BA (Hons) Football Studies

David John Smith

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE SUBMISSION OF PROJECTS

April 2017

Southampton Solent University

School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences

THE PHENOMENON OF HOOLIGANISM IN GREECE,
AND THE MEASURES THAT THE GOVERNMENT
SHOULD TAKE IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE IT.

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this project was to research how hooliganism in Greece has
increased in the last years. Furthermore, this project describes the reasons why hooligans
cause trouble and how these causes can be linked with hooliganism in Greece. Afterwards
the project focuses on some serious incidents in the last years and what the government has
attempted to do in order to prevent hooliganism. Moreover, mentioned are some of the
safety measures that the Greek government has tried to apply, such as the installation of a
closed-circuit television system and the introduction of the electronic ticket system. While
these priorities were considered as the cornerstones of the war against hooliganism, in
many stadiums there are still not in effect. Subsequently, the section concerning
methodology explains what methods were used for the research. Finally, there are
suggestions on what measures the Greek government should take in order to prevent
hooliganism.

INTRODUCTION

A tremendous problem that has tormented the area of football in the last decades is the
phenomenon of hooliganism. This kind of behaviour of fans has been an important theme
for research by psychologists and researchers globally. Hooliganism first appeared in the
United Kingdom in the early 60's and 70's. Through the years, similar behaviours have taken
place in most European countries such as Germany, Holland, Italy, and Belgium (Dunning
2000). In Greece, the first incident took place in 1930. After that and until 1960, when
football hooliganism started to rise, nothing was reported (Kitroef 2010). Hooliganism does
not only take place in professional football but also at the amateur level which is very
worrying. In England, hooliganism has been characterized by Harrington (1968) as an
''English disease''. Cowie (1989) has also defined the word hooligan. The word hooligan has
been qualified by the addition of soccer' or 'football' because hooligans' actions have
generally taken place in and around soccer matches. The term 'in and around' is used because
most of the time these people's behaviours are not linked with what is going on during the
game and many times are causing trouble outside or away from the football stadium. Taylor
(1992) has named this behaviour of English fans as a '' British way of life'' since for a long
period of time football and hooligans were two words strongly connected. In addition, this
kind of 'disease' was already known in some other countries of Europe. For instance, in
Yugoslavia in 1950 'Zusism' first appeared. The origin of the world stems from 'ZUS' an
acronym of the Serbo-Croat words for 'slaughter, kill, annihilate'. Moreover, the newspaper,
BORBA, had reported two incidents in Belgrade involving fans armed with hammers and
metal bars. Fans broke on to the field and attacked the referee causing him serious injuries. In
the same year, another serious incident took place in Turkey, when fans of two teams fought
with pistols and knifes. 600 spectators were injured and 42 of them were killed (Dunning et
al. 1981). In Italy hooliganism was an unknown problem before the 1970s. Soon after, Italian
youths started to engage with British hooligans (Roversi 1991). In the same way hooliganism
started to expand in Greek football a few years later.

The major aims of this project are the following:

1) to define hooliganism

2) to analyze hooliganism in Greece

3) to identify some serious incidents that have occured in the last years.

4) to identify what politics did through these years in order to prevent hooliganism

5) to suggest measures that the government should take in order to minimize or, even better,
get rid of this phenomenon.

Several different researchers have given their definition about what hooliganism is. The
sociologists Dunning, Murphy and Williams (1988) state that hooliganism is ''a form of
competitive violence of socially organised groups in football substantially directed against
opposing fans group''. Another definition has been given by Cornell. He defines hooliganism
as a serious phenomenon and a highly complex that is reflective of the inter- weavings of the
social formation of both the very real ''troubled'' of late modern English masculinities - a sort
of ''protest masculinity'', and the reflexive power of the labelling process of media and State
institutions. A different concept of what hooliganism is, has been shared by Ingham (1978)
and Smits (1968). They support that football hooliganism is a collision or fight between rival
groups of fans against opposing fans or police in professional football games. The way that
hooligans show their support to their teams is by causing trouble and vandalizing public or
private properties. These incidents usually take place inside or outside the football stadium.
They even arrange meetings with opposing fans in order to fight and prove ''who is the best''!.
According to Pearton (1986) the behaviour of those people has been defined by society as an
enormous social problem. Hooligans are usually young people who attend football games
wearing clothes of the team that they support. This is a stereotype which has been created by
society, through the years (Armstrong 1998). A more general definition of what a hooligan is
has been given by Clarke (1973). A hooligan is a person with disorderly and aggressive
behaviour against other people or properties. That means that he usually destroys and attacks
whatever he finds on his way. This behaviour of football fans has been spotted since the early
days of football and has been recognized as a serious social problem.
 Methodology

Speaking in terms of methodology, this project is based on secondary data that was
primarily found in the Southampton Solent University library, books, online journals,
articles, and also from Greek and British newspapers. As my work for this year is a project
and not a dissertation, I am not allowed to use primary data. According to Bryman (2004),
secondary data-based projects are very useful for students as they have very good coverage
of resources. In contrast to primary data, using secondary data is an advantage as it is easier
to work with. Furthermore, the researcher is able to save time as they do not need to invest
time on date collection. Besides, the cost is very low as the resources can be found in the
library, where students have free access (Procter, 1996). However, it must be noted that the
use of secondary data has some inherent disadvantages. The researcher is not able to create
his own questionnaire with a certain purpose which will help him on his project. Sometimes
secondary data might be difficult to analyze as the researcher has deficient information on
how he collected his data (Frankfort-Nachmias and Nachmias, 1996).

In order to have access to the right information for this project, some key words were
used in the research such as ''hooliganism'', ''violence'', ''Greece'', ''stadium'', ''safety'',
''hooligans'', ''football', ''government'', ''British'' and ''Europe''.

Firstly, the research started by researching definitions of hooliganism and hooligan and
also researching mainly the background of hooliganism in Europe. Then, the research
gradually focused on the background of hooliganism in Greece, what the causes are and
how these causes are linked with Greece and Greek hooligans. Afterwards, I referred to
some serious incidents that took place in Greek football in the last years and gradually
focused on what the government did in order to prevent hooliganism. Consequently, the
research focused on researches, journals and books that specialised on how hooliganism
can be prevented and what improvements could be added onto the facilities. My project
focuses more on Greek researchers who are experts in hooliganism in Greece and the
characteristics of Greek hooligans.

It is very significant to mention that this project is valid and reliable, as in order to be
completed, secondary dates were used. Bryman (2004) stated in one of his researches that a
project must be valid and reliable. The term ''reliable'' is used to explain if the results of this
project can be repeated. Furthermore, the term ''validity'' is linked with how integral the
conclusion of the research is.

According to Escola (1998) and Searle (1995), an integral and necessary part of the
methodology, is epistemology. Epistemology is very important as it refers to the theory of
the knowledge that informs how research is shaped in its broadest sense. Eskola describes
the three most important epistemological positions. These positions are positivism, social
realism and social constructivism. On the other hand, ontology is very important for
methodology which is the importance understanding when carrying out research
(Hammond and Wellington 2012). Ontology relates to the supposition about the nature of
reality and means the nature of being and existence. According to Tornhill (2015), these
ontological assumptions form the way on how people see the objects that have been
researched.

LITERATURE REVIEW

It is very important to search and find the reasons that force hooligans to provoke
troubles during games in general, and how these reasons are related to Greek football.
Smith (1983) claimed that many writers have pointed out the reasons why hooligans cause
trouble. Researchers such as Marx (1972) and Tilly (1979) claimed that hooligans show
violent behaviour for reasons like victory or celebration or fun and recreation. Furthermore,
there are many different types of sport riots according to Smith. Many times, hooligans riot
because they have been denied access to a sports event, their team has been defeated or
due to a political situation (economic crisis etc). Another reason has been given by McGrain
with Keevins (1987). They stated that football is a very aggressive and masculine sport.
Players have to use physical hardens in order to keep the possession of the ball, regain the
ball, take a header or tackle. In order to accomplish these actions, football players are
required to be hard, brave and fearless. Moorhouse (1991) concluded that fans, very often
coincide their self with the players and carry out such violent actions.

Between 1960 and 1980s, the industry was poorly developed in Greece. The Greek
economy was based on agriculture and basically on agrarian jobs in the countryside. Thus,
the rural population was very large at that time. By the late 1960's the urban population
started to increase. Many young people started to move to the centre of the cities. The
industrialization that had already existed in the Western countries, developed in Greece in
just a few years. Accordingly, people that used to live in the urban societies were affected by
the political and economic changes and created both psychological and social problems.
These problems had an impact on their behaviour since it often appeared to be deviant.''
Durkeim'' explains in his anomie theory that this kind of behaviour is related to
dissatisfaction and a situation in which people are unable to control and follow these changes
(Lappas 2005). Deviant behaviour in large societies is usually noticed within families,
schools and friends. Young children that attend football games usually imitate this behaviour
in the football stadiums (Gibbs 1966). According to Edwin's differential theory, the
behaviour that these people express in the fields is not just an action of imitation. People
express abnormal behaviour based on the frequency, the intention of this behaviour and the
different experiences based on the level of cruel behaviour that they have endured. According
to Lappas (2001), another major reason that feeds hooliganism is the media. The
development of media such as television, newspapers and the internet has a negative impact
in deviant behaviours and local hooligans. The mass media mostly show the negative side of
the football world and by doing this, they put forward negative models for football fans.
Through the power of media, specific behavioural models have been transferred by European
countries and have been adopted by Greek football fans.

In the middle 1980's, the behaviour of Greek supporters started to rapidly change. The
number of violent incidents steadily increased over the last two decades. These incidents are
sometimes caused by individual fans or usually by groups of more than one hooligan. In the
last ten years, Greece has faced huge economic and social problems. The Greek government
is trying to successfully deal with this problem in order to maintain the economic stability of
the country. During this period, football hooliganism has increased due to the socio-economic
crisis and the football crisis (Lappas 2001). This social problem appears to be even greater in
Greece than in other European countries. Moreover, researchers have given another reason
for the increase of hooliganism. Hooligans resist and fight because the Greek government, in
association with football clubs and the Greek Football Association, are trying to launch the
Fan ID. The Fan ID, is a card that every football fan who attends football games should
have, and contains personal details of the owner of the card. Moreover, according to Samatas
(2007), the increasing number of incidents are due to the lack of safety facilities in Greek
stadiums and the inability of the government to prevent these situations and to punish
hooligans who are arrested during the games and usually go unpunished. It is very
important to mention that Lappas (2001) stated that if the Greek government refuses to
apply the safety measures that are needed, the Heysel incident might be repeated in Greek
stadiums.

Every country has two or more very good and quality teams who are long-standing rivals
as well. In Greece, these two teams are OLYMPIACOS and PANATHINAIKOS. The fans
are very passionate about their teams. They try to support them in every game, they travel
huge distances for Greek games and European games when they play for the Champions
league.

Greek fans are known for their devotion to their team, the chants that they sing and the
very special and amazing atmosphere they create in every single game. These fans not only
have love and devotion for their teams but they feel hatred for their opponents. During the
years, many serious attacks and deadly incidents have been recorded between them. In the
last decade, these games have usually taken place with fans of the home team each time.

In 2012 a serious incident took place at the Olympic stadium. PANATHINAIKOS was
playing against OLYMPIACOS for the Super League. A few hours before the game, a large
number of fans of the home team tried to access the stadium without a ticket. As a result,
clashes broke out between them and the police. Hooded youths holding banners of their team
and heavy irons attacked the police again. The referee postponed the game. After the game
the sports general secretary Panos Bitsaxis claimed that the government had taken '' the best
possible security measures'' and blamed the football clubs for doing nothing to stop their
fanatical supporters. On the other hand, police officer Athannasios Kokalakis said the police
were well prepared but they were attacked before the start of the game. The league general
claimed that the league, government and police were preparing for almost a month before the
game. The result of this preparation was the detention of 57 hooligans, the arrest of 20 more
and the serious injuries of 9 police officers (Mail online 19/03/2012). At the elections of
January 2015, the Greeks voted SYRIZA as the new government of the country. The previous
governments did not do much to try to prevent hooliganism in the area of football and
generally from the field of Greek sport. SYRIZA claimed that they were determined to stamp
out the problem of crowd violence. The next serious incident took place almost two months
later. The semi-final of the Greek cup between AEK Athens and OLYMPIACOS was called
off when a number of AEK hooligans broke into the field at the last minute of the game. The
President of AEK Athens said after the game: '' Greek football has reached the bottom. We
will do our part to help the government's attempt to change things for the better''. Before
that game, the Greek Super League had already suspended the season three times (BBC
Sport 11/03/2015). Even though that Greek government was trying to prevent hooliganism
by pausing the league and the cup for weeks or by forcing the teams to play with closed
gates and without fans for many games, the phenomenon of hooliganism was not on the
decrease, but unfortunately, was getting bigger and more serious. The 2015/2016 season,
the game of PANATHINAIKOS vs. OLYMPIAKOS got completely out of control. A football
player of the away team got hit by a firebomb inside the field. The Athenian referee claimed
that the ground was not safe for a football game and postponed the match. The Greek FA
punished the home team with a three-point deduction, a two-match supporter ban and a
hefty fine following a full-time pitch invasion (Aaron Flanagan 2015). The following two
incidents played a major role in the decisions that the government should take and in the
changes that should take places inside and outside the pitch in order to stop hooliganism in
Greek football.

The 2016 Greek cup semi-final between PAOK Salonika and OLYMPIAKOS was
postponed at the last minute by the referee when PAOK fans broke into the field. The owner
of PAOK, Ivan Savvidis said characteristically after the game: We will not come to Athens to
play the second leg, whatever the punishment, my position will not change PAOK's position
on this will not change even if they throw us out of the Super League''(Corless,2016). The
start of the 2016-2017 season had been postponed for over two weeks by the Hellenic
Football Federation (EPO) and the Greek sport minister because of the violent attacks of
hooligans during the games and also the threats against referees. This decision was based
on recommendations from the Greek police and the state-run committee for combating
violence in sports. On the other hand, FIFA officials were trying to apply pressure on EPO in
order to start all Greek leagues as soon as possible. The chief referee Mr. Koutsoukoumnis
claimed that he had the promise of the Sports minister, that the Greek Super League would
start on September 10 (Ekathimerini Sports 29/08/2016). After almost two months, in the
start of November hooligans set fire to the house of the head of the refereeing committee,
George Bikas. The result of this horrible incident was the suspension of all national leagues
and cup competitions. EPO announced its decision for the suspension of all national football
championships until the conclusion of the investigation into the causes of the fire by the fire
services. EPO stated that they would support Mr. Bikas and his family in every way possible.
This terrible incident came a week after a member of the referee committee was also
threatened by two men on his doorstep.

Greece's top football clubs, called on the government to find those responsible and bring
them to justice. OLYMPIACOS FC stated ''We suffer more damage than most from this latest
criminal and disgraceful act''. Moreover, PAOK FC said: ''There must be no surrender to this
mafia only a strong and united front against these criminals from all of us. It is shocking
that organised crime in football not only remains in place, but is now putting human lives at
risk.'' Finally, PANATHINAIKOS FC claimed: ''We simply cannot sit and watch houses of
people being burned to the ground and talk about football. Even if the courts decide in
2020, lets wait and start the championship again then'' (The Guardian 09/11/2016).

In the past, many countries were faced with the problem of hooliganism. After the Heysel
tragedy, the Sports Committee of the European parliament presented a report about
violence in football and suggested the measures that had to be taken and more generally a
very strict safety policy for the football Grounds. According to the Council of Europe (1999),
some of these solutions were the ban on selling alcohol, body searches by the police, ticket
control and also the ban of supporter travel.

From early 2007, the academic I. Panoussis stated that security measures in Greek
stadiums should be based on the British model (In Kathimerini 31/03/2007), but
unfortunately in 2017 many football stadiums do not have the appropriate safety facilities.
According to Liberation (22/10/2002:28-9), the enhancement of security measures is
needed in order to prevent the threat of hooligans and to convert stadiums to a place where
people can enjoy football with no fear. Over the years, the Greek government has
attempted to apply some measures but failed. The Sports minister Stavros Kontonis in
cooperation with police did not allow organised trips by fans for a short period (Iefimerida,
08/09/2016). This measure reduced the number of episodes inside the stadiums but did not
eliminate the phenomenon in general. The fans were unable to travel and support their
team, so they began rioting in the streets ''complaining'' about this measure.

Moreover, 8 years before the statement of Mr Pannousis, a law that was published in
1999 pointed out that CCTV systems had to be installed in every stadium in which
professional football games took place. Moreover, according to Mastrogiannakis (2010) all
the spectators had to be informed about the CCTV system, and the owners of the football
grounds should pay the cost of the installation of the camera system. After a delay of the
installation due to the Olympic Games of 2004 in Athens the government published a new
decision which claimed police should have control of the CCTV system (Lappas,2004).
Despite the decision of the government who claimed that games should not start if the
stadiums are not equipped with CCTV systems, the professional league carried on. The
deadline for the installation of the CCTV was postponed to 21 December of 2006 and
extended to one year later because the police has to be trained in the use of CCTV systems
by the company who was responsible for installing the system (Samatas, 2007) and
(Mastrogiannakis, 2009)

DISCUSSION

England has had the biggest problem of football hooliganism than any other country in
the world but through the cooperation between the FA, the government and the police,
English football achieved to be cleared of hooliganism. Following the British model, by
having a plan, Greece can achieve the same thing (Faulkner,2004).

The first move that the government and police should make is to follow the British model
as mentioned before. Organising operations with undercover police officers is needed.
Similar operations took place in the mid sixties in England. The police officers joined the
groups of hooligans and after investigations that lasted for months or even years, the police
were able to access and have all the information and evidence that was needed in order to
arrest people and in time break these gangs of football hooligans (Adang, 1987). Moreover,
Greek fans always travel to away games for the championship or the cup games with no
police escort. As a result, almost every time, fans destroy everything that they find in their
way or fight with fans of the opposite team. Following the British model, any person that
has been arrested and convicted of football violation, should be banned for a long period of
time from any football event not only in Greece but in any country. In order to accomplish
this, the offender has to submit his passport 5 days before the game to his local police
station (FA, 2012). From the top division to league 1 and even league 2, every football club
should have a stadium safety certificate. This safety certificate has been successful over the
years. Greek football club owners must, in cooperation with police and government, apply
this plan to Greek stadiums. According to FA (2012) each stadium must have:

A safety officer who is responsible for the safety management of the stadium.
Stewards who are well trained to high standards.
An electronic counting system, which can record the capacity of each section of
seating. Using this method, the safety officer is able to see, at any given moment,
the number of spectators.
A CCTV system
A Control room where the supervisor of stewards, police, and safety officer can work
from.

It is required that all safety management officers have experience of this work and generally
a service background. It is very important for the Greek government to make important
changes to the safety of the grounds and try to work with these safety measures. As Lappas
(2005) stated in Greece, extensive safety measures are taken only at high risk games. Even
then hooligans are able to cause trouble inside the stadium.

The next move is to try to prevent incidents with the development of technology and
more specifically by installing CCTV systems inside and outside the stadiums. At the
moment, only clubs that are wealthy are equipped with CCTV systems and safety facilities.
The number of wealthy clubs in the Greek league are only 3-4. It is thus necessary for the
government to provide money to all the clubs in order to install CCTV systems and safety
facilities.

A couple of years ago, the general secretary of sports submitted a project to the
government to launch the electronic ticket system (Mastrogiannakis, 2009). This system
never worked for Greek football. As hooliganism is at its peak, the project has to run now by
SYRIZA. Another similar project was the Fan ID card which never worked as well. The owner
of the electronic ticket or the Fan Card is obliged to submit his personal details and the
number of the seat he has in each game. The aim of this project for the police is to gather all
the details of organised fans and fans in general and take control of them and, in turn,
hooliganism inside the stadiums. Using CCTV systems and electronic tickets makes it easy to
find someone inside the stadium who causes trouble and arrest him (Mastrogiannakis,
2008). To take the use of technology one stage further, police officers can monitor all the
points of entrance and exit via cameras the entrances in order to try to notice any
suspicious behaviour by supporters and prevent an incident that might occur.

Finally, fan clubs* play a major role in the diffusion of hooliganism and in terms of
organising fans and protecting them when it is needed. Most times, hooligans are organised
and attack as a team and not individually. These ''teams get direction by fun clubs on how
they should move (Lappas,2001). During the last few years there has been a continuous
attempt from the government to ban these fan clubs and close them down forever. These
places are a standard location where violent incidents always happen as fans of a football
team attack the opponents fan club in order to destroy it or steal anything they can. These
are actions that hooligans do in order to show their power as fans and as fan clubs. The
government and police need to cooperate with the clubs in order to find a solution to this
major issue. One of the biggest police operations on fan clubs took place in 2012. Police
found guns, bombs, drugs and other things that are not related to football in PAOK's fan
club. From this operation, 60 hooligans were arrested but half of them were released a
week later (Sport24.gr 13/06/2012). This strategy will definitely not have a positive result in
the decrease of hooliganism. When hooligans are arrested, they should be lead to courts
and judged.
CONCLUSION

In brief, Greece faces a very significant social problem (Tsoukala, 2009), where hooligans
act however they want, and the government is unable to attenuate their violent behaviour.
The Greek government needs to invest in the sports facilities and most specifically in the
football fields were most of the incidents take place. It is necessary for a developed country
like Greece, whose national football team won the European championship in 2004, to have
safe and new grounds. According to Coffman (1959) and Davis (2014), CCTV systems and a
safety workforce are the most important tools in order to keep a football grounds safe.
CCTV systems need to be installed at every football ground of every division of Greek
football. Moreover, by focusing and following the British model, Greece would achieve what
England achieved in the past years. Football grounds must again become safe places for all
families and football fans who truly love and are inspired by the game.

* Fan clubs: Every team and mostly the biggest clubs have fan clubs in almost every place in
Greece. These clubs are buildings, painted in the colour of the team and are abided by the
fans of the team. Inside the club, fans can watch football games, discuss about the team and
get organised for any upcoming games. The majority of these clubs, are independent and
do not receive any financial support from the football clubs themselves.

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