hazard due to aversion response to bright light
or thermal discomfort
RG3 Hazardous even for momentary exposure
TABLE 2. The IEC62471:2006 standard contains a four-tier classification structure

for lamps and lamp systems, excluding lasers, emitting in the 200-3000 nm spectral
region.
ommended Practice for Photobiological A four-tier classification structure, based

Safety for Lamps and Lamps Systems: Gen- on permissible exposure time before exceed-
eral Requirements. Th is heralded a series ing the EL of each hazard, is defined, ranging
of standards concerned with non-laser from Exempt to Risk Group (RG) 3 (Table
sources. In 2002, the International Com- 2). In the case of retinal hazards, the aver-
mission on Illumination (CIE) adopted the sion-response time of the eye is taken into
main body of ANSI/IESNA RP27.1 to pub- account. It should be noted that this clas-
lish the CIE Standard S009/E-2002, Pho- sification system is different from the class
tobiological Safety of Lamps and Lamp Sys- system used for lasers.
tems, thereby disseminating this standard The evaluation consists of a complex
to the world. series of measurements of spectral irradi-
Given that the application of laser limits ance (200-3000 nm) in consideration of haz-
to LEDs was considered by experts as being ards to the skin and front surfaces of the
overly conservative, and given advances eye, and spectral radiance (300-1400 nm)
in LED performance and the attendant in consideration of hazards to the retina.
increase in application areas, the IEC took Measurements are performed in specific
the decision to remove LEDs from consid- geometrical conditions which replicate bio-
eration by the laser standard, updating IEC physical phenomenon, such as the effect of
60825 in 2007. The exception was for fiber- eye movements on retinal irradiation, and
coupled and free-space-communications at a measurement distance dependant on
applications. This change required the pro- the application of the source in consider-
vision of an alternative context in which to ation i.e. general lighting service (GLS) or
consider LEDs. non-GLS. _____________
In the next part of this article, we shall

The introduction of IEC62471-2006 adopt a more practical approach, consid-
In 2006, the IEC adopted the existing ering the fi ner details of source measure-
CIE S009/E-2002 guidelines, to publish ment and the implementation of the stan-
IEC62471:2006 Photobiological Safety of dard in Europe and the rest of the world.
Lamps and Lamp Systems as a dual-logo
standard with the CIE. The scope of this stan- Look for part 2 in our series on Optical Safety
dard is to provide guidance for the evaluation in our next issue.

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LED fabrication | STANDARDS
LED wafer and automation

standards are on the fast track,
ready for more industry feedback
Thanks to SEMIs HB-LED manufacturing standards program, the industry is taking the first steps
towards agreement on basic issues such as wafer dimensions and equipment interfaces to enable
low-cost automated production, explains PAULA DOE .
B
ig growth projections are often made industry review before drafting these fi rst vital to control yields. Big producers running
for the general solid-state lighting basic manufacturing standards. 6-inch production wont accept any manual
market, but these depend on major For some years, people were not inter- wafer handling, notes Beccard. They wont
cost reductions perhaps as much as 20 ested in standards, they thought LEDs were run without automation, period, to assure
improvement in $/klm at the packaged LED different, but all of a sudden weve all real- reproducibility without having to depend
level (Fig. 1). Thats only going to be possible on the availability of enough
by scaling to automated high-volume pro- LED cost roadmap highly-skilled operators.
Price ($/klm)
duction with tightly-controlled processes 60
for high yields. Luckily, some of the sectors Feedback requested
50
manufacturing technology experts have LED (warm white) Much of the initial heavy lift-
been working together on the nitty-gritty 40 ing on the standards commit-
OEM lamp
details to help speed this transition. 30 tees has as usual been done by
20 the supplier community, whose
Wafer and automation standards 10
expert technologists know the
Less than a year after the formation of the production issues, have a good
0
first committee for HB-LED manufacturing 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 window into whats going on at
standards, industry experts have identified LED makers across the indus-
the critical issues for common wafer charac- FIG. 1. The aggressive roadmap target of nearly 20 try, and need to look ahead to
teristics and common equipment hardware improvement in LED cost per kilolumen to $2.20/ develop what their customers
and software interfaces, to enable the indus- klm by 2015 and $1.00/klm by 2020 will require will need next.
try to move to automated production. high-volume production on larger wafers with tight Most users dont know,
These kinds of standards are a long way control of yields. Source: US Department of Energy and dont want to know, about
from creating commodity production, (DOE) Manufacturing Roadmap 2011. some of these inner details,
notes Bill Quinn, Chief Technologist of Veeco notes Chris Moore, CEO of
Instruments MOCVD business, and co-chair ized that LEDs are more similar to other Semilab and another co-chair of the SEMI
of the SEMI HB-LED standards committee. micro manufacturing industries than we HB-LED standards committee, along with
Theyre just the basics for a volume industry. thought, and were going to need semicon- Quinn and Iain Black, VP worldwide man-
The emerging consensus on the basic ductor-style production control, argues ufacturing engineering, technology & inno-
dimensions and marking for 6-inch wafers, Rainer Beccard, Aixtron VP of marketing. vation at Philips Lumileds. But now at the
the modeling of a wafer carrier for auto- Though automation hasnt been par- end, when they can see how it impacts them,
mated transfer between tools, and the soft- ticularly important to increase through- its time for them to give their input.
ware protocols for communication between put in LED fabs, as faster handoffs between These standards are based on what works,
equipment and the manufacturing execu- machines are less important when the key decided by the people who know, notes
tion system (MES) are now ready for wider MOCVD process takes 6 hours, it is becoming Quinn. Now that were coming to understand
the process better, users will be able to start
PAULA DOE supports SEMIs micro-manufacturing trade group and HB-LED programs. SEMI is with wafers that work with the process and
a global industry association serving the manufacturing supply chain for the micro- and nano- can concentrate on optimizing their recipes,
electronics industries. instead of having to also tweak the wafer to

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How to get involved
Manufacturers and other stakeholders
get it to work with the process. value to their products. can participate in the decision-making
But, says Quinn, even the biggest play- The LED sector must transition from process by registering with SEMI
ers who already are ordering high volumes a research- and technology-driven indus- standards at no cost, and can attend
of wafers with their own established spec- try to a manufacturing-engineering model meetings in person or by teleconference
ifications will benefit, because standards with focus on equipment productivity to call-in. For details see www.semi.org/en/
will drive tighter tolerances at suppliers. drive down unit costs and prepare for high ______ or email info@semi.org.
Standards
Focusing production on higher volumes of volume, says Daniel Babbs, Brooks Automa-
fewer product variations will help suppli- tion senior director of engineering, strate-
ers achieve better control of key parameters gic technology development, and co-chair like Sematech and the ITRS, who help estab-
and drive down costs. As a consequence, of the HB-LED automation interface stan- lish a vision of the future factory and drive the
both manufacturers and suppliers will have dards task force. supply chain in the direction major end-users
more time and resources to focus on the key Babbs notes further how the semiconductor will need. He also notes how the LED industry
aspects of their business that genuinely add industry has benefited from industry groups would benefit from having a similar solution to
prepare its suppliers now for their automation
Sapphire substrates for LEDs: needs into the next five, ten and twenty years.
% of total Diameter trends
surface processed The manufacturing experts on the wafer-
100 7 1 5 1 3 6
and automation-standards task forces have
10 14 9 14
16 19 20 done a tremendous amount of work to iden-
23 27
80 26 38 tify and specify almost 20 wafer parame-
18 35 48 8 ters, including experimental tests of wafer-
18
13 44 edge marks and the thermal impact of 3-m
61 6
60 65
5 4
markings, and to identify the key issues for
45 70
70 hardware- and software-automation inter-
40 3 44 3
faces. They are now collecting wider user
67 66 2
62 60 39 feedback on their proposals, and will soon
50
20 39 27 start to share draft standards with industry
28 20
18 14 stakeholders in a series of meetings in Asia
611 6 10
0 2 for comment and input.
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
FIG. 2. Moving to larger substrates is one key to reducing LED manufacturing Wafer handling
costs. The start of the transition to 6-inch wafers makes this the ideal time to set Automated lines are clearly needed to scale
basic specifications to control tolerances and enable automation. Source: Yole to high-volume, low-cost production and
Dveloppement. improve yields, and that requires clear
___________________
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Wafer sizes
LED industry participants routinely refer
communication and smooth handling from host factory-automation systems? Or will it to 6-inch wafers, but the actual diameter
cassettes to handlers to tools and back. The need to use the more sophisticated Interface of such wafers is 150 mm. In this article,
fi rst basic requirement is a common car- A for at least the MOCVD tools for greater and throughout the industry, 6 inch and
rier to move the wafers from tool to tool, so bandwidth and control flexibility? This would 150 mm are used interchangeably when
equipment from any manufacturer can be enable handling of the more-complex recipes referring to LED wafer sizes.
easily plugged into the production line, and and enable feeding data from in-situ metrol-
automatic handlers and software can be ogy on the process tool to the host and mak-
designed to locate individual wafers in these ing adjustments on the fly. These committees are the only forum
boxes to move them in and out of each tool. Another question is which data should be where the competing tool makers are talking
However, the thicker sapphire wafers, handled at the tool level and which in the together, notes Moore. Suppliers want stan-
bowed from epitaxial layer growth, wont fit central system? Semiconductor equipment dardized load ports and software interfaces
into the slots in the standard 25-wafer car- for some of the more-complex new IC pro- because it saves them and their customers
riers used by the semiconductor industry. cesses is starting to use Interface A for more- money. Custom features have to be custom
The experienced manufacturing technol- flexible control, but it requires more develop- made and custom supported. It may not
ogists on the SEMI HB-LED equipment auto- ment resources from the tool makers. actually [cost] that much more initially for
mation task force have concluded that the We need the guys who know about this the custom equipment, but my cost and the
most cost-efficient solution would be to keep to all discuss it in a group and decide whats customers cost to support these orphans or
the external dimensions of the semiconduc- needed, instead of all trying to figure out their snowflakes is much higher, especially for cus-
tor 25-wafer carriers to continue to use much own systems, argues Quinn, so users can just tom parts repair and replacement.
of the existing semiconductor industry auto- buy the software on the tool or in the MES sys-
mation infrastructure, but to put the pockets tem and not worry about it. Although automa- Basic characteristics of 6-inch wafers
at double pitch, to enable the existing IC auto- tion is important for high-volume production, Though most large producers have qualified
mation software to pick every other pocket. automation interfaces are not core value-add. 6-inch production, few have yet to invest in
That means dividing the wafers from one
25-wafer shipping cassette into two 13-pocket
handling cassettes, and lowering the first slot
to make room for 13 wafers and still provide
enough clearance to pull out the first wafer.
A 12-pocket approach would also be an
option, but the additional 13th slot allows
higher throughput, and allows the 25-wafer
lot to all be handled with two cassettes. More
pockets would mean having to change the
cassette box size and/or the robotic software.
Cassette maker Entegris is currently work-
ing on modeling the 13-slot concept to get
feedback from a wider range of LED mak-
ers to make sure it wont cause any serious
throughput issues, and that the slots will be
large enough to allow the maximum amount of
bow. The more industry involvement we have,
the better the standards will be, notes auto-
mation task force co-chair Jeff Felipe, Entegris
regional product specialist lead. The more a
company participates, the more it will benefit.
Communication software
Also key is the software that enables the tools
to communicate with the MES system. Can
the LED industry use the SEMI Equipment
Communications Standard/Generic
Equipment Model (SECS/GEM) standard pro-
tocols, used by semiconductor and solar man- _____________
ufacturing equipment, to interface with the

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Previous Page | Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out | Front Cover | Search Issue | Subscribe | Next Page q qMqM
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LINKS
new lines to ramp production, as some con-
LED fabrication roadmap targets packaged LED prices of $2.20/klm by 2015
cern remains with substrate availability and www.ledsmagazine.com/features/8/5/2
cost. So the timing is right to think about
Semicon West delivers technology update on LED manufacturing
how to specify the wafers from the start to www.ledsmagazine.com/features/8/9/8
improve yields and reduce costs.
LG Innotek is the most advanced LED analysis. If the industry can agree on common more complex cost/performance tradeoff ,
maker in term of volumes regarding the tran- content and placement for its wafer ID marks, but some experts suggest that reasonably-
sition to 6-inch, says Eric Virey, LED analyst automation and metrology equipment makers achievable targets are to control diame-
at Yole Dveloppement. Philips Lumileds is will be able to identify and track the wafers ter within 0.1 mm or 0.2 mm (trading off
following closely but many other companies from tool to tool without extra expense. MOCVD impact of gas-flow effects around
have started rolling out some 6-inch manu- Standard fiducials for orientation will the pocket vs. edge chipping), thickness
facturing capacity, including Osram, Lextar, help MOCVD tool makers better tune their within 25 m, edge exclusion of 2 mm, impu-
and Sharp. processes to account for that common wafer rities <1ppm (though those who remove the
Much of the current capacity in China is on cutout. Draft standards will specify size sapphire can perhaps tolerate more), and
2-inch wafers, keeping the 2-inch share of the and placement for both a notch and a flat, edge chipping <5 mm cumulative length
market higher than initially expected. Most but ultimately the industry will likely go to and defined maximum radial penetration.
makers in Taiwan started converting from notches since they take up less wafer area As the industry and its equipment matures
2-inch to 4-inch in the second half of 2011. But and interfere less with wafer spin. The com- and producers generally get more control over
within five years, nearly half of all production mittee is also testing, but has not yet vali- their processes, its getting to the point where,
will likely be on 6-inch wafers, according to dated, edge marking. for many producers, the cost and consistency
estimates from Yole Dveloppement (Fig. 2). The sector seems to be settling on thick- advantages of buying wafers with some com-
Improving yields will require marking nesses of 1000 m and 1300 m for 150-mm- mon basic properties outweigh the competi-
wafers to allow defect tracking and root-cause diameter wafers. Tolerances are of course a tive advantage of production on custom specs.
Users could order a wafer with the standard
specs off the shelf from multiple suppliers, but
could of course also order custom wafers with
particular desired characteristics.
Were trying to bring our machines to the
point where there are no calibration runs,
and all machines perform the same, but it
only works if the wafers are the same too,
notes Beccard. If we could tune to a type of
wafer with fi xed mechanical specs it would
save a lot of time and money.
Ongoing discussions
Wafer task-force members are presenting
proposals for discussion at Semicon events
in Taiwan and Germany this fall, and at the
October SEMI standards meetings in San Jose,
aiming for a first-draft standard on some of
these basic wafer characteristics by November.
While plenty of industry expertise has
gone into these initial working drafts, man-
ufacturing technology experts at other HB-
LED makers who take the time to give their
input on these basic future automation
___________ and materials issues such as the num-
ber of wafer slots in a cassette, the degree
of sophistication needed in future automa-
tion software interfaces, or where to mark
the wafer can help direct the supply-
chains investment towards the solutions
they need.
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RELY ON UL
As lighting technology evolves, so does UL. In addition to product safety
certication, we also provide industry-leading performance testing,
environmental programs and robust training initiatives.
UL is widely known for our dedication to quality, technical expertise and

being a symbol of trust. From code authorities and speciers to consumers
and retailers, our 100-year history of advancing safety demonstrates our
commitment to protecting people, products and places.
When you rely on UL for your lighting needs, your future is bright.
VISIT WWW.UL.COM/BRIGHT
__________________
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focus on
Entertainment
PLASA, the annual tradeshow for event, installation and entertainment technology, took
place on September 11-14, 2011 at Earls Court in London, UK (www.plasashow.com). As has
always been the case in recent years, LED lighting products were very much in evidence.
Many traditional types of entertainment-lighting fixtures are now being replaced by LED-
based alternatives, thanks in part to the development of compact, high-power LEDs and
light engines. TIM WHITAKER reports.
One novel feature at this years PLASA was the LED Shootout tures, he said. The ideal solution for many existing studios
hosted by the Society of Television Lighting and Design might be to unplug an existing tungsten bulb and plug in a
(STLD, www.stld.org.uk), which attempted to answer the new LED unit. Some manufacturers are taking that type of
question: Can you light a TV set entirely with LED fi x- approach by either using an existing housing and convert-
tures? Twenty-three manufacturers submitted 83 differ- ing it to take an LED engine, or else developing new back-
ent LED products, which were assessed and compared in ends to fit onto existing industry-standard lens assemblies.
various scenarios. LED fi xtures were used to illuminate Others are producing brand new types of fi xtures that dont
an 8-meter-wide cyclorama (pictured), where they were easily fit into traditional categories.
compared with traditional
1250W tungsten-halo- As part of the STLD LED Shootout, lighting designer Matt
gen lights. In the center of Carter described the revamp of a TV studio in London,
STLDs stand was a mini UK, for a new breakfast-time show, Daybreak. The set
TV studio, where attendees is lit almost entirely with LEDs, said Carter. LEDs have
could get hands-on experi- been used for sets before now, but not for faces. This quite
ence of lighting the studio
Daybreak studio
set-up, and view the results
on HD broadcast cameras.
A number of case studies
were also presented, nota-
bly the ITV Daybreak stu-
dio (see below).
STLDs event organizer
Paul Middleton said the
Shootout demonstrated
huge advances in LED
technology. The 120W
LED engines being used by
a number of manufactur-
ers are on a par with a typi-
cal 1000W Fresnel, he said.
Manufacturers are begin-
ning to listen to the unique
requirements of TV pro-
LED Shootout duction, and are building fi xtures that not only allow con-
siderable savings in lamp power consumption, but also give
reduced need for air conditioning.
However, said Middleton, manufacturers need to work
on bringing down the cost of products, so power-reduction
savings are not outweighed by the cost of purchase or hire.
They also need to fully reproduce all the features of con-
trollability of beam shape and color enjoyed by current fi x-

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focus on entertainment
radical approach was not taken from a desire to use LEDs, but
because the studios unique situation made LEDs the only choice,
said Carter.
The studio presenters sit in front of large windows with a view of
St. Pauls Cathedral in the background. However, the windows face
east, and the sun rises as the show progresses. The first task was to
control ambient lighting, and this was done using SPD SmartGlass,
which can be automatically altered from clear to almost opaque,
controlling glare and solar heat gain.
Around 70 LED-based Selador Lustr and Vivid fixtures from
ETC comprise about 95% of the studios lighting. The fi xtures are
built using the x7 Color System, which utilizes arrays of 7 differ- Philips Selecon PL3 focusing luminaire
ent colors of LEDs, and provides a huge range of control, as Carter
explains: The Seladors allow me to mix the incoming natural light TV production, which typically consumes 240W, and with only a
with the studio lighting perfectly, and because of the range of colors 15-hour lamp life. LED Engins 12-die, 40W RGBW LZC enabled
the fixtures output, we i-Pix to develop an LED-based replacement. Ewington said that
know that the white bal- i-Pix has produced a new homogenized beamlight with the added
ance will always be per- benefit of being a focused device, weatherproof and capable of
fect. These were the only meeting arduous touring environments too.
lights that were aware of The Beamlight contains a custom-designed
that have such impres- parabolic reflector mounted onto a
sive brightness and focusing system which enables a
saturation. Carter range of beam angles from +/-35
seemed convinced degrees down to a tight 5-degree
that seven colors beam (www.ledsmagazine.com/
would be needed for products/32569).
_________
adequate control,
rather than five or The Philips Selecon PL3 LED
less. The red, green luminaire, shown above, and
and blue LEDs have its PL1 counterpart, are built
the largest effect, and around the Philips Vari-Lite VLX
the other four colors are LED light engine (www.ledsmagazine.
very subtle, he said. com/features/6/10/8). This delivers full
Carter described a MAC Aura luminaire control of beam-color composition irre-
bright sunlit day when spective of intensity, says Philips. The
the windows were fully PL1 and PL3 focusing luminaires feature an adjustable beam spread
blue (almost opaque). of 15-55 degrees, smooth color mixing and stepless fades. Meanwhile,
When blue was dialed out the Philips VariLite VLX3 Wash contains replaceable 120W RGBW
Beamlight from i-Pix Ltd of the camera picture, this
ARCSystem from GDS
returned the windows to a neutral color, but made the whole studio
appear orange. Using the LED lights, Carter was able to make every-
thing look normal on camera by reducing the red and orange content
of the LED illumination and boosting the blue and cyan.
As well as providing the necessary lighting control, the LED
installation has other advantages. In the old studio, the lighting rig
used 120A per phase, or 360A continuously throughout the three-
hour show. Now we use just 67A for the entire rig, said Carter. Of
course, the added effect of this is less heat and less weight. One con-
sequence is that the air conditioning can be run at much lower levels.
UK manufacturer i-Pix Ltd added to its range of entertainment light-

ing products with the distinctive Beamlight. Chris Ewington, CEO
of i-Pix, said, For six years we have wanted to displace the ubiq-
uitous ACL beamlight, a regular fi xture for concert touring and
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focus on entertainment
LED chipsets that are three

times the efficacy of com-
parable tungsten sources.
According to Peter Rog-
ers, Senior Director of
Entertainment Market-
ing with Philips Light-
ing, most types of enter-
tainment-lighting fixtures
can now be readily produced
with LEDs. One exception is the
framing spotlight. A few manufac-
LED Engin lens turers have produced the fi rst LED-
based versions of the framing spotlight, but
none of them have achieved the performance of the traditional lumi- Aledin 330LF LED Wash (left) Aledin 630 Profile (right)
naires they would need to replace. Considerable research is going on
from all major manufacturers, and we anticipate more progress early proprietary lenses; an 8-degree narrow spot lens and a 15-degree
next year. spot lens, designed for use with the companys compact, high-
flux-density LZC (12-die) and LZP (24-die) LuxiGen emitters,
Among the eight winners of the PLASA Awards for Innovation was respectively.
Martin Professionals new MAC Aura luminaire, a compact LED LED Engin was also able to showcase a number of design wins
moving-head wash light with zoom that provides, in the judges with companies exhibiting at PLASA. For example, 4-die LuxiGen
words, eye candy - weve never see it before. The optical sys- RGBW LEDs are used in the P5
tem combines multicolor beam LEDs and a backlight LED lens wash-light from SGM, which
array to produce a visual palette that takes the synthetic look comprises an array of 44 LEDs
out of LED wash lights for unique lighting-design possibili- with Khatod optics. Also, Mar-
ties, says Martin (www.ledsmagazine.com/products/32463). tin has used the 4-die (10W)
flat-top CW/WW LED in its
UK-based GDS won PLASA awards (www.ledsmagazine.com/ MAC 401CT white-light moving-
press/32512) for its ArcSystem of LED auditorium-lighting fi x-
_______ head wash fi xture. Each pack-
tures. The judges felt the system will have a significant impact age contains two warm-white
on the carbon footprint of the buildings it is utilized in, and and two daylight-white LEDs
provides an elegant replacement house-light system. The in a 7.0x7.0x1.1-mm footprint.
photo shows 1-cell and 8-cell ArcSystem fi xtures, which are
available in 19-, 24- and 37-degree beam angles and with a The Aledin 330LF LED Wash
range of color temperatures (2700K, 3000K, 4100K). The fi x- from Robert Juliat comple-
tures contain Bridgelux LED arrays, ments the Aledin 630 Profi le,
and the CRI is listed as over which was introduced last year,
92. The 150W 8-cell fix- and both are based on the same
Highlite's Phantom LED25
ture has a light output 85W LED light source. Robert
Wash contains LED Engin's
of 10,000 lm. Juliats sales director Lionel
12-die RGBW emitter.
Garraud said: The feedback we
Many PLASA exhibitors are receiving is that customers find the Aledin wash a very powerful
are lighting-fi xture man- LED product which is easy to daisy chain and produces a clean, even
ufacturers, and the only beam. The dimming is very smooth with no stepping, its strobe fea-
LED maker in evidence was ture is useful for concert lighting and the choice of color temperature
US-based LED Engin, a spe- [3500K and 5800K] lends itself well to exhibition work."
cialist in making compact and
powerful LED arrays of the type Among the many LED-based products introduced by Robe (www. ____
desired for many fi xture types ledsmagazine.com/press/32366) was the Robin 600 PureWhite, con-
in this market. At the show, taining 37 Cree MC-E multi-chip LEDs. The Smart White (SW) ver-
LED Engin announced two sion (left) has variable color temperature from 28006300K. Robe
also introduced the Robin 1200 LEDWash containing 61 multichip
Robe's Robin 600 PureWhite RGBW LEDs in 4 concentric rings.
LEDsmagazine.com
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=
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xtures WORK better.

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Fixture design & manufacture: by Alux-Luxar. Reectors: made with MIRO-SILVER by ALANOD.
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HB LED Driver Simplies

Area-Lighting Design
Smart Linear LED Driver for Multi-Channel LED Systems
With the LM3466 LED driver, designing an efcient, Key Features

current-balanced, and robust multi-string lighting Easy to use
system has never been easier. A multi-string LED
Works with a constant current power supply
array can be built in minutes using an off-the-shelf
with no feedback necessary
constant current AC/DC power supply, just one
LM3466, and a few passive components per string. Requires only a few external components
Automatically equalizes the current through every
Maintaining equal currents among LED strings requires active LED string
a complex design and multiple components. The
LM3466 LED driver solves these problems by utilizing Robust fault protection and reporting
a unique dynamic current equalizing control scheme. Maintains near constant output brightness if
Each LM3466, connected by a simple control bus line, a string opens (inactive) by re-equalizing the
ensures that the current through each active LED string current through the remaining active LED strings
is automatically equalized regardless of the number
Thermal and under-voltage protection
of strings or the forward voltage of each string.
Fault status output
Operates with minimum voltage overhead to
maximize power efciency (up to 99%)
Linear circuitry does not deteriorate system EMI
> Learn more Supports operating voltages from 6V to 70V
> Order samples
Supports LED currents up to 1.5A
> Order an evaluation module
www.ti.com/lm3466
The platform bar is a trademark of Texas Instruments. 2011 TI
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standards | UPDATE
Understanding the difference

between LED rated life and
lumen-maintenance life
The rated life of an LED light source is different from the lumen-maintenance life, and is an essential
reliability value that is required by luminaire makers and end users, as JIANZHONG JIAO explains.
W
ith the completion of the IES test means that 50% of the tested products have L p life is a defined durability measure.
method TM-21-11 (see page 9), lasted 1,000 hours without failure. B50 is also When testing for B p life, a large statisti-
the SSL industry now has a stan- known as the products rated average life. cally-meaningful sample size is required.
dard method of obtaining long-term lumen- If a product has a B10 rated life of 1,000 When testing L p life, there is no sample
maintenance information for LED light hours, this means that only 10% of tested size requirement. However, when LM-80
sources. The method is made up of two steps. products failed within 1,000 hours, so the test data is utilized to make lumen-main-
First, the LED light sources must be tested product should last much longer than a tenance projections (per TM-21), the sam-
per LM-80. The new TM-21 method is then product with a B50 rated life of 1,000 hours. ple size will affect the uncertainty of the
applied to the collected measurement data projection. As a consequence,
to make lumen-maintenance projections, Lumen-maintenance life a smaller sample size will lead
including in-situ temperature calculations. For LED light sources, LM-80 to shorter projected life in
However, there is still one measure that is defines lumen-maintenance order to increase the statisti-
missing: the rated life for LED light sources. life as the elapsed operating cal certainty.
Rated life is an essential reliability property time at which the specified
for LED integrators that design LED lumi- percentage of the lumen depre- Failure
naires, providing luminaire users with war- ciation or lumen maintenance For LED light sources, one can
ranty and usage information. is reached, expressed in hours. define failure as when the LED
Different from rated life, the can no longer produce a cer-
Rated life rated lumen-maintenance life tain percentage of the initial
The rated life of a lamp or light source is is defined as the elapsed oper- light-output value. For exam-
defi ned, per ANSI/IES RP-16, as the life ating time over which an LED light source ple, failure might be defi ned as when the
value assigned to a particular type lamp. will maintain the percentage (p) of its ini- light output of an LED reaches 70% or lower
This is commonly a statistically-deter- tial light output. of the initial light output (including if the
mined estimate of median operational life. Rated lumen-maintenance life is mea- LEDs light output is zero). In other words,
The rated life in hours of an LED lamp or sured in hours with associated percentage for a given period of time, if an LED produces
light source, specified by the manufacturer, of light output, noted as Lp. In other words, insufficient light or no light, the LED is con-
applies under certain operational condi- L70 of 30,000 hours means that the tested sidered at failure.
tions and for defi ned failure criteria. The LEDs produce 70% of the initial light output Using this defi nition of failure criteria,
statistical measure for the rated life is des- at 30,000 hours. If an LED has L50 of 30,000 the statistical measure can be combined
ignated Bp and is measured in hours, where hours, its lumen output decays faster than with the defi ned durability measure. The
p is a percentage. one with L70 of 30,000 hours. combination of lumen-maintenance life
For example, a B50 rated life of 1,000 hours While B p life is a statistical measure, (Lp) with statistically-measured failures (Bp)
is the LED light sources rated life, or BpL p
JIANZHONG JIAO, (jianzhong.jiao@osram-os.com), Director of Regulations and Emerging value. For example, if an LED light source is
Technologies at OSRAM Opto Semiconductors, Inc., is actively involved in LED and SSL standard claimed to have B50L70 of 30,000 hours, then
development activities. He is Chairman of the SAE Lighting Committee, past Chairman of NGLIA 50% of tested samples should have a lumen-
and past Chairman of the NEMA SSL Technical Committee. He is an active member of IESNAs maintenance life of 30,000 hours.
Testing Procedure Committee and Roadway Lighting Committee, as well as ANSI SSL Working Ideally, to obtain the rated life for LEDs,
Groups, the Standard Technical Panel of UL8750, and standards committees within IEEE, CIE the statistical failure measurement can be
USA, SEMI, JEDEC and other organizations. integrated with lumen-maintenance mea-

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standards | UPDATE
LINKS
surements during the life test. One can use
a large LED sample size, large enough to be ANSI evaluates revisions to SSL chromaticity standard
statistically meaningful as when measur- LEDs Magazine Jul/Aug 2011, p31; www.ledsmagazine.com/features/8/7/5
ing traditional lamps, and then track and TM-21 seeks methods for lumen-maintenance prediction
record the sample behaviors including light- LEDs Magazine Feb 2011, p37; www.ledsmagazine.com/features/8/2/10
output change and failures during the life TM-21-11: Projecting Long Term Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources
test. When 50% of the tested samples reach http://bit.ly/pwRSvK
a light output equal to 70% of initial lumens,
including the samples that failed to produce testing with a large sample size. The test expression. The rated life is then projected
light, then B50L70 (in hours) is obtained. data are collected for both light-output by mathematically combining both models.
Obviously, as is the case with lumen changes and failures. The data is then fitted There are some discussions in standard-
maintenance, it is not practical to conduct into a mathematical model with a statisti- ization organizations regarding develop-
real-life tests to get B50L70 values when such cal-certainty band. In addition to the lumen- ment of a document or recommendation
a value can be as long as 30,000 hours, or maintenance projection curve, the associ- to address LEDs rated life. To help the
nearly three and a half years. The challenge ated sample distribution bandwidth is also LED lighting industry to properly use LED
is how to make a projection using the data plotted. By analyzing the curve and band- light-source information, it is necessary to
obtained in a shorter testing period. width, an estimated B50L70 life is projected. clarify that rated life is not lumen-mainte-
The second approach is to conduct the nance life.
Projections lumen-maintenance (LM-80) test sepa- Before the industry establishes a recom-
LED manufacturers have been conducting rately from the accelerated-failure-modes mendation for a standard practice, LED
studies and establishing practices for reli- test. Using TM-21, the lumen-maintenance integrators may need to request more test-
able approaches to project the rated life for projection can be established. The data col- ing and modeling information from the
LEDs; in general, there are two approaches. lected in the accelerated-failure-modes test manufacturers in regards to the statistical
The fi rst approach is to conduct LM-80 are modeled with a different mathematical failures of LED light sources.
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_______________________________________
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Being ready for ENERGY STAR means having

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design focus | DESK LAMPS
Unique desk lamp designs

combine LEDs with heat pipes,
and OLEDs with carbon fiber
Two desk lamps make the best of LED and OLED technology, respectively, although their price range
is probably out of the reach of most consumers, writes TIM WHITAKER.
L
ED desk lamps and reading lights are
easy to find in many retail outlets, but
few are built with quality and longevity
in mind. Even fewer contain heat-pipe tech-
nology to cool the LEDs, and in this respect
the CSYS desk lamp (Fig. 1) from UK-based
Jake Dyson Products is probably unique.
Meanwhile, Germany-based OLED manufac-
turer Novaled is targeting the luxury market
with the Victory desk lamp (Fig. 2), which
incorporates four OLED panels in a carbon-
fiber frame.
LEDs and heat pipes

Design company Jake Dyson Products has
engineered an LED-based desk light the
CSYS that uses heat-pipe technology to
maintain an LED junction temperature
of just 30C above ambient. The LEDs are
mounted at the end of a thin, horizontal
arm, with the heat-pipe positioned inside the
arm to draw heat away from the LEDs them-
selves, maintaining the low junction temper-
ature. The heat sink is therefore incorpo-
rated as a structural element, and its entire
surface area is used to dissipate heat.
There is a discernible lack of reliability FIG. 1. Jake Dyson Products CSYS LED-based desk lamp.
and innovation in existing LED desk lights,
said designer Jake Dyson. Current issues in making consumers and industry alike cau- water condenses and moves back to the hot-
this area include: poor heat management; tious about committing to LED technology ter end by a capillary process, setting up a
weak light distribution; light color erosion; in lighting. However, he says: We have man- continuous cycle which (in this case) moves
and a lack of comfortable, warm-white aged to address all of these problems and heat away from the LEDs.
color. Dyson believe that such issues are believe that the CSYS will truly change peo- Because of the focus on thermal manage-
ples minds about LED lighting. ment, which involved 18 months of R&D to
LINKS The heat pipe comprises a sealed copper optimize the heat-pipe technology for this
Jake Dyson Products www.jakedyson.com pipe, which is evacuated. A small amount application, the company is claiming a life-
of water is placed inside, and when one end time for the product in excess of 37 years.
Liternity www.liternity.com
of the tube is heated, the water evaporates This is based on 12 hours of use per day, and
Novaled AG www.novaled.com and moves to the cooler end of the tube. The a projected L70/B50 lifetime (see page 51) of

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design focus | DESK LAMPS
160,000 hours at a junction temperature of

60C. Jake Dyson Products says that the life-
time data is provided by the LED maker.
The LED power is 8.8W and the efficacy is
quoted as 56 lm/W, which equates to a light
output of 493 lm. The warm-white color tem-
perature is 2700K and the CRI is 82.
The desk lamp also has a unique position-
ing mechanism to orientate the light through
three axes. A CSYS is the system of coordi-
nates that defines an objects position in x,
y and z axes. The spread and the intensity
of light can be controlled onto the working
area, and its optical design minimizes glare,
says the manufacturer, because the LEDs are
set back into the head of the horizontal arm. FIG. 3. Thermal management is a key feature of the CSYS desk lamp. (left) Thermal
Another feature of the luminaire is touch-sen- image of the LEDs (circled) and the horizontal heat-pipe structure. (right) Cross-
sitive dimming. Of course, this all comes at a section of the lamp showing how heat is transferred away from the LEDs.
high price, namely GBP 550 ($860) retail.
Noting that the UK government is pro- the directionality of illumination and good engineered, the Victory desk lamp from
moting CFLs as an energy-efficient lamp color rendering; and the slim and compact Liternity is in a different class, with a
technology, Jake Dyson Products lists four design of the LED lamp, which is difficult to price tag to match of $7500. Liternity is
advantages of LEDs versus CFL alterna- achieve with CFLs. the brand name for a new range of luxury,
tives. These include the cost saving asso- limited-edition OLED luminaires launched
ciated with the lack of need to replace the OLEDs and carbon fiber recently by Novaled AG, the Germany-
LED light source; the absence of mercury; Although the Jake Dyson product is highly based OLED manufacturer. Th e Victory
desk lamp is described as the worlds
fi rst luminaire to showcase OLED light-
ing in an ultra-thin, ultra-strong, carbon-
fiber base. The Victory desk lamp is 35cm
high and 40cm deep, and its V for victory
design includes two arms with embedded
ultra-fl at OLEDs that provide pleasant,
diff use light over the entire surface, says
the company.
The lamp contains four OLED panels,
each with an active area of 41 cm2. The color
temperature is 3200K and the lifetime is
quoted as 10,0000 hr. The power consump-
tion for the whole luminaire is 16W. The
operating brightness is 3000 cd/m2 and
the illuminance at the desk level is 400 lux.
Gerd Guenther, chief marketing officer at
Novaled, said, OLEDs redefi ne our under-
standing of light, due to their extraordi-
nary characteristics. They enable imagina-
tive designs and applications that simply
could not have been created with existing
lighting to date, and even offer the potential
for transparent and bendable light sources
in the future. [The] Liternity brand [is] pro-
viding outstanding warm-white light that
FIG. 2. The OLED-based equals the quality of daylight, in a form fac-
Victory desk lamp. tor as unique as a human fi ngerprint.
LEDsmagazine.com
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conference report | SALC
LEDs headline at SALC, speakers

predict significant efficiency gains
SSL technology dominated both the sessions and exhibits at the annual Street & Area Lighting
Conference, reports MAURY WRIGHT, and LED-based lighting that is already succeeding based on
efficacy will soon deliver significant additional power savings.
T
he annual IES (Illuminating ager of street light engineering at Seattle simply a better match for the physiology
Engineering Society) Street & Area City Light, pinpointed the reason. Smalley of the eye than are HPS and LPS sources.
Lighting Conference (SALC) took showed a graph from the DOEs latest SSL These were all prevailing themes at SALC.
place Sept 19-21 in New Orleans, LA and the Multi-Year Program Plan (MYPP) (www. ____ Of course SSL still has to overcome steep
first speaker, Entergy Services business sys- ledsmagazine.com/press/31338) that upfront cost, although that premium is cer-
tems manager Bob Olsonoski, said Were charts luminous efficacy against time for tainly dropping rapidly. John Curran, pres-
not against LEDs. We just dont know what
to do with them. We dont know how to
price them yet. Olsonoski likely felt like the
Lone Ranger through the remainder of the
event because LEDs were central to virtually
every other presentation, and dominated
the exhibit hall. Despite higher upfront
costs, LED-based solid-state lighting (SSL)
is winning in outdoor applications based
on energy efficiency and the inherent con-
trollability of the technology. The prevailing
theme of the conference was that energy sav-
ings will escalate significantly through more
efficient LEDs, better lighting that can be
operated at lower levels, and standards and
technologies that minimize over-lighting.
The IES limits the exhibit area to 50
booths and around ten companies took
dual booths so there were even fewer com-
panies displaying products. One booth
included induction street lights and one Exhibit hall at SALC (courtesy of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North
had high-pressure sodium (HPS) street America; Bob Horner, photographer).
lights. More than 20 featured LED street
and area lights. Even exhibitors such as various light sources (Fig. 1). While efficacy ident of LED Transformations, presented a
Philips Lighting, Osram Sylvania, Acuity, is slowly increasing for HID and fluorescent graphic that precisely describes the LED
and Cooper that sell legacy lighting prod- sources and has been for 70 years, SSL (both value proposition (Fig. 2). Its the combina-
ucts only exhibited SSL. LED and OLED) is on a steep ramp. tion of long life and energy efficiency that
Why the focus on SSL? Edward Smalley, Today HPS and low-pressure sodium provides the LED value proposition.
the director of the US Department of Energy (LPS) sources are still more efficient than
(DOE) Municipal Solid-State Street Light- SSL. But that advantage wont last long. Improving LED sources
ing Consortium (MSSLC) and the man- Moreover, adaptive controls and dimming Mark McClear, global director of applica-
can deliver energy savings for SSL relative tions engineering at Cree, discussed the
MAURY WRIGHT is a Senior Technical Editor to HPS and LPS sources. And as well dis- state-of-the-art in LED components and
with LEDs Magazine. cuss shortly, broad-spectrum LED light is the near-term outlook for improvements.

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Cool-white LEDs at 6000K CCT (correlated Its also notewor- Total cost
color temperature) are readily available with thy to mention that
5 times longer life
an efficacy of 160 lm/W. McClear said that prices are dropping
a luminaire design typically suffers a 10% at the same time that 4 times longer life
LED
loss due to thermal issues, a 10% loss due LED components are savings
to optics such as lenses, and a 15% loss due improving and vol- Breakeven (3 times longer life)
to driver efficiency. So cool-white luminaire umes are increasing
system efficacy is a bit over 100 lm/W. a recurring trend in the Initial fixture cost
At the other end of the LED CCT spec- semiconductor indus- Energy costs
trum, 2700K warm-white LED efficacy is try. McClear said, The Replacement and
115 lm/W, resulting in a system efficacy of semiconductor indus- maintenance costs
Traditional source (source + labor)
around 75 lm/W. McClear said, I really like try has always been a LED source
the 4300K and 4100K LEDs. At 4100K system massive solution look-
Operating time
efficacy is 93 lm/W and that CCT is prefer- ing for a problem. The
able for many people relative to the 6000K message is that the FIG. 2. Long life and energy savings justify SSL deployments
LEDs that have more blue energy in the spec- same juggernaut that (courtesy of LED Transformations).
tral distribution. McClear said the cooler delivered cheap PCs
temperatures work better from an economic and cell phones will drive lighting going of semiconductors so prices should drop as
perspective because you can use fewer LEDs forward, and the escalation in LED man- efficiencies increase.
in a luminaire design. ufacturing has begun. McClear said that
McClear and others including the DOE more MOCVD (metal-organic chemical CCT and broad-spectrum light
expect a continued increase in efficacy. vapor deposition) reactors, used for epitax- While McClear had noted the economic
McClear pointed out that the first DOE ial growth in LED manufacturing, have been advantages of cooler CCTs, other speakers
MYPP projected an efficacy plateau at installed in the past two years than existed described the benefits of white light with
around 150 lm/W. Th at plateau has been previously. a broad spectral distribution typical of
moved to 250 lm/W in the latest MYPP The fact is that LED cost has already todays LED sources. Ron Gibbons of the
update issued earlier this year. diminished significantly in terms of the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, said,
McClear said that LED luminaire efficacy bill-of-materials (BOM) cost in luminaires. White broad-spectrum light may provide
has improved from 50 to 90 lm/W, at max- According to McClear, LED cost accounted equivalent task performance at lower illu-
imum drive current, over the last six years for around 70% of the BOM in 2008 and has minances than a less-broad source. Gibbons
(Fig. 3). He projected system efficacy for dropped typically to around 25%. The driver presented a graph that depicted the lumi-
sources in the 4100K CCT range to hit 120 is now the biggest part of the BOM, but nosity function of the human eye both for
lm/W within the next two to three years. He McClear said, The driver community is now bright photopic and dark scotopic condi-
added, LEDs will be the most efficient light just as engaged [in SSL] as the LED commu- tions. And he showed the energy peak of a
source available. nity. And the drivers are largely comprised LPS light that falls almost completely out-
side the spectrum of scotopic response by
Luminous efficacy the eye at night.
(Lumens per Watt)
Across CCTs that range from 3500K to
200
5000K Gibbons showed that LED sources
have significant spectral content in both
White LED lamp the photopic and scotopic bands. Gibbons
150 said, The physiology of the eye lends itself
to broad-spectrum sources.
The ultimate goal of Gibbons' research is
100 to determine whether white light sources
HID
Low High Linear can be operated at lower levels than have
wattage wattage fluorescent
Compact fluorescent been conventionally required, and still pro-
50 White vide driver and pedestrian safety. Indeed
OLED
panel many people believe the world is signif-
Halogen
Incandescent icantly over-lit and reducing light levels
0 would provide direct energy savings.
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Of course there are both scientific and
FIG. 1. LED system efficacy is on a steep ramp (courtesy of US DOE). emotional challenges to white-light in gen-
eral and a move to lower levels. Many peo-
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ple including several questioners in the Lumens per Watt

SALC audience insist that driving under Typical high-intensity discharge (HID)
yellow- and orange-tinted HPS and LPS 65 Re-lamp $$ Re-lamp $$
Typical solid-state light (LED)
lights is more relaxing than driving under
white lights. Gibbons, however, insisted that Average LED lumens
every study conducted finds that people like 45
white light better although they may not Average HID lumens
realize it until going through a controlled >40%
improvement
experiment.
Gibbons also said that white lights render 25
colors better. And color contrast is impor-
tant in enabling the eye to detect objects, 20,000 40,000 60,000
especially in the peripheral vision, he said. Hours
FIG. 4. LEDs offer superior lumen maintenance (courtesy of Kauffman Consulting).

Leveraging light research
Gibbons and Rick Kauff man, of Kauff man imum light level could be reduced by 16.6%. factor (LLF) when planning a project. The
Consulting and the chairman of the IES There is a caveat to the change to RP-8. For calculation can be quite complicated, said
committee working on the latest update to now the standard prescribes that the lower Kauffman, and includes accounting for ther-
the ANSI RP-8 standard for roadway light- light levels can only be used on streets where mal issues, driver or ballast issues, and even
ing, both discussed how the research on the speed limit is 25 mph or less. At such ambient temperature at an installation. But
lower light levels will be applied in the near speeds, drivers dont even need street lights primary factors are lumen depreciation and
term. The RP-8 update due imminently will according to Gibbons because the headlights luminaire depreciation caused by dirt.
allow for lower light levels in some cases in illuminate a distance greater than the stop- The RP-8 standard includes a graph for
mesopic conditions (relatively low light lev- ping distance of the car. Street lights in such dirt depreciation factors. For very clean
els where the eye combines photopic and cases are primarily intended for pedestrian environments the factor can be as high as
scotopic response). safety. Gibbons has begun another research 0.9 over 8 years. In very dirty areas the fac-
The new standard will specify calcula- project that will determine if lower light lev- tor can be in the 0.8 to 0.9 range for one year
tions called Effective Luminance Factor els are also safe at higher speeds. but as low as 0.3 over 8 years. Kauffman
(ELF) and Effective Luminance Multiplier described DOE tests that have measured dirt
(ELM) that rely on photopic and scotopic Minimizing over-lighting depreciation of 3.7% to 5.3% per year but said
luminance values: these are presented in a In addition to discussing the ability to more testing is needed.
table relative to various light sources. The reduce light levels, Kauffman addressed Lumen depreciation is a well-known phe-
math is beyond our scope here, but Kauff- the larger issue of over-lighting and wast- nomenon and has been documented for a
man presented a relatively simple example in ing energy. We routinely install lights that number of light sources. Ironically many
a case where a light source has a scotopic to operate at higher light levels than neces- have questioned LED performance over
photopic ratio of 2 and photopic luminance sary to compensate for light loss. Lighting time, but LEDs actually provide superior
of 0.3 cd/m2. In such a case the required min- specifiers typically calculate a light-loss lumen maintenance to most other sources
with only HPS matching SSL. The graph in
100%
Fig. 4 depicts the typical advantage LEDs
80% offer in terms of uniformity over time.
The specifier will often utilize a lumen
60% depreciation factor of 0.7 for LEDs essen-
Cool white (6000K)
normalized $/klm tially tied to the widely-accepted definition
40% of the L70 LED lifetime that describes how
long a light will maintain 70% of the initial
20%
lumen output. Multiply lumen depreciation
0% of 0.7 by dirt depreciation of 0.9 and you get
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
0.63 as the LLF. This is used to de-rate lumen
$/klm change (y-o-y) -50% -30% -14% -33% -45% -36% output. A 100-lm source would be used in an
Efficacy at maximum
application requiring 63 lm.
50 lm/W 50 lm/W 60 lm/W 73 lm/W 78 lm/W 81 lm/W 90 lm/W
drive current LEDs, however, offer our best chance yet
lm/W change 0% 20% 46% 56% 62% 80% of minimizing over-lighting. Some compa-
nies are designing luminaires that slowly
FIG. 3. LED luminaires drop in price while efficacy improves (courtesy of Cree). increase drive current over time in a way
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that matches the projected Rick Kauffman of ation, life-loss factor rather than 0.7. McClear
lumen depreciation curve. Kauffman Consulting said LEDs are unshackled from L70 and the
And it turns out that L70 (courtesy of Illuminating result can be additional energy savings.
may not be the right lumen- Engineering Society Of course the LEDs are only one part of
depreciation factor with of North America; Bob the SSL system-life puzzle. For example,
LEDs getting better and Horner, photographer). McClear mentioned things like gaskets and
the new IES TM-21 stan- paint that may not last 100,000 hours and of
dard available to project required by LM-80, then course the driver is an issue. Philips Baum
LED life. TM-21 uses data collected said quality drivers have a maximum life of
from the 1000-hour mark 100,000 hours. But he said that driver life
Constant light output forward. If an LED has been declines rapidly when case temperatures
David Baum, director of tested for 10,000 hours, then exceed 65C.
sales and marketing at TM-21 data uses data col-
Philips Roadway Lighting, lected from the 5000-hour Adaptive controls and dimming
addressed constant light mark forward. Not surprisingly, adaptive controls and
output relative to the com- dimming was a popular topic at SALC since
panys Fortimo linear LED TM-21 and over-lighting dimming lights during periods of low activ-
module. Baum compared TM-21 results are reported ity can compound energy savings. And
the Fortimo light with a in hours alongside a LEDs are dimmable to a fi ne level of gran-
legacy source and a typi- descriptor in the form ularity with commensurate energy savings
cal LED source (Fig. 5). The Lxx(Yk) where Lxx is the whereas other light sources lack that attri-
legacy light provides significantly too much level of lumen maintenance and Y is the bute. The talks included the need for stan-
light each time it is relamped over time. The number of hours tested. A rating described dards, ongoing field trials, and activity on
legacy LED source provides too much light by L70(10k) would infer that the LED would controls within the DOE MSSLC.
initially and gradually degrades over time. maintain 70% of its initial light output and Lets start with the MSSLC, which
The Fortimo design gradually increases was based on 10,000 hours of LM-80 test- launched a control task force about one
drive current over time thereby maintaining ing. The TM-21 methodology delivers two year ago. Tod Rosinbum from the city of
the target lumen output although that also results, one called calculated and one called Portland is a member of the task force and
means the power consumption gradually reported. The former is the calculated output described a wish list that is being molded
increases as well. Baum showed an exam- of the TM-21 math. The latter is limited to into a model specification that municipal-
ple where luminaire system power increased the lesser of the calculated life or 6 times the ities and communities can utilize in spec-
from 26W to 31W over 50,000 hours. But he number of LM-80 test hours. An LED tested ifying control systems. The document will
said a conventional source with comparable for the 6,000 hour min-
light output would require 38W. imum can have no Required light level
In the case of TM-21, meanwhile, a solu- greater reported life

tion to reduce over-lighting may be an spec than 36,000 hours. Overlighting
unintended consequence. TM-21 was in the You can calculate 100%
works for a long time as we covered in a fea- TM-21 results for any
ture earlier this year (www.ledsmagazine. lumen maintenance Fortimo LED module with constant light output
com/features/8/2/10). The idea behind the value you desire. For
Conventional lighting solution
standard was development of a mathemat- example, Crees McClear
Standard LED solution
ical model that allows accurate projection showed an actual exam-
of LED lifetime. LEDs rarely fail over time ple where an L70(10k)
but rather degrade to the point of being inef- test included a calcu- 25 50
fective. That led to concepts such as L70 life. lated life of 290,000 Burning hours (Thousands)
TM-21 provides a way to take the reams of hours. And while TM-21
data that are produced in LM-80 LED com- will be broadly used to FIG. 5. Constant light output eliminates over-lighting (courtesy
ponent testing and produce projections project life, heres how of Philips Roadway Lighting).
across a range of scenarios. it comes into play in
The details of TM-21 are beyond our scope reducing over-lighting. The example McClear be very similar in concept to the Model
here, but lets examine the basics. TM-21 uti- showed also included a L80(10k) calculated Luminaires Specification that the MSSLC
lizes data from a 5000-hour window of LM-80 life of 186,000 hours and a L90(10k) calculated released in draft form earlier this year
testing. If a particular LED model has been life of 94,200 hours. McClears point is that (www.ledsmagazine.com/news/8/4/5 )
tested for the requisite 6000-hour minimum maybe we should use 0.9 as a lumen-depreci- and that is due for final release imminently.

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The controls specification will be released

in beta form later this year for review and
The combination of controls and baseline
a fi nal version is due next year. LED efficiency appear to be the right match
Rosinbum said on/off, dimming, and
scheduled-based control are widely desired for broad deployment of SSL.
by consortium members. The members also
want diagnostic capabilities, energy mea-
surement for billing purposes, and automa- ensure that different luminaires operate being used as a guideline in the development
tion of the work-order process for repairs. similarly when dimmed. He showed a graph of the MSSLC controls specification.
He also said that the membership is univer- of the performance of three luminaires that The combination of controls and baseline
sal in wanting to own and control the data revealed noticeable differences in light level LED efficiency appear to be the right match
in-house. The most complete controls solu- and power consumption when set to the for broad deployment of SSL. And there are
tion on the market today, by contrast, is the same level by a 0-10V controller. But he said more savings coming through better LEDs.
Acuity Roam system in which fees for main- that operation could be normalized with There is also more potential for savings in
taining the system and managing the data standardization. system design. Earlier this year, Tom Geist of
are part of the Acuity business model (www.
___ the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
ledsmagazine.com/features/8/2/8). Roadway reclassification contributed an article to our publication on
Michael Poplawski, another controls Laura Stuchinsky heads the controls task LED street-light field trials, and at SALC pre-
task-force member from the Pacific North- force and is also managing a pilot con- sented some additional data. Geist said EPRI
west National Laboratory (PNNL), addressed trols project in San Jose, CA where she has documented energy savings in the range
some obstacles and lamented the lack of net- serves as the sustainability offi-
Street classification Avg. lumin.
work standards that can be used in a wire- cer in the citys Department of
(cd/m)
less network. He noted that Zigbee is a pos- Transportation. San Jose has been
sibility but as we covered last year, Zigbee a leader in trialing control technol- Street Pedestrian area
classification
doesnt include the definition of a com- ogy and dimming. Indeed the citys
plete protocol stack or a layer specific to work has been seminal in pushing High 1.2
the lighting application (www.ledsmag-
__________ the concept of reclassifying roads Major Medium 0.9
azine.com/features/7/11/13). Poplawski at night so that light levels can be Low 0.6
also noted that work needs to be done to reduced. Table 1 shows an example High 0.8
where light-level is reduced Collector
Medium 0.6
by as much as half later at
night when there is little Low 0.4
pedestrian activity. High 0.6
San Jose had previously Local Medium 0.5
worked with Pacific Gas & Low 0.3
Electric (PG&E) to negoti-
ate a lower fi xed tariff for TABLE 1. Light levels are allowed to drop by half as
LED lighting. The city sub- pedestrian activity wanes at night.
sequently asked for even
lower rates based on operating the of 25-70% in different trial installations. But
lights at reduced levels during por- he added that there is other low-hanging
tions of the night. PG&E didnt offer fruit in terms of savings. He said driver-effi-
to lower the rate now but agreed to ciency improvements, temperature compen-
participate in a 3-year pilot program. sation in fi xtures, and better quality control
The utility mandated that the by fi xture manufacturers could deliver more
luminaires include a power meter than 10% in additional savings.
with 2% accuracy. Moreover PG&E Also it's important to realize that LEDs
has insisted that the metering are being held to a higher standard. A cou-
include the power consumption of ple of times during Q&A sessions at SALC
the control electronics not just audience members asked why there is no
Ron Gibbons of Virginia Tech Transportation street-light power. San Jose must standard such as LM-79 with which legacy
Institute (courtesy of Illuminating Engineering also monitor the power used by the lighting must comply. Smalley of the MSSLC
Society of North America; Bob Horner, wireless gateway that connects to said, We are asking more out of LEDs than
photographer). a group of lights. San Joses work is we ever have of HID.
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backlighting | QUANTUM DOTS
Quantum dots unleash high-color-gamut

performance in LED-backlit displays
Quantum-dot technology can be used in LCD BLUs to create an optimized spectrum that enables
brighter, more-efficient displays with vibrant colors, writes JASON HARTLOVE .
L
CD technology has made great prog- els, one red and one blue. By controlling the variety of approaches for making white light
ress in the past few years, with inno- amount of time each sub-pixel is open i.e. from LEDs, the conventional approaches all
vations such as high resolution and allowing light to pass through it and mak- suffer drawbacks for LCD displays.
3D, yet color performance continues to lag. ing use of the human eyes persistence of A YAG-based white LED (i.e. an yttrium-
Displays on popular tablets can only express vision, any color that can be rendered from a aluminum-garnet phosphor pumped by a
about 20% of the color a human eye can see; combination of red, green and blue can be dis- GaN blue source) produces a spectrum rich
for HDTVs this is still only 35%. Surprisingly, played at each pixel loca-
color performance in displays has actually tion. Since the quality or Standard white
Power density LED backlight spectrum
gone backwards since the days of CRTs. fidelity of those colors is a spectra
Still, LED-backlit LCDs have become direct function of the sub- 1.0
the standard for the mobile-device and TV pixel color quality, how Color filters
industries, due to their high resolution, low good is the quality of red, 0.8 Blue
cost and thin form-factors. green and blue light com- 0.6 Green
Red
While new technologies with better color ing from each sub-pixel? 0.4 White LED
capabilities have emerged in recent years, The color of each sub- spectrum
0.2
such as discrete RGB LED, YAG with red pixel is a function of two
0.0
phosphor, and OLED, they face critical hur- things; the quality of the 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
dles to mass adoption primarily cost, scale light in the BLU, and the Wavelength (nm)
and brightness. Until now, consumers have color filter at the sub-pixel.
FIG. 1. Spectrum of a conventional white LED (GaN + YAG)
chosen cheaper, thinner and more efficient The color fi lter will sepa-
backlight, which does not provide a good match with red,
displays over a truly cinema-quality experi- rate its component color
green and blue color filters in the liquid-crystal module
ence- but could they have it all? from the white light of the
(LCM).
BLU, for example, the red
Whats wrong with my current display? color filter on the red sub-
To better understand the limitations faced pixels will cut off the green and blue light. in blue wavelengths and with a broad yellow
by current TV and display makers, lets take However, to make a high quality color of red, component. This light has very weak green
a look inside an LCD. For those who are not either the filter function needs to be very nar- and red content, and the spectrum is widely
familiar, a typical LCD is made up of essen- row, which results in substantial attenuation distributed from aqua-marine through green,
tially two major parts: a light source, called and loss of brightness, or the red spectrum yellow, orange and red (Fig. 1). When this light
the backlight unit (BLU) and a liquid-crys- in the BLU white light should be narrow and is filtered into the component RGB colors
tal module (LCM). well matched to the desired peak red color. by the sub-pixels, the result is not accurate
Usually, when a display is operating, the The same is true for the green and blue sub- enough to produce the quality of color we see
BLU is on, providing a uniform, white sheet pixels as well. when we look at the natural world as illumi-
of light behind the LCM. The LCM contains Since making perfect color fi lters is not nated by daylight.
millions of pixels, each of which is split into practical from either a cost or brightness per- So, an ideal light source for an LED-based
sub-pixels, typically with two green sub-pix- spective, why not make a better white light? LCD BLU would therefore be something in
The problem is, the LED light source at between daylight and two-color white. For
JASON HARTLOVE is the CEO of Nanosys the heart of the BLU is starving those fi lters vibrant colors, it would need to generate lots
(www.nanosysinc.com), a company based in of the colors that they really need to shine. of energy across all of the red, green and blue
Palo Alto, California that provides architected Today, white LEDs are very good at produc- wavelengths used by the fi lters. But, for effi-
materials for LED backlighting and energy ing some of the spectrum of light that we ciencys sake, it should also not spend energy
storage. see as white but not all. While there are a producing light between R, G and B because

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backlighting | QUANTUM DOTS
we just wont see that light after its passed boost color performance. Th is idea is sim-
through the fi lters. ilar to quantum-dot technology in that it
attempts to engineer a spectrum of white
LCM
Why quantum dots? light by combining materials with differ-
To solve the problems described above, what ent emission spectra. However, these crys- QDEF
we need is a new class of material, not found talline phosphor materials are still funda- Backlight
naturally occurring anywhere on Earth, that mentally limited by their atomic structure unit (BLU)
can be tuned to emit light at just the right and therefore cannot be precisely tuned to
wavelengths for our displays and do so very match either existing color fi lters or manu-
efficiently. Fortunately, nanotechnology facturers desired specifications. This leaves FIG. 3. The quantum-dot enhancement
researchers have been working on design- display manufacturers with a system that film (QDEF) from Nanosys is designed to
ing just such a material for decades, build- still results in light and efficiency losses due replace the diffuser in an LCD backlight
ing it literally one atom at a time, quantum- to the relatively-wide FWHM output of the unit (BLU) and is placed between the
dot technology consists of tiny, nanocrystal phosphors and poor conversion efficiencies BLU and the liquid-crystal module (LCM).
phosphors that are a bit bigger than a water and stabilities of red phosphors. The QDEF contains red- and yellow-
molecule but smaller than a virus in size. With quantum-dot technology, display emitting quantum dots and is illuminated
Unlike conventional phosphor technolo- designers will have the ability to tune and by blue LEDs in the BLU.
gies such as YAG that emit with a fi xed spec- match the backlight spectrum to the color
trum, quantum dots can be fabricated to fi lters (Fig. 2). Th is means displays that are (the same LEDs but without the phosphor)
convert light to nearly any color in the vis- brighter, more efficient, and that produce and start producing LCD panels with the col-
ible spectrum. Pumped with a blue source, truly vibrant colors. ors and efficiencies of the best OLEDs, at a
such as the GaN LED, they can be made to fraction of the cost.
emit at any wavelength longer than the pump How does it all come together? Nanosys is currently shipping production
source wavelength with very high efficiency Engineering the quantum dots to precise samples to display manufacturers and is on
(over 90% quantum yield) and with very nar- display-industry specifications isnt enough track to begin producing at commercial vol-
row spectral distribution of only 30-40 nm on its own to revolutionize the way LCDs are umes by the end of 2011.
full width at half maximum (FWHM). experienced. The dots need to be easily inte-
The real magic of quantum dots is in the grated into current manufacturing opera- What does it look like?
ability to tune (at the fabrication stage) the tions with minimal impact on display-sys- A QDEF-enabled display can express over
color output of the dots, by carefully control-tem design if they are to be widely adopted. 60% of the spectrum a human eye can
ling the size of the crystals as they are syn- To do this, Nanosys spent a lot of time work- detect, compared with 20% for today's LED-
thesized so that their spectral peak output ing with major display manufacturers to get backlit LCDs. This means that browsing
can be controlled within 2 nm to nearly any the packaging just right so that it would be a through photos on your tablet will be more
visible wavelength. simple, drop-in product that did not require like holding a stack of high-quality, profes-
This capability makes quantum dots stand any line retooling or process changes. The sional prints in your hand and watching a
out against emerging iterations of YAG phos- end result is the quantum-dot enhancement movie on the big screen in your living room
phor technology such as red-phosphor-doped fi lm (QDEF) see Fig. 3. is more akin to attending a private screen-
YAG, which adds some red-emitting phos- Designed as a replacement for an existing ing at a Hollywood studio.
phor to the green-yellow-emitting YAG to fi lm in LCD backlights called the diff user, LED-backlit LCD TVs have established
Nanosys QDEF combines red- and market dominance, and sales of tablet com-
Power density QDEF spectrum green-emitting quantum puters which predominantly use LCDsare
spectra dots in a thin, optically- expected to eclipse 100 million units over
1.0 clear sheet that emits white the next few years. Color is likely to be the
0.8 light when stimulated by next big differentiator in what is an increas-
blue light. (Of course, some ingly cutthroat consumer-display market as
0.6
of that blue is allowed to more players enter the market and alterna-
0.4
pass through to make the B tive technologies are further developed.
0.2 in RGB at the LCM). So man- Displays with better color performance
0.0 ufacturers whove invested will allow developers and content creators
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
billions in plant and equip- to generate a stunning new visual experi-
Wavelength (nm)
ment for LCD production ence for consumers. Display makers who can
FIG. 2. Spectrum from a Nanosys quantum-dot enhancement can simply slip this sheet bring user experience closer to reality with-
film (QDEF). The film contains yellow- and red-emitting into their process, change out sacrificing efficiency or cost will be able
phosphors and is stimulated by a blue GaN LED. their white LEDs to blue to establish a dominant market share.
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Distribution Date:
January 2012
Ad Close: 12/1/11 Matl Due: 12/8/11
FEBRUARY 2011
LEDsmagazine.com
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Where do we
go from here?
Uncertainty abounds about the current state of outdoor
area and street lighting market. What will happen
post-stimulus? How will the evaluation of LED
streetlight installations in China affect the market
there? Are growth rates in LED area lighting segments
sustainable? What drives the market for LED area
lighting luminaires?
Find these answers and more in the new LED Outdoor

Area and Street Lighting Market Analysis and
Forecast 2011 report from Strategies Unlimited.
The new and completely revised LED Driver IC

NEW! Market Review and Forecast 2011 is also available.
Order today This new report from Strategies Unlimited takes a

fresh look at the LED driver electronics market, with
over 200 pages of detail on technology and application
trends. It is a complete revision of an earlier report,
with perspectives on the LED applications, the LEDs,
requirements on the drivers and driver ICs, and
findings on suppliers and market shares. It provides
unit, price, and revenue forecasts to 2015 for all of the
LED driver segments, and findings on suppliers and
market shares. The forecast builds on Strategies
Unlimiteds 2011 LED forecast with new information
and perspectives on driver electronics.
Contact Tim Carli at: +1 (650) 946 3163,

or email Tim at: tcarli@strategies-u.com
Visit online at www.strategies-u.com
Worlds Leader in LED & Lighting Market Intelligence

Researching the LED market continuously since 1994
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focus on
Indoor Lighting
In the world of LEDs, we see many outdoor lighting applications. But the conditions that
LEDs experience indoors are not necessarily as predictable as one might expect. For
instance, LED fixtures inside an indoor sports arena face different design criteria than LED
luminaires that will illuminate a poultry farm. And other considerations come into play
inside a hospital ward or a high-school auditorium. Here we look at how these applications
differ and what they share in common. LAURA PETERS reports.
Hospital wards Harrison said that MHA uses a reflector system where
Manchester, UK-based lighting company MHA Lighting Ltd. the LED light is shone sideways and reflected out of the fi x-
has worked with National Health Service (NHS) Trusts in the ture in a uniformly-distributed manner. In this way, he said,
UK to combat hospital-acquired infection rates by utilizing the photometric performance of traditional lamps can be
sealed LED lighting units. MHA Lightings patented LED tech- achieved while providing the energy and maintenance sav-
nology has been designed as a fully-sealed unit to stop dust, ings of LED technology.
MHA Lighting also developed a custom dimming solu-
tion for NDHT to allow lights to be dimmed down to 5%. It
was fundamental for the Trust to create a more pleasant and
healing environment where patients and staff are in control
of ward lighting levels during sleeping hours, for example.
The Trust reduced its energy usage from 127,910 kWh/yr
to 33,044 kWh/yr. With the integration of dimmers, overall
carbon-emission reductions have exceeded 75%.
Waste-collection facilities
Waste Connections has installed Xeralux high-bay lumi-
naires in a San Luis Obispo, California waste-collection
facility, reducing energy costs by two thirds. Based on Cree
XP-G LEDs, the luminaires replaced more than eighty 400W
metal-halide (MH) lamps in the companys Cold Canyon
bacteria and deadly superbugs from gathering around warm
light fittings. The long LED lifespan, estimated at 60,000 hr,
eradicates the needs for routine lamp replacement, which
stops harmful bacteria from being distributed into the air.
MHA managing director Tom Harrison said, Not only is
the NHS saving money on operational costs for routine light
maintenance, but our LEDs burn 20% of the energy of tra-
ditional fluorescents. The Carbon Reduction Commitment
on large organizations such as the NHS means for every
tonne of carbon saved, hospitals receive GBP12 ($19.50).
Th is money can be directly ploughed back into front-line
patient services.
MHA recently completed an installation in North Devon
District Hospital in Barnstaple, which is part of the North
Devon Healthcare Trust (NDHT). MHA replaced traditional
72W fluorescent lamps with 4000K Tilite 20W and 30W LED
units in wards, corridors and reception areas.

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focus on indoor lighting

Material Recovery Facility. The company is realizing savings of 260- Ltd. has supplied LED lighting systems and controllers that satisfy
285 kWh per day via the 148W SSL luminaires equating to a saving these strict requirements to tens of poultry houses in Russia.
of more than $13,000 per year. MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/casestudies/32538
Waste Connections noted the energy savings, maintenance sav-
ings, and light quality as benefits of the retrofit. Our previous
lighting technology didnt deliver the high-quality light our facility High schools
needed, said John Ryan, Facilities Manager at Cold Canyon. Now, St. Catherines High School (SCHS), in Racine, Wisconsin, recently
not only do we seem to have more light, but we also have a brighter, replaced 500-watt T4 quartz luminaires with 15 Essentia LED
whiter light that is very pleasing. downlights from BetaLED (Racine, WI) in the schools auditorium.
The 50,000-hour rated life of the SSL products equates to virtually no According to Mike Kost, director of maintenance for the school, it
maintenance costs. Counting maintenance and energy savings, Waste was inconvenient to access the crawl space to replace burned-out
Connections expects to achieve payback in less than three years. lamps; and the school waited until a number of lamps would burn
High-bay lighting has always been a challenge for industrial and
commercial property owners, due to its high energy consumption
and the high lumen-output requirements, said Jay Shuler, Xeralux
VP of marketing.
Sports facilities
Swedish companies LEDpower and Deltalux AB have developed an
LED luminaire for indoor arenas, which has been installed at the
tennis facility at Swan Pond in Uppsala, Sweden. LED lighting is
used on the tennis court as well as in parts of the offices, corridors
and locker rooms. Electricity consumption is estimated at 40-50% of
original levels. Sports arenas traditionally use fluorescent lighting,
and when lit for 10 hours per day these have a lifespan of 1-2 years, out before they went through the replacement effort, sacrificing aes-
depending on the brand. The LED stadium lights have a lifespan of thetics and illumination performance. With the LED luminaires, the
more than 10 years. The luminaire design is based on proven LED school expects 15 years of near maintenance-free operation. In addi-
technology combined with new optical design in a unique chassis tion, the high school anticipates an 84% energy saving while opti-
as sports facilities need, with the right lighting for dynamic activi- mizing the illumination performance and uniformity of the light-
ties, said Michael Niklasson, CEO, LEDpower. ing. Richard Hagopian, drama department head, is delighted with
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/press/32433 the uniform, bright, clean white light. When the previous lights got
too hot they automatically shut off, which would become a problem
during an assembly, said Hagopian. The new LED luminaires pro-
Poultry farms duce far less heat [and] provide a significant improvement in reli-
Poultry farming places specific demands on lighting systems; for ability and sustainable illumination performance.
example, the lamps should be waterproof, dimmable from maxi- MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/casestudies/32500
mum to zero, and capable of operating with high levels of dust and
in a temperature range from 25-35C. The Russian company Reserv
Industrial use
Focus LLC has provided its Kolokol hanging LED light fi xtures to
SGMK, a Siberia, Russia-based mining, iron and steel company. The
LED luminaires, which are used in industrial areas with medium
to high ceilings, are manufactured using Nichia 119 series LEDs to
provide an output of 7000 lm at 80W power consumption. The lumi-
naire features a minimalistic design and aluminium-alloy casing
for suitability in an industrial environment. The IP65 rating guaran-
tees protection of the lamp from damage, and resistance to dust. The
installation height is 6 to 20 meters, and built-in drivers allow a high
level of electrical protection. The luminaire uses a PG13 plug type
for cable diameters of 8-12 mm. The color temperature is 5500K.
MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/casestudies/32389
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______________________________________
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optics | TUNABLE LENSES
Tunable lenses offer compact

solution to combine floodlights
and spotlights in one product
A luminaires beam angle can be flexibly adjusted using a tunable-lens technology in which the
shape of the lens can be adjusted, as JOERG WERTLI and MICHAEL BUEELER explain.
W
hen designing an LED spotlight,
components are available that
enable many different beam
angles. However, because each component
usually provides a fi xed beam angle, the
customer has to decide in the design phase
which beam angle (or angles) to use for an
installation.
Sometimes its possible to exchange optics
to produce different beam angles. However, FIG. 1. Working principle of the tunable lens. Twisting the lens-shaper ring (left)
this is time consuming and cumbersome, applies pressure to the liquid-filled central container, causing a spherical lens to
especially as lamps are often hard to access form (right), which reduces the beam angle.
after the installation is completed.
Other solutions are available that enable Adaptive
a variation in the beam angle without Secondary lens
exchanging components, but they are inef- optics
ficient and can be complex. In some cases Maximum

LED
its possible to shift the lens away from the angle
LED to focus the beam (up to a certain
point). However, rings and shadows typi-
cally appear in the spot, and a lot of light is
lost as the distance from the LED increases.
On the other hand, large show-lights or
even some museum lights are equipped with a
zoom lens for spot-size adjustment. As well as Minimum
requiring lots of space and being inefficient, angle
such zoom lenses are expensive in develop-
ment and manufacturing, making them
unsuitable for mass lighting applications.
FIG. 2. Optical design using a tunable lens. (top) The maximum tuning angle
Tunable lenses corresponds to the beam-angle from the secondary lens. (bottom) The minimum
The tunable-lens technology developed by beam angle/spot size results when the adaptive lens is fully tuned.
Optotune allows the beam angle to be set
on site and to be adjusted whenever neces- izing the tuning process for remote-con- As well as reducing complexity costs by
sary. There is even the possibility of motor- trolled adjustments. having just one product that can produce a
range of outputs, from flood to spot, the
JOERG WERTLI is the Sales Manager and MICHAEL BUEELER is the Chief Engineer, Optics & tunable lens also offers new opportunities
Applications, with Optotune (www.optotune.com), a startup company based in Dietikon near to change the beam angle for different set-
Zurich, Switzerland. tings, for example in a museum with chang-
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FIG. 3. ML-25-50
ing exhibitions.
Lumilens tunable lens
The principle of the tunable-lens technology is outlined in Fig. 1. A
from Optotune, which has
ring, or so-called lens shaper, is pressed into a polycarbonate container
an aperture of 25 mm and
filled with an optical liquid and sealed with a thin polymer membrane.
an overall outer diameter
This causes a spherical lens to form. The focal length of the lens changes
of 50 mm.
in proportion to the liquid pressure. The clear aperture remains con-
stant throughout the whole tuning range.
While being very efficient and compact, this technology allows a ccording
to 10, but this range varies according
flexible adjustment of the beam angle when implemented in a spot- onents used.
to the design and optical components
light. Turning a ring controls the movement of the lens shaper into Although a very new technology, tunable lenses have been exten-
the liquid-fi lled container and therefore the shape of the lens. A cog- sively tested in various environments. Based on these results, the
wheel in the housing offers the possibility of motorizing this process, expected lifetime of the tunable lens is over 10 years within the oper-
enabling remote control of the beam angle. ating temperature range of -20C to 85C. The lenses are built in a
dust-free environment (clean room) and have a protective housing to
Optical design keep them clean. However, the current products do not have water-
Fig. 3 shows a spotlight design using Optotunes ML-25-50 Lumilens, proof housings, and are only suitable for indoor use.
illustrating the compact design possibilities for a spotlight. The opti- The lens in Fig. 3 is one of Optotunes standard products, which has
cal design of a spotlight with a tunable lens is outlined in Fig. 2. The a clear aperture of 25 mm with an outer diameter of 50 mm. The larg-
LED and the secondary optics define the maximum beam angle. Its est lens currently available has a clear aperture of 55 mm, designed for
important to use secondary optics with an even light distribution for large LED spotlights with lighting power of 2000-4000 lm. Prices for
a good tuning result. The tunable lens is then used to focus the beam these standard lenses start at around EUR 20-30 depending on the vol-
from the wide flood angle to a narrow spot beam. For the spotlight ume and lens size. Technologically, it would be possible to build even
design presented here, the beam-angle range goes from 40 down larger lenses, or lenses as small as a 2-mm aperture.
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Products TRP
Supplies to OEMs Putting It All Together
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design forum | DRIVING BANKS OF LED S
Driving alternate banks of

LEDs improves efficacy
A power-management technique that alternately lights one bank of LEDs at a time can deliver
greater efficacy for displays and lighting, as EZANA HAILE describes.
W
hen a set of LEDs is controlled interval is determined by taking the ratio of Flip-flop-based driver
for a lighting application, LED the total current required for the LEDs and A low-cost implementation of this technique
luminous output versus electri- available current, as follows: requires a clock source, digital flip-flops to
cal power is a key specification in determin- Number of LEDs in a bank = total required control banks of LEDs, and an OR gate to
ing the quality of visible light. In low-power current for LEDs / total available source detect a start condition with a simple on/off
applications, illuminating an entire set of current switch. Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of a D
LEDs simultaneously to achieve the max- As discussed above, the circuit designer fl ip-flop configuration that can control four
imum luminous level may not be possible,
due to limitations in current source. The con-
Out1 Out2 Out3 Out4
trol electronics must efficiently manage the D Q D Q D Q D Q
power dissipation per LED to produce opti-
Q Q Q Q
mum luminous output from the low-power Reset
source. This requires a power-management
technique where, in a set of LEDs, only one Clock
bank of LEDs is powered for a given time.
The design must manage this time interval
Clock
to achieve the required luminous intensity.
The drive circuit discussed here depends Out1
on the fact that the human visual system Out2
will discern constant light when an LED
Out3
is switched on and off above a certain fre-
quency. Generally, a system that lights the Out4
LEDs at least 60 times per second (60 Hz) Max
Luminous
will not exhibit fl icker. intensity Min
In order to determine the number of
LEDs in a system, and the number in a bank
that must be lit for each given time inter- Bank 1 Bank 2 Bank 3 Bank 4 Bank 1 Bank 2 Bank 3 Bank 4
val, the circuit designer must first consider
the available power and the luminous inten- FIG. 1. LED lighting time-interval driven by a flip-flop circuit.
sity required for the application. The circuit
designer must carefully review the LED must consider the frequency at which the banks of LEDs.
datasheet for luminous intensity versus for- bank of LEDs is turned on and off and the Initially, the fl ip-flop is in a no-change
ward-current characteristics, to select LEDs specific on- and off-time characteristics. The state and requires a start pulse. The dura-
that meet the required intensity level. Once on time must, at a minimum, be long enough tion of the start pulse must be at least one
the number of LEDs needed to achieve the for full illumination of a bank. The off time is clock cycle, so that it can be detected by the
required level of luminous output from the limited by the time it takes before the bank first flip-flop at the rising edge of the clock.
application is determined, then the number of LEDs start to visibly dim. Essentially, the Also, the duration of the start signal must
of LEDs that can be powered at a given time off time limits the number of banks that be momentary. It cannot be longer than one
can be controlled via time-interval man- clock cycle, otherwise the first two fl ip-flop
EZANA HAILE is a principal applications agement because excessive off times would outputs will be set at the same time; and,
engineer in the analog & interface products create fl icker. since the source current is limited, the light-
division at Microchip Technology Inc. ing application will not function properly.

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Therefore, with this configuration at the +5V slightly longer duration than the cir-
rising edge of every clock, one bank of LEDs R1 R2 R3 R16 cuit-design calculations would indi-
is fully illuminated. However, to the human cate because the next bank of LEDs
eye it appears as though all LEDs are fully D1 D2 D3 D16 will turn on prior to the former bank
turned on, simultaneously. extinguishing. You dont realize that
I/O I/O
The limitation of this implementation is benefit with a push-pull output.
that it is monotonic, and does not provide +3.3V
design flexibility. It only has an on or off state. Sharing current
For some applications, such as LCD back- The MCP23018s 16 I/O ports can
MCP23018
lights, this circuit may be adequate. However, drive up to 16 LEDs. The I/O expand-
if dimming or pattern generation is needed, 2
I CTM ers output drive capability also lim-
+3.3V +3.3V
a microcontroller (MCU)-based circuit pro- its the amount of current that can
vides the greatest flexibility with minimum be sunk into the I/O port when
PIC10F
impact to the total cost of the solution. The the LED is fully turned on. The I/O
circuit is also simpler to build, with fewer ports low-level voltage is specified
components. The MCU controls each bank of for 0.6V maximum at 8.5 mA of cur-
LEDs, and it can also detect user inputs for rent. If the current is higher than
dimming control and pattern selection. FIG. 2. Low-cost, microcontroller-based lighting 8.5 mA, then the low-level voltage
One example of a cost-effective implemen- solution using an I/O-port expander. will increase slightly although the
tation is to use a low-cost and low-pin-count, impact is negligible so long as max-
8-bit MCU, such as Microchips PIC10F or tions as a pull-up resistor for the open-drain imum current is kept to the specified limit of
PIC12F family, with an I/O-port expander output, limits the current to the LED for the 25 mA.
such as Microchips MCP23018. I/O expand- required luminous intensity. Lets consider an example where the total
ers can also be useful for driving LEDs, when When the I/O-expander output port is set source current is limited to 50 mA at 5V.
the lighting circuit is remotely located with as logical high or 1, the open-drain output is If you budget approximately 2 mA for the
respect to the MCU. off or high impedance and the voltage at the microcontroller, the I/O expander and the
I/O-expander port is pulled up to 5V by the resistors for user-input detection, then the
MCU and I/O expansion pull-up resistor. Th is is an off state for the rest of the available current can be dedicated
I/O-port expanders are devices that are used LED, because current will not flow. for LED lighting. If the luminous intensity
to expand the number of I/O signals to which
an MCU has access. In this application, the
MCU controls the I/O-expander ports via
the IC protocol, to drive the LEDs on or off.
Out1
And the MCUs integrated I/O pins can be
used to detect user inputs via a push-button t PWM_HIGH/LOW
switch, or by utilizing the built-in A/D con- Out2
verter (analog-to-digital converter) to detect t DELAY
a potentiometer level for dimming control.
I/O expanders are available with open- Out3
drain- or push-pull-output configurations.
With todays MCUs operating at 3.3V or
Out4
lower, an open-drain-output I/O expander
lends itself well to this application. The
advantage of using an open-drain-output
design is that it permits the LEDs to oper- Bank 1 Bank 2 Bank 3 Bank 4 Bank 1
ate at 5V or higher while the MCU and the
I/O expander are powered at a lower voltage. FIG. 3. Timing diagram for PWM control of intensity.
Fig. 2 shows a circuit diagram for an open-
drain-output I/O expander pulled up to 5V. The open-drain-output configuration offers of the LEDs at approximately 10 mA is ade-
In this case, when the I/O port is set as a another advantage when the port is config- quate, then 4 LEDs can be controlled per
logical low or zero, then the voltage at the ured as high impedance or in the LED off state. bank. And, the current-limiting resistor
I/O-expander port is 0V and current flows, The LED does not turn off immediately due to value will be approximately 440.
which forward biases and turns on the LED. parasitic capacitance. Therefore the effec- The timing shown in Fig. 1 can be repli-
The LED-biasing resistor, which also func- tive on time for each bank is extended for a cated using a relatively short MCU program.
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An addendum to this article presented on Patterns simply require that the program brightness can be increased over 16 steps.
the LEDs Magazine website (www.ledsmaga-
_________ define a pattern of 1s and 0s for each of the You can further extend the concept and
zine.com/features/8/10/1) provides details of 16 LEDs and that pattern would typically methodology described here to generate
such an implementation with pseudo C Code be stored in two bytes of memory. You could chasing and other complex patterns where
that would be used to control the MCU. We easily control a changing pattern by having a single, or small group, of on or off LEDs is
will present a simpler description here. the MCU monitor a push-button connected varied in a dynamic pattern. Such a design
The main segment of the program would to one of the MCU input signals. The exam- might require a more capable MCU such
consist of an infinite loop. A timer integrated ple code changes the pattern each time the as Microchips PIC16F family that has suf-
on the MCU generates a periodic interrupt button is depressed. A predefi ned look-up ficient on-chip memory to handle the pro-
based on the required timing that has been table contains various patterns of 1s and 0s gram required for sophisticated lighting pat-
determined in the hardware design stage. for each bank. terns, such as chasing lights.
Each interrupt would result in the next bank Dimming control requires the addition of While there are many methods to effi-
of LEDs being refreshed. With such an imple- pulse width modulation (PWM) to control ciently drive the banks of LEDs used in LCD
mentation, the circuit outputs the required the duration for the on-time interval of each backlights or lighting-pattern applications,
luminous intensity, and to a person it appears bank. Fig. 3 shows a timing diagram for such designers are always looking for novel ways
that all LEDs are turned on simultaneously an application. The width of the tPWM_ to cut costs without compromising perfor-
from the available power source. High pulse determines the intensity of the mance. In low-power applications, LEDs can
LEDs in each bank. The online example uses be controlled by managing the time inter-
Patterns and dimming a thumb-wheel potentiometer with the cen- val for each bank of LEDs, for efficient illu-
You can easily extend the MCU-based design ter tab connected to the MCUs A/D-con- mination. In addition, low-pin-count MCUs
to add support for light patterns or dimming. verter input. At one end of the potentiome- and I/O-port expanders provide a low-cost
The web addendum includes sample code for ter range, the LEDs are set to the lowest dim alternative for lighting solutions with great
these concepts as well. level and by adjusting the potentiometer the design flexibility.

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last word
LED modules sit at the confluence of

numerous technologies
Synergistic electronic, optical and lighting technologies are revolutionizing LED
luminaires, says DAN MCGOWAN, an Engineering Manager with MOLEX INC.
T
odays advanced LED lighting tech- repaired or upgraded. Fixture manufactur- products that require effortless installa-
nologies can deliver the sustainabil- ers accustomed to traditional lighting have tion, interchangeability and upgradeabil-
ity, scalability, and design flexibil- consistently demanded LED modules that ity. The simple plug-and-play modular solu-
ity that OEMs need to help them engineer more closely emulate traditional lighting. tion allows manufacturers to adopt SSL
competitive solutions for residential, com- To address these practical design issues into their luminaires, with a flexible path
mercial and industrial markets for solid- and needs, some manufacturers have com- forward at a low price point. Luminaire
state lighting (SSL). However, despite many bined their electrical, thermal and optical designers can also use these types of mod-
advantages, there are challenges intrinsic to expertise with in-house design and manu- ular designs to develop products in which
LED technologies. For example, while LEDs facturing capabilities. The resultant modu- the LED source can be easily replaced and
run significantly cooler than incandescent lar LED-lighting solutions introduced onto upgraded, and do so at price points that offer
lamps, without proper thermal management the market follow a familiar model long used short payback periods for SSL installations.
their effective service life can be shortened by distributors, who are now able to broaden Potential applications can include down
considerably due to heat build-up within the their portfolios beyond traditional light lights, task or accent lights, spot and track
LED junction. Conversely, with proper ther- sources to include LED sources. Advances lights, troffers and interior-area lighting,
mal management in place, LED fi xtures can in electronic technologies are for the fi rst retail and display lighting, hospitality light-
last an impressive 50,000 hours at 70 percent time making LED luminaires practical and ing, architectural lighting, decorative light-
lumen maintenance under normal usage. affordable for mass production. ing, and even museum lighting. Support for
LED emitters typically have been soldered One LED-lighting modular assembly that the industry standardization of module
to PCBs and assembled into integrated fi x- was recently introduced to the market uses a interconnect technology will help to ensure
tures, without a mechanism to replace a two-piece design that emulates a traditional long-term design opportunities, while pro-
failed LED or update the LED. Th is assem- lighting socket, to deliver an easy and familiar tecting the development investment of fi x-
bly approach poses several challenges to installation experience. The assembly consists ture OEMs and their customers.
the fi xture manufacturer, being closer to an of a socket or lamp holder that is permanently As LED adoption progresses, the integra-
electronics assembly than a typical lighting fastened into the luminaire. The light module tion of lighting control systems with net-
fi xture. Even well-established fi xture man- inserts into the socket with a push to make the work devices will likely play an integral role
ufacturers can struggle with light sources electrical connections, followed by an intui- in energy-cost reduction, allowing end-users
that are actually electronic components tive quarter-turn to lock the module in place. greater flexibility and control over their envi-
requiring a secure connection to an elec- This type of modular assembly allows for ronment. Intelligent lighting controls are
tronic circuit. Successfully soldered designs different flood-beam patterns that enable already making jobs easier, while lowering the
still leave solder joints vulnerable to stress precision effects for a wide variety of light- carbon footprint. New commercial, industrial
during handling. A cold solder joint can ing applications, and users can readily alter and residential buildings are incorporating
result in scrapping a high-cost LED array. the beam angle, temperature or light output local-area networks directly into lighting sys-
In effect, the LED lighting industry con- without removing or replacing the luminaire. tems to monitor maintenance requirements,
verged into the electronic-component space, Simply switching out the module (with an determine occupancy, and offer daylight con-
requiring different expertise that did not yet easy turn) can lend an entirely new look and trols and light dimming systems yet a few
exist. As a result, LED product development feel to a lighting installation design. more simple and effective ways for OEMs to
was initially slow, because the industry was With such simple LED-lighting modular harness electronic technology to drive down
rightly cautious about investing heavily in designs, interior- and exterior-luminaire LED power consumption.
fi xtures that could not be easily assembled, manufacturers can achieve LED-based MORE: www.molex.com
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Isolated LED Current Control

with Active PFC
90V to 265V
AC
VIN DCM
VIN_SENSE FB
lated
Regu rrent
u LT3799
LED C lly 5%)
ca
VREF 20W
(Typi CTRL3 GATE LED
Power
CTRL2 SENSE
CTRL1 VINTVCC
GND
Fault FAULT
CT COMP + COMP
Complete TRIAC Dimmable Schematic
TRIAC Dimmable LED Driver Needs No Opto-coupler

Our LT 3799 isolated LED controller with active power factor correction (PFC) is specifically designed for driving LEDs
over a wide input range of 24V to 480V+. It is ideal for LED applications requiring 4W to over 100W of LED power and
is compatible with standard TRIAC in-wall dimmers. The LT3799s unique current sensing scheme delivers a well regulated
current to the secondary side with no opto-coupler, enabling it to provide 5% LED current accuracy. It also offers low
harmonic distortion while delivering efficiencies as high as 90%. Open and short LED protection ensures long term
reliability and a simple, compact solution footprint addresses a wide range of applications.
LED Current vs TRIAC Angle LT3799 Demo Board (25W) Info & Free Samples
1.2
www.linear.com/product/LT3799
1.0 1-800-4-LINEAR
LED Current (A)
0.8
0.6
0.4
120V app
0.2
220V app
______________
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are
TRIAC Angle (Degrees) registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. All other
trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
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ITS PAYBACK TIME.

LED REVOLUTIONARY
Gary Trott
LED Visionary & Co-Developer of the CR Series
Not just payback timeshort payback time.

Designed for affordability, the new Cree CR Series
of architectural troffers delivers savings up front
and during operation. Now theres no reason to
keep those ugly uorescents.
Purposeful design and architectural-grade

aesthetics make the Cree CR Series a true beauty
to behold. Cree TrueWhite Technology makes
them highly efcient with superior light
characteristics and remarkable
xture-to-xture color consistency.
The result is beautiful light with no compromise.
Available now, visit CreeLEDLighting.com to nd

out more about these revolutionary products.
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Ledsmagazine Oct2011

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Contents | Zoom in | Zoom out For navigation instructions please click here Search Issue | Next Page

TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Outdoor

  T8 LED Tube

Hong Kong Office:

%    

october Cover Story

2011 The Daybreak TV studio in London is lit

27 LIGHTING Michael Smolyansky, Cooper Lighting Canada economic uncertainty

45 FOCUS ON Tim Whitaker

and lumen-maintenance life 17 FUNDING+PROGRAMS

59 CONFERENCE REPORT Maury Wright

67 BACKLIGHTING Jason Hartlove, Nanosys Driving alternative banks of LEDs

74 OPTICS Joerg Wertli and Michael Bueeler, Optotune

floodlights and spotlights in one product

LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2011 3

SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT Christine Shaw

Lighting market reflects EDITOR Tim Whitaker

economic uncertainty nicolep@pennwell.com

but September turned out to be equally stock exchange (www.ledsmagazine.com/

4 OCTOBER 2011 LEDsmagazine.com

Light and Color - Methods of 4th International LED Forum Moscow

DATE: November 2, 2011 Forum LED Europe

archived presentations. MORE: www.ledsmagazine.com/events

6 OCTOBER 2011 LEDsmagazine.com

Osram, Panasonic accelerate production

IES approves TM-21 for projecting LED lumen maintenance

LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2011 9

10 OCTOBER 2011 LEDsmagazine.com

Cree launches TEMPO luminaire testing program

12 OCTOBER 2011 LEDsmagazine.com

14 OCTOBER 2011 LEDsmagazine.com

Lighting for Tomorrow announces 2011 winners

LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2011 15

We bring quality to light.

LED test & measurement

Our instruments provide accurate

Your partner for lighting components,

We can do a lot for your light.

Impressive solutions for your

funding Europe says goodbye

programs to 60W lamps

LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2011 19

DOE Gateway reports shows

20 OCTOBER 2011 LEDsmagazine.com

national focus | INDIA

India identifies LED lighting as key

LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2011 23

national focus | INDIA

achieving nominal savings

Top 5 Reasons to Buy

TracePro Software - Design and Analyze Any Optical/Illumination System

lighting | LEED REQUIREMENTS

Planting virtual trees: the challenge

LEDsmagazine.com OCTOBER 2011 27

lighting | LEED REQUIREMENTS

28 OCTOBER 2011 LEDsmagazine.com

Consistent weight every time

Tight color quality

More units per hour With

The Spectrum Series jetting system automatically maintains

Weve just made reaching

standards | OPTICAL SAFETY

LED-based products must

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